EcologyEcology andand evolutionevolutionTopic 5.1 Communities and Topic 5.1 Communities and

ecosystemsecosystems

Some useful definitions:Some useful definitions:

SpeciesSpecies – A group of organisms that – A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.offspring.

Eg. a lionEg. a lion or a tigeror a tiger

But………But………A lion and a tiger can A lion and a tiger can reproduce together and produce a Ligerreproduce together and produce a Liger

No, because the liger is sterileNo, because the liger is sterile..

Is the liger a new species? Are lions and Tigers the Is the liger a new species? Are lions and Tigers the same species?same species?

HabitatHabitat – The environment – The environment where a species normally where a species normally

lives or the location of a living lives or the location of a living organism.organism.

Homework:

Find out:

What is a niche?

How is it different from a habitat?

PopulationPopulation – a group of organisms – a group of organisms of the of the same speciessame species who live in the who live in the

same area at the same time.same area at the same time.

What’s missing from this graph? .........It has area ……..it has time

Community Community – a group of – a group of populations populations living and living and interacting interacting with each with each other in an other in an

area.area.

EcosystemEcosystem – A community and its – A community and its abiotic (non-living) environmentabiotic (non-living) environment

EcologyEcology – The study of the – The study of the relationships between living relationships between living

organisms and their relationships organisms and their relationships with the environmentwith the environment

Living Living (biotic) (biotic) things that things that affect affect EcosystemsEcosystems

Non-living Non-living (a-biotic) (a-biotic) factors that factors that effect effect EcosystemsEcosystems

AutotrophAutotroph- An organism that - An organism that synthesises its organic molecules synthesises its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances.from simple inorganic substances.

A plant yesterday. Autotrophic bacteria

HeterotrophHeterotroph – an organism – an organism

that obtains that obtains organic organic

molecules molecules from other from other organisms.organisms.

SaprotrophSaprotroph – an – an organism that organism that

lives on or in non-lives on or in non-living matter, living matter,

secreting secreting digestive digestive

enzymes into it enzymes into it and absorbing the and absorbing the

products of products of digestion.digestion.

What do you call a mushroom that What do you call a mushroom that buys you drinks?buys you drinks?

A Fungi to be with!

Detritivore – an organism that Detritivore – an organism that ingests non-living organic material.ingests non-living organic material.

A woodlouse

Food chainsFood chains

Producer

Primary consumer

Secondary consumer

Tertiary consumer

The arrows represent the flow of energy from eaten to eater!

Make food chains with the following Make food chains with the following organisms:organisms:

A)A) SharkShark MinnowMinnow ZooplanktonZooplankton PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton TunaTuna

B) •Lion•Gazelle•Grass•Tick•Ox-pecker (bird that eats ticks)

What is the initial energy source for both chains?

Make sure the arrows go in the right direction.

FoodFood webswebs

What is the trophic level of the:

Caterpillar?

Robin?

Owl?

Higher Level question:

What will happen to the resilience of a food web if you increase the complexity?

Primary consumer

2o, 3o, and 4o Consumer

HomeworkHomework

Page 176, Question 5Page 176, Question 5 Using Clip art make a food web that Using Clip art make a food web that

contains at least 10 named contains at least 10 named organisms (common names are organisms (common names are acceptable but must be more than acceptable but must be more than “big fish” or “tree”!)“big fish” or “tree”!)

BibliographyBibliography Evolution of man picture Evolution of man picture http://daily.swarthmore.edu/static/uploads/by_date/2009/02/19/evolution.jpghttp://daily.swarthmore.edu/static/uploads/by_date/2009/02/19/evolution.jpg Lion Picture Lion Picture http://bluepyramid.org/ia/lion.jpghttp://bluepyramid.org/ia/lion.jpg Tiger picture Tiger picture http://fohn.net/tiger-pictures-facts/tiger-regal.jpghttp://fohn.net/tiger-pictures-facts/tiger-regal.jpg Liger picture Liger picture http://img40.exs.cx/img40/8801/liger10jb.pnghttp://img40.exs.cx/img40/8801/liger10jb.png Habitat picture Habitat picture http://www.desertlion.info/photos/22-wend-1c6.jpghttp://www.desertlion.info/photos/22-wend-1c6.jpg Population graph Population graph

http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World%20Population%20Growth%20to%20http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World%20Population%20Growth%20to%202050.JPG2050.JPG

Community picture Community picture http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/48/6548-004-4D277914.gifhttp://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/48/6548-004-4D277914.gif Ecosystem picture Ecosystem picture http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0211.jpghttp://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0211.jpg Tree Hugger Tree Hugger http://www.treehuggersofamerica.org/images/tree_hugger.jpghttp://www.treehuggersofamerica.org/images/tree_hugger.jpg Autotrophic bacteria Autotrophic bacteria

http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7/studentprojects7/Rader/pseudomo.gifhttp://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7/studentprojects7/Rader/pseudomo.gif A plant yesterday A plant yesterday http://mrgrassosclass.com/images/autotroph.jpghttp://mrgrassosclass.com/images/autotroph.jpg T.rex picture T.rex picture http://www.biblelife.org/evolution-t-rex.jpghttp://www.biblelife.org/evolution-t-rex.jpg Mushroom picture http://www.topnews.in/health/files/mushroom.jpgMushroom picture http://www.topnews.in/health/files/mushroom.jpg Woodlice picture http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Porcellio_scaber_-Woodlice picture http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Porcellio_scaber_-

_male_front_2_(aka).jpg/250px-Porcellio_scaber_-_male_front_2_(aka).jpg_male_front_2_(aka).jpg/250px-Porcellio_scaber_-_male_front_2_(aka).jpg Food chain:Food chain: http://blogs.townonline.com/wellesley/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/cartoon-sun-thumb10088541.jpghttp://blogs.townonline.com/wellesley/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/cartoon-sun-thumb10088541.jpg http://www.selfsufficientish.com/images/appletree.gifhttp://www.selfsufficientish.com/images/appletree.gif http://bichitomalo.com/images/ist1_1035760_smiling_worm_cartoon.jpghttp://bichitomalo.com/images/ist1_1035760_smiling_worm_cartoon.jpg http://www.teachmecartoons.com/images/bird-cartoon.gifhttp://www.teachmecartoons.com/images/bird-cartoon.gif http://www.floatingbanana.com/artbackwash/BlackHawk1.gifhttp://www.floatingbanana.com/artbackwash/BlackHawk1.gif Food web http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/images/tutorials/ecology/trophic_levels/foodweb.gifFood web http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/images/tutorials/ecology/trophic_levels/foodweb.gif