econ 2123 is-lm model
DESCRIPTION
HKUST Fei Ding MacroeconomicsTRANSCRIPT
7/17/2019 ECON 2123 IS-LM Model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/econ-2123-is-lm-model 1/14
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7/17/2019 ECON 2123 IS-LM Model
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a ) A t a g i v e n i n t e r e s t r a t e ,
a n i n c r e a s e i n
i n c o m e l e a d s t o a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e
e q u
i l i b r i u m
i n t e r e s
t r a
t e .
b ) E q u i l i b r i u m i n t h e f i n a n c i a l m a r k e t s i m p l i e s
t h a t a n i n c r e a s e i n i n c o m e l e a d s t o a n
i n c r e a s e i n t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e .
T h e
L M
c u r v e
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r e u p w a r d s
l o p
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7/17/2019 ECON 2123 IS-LM Model
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A n i n c r e a s e i n t h
e s u p p l y o f
m o n e y l e a d s t o a d e c r e a s e
i n t h e
i n t e r e s t r a
t e .
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o l d s f o r
a n y l e v e l o f i n c o m e Y .
T h e E f f e c t s o f a n
I n c r e a s e
i n t h e M o n e y S u p p l y o n t h e
I n t e r e s t R a t e
F i g u r e 4 - 4
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L M
M
s '
A n i n c r e a s e i n m o n e y
c a u s e s t h e L M c u r v e t o
s h i f t d o w n .
S h i f t s o f t h e L M c u r v e
F i g u r e 5 - 5
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7/17/2019 ECON 2123 IS-LM Model
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7/17/2019 ECON 2123 IS-LM Model
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L I
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D e t e r m i n i n
g O u t p u t
T h e d e m a n d f o r g o o d s i s
a n i n c r e a s i n g f u
n c t i o n o f
o u t p u t , b u t l e s s
t h a n
o n e - f o r - o n e .
E q
u i l i b r i u m
r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e
d e m a n d
f o r g o o d s b e e q
u a l t o
o u t p u t .
E q u i l i b r i u m
i n t h e
G o o d s M a r k
e t
F i g u r e 5 - 1
Y
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3 J
+ - 2 + L @ / 3 ) B + 0 D )
/ K G
2 @ 2 L - 2 G 1
J + @ G / 3
+ - / 3 G
, C B C + B 4 O = _
6 O =
H
5 @ @ B C / / K G
2 @ 2 L - 2 G 1
\ B T ) ] ? + 2 - 3 A . - 1
B C / 7 = , G
- J /
H
= G
? ? . 3 / \ B L T ) L ] , . 0 3 B 2 B G B / 3 + 0 /
K G
2 @ 2 L - 2 G 1
H ^ . G
@ D
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+ N . / 3 D . F
0
4 O = b 6 O
=
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@ D C + ? ? / 0 B . B B . 1 + M /
4 O = _
6 O = + N + 2 0 Q
L K
Y
C Y
T
I Y
i
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(
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( a )
A n i n c r e a s e i n t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e
d e c r e a s e s t h e d e m a n d f o r g o o d s
a t a n y l e v e l o f o u t p u t , l e a d i n g t o a
d e c r e a s e i n t h e e q u i l i b r i u m
l e v e l
o f o u t p u t . ( t h r o u g
h i n v e s
t m e n
t )
( b )
E q u i l i b r i u m
i n t h e g o o d s m a r k e t
i m p l i e s t h a t a n
i n c r e a s e
i n t h e
i n t e r e s
t r a
t e l e a
d s
t o a
d e c r e a s e
i n o u
t p u
t . T h e
I S
c u r v e
i s t h e r e
f o r e
d o w n w a r d
s l o p
i n g
.
T h
e D e r i v a t i o n o f t h e I S C u r v e
F i g u r e 5 - 2
> M
! " #
% & = / - . #
7/17/2019 ECON 2123 IS-LM Model
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& " % 2 ! & * 2
! " # % & = / - . #
O . F F
. G @
D , C + 0 N / 3 2 0 / > .
N / 0 . G
3 J + - 2 + L @ / 3 \ O T
. T - ] + A A / ,
B B C / 7 = , G
- J / Q
! > +
1 ? @ / )
7 0 , - / + 3 2 0 N B + > +
B 2 . 0 @ / + D 3 B .
c
> L
A n i n c r e a s e i n t a x
e s r e d u c e s
d e m a n d ,
a n d t h u s r e d u c i n g
e q u i l i b r i u m o u t p u t a t a n y
g i v e n i n t e r e s t r a t e
. T h e I S
c u r v e s h i f t s t o t h e
l e f t .
S h i f t s o f t h e I S C u r v e
F i g u r e 5 - 3
" C + 0 N / 3 2 0
A + , B . - 3 B C + B D / , - / + 3 / B C / D / 1 + 0 D A . -
N . . D 3
S 2 ) 5 (
1 7 / ( ) 1 7 ( " ( 6 7 " ; 7 (
S 3 C 2 A B B C / 7 =
, G
- J / B .
B C / @ / A B \ 3 C
2 A B 2 0 ] H
= C 2 A B 2 0 N D
. F
0 d d
B ↓
7 = , G
- J / B . B C / @ / A B
! > +
1 ? @ / )
A 2 3 , + @ , . 0 B - + , B 2 . 0
" C + 0 N / 3 2 0
A + , B . - 3 B C + B 2 0 , - / + 3 / B C / D / 1
+ 0 D A . -
N . . D 3
S 2 ) 5 (
1 7 / ( ) 1 7 ( " ( 6 7 " ; 7 (
S 3 C 2 A B B C / 7 =
, G
- J / B .
B C / - 2 N C B \ 3 C 2 A B . G
B ] H
= C 2 A B 2 0 N G
? d d
B ↑
7 = , G
- J / B . B C / - 2 N C B
! > +
1 ? @ / )
A 2 3 , + @ / > ?
+ 0 3 2 . 0
& " % 2 ! & * 2
! " # % & = / - . #
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! " #
% & = / - . # . & ?
! " # ( )
= / - . #
! +
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- J / + 0
/ K G
2 @ 2 L - 2 G 1 2 0 B C /
N .
. D 3 1 + - M / B
" C + 0 N / 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B /
0 / F
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2 L - 2 G 1
. G
B ? G
B B
S N 2 J / 0 L E
B C / 2 0 B / - 3 / , B 2 . 0 . A \ 0 / F
] D / 1 + 0 D d d + 0 D B C / ` a X D
/ N - / / @ 2 0 /
2 0 N . . D 3 1 + - M / B H
! +
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0 / K G
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1 . 0 / E
1 + - M / B
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B ? G
B \ 2 0 , . 1 / ] B
0 / F
/ K G
2 @ 2 L - 2 G 1
2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B /
S
N 2 J / 0 L E
B C / 2 0 B / - 3 / , B 2 . 0 . A - / + @ 1 . 0 / E
3 G
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1 . 0 / E
D / 1 + 0 D
H
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- # 2
- # & "
P ' )
7 0 B C / N . . D 3 1 + - M / B S F
C / 0 F
/ , C + 0 N / . G
B ? G
B @ / J
/ @
+ 0 D D / - 2 J / B C / , . - - / 3 ? . 0 D 2 0 N / K G
2 @ 2 L - 2 G 1
@ / J
/ @ . A
2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B /
S F
/ , + 0 D / - 2 J / B C / 7 = , G
- J /
H
P & )
7 0 B C / A 2 0 + 0 , 2 + @ 1 + - M / B S F
C / 0
F / , C + 0 N / B C /
2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B / B . D / - 2 J / B C / , . - - / 3 ? . 0 D 2 0 N / K G
2 @ 2 L - 2 G 1
@ / J / @ . A . G
B ? G
B S F
/ , + 0 D / - 2 J / B C /
4 *
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- J /
H
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; - G /
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R + @ 3 /
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T 0 , / - B + 2 0
> @
7/17/2019 ECON 2123 IS-LM Model
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E q u i l i b r i u m i n t h e g o o d
s m a r k e t i m p l i e s
t h a t a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e
i n t e r e s t r a t e l e a d s
t o a d e c r e a s e i n o u t p u t . T h i s i s
r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e I S c u r v e .
E q u i l i b r i u m
i n f i n a n c i a l m a r k e t s i m p l i e s t h a t a n
i n c r e a s e i n o u t p u t l e a d
s t o a n i n c r e a s e i n
t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e .
T h i s i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y
t h e L M c u r v e .
O n l y a t p
o i n t A ,
w h i c h i s
o n b o t h c u r v e s ,
a r e
b o
t h g o o
d s a n
d
f i n a n c
i a l m a r k e
t s i n e
q u
i l i b r i u m .
T h e I S – L M M o d e l
F i g u r e 5 - 6
I S r e l a t i o n : Y
C Y
T
I Y i
G
(
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(
,
)
L M r e l a t i o n :
M P
Y L i (
)
> A
% & ' ( ) < ! "
# @ 5 - 3 4 + A # 8 / % ( % B - % /
)
, * ( % = 0 3 ,
, ( % = 3 ! % * 4 &
R 2 3 , + @ ? . @ 2 , E )
8 . J
/ - 0 1 / 0 B , C . . 3 / 3 -
Q . P V F U M R
- + 0 D .
+ A A / , B 7 = . - 4 *
. - L . B C Q
R 2 3 , + @ / >
? + 0 3 2 . 0
7 = B . B C / - 2 N C B \ B ↑
+ B 3 + 1 / ) ]
R 2 3 , + @ , .
0 B - + , B 2 . 0
7 = B . B C / @ / A B \ B ↓
+ B 3 + 1 / ) ]
* . 0 / B + - E
? . @ 2 , E )
" / 0 B - + @ L + 0 M , C . . 3 / 3 D 6
D 6 + A A / ,
B 3 7 = . - 4 *
. - L . B C Q
! > ?
+ 0 3 2 . 0
4 *
D . F
0 \ ) ↓
+ B 3 + 1 / B ]
" . 0 B - + , B 2 . 0
4 *
G ? \ ) ↑
+ B 3 + 1 / B ]
> E
A n i n c r e a s e i n t a x e s s h i f t s t h e I S c u r v e t o t h e l e f t a n
d …
T h e E f f e c t s o f a n I n c r e a s e i n T a x e s
F i g u r e 5 - 7
> I
2 % & = 3 ( = * 4 ! - 3 = ! % * 4 < C ! "
# D ↓
T h e E f f e c t s o f a n I n c r e a s e i n T a x e s
F i g u r e 5 - 7
> J
2 % & = 3 ( = * 4 ! - 3 = ! % * 4 < C ! "
# D ↓
A n i n c r e a s e i n t a x e s s h i f t s t h e I S c u r v e t o t h e l e f t a n
d l e a d s t o a d e c r e a s e i n t h e
e q u i l i b r i u m l e v e l o f o u t p u t a n d t h e e q u i l i b r i u m i n t e r e
s t r a t e .
! ↑
# $ % & ' ( ) % ' *
+ ↓ ,
* - ' ↓
# .
I n t h e s h o r t r u n , a
r e d u c t i o n o f t h e
b u d g e t d e f i c i t m a y
d e c r e a s e i n v e s t m e n t .
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2 % & = 3 ( = *
4 ! - 3 = ! % * 4 < 3 4 % 4 = - #
3 & # % 4 #
8 . . D 3 1 + - M
/ B , C + 0 0 / @ ) O 2 N C / - B + > /
3
@ . F / -
D 2 3 ? . 3 + @
2 0 , . 1 / @ .
F / - , . 0 3 G
1 ? B 2 . 0
@ . F
/ - D / 1 + 0 D
@ . F
/ - B
4 . F
/ - B
A G - B C / - - / D G
, 2 0 N O + 0 D +
A G - B C / - - / D G
, 2 0 N B e 3 + 1 / )
Y . 2 0 B I 2 3 + 0 ! P 2 0 B C / N . . D 3 1 + - M / B H
9 G
B $ # ; 2 0
B C / 1 . 0 / E
1 + - M / B
+ L . J
/ B C / 4 *
H
5 B ? . 2 0 B I S
1 . 0 / E
D / 1 + 0 D f b 1 . 0 / E
3 G
? ? @ E Q Q Q
* . 0 / E
1 + - M
/ B , C + 0 0 / @ ) @ . F
/ - B \ 2 0 , . 1 / ] @ . F
/ - 1 . 0 / E
D / 1 + 0 D
@ . F
/ - )
4 . F
/ - )
C 2 N C / - +
C 2 N C / - D / 1 + 0 D
. A A 3 / B B 2 0 N
3 . 1 / D / , @ 2 0 / 2 0 B
7 = 3 C 2 A B 3 B . B C / @ / A B S 0 / F
! P 1 . J
/ 3 + @ . 0 N B C / 4 *
, G
- J / B . 5 g H
O ↓
A . - 3 G - /
S 2 0 J /
3 B 1 / 0 B + + 1 L 2 N G
. G
3 \ B ↓
+ 0 D ) ↓
+ Q ]
> K
D e f i c i t R
e d u c t i o n : G o o d o r B a d f o r I n v e s t m e n t ?
