ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Presented by:

Flora May AlfanteMary Rose Mujeres

May Cris Famulagan

TOPIC OUTLINE

• What is Solid Waste?• Sources of Solid Waste• Classification of Solid Waste• Solid Waste Management• Effects of Solid Waste• Hierarchy of Methods• Treatment and Disposal

WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?

• