EcologyUnit Review

Quiz 1Name the vocabulary term1. The idea that one species will eventually be more successful than the other.2. When similar species settle into separate niches to allow them to coexist.3. When the interaction between two species affect the evolution of both4. A position or role taken by an organism in its communityDescribe an example of5. Mutualism6. Commensalism7. Predation8. ParasitismAnswer9. What bird was studied that led to the discovery of #2, since it was found that they spent time in different parts of a tree to share the resources?10. What do a predator’s adaptations “focus” on? What about prey’s?

The idea that one species will eventually be more successful than the other. Competitive exclusion principle

When similar species settle into separate niches to allow them to coexist. Resource partitioning

When the interaction between two species affect the evolution of both coevolution

A position or role taken by an organism in its community niche

Mutualism - both benefit

Commensalism - one benefits, other meh

Predation - one eats the other for matter & energy

Parasitism - where one lives off the other (tick & dog)

Predator adaptations focus on chasing & killing; prey adaptations focus on are running, defense, & hiding

Quiz 21. Total weight of all living things in an ecosystem2. (2 points) Draw a food chain from producer to tertiary consumer.3. What is the primary source of energy?4. Fungi, earthworms, sea stars, fiddler crabs, and dung beetles are all what?5. What's a common name for a primary consumer?6. What's a common name for a secondary consumer?7. (3 points) List 3 ecosystem services.

Total weight of all living things in an ecosystem biomass

What is the primary source of energy? sun

Primary consumer - herbivoreSecondary consumer - carnivore

Quiz 31) Certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a certain set of

environmental conditions2) The first step in evolution; random changes in DNA that lead to genetic variation3) One species split into two or more4) Ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designated to

kill it 5) When populations are physically isolated for a long period of time6) When mutations and natural selection due to #5 lead to inability to produce viable

offspring7) All of the organisms of a species on the entire planet are wiped out8) All of the organisms of a species are extinct within an area9) Found in only one area, particularly vulnerable

10) Typically low rate of extinction

Certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a certain set of environmental conditions natural selection

The first step in evolution; random changes in DNA that lead to genetic variation mutations

One species split into two or more speciation

Ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designated to kill it chemical resistance

When populations are physically isolated for a long period of time geographic isolation

When mutations and natural selection due geographic isolation lead to inability to produce viable offspring reproductive isolation

All of the organisms of a species on the entire planet are wiped out biological extinction

All of the organisms of a species are extinct within an area local extinction

A dead alligator juniper tree in southeastern Arizona. The species is one of hundreds around the world that have gone extinct in the places where they lived for years. (Ramona Walls)

Found in only one area, particularly vulnerable endemic species

Florida Scrub Jay

Typically low rate of extinction background extinction

Quiz 41. Primary succession does not have _____ and secondary succession does.2. Name 2 conditions that lead to primary succession.3. Name a pioneer species.4. Name a decomposer.

5. The stable group of plants and animals that indicate the endpoint of succession 6. Name two types of #57. (2 points) Name 2 events that lead to secondary succession.

Primary succession does not have soil and secondary succession does.

Name conditions that lead to primary succession.

Volcano or glacier

Name a pioneer species - lichen

Name a decomposer

➔ Bacteria➔ Fungi➔ Worms

The stable group of plants and animals that indicate the endpoint of succession climax community

Types

desert, tundra, temperate forest, rainforest

Name 2 events that lead to secondary succession. Disease, floods, human development, forest fire

Quiz 51) List 2 factors that influence climate. (2 point)2) Give the term for the climate zones (1 point)

a) At the equator with intense sunlightb) At the poles, very little and indirect sunlightc) In between A and B

3) Name that biome! (5 points)a) Near the equator, warm, high humidity, highest biodiversityb) Moderate temperatures, warm summers, cold winters. Contains oaks, hickory, maple, and

beech treesc) Moderate climate, dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires d) Most of the interior of Antarcticae) Contains coniferous trees, which are well adapted to the long, cold, dry winters with short &

mild summers. Covers a lot of Canada.4) Where is most of the animal life found in a tropical rainforest?5) What adaptation do prairie plants have that protect them from drought and freezing temperatures?