! # $ % & ' & ( ) $ # * ' ( & + , - . / # $ ' ) $ . 0 $ ) . ( 1 $ ) ( 1 . , & , ' ) $ .
0 $ & , 2 $ 0 ( - $ , ( 3
4 , 2 $ 0 ( -
$ , ( 5 6 ) & 2 . ( $ 0 . 2 & , 7 8 6 * 9 : & ' 0 . 2 & , 7
I = S + ( T – G )
; & 2 $ , < ) & 2 . ( $ 0 . 2 & , 7 = & % T - G 7 + $ 0 * < > & , 2 $ 0 ( - $ , ( -
* 0 ( 7 + * < ?
/ ' 0 1 * $ 2 ! 3 / 4 5 ' * 4 6 7 ' 8 7 9 ' 1 % ) & , ) # 4 5 1 % 6 7 :
@ + A $ 2
$ ) = B & 0 . % % $ ' ( $ # 9 / . % & 0 ' . : ' + , ( ) . ' ( & + , 9 $ ' . * 0 $ C ↓ 3
D $ ' . : : ?
B 5 > ' E 8 F G > ' G H F C > I H 3
4 % B ↓ 9
/ - + ) $ ( 1 . , F I J ; H ↑
4 ↓
T o s u m
u p : ! % & 0 ' . : ' + , ( ) . ' ( & + , - . / # $ ' ) $ . 0 $ & , 2 $
0 ( - $ , ( 3 K ) =
: + + L & , 7
. ( ( 1 $ ) $ 2 $ ) 0 $ < + : & ' / = . % & 0 ' . : $ M < . , 0 & + , N .
# $ ' ) $ . 0 $ & , ( . M $ 0
+ ) . , & ,
' ) $ . 0 $ & , 0 < $ , # & , 7 N - . / . ' ( * . : : / & , ' ) $ . 0 $
& , 2 $ 0 ( - $ , ( 3
? M
F i s c a l C o n t r a c t i o n : G o o d o r B a d f o r G r e e c e a n d f o r t h e E u r o ?
6 ) + 9 : $ -
( 1 $ < * 9 : & ' # $ 9 ( + % ; ) $ $ ' $ & 0 * , 0 * 0 ( . & , . 9 : $ 3
! * 0 ( $ ) & ( /
% & 0 ' . : ' + , ( ) . ' ( & + , = ' * ( ( & ,
7 0 < $ , # & , 7 . , # & , ' ) $ . 0 & , 7
( . M $ 0 = 0 + 9 * # 7 $ ( # $ % & ' & ( F G - T H ↓ 3
O * ( ( 1 $ 4 B J P Q - + # $ : 0 1 + A 0
R & 0 ' . : ' + , ( ) . ' ( & + , : $ . # 0 ( + : + A $ ) + * ( < * ( F Y ↓ H = A 1 & ' 1 - $ . , 0 . 0 - . : : $ )
< & $ . , # : $ 0 0 ( . M ) $ 2 $ , * $ 0 3
S B + A 1 . ( . 7 + 2 $ ) , - $ , ( # + $ 0 ( + ) $ # * ' $ A 1 . ( & ( n e e d s ( + < . / . ( ( 1 $
0 . - $ ( & - $ # $ ' ) $ . 0 $ 0 A 1 . ( & ( & 0 a b l e ( + < . / 3 T
B + = & 0 . * 0 ( $ ) & ( / ( 1 $ A ) + , 7 < ) $ 0 ' ) & < ( & + , % + ) ; ) $ $ ' $ U
C V B = & , ( 1 $ s h o r t ) * , 3
W $ A & : : 0 $ $ ( 1 $ 7 + + # 0 & # $ + % . * 0 ( $ ) & ( / F 0 . 2 & , 7 H & , : + , 7 $ ) ( & - $ % ) . - $ 0 3
X + ( $ ? . % & 0 ' . : ' + , ( ) . ' ( & + , & , ' + - 9 & , . ( & + , A & ( 1 . - + , $ ( . ) /
$ M < . , 0 & + , ' . , ) $ # * ' $ 9 * # 7 $ ( # $ % & ' & ( A & ( 1 + * ( 0 . ' ) & % & ' & , 7 + * ( < * ( 3
O * ( ; ) $ $ ' $ # + $ 0 , + ( 1 . 2 $ & ( 0 + A ,
' * ) ) $ , ' / Y
? L
A m o n e t a r y e x p a n s i o n l e a d s t o
h i g h e
r o u t p u t a n d a l o w e r
i n t e r e
s t r a t e .
