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Ecology Part 2

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Succession

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Succession

Defined: gradual change/ replacement processfrom one community to another as a result ofchanges in abiotic and biotic factors

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Primary Succession

Starts from barerock/soil or water

Living organismscome from nearby

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp55/55020.html

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Secondary Succession

When the existing community is disturbed orremoved to the soil.

Ex: Fire, agriculture

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Estuaries and Marshes=

EcotonesWhy are wetlands important ?

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Population Ecology

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Population

Defined: A group of organisms

of the same kind in aparticular place and time

A. Population density = numberof indiv. per area

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B. Distribution

Distribution Diagram Benefit

Clumped Protection (herds/ schools)Ease for mating/ care of

youngHunt in packs

Even Less competition

Random Take advantage ofgood sites

Roaming individuals

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C. Social Organization

Wolves: packs; M & Fleaders; submission infighting

Chickens: pecking order

Bees: queen, drone,worker

Lions: pride, M and many

F; hunting & eatingorder

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3. Birth and Death Rate

a. Developed vs developing countries

b. Conception to death

c. Environmental pressures

Ex: elephants rates of birth

d. Stable population: balance between

Birth rate + immigration = death rate + emigration

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E. Biotic Potential

The maximum growth in the number oforganisms in a population under ideal

conditions

Why dont organisms reach their biotic

potential?

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Reproductive Strategies

Maintain populations andmaximize fitness forsurvival

1. R selection : rapidselection (rapid lifehistory): have as manyoffspring as fast aspossible

a. Have lots of young

if they are small in size:Ex: fish or insects

And/or a common prey:Ex: rabbits

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R-selection (cont)

b. Masting: all of theoffspring at one time

- some will bemissed (herbivore orpredator cant eat

all) and make it

possible for some tosurvive

The year without acorns?!

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97661116http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97661116

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2. K-selection

= Kin selection

Slow life history

Having a fewoffspring andprotecting them

until they reachmaturity

Ex: horse,orangutan, eagle

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F. Environmental Resistance

Population limitingfactors - prevent

from reaching bioticpotential

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Density dependent factors

Have a greater effect ona crowded(dense)population than a not

crowed one

Can be biotic or abioticfactors:

ex food and space;predation; disease

Hemlock Adelgid

http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/hemlock/hwa05.htmhttp://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/hemlock/hwa05.htm

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b. Density independent factors

Factors which affecta population in the

same wayregardless ofpopulation size

Ex: fire, pH,

temperature

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c. The 2 major limiting factors

in any ecosystem Food

Space

QuickTime and a

decompressorare needed to see this picture.

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d. The interaction between environmental resistanceand biotic potential results in

Carrying Capacity

The number of organisms that can be supportedin a given area under given conditions

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Population GraphsTypical population growth as

colonize new area

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http://www.glencoe.com/ebooks/science/9780078802843/data/media/anim/Population_Growth_p_97.html

http://www.glencoe.com/ebooks/science/9780078802843/data/media/anim/Population_Growth_p_97.htmlhttp://www.glencoe.com/ebooks/science/9780078802843/data/media/anim/Population_Growth_p_97.htmlhttp://www.glencoe.com/ebooks/science/9780078802843/data/media/anim/Population_Growth_p_97.html

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G. Population Cycles

How the numbersvary over time

arry ng apac y a anc ng

http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/RabbitsAndWolves/?version=unknown&browser=MSIE&vendor=ie_mac_or_os9http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/RabbitsAndWolves/?version=unknown&browser=MSIE&vendor=ie_mac_or_os9http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/RabbitsAndWolves/?version=unknown&browser=MSIE&vendor=ie_mac_or_os9http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/RabbitsAndWolves/?version=unknown&browser=MSIE&vendor=ie_mac_or_os9

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arry ng apac y- a anc ngthe populations

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