ecosystem component activity 1.6 grasslands and wetlands jean-françois soussana katja klumpp,...
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Ecosystem componentActivity 1.6
Grasslands and wetlands
Jean-François SoussanaKatja Klumpp, Nicolas Vuichard
INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
CarboEurope, Poznan meeting, October 9, 2007.
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Climate drivers of grassland and wetland annual GPP at CarboEurope
IP sites
(n=50, r2=0.705, P<0.0001)
Log(GPP) = 2.27 + 0.377. Log (Temp) + 0.614. Log (Precip)
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Interannual variability of GPP in grasslands
(preliminary analysis based on FluxNet)
(n=37, r2 =0.235, P<0.01)
Grassland primary productivity is highly sensitive to rainfall variabilityNo significant relationship for other ecosystem types (except EB forests)
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Water Use Efficiency control by LAI
In a sparse vegetation, evaporation from the soil is the major avenue of water lossLow precipitation reduces LAI and, hence, WUE...
Low WUE further reduces primary productivity.
(C Beer et al., unpub.)
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Mean C fluxes (gC m-2 yr-1) at CarboEurope grassland and wetland
sites
NBP = K2 (K1 GPP – Cut – Digest . Intake + Manure)– K3 e LN(Q10).Tsoil/10 –FCH4-C
(n=43, R2=0.52, P<0.001)
(Soussana et al., unpub.)
GPP1228
NBP128
Rauto.
615Rhetero.Litter 294
Rhetero.Herbivore 46
Rhetero.SOM 89
Cut75
Intake70
Manure16
K1=0.50 K2=0.43
K3 = 83Q10 =1.21Digest.=0.65
Enteric fermentation3.4
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Fate of NPP and manure (at C sink sites)
CutCut & GrazedGrazedAbandoned & Wet
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Role of grazing and cutting management for NBP
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
400600
8001000
12001400
16001800
20002200
0100
200300
400500
NB
P (
g C
m y
r-1)
GPP
(g C
m-2 y
r-1 )
Cuts (gC m -2 yr -1
)
Cutting only, no manure
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
GPP vs Max_cutting vs NBP_max_cutting
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
400600
8001000
12001400
16001800
20002200
0100
200300
400500
NB
P (
g C
m y
r-1)
GPP
(g C
m-2 y
r-1 )
Intake (gC m -2 yr -1
)
Grazing only, no manure
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
400
600800
10001200
14001600
18002000
2200
0100
200300
400500
NB
P (
g C
m y
r-1)
GPP
(g C
m-2 y
r-1 )
Intake (gC m -2 yr -1
)
Grazing only, no manure
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
GPP vs Max_grazing vs NBP0
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
400
600800
10001200
14001600
18002000
2200
0100
200300
400500
NB
P (
g C
m y
r-1)
GPP
(g C
m-2 y
r-1 )
Cuts (gC m -2 yr -1
)
Cutting only, no manure
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
GPP vs Max_cutting vs NBP_max_cutting
Maximalgrazing
Maximalcutting
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Current herbage utilisation is lower than maximum
Maximal grazingMaximal cuttingGrazing and cutting at managed grassland sites
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Herbivore
Vegetation
Soil
Atmosphere
CH4
CO2
CO2
CH4
CO2
N2O
Greenhouse gas and organic matter fluxes in a grassland
Manure / Slurry
OM fluxes
Dissolved organic C
Hay / Silage
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On site GHG balance in CO2-C equivalents (g CO2-C m-2 yr-1)
GPP1228
GHG90
Rauto.
615Rhetero.Litter 294
Rhetero.Herbivore 46
Rhetero.SOM 89
Cut75
Intake70
Manure16
K1=0.50 K2=0.43
K3 = 83Q10 =1.21Digest.=0.65
CH4 (Enteric Fermentation)27
N2O emission14
On site GHG balance in CO2-C equivalents is on average 70 % of NBP
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Total GHG balance in CO2-C equivalents (g CO2-C m-2 yr-1)
GPP1228
GHG 70
Rauto.
615Rhetero.Litter 294
Rhetero.Herbivore 46+45
Rhetero.SOM 89
Cut
Intake
Manure
K1=0.50 K2=0.43
K3 = 83Q10 =1.21Digest.=0.65
CH4 (Enteric Fermentation)27+24
N2O emission14+26
Total GHG balance in COTotal GHG balance in CO22-C equivalents is on average 55 % of NBP.-C equivalents is on average 55 % of NBP.
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Upscaling method based on annual means
PrecipitationAir temperatureSoil temperature
GPP
ManureCutIntake
NBP N fertiliser supply
N2OCH4CO2
GHG balance
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Spatial distribution of NBP of grasslands in Europe (data
upscaling)
Assuming a management similar to mean site management
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C sequestration efficiency in grasslands (data upscaling)
Assuming a management similar to mean site management
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How large is the grassland C sink?