; ↑
+ ↑ 2
' ↓
# ↑
A m
o n e t a r y e x p a n s i o n
i s m
o r e i n v e s t m e n t
f r i e n
d l y , i . e . ,
i n c r e a s i n g i n v e s t m e n t .
T h e
E f f e c t s o f a
M o n
e t a r y E x p a n s i o n
F
i g u r e 5 - 8
? >
) * 4 # ! 3 - 0 # > , 3 4 & % * 4 < )
& ↑
C
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) * 4 # ! 3 - 0 # > , 3 4 & % * 4 < ) & ↑
* . 0 / E
1 + - M / B , C + 0 0 / @ ) C 2 N C / - 1 . 0 / E
3 G
? ? @ E
@ . F
/ - ) e
B C / 3 + 1 / B
Y . 2 0 B " 2 3 + 0 ! P 2 0 B C / 1 . 0 / E
1 + - M / B H
9 G
B $ # ; 2 0
B C / N . . D 3 1 + - M / B
L / @ . F
B C / 7 =
H
5 B ? . 2 0 B " S
D / 1 + 0 D A . - N . . D 3 f b 3 G
? ? @ E A . - N . . D 3 Q Q Q
8 . . D 3 1 + - M
/ B , C + 0 0 / @ ) @ . F
/ - )
C 2 N C / - 2 0 J
/ 3 B 1 / 0 B +
C 2 N C / - D / 1 + 0 D
C 2 N C / - B
O 2 N C / - B \ 2 0 , . 1 / ]
C 2 N C / - 1 . 0 / E
D / 1 + 0 D .
A A 3 / B B 2 0 N 3 . 1 /
D / , @ 2 0 / 2 0
)
4 *
3 C 2 A B 3 D . F
0 S
0 / F
! P 1 . J /
3 + @ . 0 N B C / 7 =
, G
- J / B . 5 g H
O + 0 D + 2 0 ,
- / + 3 / A . - 3 G
- / \ B ↑
+ 0 D ) ↓
+ ↑ ]
? ?
, * ( % = 0 & "
* = 6 &
T a b l e 5 - 1
T h e E f f
e c t s o f F i s c a l a n d M o n e t a r y P o l i c y
B 1 & % ( + % I S
B 1 & % ( + % L M
Q + 2 $ - $ , (
& , K * ( <
* (
Q + 2 $ - $ , ( & ,
4 , ( $ ) $ 0 ( D . ( $
4 , ' ) $ . 0 $ & , ( . M $ 0
P $ % (
X + , $
Z + A ,
Z + A ,
Z $ ' ) $ . 0 $ & , ( . M $ 0
D & 7 1 (
X + , $
[ <
[ <
4 , ' ) $ . 0 $ & , 0 < $ , # & , 7
D & 7 1 (
X + , $
[ <
[ <
Z $ ' ) $ . 0 $ & , 0 < $ , # & , 7
P $ % (
X + , $
Z + A ,
Z + A ,
4 , ' ) $ . 0 $ & , - + , $ /
X + , $
Z + A ,
[ <
Z + A ,
Z $ ' ) $ . 0 $ & , - + , $ /
X + , $
[ <
Z + A ,
[ <
F i s c a l e x p a n s i o n
I S s h i f t s o u t ( r i g h t )
F i s c a l c o n t r a c t i o n
I S s h i f t s i n ( l e f t )
M o n e t a r y e x
p a n s i o n
L M s
h i f t s o u t ( d o w n )
M o n e t a r y c o
n t r a c t i o n
L M s
h i f t s i n ( u p )
? @
- # 2
- # & "
5 0 2 0
, - / + 3 / 2 0 B C / 1 . 0 / E
3 G
? ? @ E 1
G 3 B , + G
3 / F
C 2 , C . A
B C / A . @ @ . F
2 0 N Q
' ]
+ @ / A B F + - D 3 C 2 A B 2 0 B C / 7 = , G
- J /
& ]
+ - / D G
, B 2 . 0 2 0 B C / 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B / + 0 D + 1 L 2 N G
. G
3 / A A / , B 3 . 0
2 0 J /
3 B 1 / 0 B
( ]
+ 0 2 0 , - / + 3 / 2 0 2 0 J
/ 3 B 1 / 0 B + 0 D +
- 2 N C B F + - D 3 C 2 A B 2 0 B C / 7 =
, G
- J /
` ]
0 . , C + 0 N / 2 0 B C / 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B / 2 A 2 0 J
/ 3 B 1 / 0 B 2 3 2 0 D / ? / 0 D / 0 B
. A B C / 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B /
a ]
0 . , C + 0 N / 2 0 . G
B ? G
B 2 A 2 0 J
/ 3 B 1 / 0
B 2 3 2 0 D / ? / 0 D / 0 B . A B C /
2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B /
? A
) % >
% 4 5 2 % & = 3 ( 3 4 + ) * 4 # ! 3 - 0 , * ( % = 0
R 2 3 , + @ + 0 D 1 . 0 / B + - E ? . @ 2 , E
, + 0 L / G
3 / D 2 0 B C /
3
+
1
/
D 2 - / , B 2 . 0
H
R 2 3 , + @ / > ?