Factors that influence climate. Incoming solar energy. Earth’s rotation, global air & water movement patterns gases in the atmosphere, earth’s surface features

(topography)

The climate zones

Where is most of the animal life found in a tropical rainforest? CanopyWhat adaptation do prairie plants have that protect them from drought and

freezing temperatures? Deep root systems

Video Quiz 61. List a negative human impact on the carbon cycle. 2. List a negative human impact on the water cycle. 3. List a negative human impact on the nitrogen cycle. 4. List a negative human impact on the phosphorus cycle. 5. Humans add excess sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere via ________ (list one), which is

harmful because it can convert to ________ (chemical name or formula) which falls to the earth as “acid rain”

6. Phosphorus is important because it is essential for the production of _______ (name 2 of the 4 given)

7. ______ is the name given to the process where decomposing bacteria convert nitrogen-rich compounds in waste and dead bodies into simpler compounds like ammonia.

8. ______ is the name given to the process where plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions to be used to make molecules like DNA, amino acids, and proteins.

9. Peanuts, alfalfa, and soy are all types of ________, important for their role in nitrogen fixation due to bacteria that live in their root nodules.

10. Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is bad because it leads to _________.

Negative human impacts are what we do to affect the “natural amounts”

Negative human impacts on the carbon cycleWe burn a lot of fossil fuels, and this takes carbon that’s meant to be stored

underground for a long time… and shoves it into the atmosphere

Negative human impacts on the water cycleWithdrawing too much, draining wetlands,

deforestation

Water pollution is not a negative impact on the CYCLE

Doesn’t affect the amount of water, just its quality

Human impact on the nitrogen cycle. Inorganic fertilizers → runoff → algae bloom, fossil fuel use can release nitrous oxides → nitric acid → acid rain

Human impact on the phosphorus cycle. Inorganic fertilizers, sewage → runoff → algae bloom

Humans add excess sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere via burning coal & other fossil fuels , which is harmful because it can convert to H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)

which falls to the earth as “acid rain”

Phosphorus is important because it is essential for the production of ATP, nucleotides, amino acids/proteins, phospholipid bilayer

Ammonification is the name given to the process where decomposing bacteria convert nitrogen-rich compounds in waste and dead bodies into simpler compounds like ammonia.

Assimilation is the name given to the process where plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions to be used to make molecules like DNA, amino acids, and

proteins.

Peanuts, alfalfa, and soy are all types of legumes , important for their role in nitrogen fixation due to bacteria that live in their root nodules

Activity HighlightsCats of Borneo

● All of the caterpillars = population; cockroaches, caterpillars, etc = community● It killed the cats more than the caterpillars since it was more concentrated (due to

biomagnification)● DDT is density-independent because it’s going to kill mosquitoes whether it’s a

small population or a large population

Isle Royale

● Top-down population control is from predation, disease, & natural disasters● Bottom-up population control is from food source, habitat, or space

Keystone Species Sea stars - predator

Sea otters - predators

African elephants - modifiers

Fig trees - prey

Hummingbirds - mutualists

Beavers - modifiers

Grizzly bear - predator, mutualist

Gopher tortoise - modifier

Prairie dogs - modifiers, prey

Sharks - predator

Sugar maple trees - host

M&M LabPhytoplankton - producer

Zooplankton - primary consumer

Minnow - secondary consumer

Eel - tertiary consumer

Osprey - quaternary consumer, apex predator

Bioaccumulation - substances that don’t break down and accumulate in tissue

Biomagnification - concentration of said substances increases as you go up a food chain

DDT was found to cause shell-thinning in eagles & osprey, banned in 1972 → bald eagles aren’t endangered anymore

Pocket Mouse Labpre - lab

#4 - with more genetic variation, there is a greater chance of survival since there are more chances of there being a mutation that is favored by the environment

Post - lab

#4 - mutation is random due to random mistakes in DNA replication… but natural selection is not, because if the chance mutation ends up being favorable to survival, the frequency of that gene will increase in the population over time due to those environmental pressures

Ecological Succession WebQuestPrimary - NO SOIL

Glaciers

Secondary - SOIL

Bog & Forest

Carbon Cycle# 5 - CO2 enters the atmosphere as a gas via combustion, diffusion, cellular respiration

# 6 - plants & animals both carry out cellular respiration

#7 - plants (including phytoplankton), protists, & bacteria (like cyanobacteria) carry out photosynthesis

# 8-9 decomposers, like bacteria & fungi, are responsible for breaking waste & dead things back into nutrients that can be reused to make new organisms. Without them, no more nutrient cycling

#10 - fossil fuels store carbon for a long time… we burn them for energy… this puts a lot of CO2 in the atmosphere → global warming

Nitrogen Cycle# 1 - bacteria & lightning help nitrogen leave the atmosphere (nitrogen fixation)

#2 - BACTERIA ARE SO DANG IMPORTANT TO THE NITROGEN CYCLE