Estimates of European grassland C flux during the 1990s
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Janssens et al.(2003)
Janssens et al.(2005)
Smith et al.(2005)
CarboEurope(data upscaling)
Study and year
Sin
k o
f C
fro
m g
ras
sla
nd
s
(Mt
C y
r-1)
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Impacts of climate variability and extremes on the C cycle in
grasslandsInterannual variability
Agricultural management
Biogeochemicalcycles
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Separating spatial and interannual variability of fluxes
Climate driver
Flu
xLong-term mean
Individual year
Spatial variability
Interannual variability
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Interannual variability of GPP at CarboEurope IP sites grasslands
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Grasslands and wetlands worldwide:
GPP, site years(preliminary analysis of Fluxnet data)
n=44, r2=0.59, P<0.001
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n=44, r2=0.49, P<0.001
Grasslands and wetlands worldwide
NEE, site years(preliminary analysis of Fluxnet data)
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Spatial and interannual variability of evapotranspiration
(preliminary analysis based on FluxNet)
Spatial variability Interannual variability
Slopes between sites and between years are not significantly different
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Interannual variability of GPP in grasslands
(preliminary analysis based on FluxNet)
(n=37, r2 =0.235, P<0.01)
Grassland primary productivity is highly sensitive to rainfall variabilityNo significant relationship for other ecosystem types (except EB forests)
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Spatial variability of GPP in grasslands (preliminary analysis based on FluxNet)
(n=20, Adj. r2= 0.14; P<0.10)
Precipitation (mm)
500 1000 1500 2000
GP
P (
gC m
-2 y
r-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Slopes of variability between sites and between years are similarNo significant role of ecosystem acclimation to mean climate?
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Water Use Efficiency control by LAI
In a sparse vegetation, evaporation from the soil is the major avenue of water lossLow precipitation reduces LAI and, hence, WUE...
Low WUE further reduces primary productivity.
(C Beer et al., unpub.)
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Water Use Efficiency control by LAI
In a sparse vegetation, evaporation from the soil is the major avenue of water lossLow precipitation reduces LAI and, hence, WUE...
Low WUE further reduces primary productivity.
(C Beer et al., unpub.)
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Climateradiation
precipitationtemperature
pressurewind speed
Soiltexture
porosityconductivitybulk density
depth of lower boundary
Managementcutting dates
N-application datesN-amount
stocking rateclover fraction
PaSimEcosystem processes
CO2 flux
N2O flux
CH4 flux
GWP
Energy fluxes
Biomass
C & N stocks
etc
PASIM model
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Cut/Graz site 2002 2003 2004 2005
C CH-Oens x x x
C DE-Grillenburg x x x
C ES-VAD x x
C F-Laq-ext x x x
C F-Laq-int x x x
C IE-Carlow x x
C/G IT-MtBondone x x
G IE-Dripsey x x
G IT-Amperlo x x
G PT -Mitra x x
G UK-Easterbush x x
10 european sites were simulated
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PASIM model assesment with GPP and Reco (kg C m-2 yr-1)
Spin-up runs with site field management
Reco is overestimated at grazed sites: - Soils are apart from equilibrium (soil C sink),- Need to add a transient correction of slow C pools? (see Wuzler & Reichstein, 2007)
Grazedsites
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Simulation of europeen grassland sites with PaSim
The impact of ecological factors - site history - temperature- precipitation- management (stocking rate, cutting frequence, N-supply)
on green house-gas-emissions and C storage
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Actual management
CutGrazed
Automated management without N-supply
Automated CutAutomated Grazed
Simulations with automated management
Automated management withN-supply
Automated Cut+NAutomated Grazed+N
Intensification
Management change
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Current site
management
Automated
management
NBP
-N
NBP
+N
C C 0.04 0.12
C G -0.01 0.28
G C -0.03 0.06
G G -0.38 -0.44
Change in management: role of grazing
Cut =C
Grazing = G
(in kg C m-2 yr-1)
Shifting to grazing, according to model, would increase net C storage
Shifting from cuttingto grazing increases C storage
+
+ +
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Synthesis paper
• First draft will be discussed during grassland & wetland session
• Conclusions: grasslands are a strong C sink (ca. same as forests)
• Trade-off by N2O and CH4 is relatively low (30 % reduction in NBP)
• Indirect emissions (e.g. indirect N2O, off site forage digestion) further reduce NBP by 15 %
• The C sink can be managed, but it is highly vulnerable to drought events and, hence, to climate change.
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Next steps
• Upscaling using agricultural statistics (livestock density, grazing type, N fertiliser amounts)
• Show that increased herbage utilisation (the livestock footprint) reduces the sink size.
• Run PASIM since 1900 and test the role of global change (CO2, warming, N deposition..) and management change drivers for the grassland and wetland C balance
• Discuss where does the C go ? – Deep soil C (not surveyed but close to 2/3 of total in deep soils) – Is deep soil C stable without energy supply (see C-N session,
Fontaine et al.) Does its accumulation saturate?
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Advertisement for grassland & wetland parallel session
- Summary of wetland workshop- Synthesis of results on grasslands and
wetlands(Discussion based on a first draft )
- Modelling- Plant functional traits: first results and
discussion - Other papers to be prepared