+ 0 3 2 . 0 , + 0 L / G 3 /
D B . 3 B 2 1 G
@ + B / B
H
9 G
B B C / 2 0 , - / + 3 / 2 0 ) F
. G
@ D ? +
- B 2 + @ @ E . A A 3 / B B C /
/ A A / , B \ + 3 + D / , - / + 3 / 3 ] H
* . 0 / B + - E / > ?
+ 0 3 2 . 0 , + 0 L /
G 3 / D B . , + 0 , / @
B C / 2 0 , - / + 3 / 2 0 ) S
5 B B C / 3 + 1 / B 2 1 //
0
B C / 2 1 ? + , B . 0 B
H
R .
, G
3 L . > )
; C / T = - / , / 3 3 2 . 0
. A & h h '
? E
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T h e U . S .
R e c e s s i o n o f 2 0 0 1
F i g u r e 1
T h e U . S . G r o w t h R a t e , 1 9 9 9 : 1 t o 2 0
0 2 : 4
? I
? J
# $ ? ?
T h e U . S .
R e c e s s i o n o f 2 0 0 1
F i g
u r e 2
T h e F e d e r a l F u n d s R a t e , 1 9 9 9 : 1 t o 2 0 0 2 : 4
T h
e F e d i n c r e a s e d
m o
n e y s u p p l y t o
f i g
h t r e c e s s i o n .
E x p a n s i o n a r y m o n e t a r y p o l i c y
T h e U . S .
R e c e s s i o n o f 2 0 0 1
F i g u r e 3
U . S . F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t
R e v e n u e s a n d
S p e n d i n g ( a s R a t i o s t o G D
P ) , 1 9 9 9 : 1 t o 2 0 0 2 : 4
? K
E x p a n s i o n a r y f i s c a l p o l i c y
! ↓ 2
/ ↑ 2
< / 3 ! = ↑
T h e U . S .
R e c e s s i o n o f 2 0 0 1
F i g u r e 4
T h e U . S . R e c e
s s i o n o f 2 0 0 1
@ M
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) % > % 4 5 2 % & = 3 ( 3 4 + ) * 4 # ! 3 - 0
, * ( % = 0
R 2 3 , + @ + 0 D 1
. 0 / B + - E ? . @ 2 , E
, + 0 + @ 3 . L
/ G
3 / D 2 0
B C /.
B
/
D 2 - / , B 2 . 0
H
; - G / . - A + @ 3 / . - G
0 , / - B + 2 0 Q
* . 0 / B + - E
, . 0 B - + , B 2 . 0 + 0 D A 2 3 , + @ / > ?
+ 0 3 2 . 0
2 0 , - / + 3 / / K G
2 @ 2 L - 2 G 1
. G
B ? G
B + 0 D 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B /
3 2 1 G
@ B + 0 /
. G
3 @ E H
@ L
& ! # , E < )
* 4 # ! 3 - 0 = * 4 ! - 3 = ! % *
4
@ >
& ! #
, F < 2 % & = 3 ( # > , 3 4 & % *
4
@ ?
& ! #
, G < , * ( % = 0 ) % > , * & & % B ( # * / ! = * ) # &
@ @
O u t c o m e 1
O u t c o m e 2
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& ! # , G < , * ( % = 0 ) % > , * & & % B ( # *
/ ! = * ) # &
@ A
O u t c o m e 3
S o t h e a n s w e r s h o u l d b e –
I t d e p e n d s .
) % > % 4 5 2 % & = 3 ( 3 4 + ) * 4 # ! 3 - 0
, * ( % = 0
R 2 3 , + @ + 0 D 1
. 0 / B + - E ? . @ 2 , E
, + 0 + @ 3 . L
/ G
3 / D 2 0
B C /.
B
/
D 2 - / , B 2 . 0
H
! > +
1 ? @ / ) ^
C / 0 B C / / , . 0 . 1 E
C + 3 + @ + - N / L G
D N / B
D / A 2 , 2 B \ @ 2 M /
2 0 8 - / / , / ] S
" G
B B 2 0 N -
+ 0 D 2 0 , - / + 3 2 0 N . 2 1 ? - . J /
B C / L G
D N / B
D / A 2 , 2 B S L G
B B C / D . F
0 3 2 D / 2 3 Q
! > ?
+ 0 3 2 . 0 + - E 1 . 0 / B + - E ? . @ 2 , E
, + 0 .
A A 3 / B B C /
0 / N + B 2 J / 2 1 ? + , B . 0 B
H \ 8 - / / , / , + 0 0
. B D . 2 B i ]
@ E
T h e I S c u r v e ( w h i c h s
t a n d s f o r i n v e s t m e n t
s a v i n g ) p l o t s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e
i n t e r e s t r a t e a n d t h e l e v e l o f i n c o m e t h a t
a r i s e s i n t h e e q u i l i b r i u m o f t h e g o o d s a n d
s e r v i c e s m a r k e t .
T h e L M c u r v e ( w h i c h s t a n d s f o r l i q u i d i t y a n d
m o n e y ) p l o t s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e
i n t e r e s t r a t e a n d t h e l e v e l o f i n c o m e t h a t
a r i s e s i n t h e e q u i l i b r i u m o f t h e m o n e y m a r k e t .
@ I
% & ' ( ) < ! " # @ 5 - 3 4 + A # 8 / % ( % B - % / )
; C / 7 = - / @ + B 2 . 0 A . @ @ . F
3 A - . 1
B C / , . 0 D 2
B 2 . 0 B C + B B C / 3 G
? ? @ E . A
N . . D 3 1 G
3 B L / / K G
+ @ B . B C / D / 1 + 0 D A . - N . . D 3
H
; / @ @ G
3 C . F
B C / 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B / + A A / , B
3 . G
B ? G
B ) B C - . G
N C
2 0 J
/ 3 B 1 / 0 B H
; C / 4 * - / @ + B 2 . 0 A . @ @ . F
3 A - . 1
B C / , . 0 D
2 B 2 . 0 B C + B B C / 3 G
? ? @ E . A
1 .
0 / E
1 G
3 B L / / K G
+ @ B . B C / D / 1 + 0 D
A . - 1 . 0 / E H
; / @ @ G
3 C . F
. G
B ? G
B + A A / , B 3 B C / 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B / )
B C - . G
N C 1 . 0 / E
D / 1 + 0 D
H
9 /
, + G
3 / B C / 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B / 2 0 A @ G / 0 , / 3 L . B C 2 0 J
/ 3 B 1 / 0 B + 0 D
1 .
0 / E
D / 1 + 0 D
S 2 B 2 3 B C / J
+ - 2 + L @ / B C + B
@ 2 0 M 3 B C / B F . ? + - B 3 . A
B C /
7 = X 4
* 1
. D / @ H
@ J
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% & ' ( ) < ! "
# @ 5 - 3 4 + A # 8 / % ( % B - % /
)
; C / 7 = , G - J
/ 2 3 D - + F
0 A . - + N 2 J / 0 A 2 3 , + @ ? . @ 2 , E H
" C + 0 N / 3 2 0 A 2 3 , + @ ? . @ 2 , E
B C + B - + 2 3 / B C / D / 1 + 0 D A . - N . . D 3
+ 0 D 3 / - J 2 , / 3 3 C 2 A B B C / 7 = , G
- J / B . B C / - 2 N C B \ 3
C 2 A B . G
B ] H
" C + 0 N / 3 2 0 A 2 3 , + @ ? . @ 2 , E
B C + B - / D G
, / B C / D / 1
+ 0 D A . - N . . D 3
+ 0 D 3 / - J 2 , / 3 3 C 2 A B B C / 7 = , G
- J / B . B C / @ / A B \ 3 C
2 A B 2 0 ] H
; C / 4 *
, G - J / 2 3 D - + F
0 A . - + N 2 J / 0 1 . 0 / B
+ - E ? . @ 2 , E H
" C + 0 N / 3 2 0 1 . 0 / B + - E ? . @ 2 , E
B C + B - + 2 3 / B C / 1
. 0 / E
3 G
? ? @ E
3 C 2 A B B C / 4 *
, G
- J / D . F
0 \ 3 C 2 A B . G
B ] H
" C + 0 N / 3 2 0 1 . 0 / B + - E ? . @ 2 , E
B C + B - / D G
, / B C /
1 . 0 / E
3 G
? ? @ E
3 C 2 A B B C / 4 *
, G
- J / G
? \ 3 C 2 A B 2 0 ] H
@ K
% & ' ( ) < ! "
# @ 5 - 3 4 + A # 8 / % ( % B - % /
)
7 0 B / - / 3 B - + B /
, C + 0 N / 3 D . 0 . B 3 C 2 A B B C / 7 =
. - 4 *
, G
- J / i
\ B T ) ] + - / / 0
D . N / 0 . G
3 J
+ - 2 + L @ / 3 2 0 B C / 7 = X 4 *
1 . D / @ H
" C + 0 N / 3 1 . J /
+ @ . 0 N B C / , G
- J /
H
# 0 @ E , C + 0 N
/ 3 B . J
+ - 2 + L @ / 3 / > .
N / 0 . G
3 B . B C / 7 = X 4
*
1 . D / @ , + 0
3 C 2 A B B C / 7 = . - 4 *
, G
- J /
H
R . - / > + 1
? @ /
S B C / , C + 0 N / 3 2 0 - . - . \ A 2 3 , + @ ? .
@ 2 , E ] S
. - B C /
, C + 0 N / 3 2 0 B C / 1 . 0 / E
3 G
? ? @ E \ 1 . 0 / B + - E ? . @ 2 , E ] H
A M
3 4 0
! " % 4 5 # ( & # = 3 4 & " % 2
! ! " # = / - . # & ;
# B C /
- / > .
N / 0 . G
3 , C + 0 N / 3 , + 0 + @ 3 . 3 C 2 A B B C / 7 = . - 4 *
, G - J
/ H
7 = )
2 0 , - / + 3 / . - D / , - / + 3 / 2 0 , . 0 3
G 1 / - j 2 0 J
/ 3 B . -
, .
0 A 2 D / 0 , / F
2 @ @ - + 2 3 / . - - / D G
, / B . B + @ D / 1 + 0 D + 0 D B C G
3
3 C
2 A B B C / 7 = , G
- J /
H
4 *
) / > .
N / 0 . G
3 , C + 0 N / 3 2 0 1 . 0 / E
D / 1 + 0 D , + 0 3 C 2 A B
B C / 4 *
, G
- J /
S C . F
Q
" - / D 2 B , + - D 3 + 0 D 5 ; * 3
S D . G L B
3 + L . G
B B C / C / + @ B C . A
B C / L + 0 M 2 0 N 3 E 3
B / 1
S / B ,
H
A L
+ * # & ! " # % & : ( ) ) * + # ( 2 % ! ! " # 2 3 = ! & ;
= C
. - B + 0 3 F
/ - ) k / 3 i
9 G
B B C / 1 . D / @ 2 N 0 . - / D V D E 0
+ 1 2 ,
3 W H
; + M / B 2 1 / A . - , . 0 3 G
1 / - 3 B . + D l G 3 B
B C / 2 - , . 0 3 G
1 ? B 2 . 0
A . @ @ . F
2 0 N + , C + 0 N / 2 0 2 0 , . 1 /
H
; + M / B 2 1 / A . - A 2 - 1 3 B . + D l G 3 B 2 0 J / 3
B 1 / 0 B 3 ? / 0 D 2 0 N A . @ @ . F
2 0 N
+ , C + 0 N / 2 0 3 + @ / 3
H
; + M / B 2 1 / A . - A 2 - 1 3 B . + D l G 3 B 2 0 J / 3
B 1 / 0 B 3 ? / 0 D 2 0 N A . @ @ . F
2 0 N
+ , C + 0 N / 2 0 B C / 2 0 B / - / 3 B - + B /
H
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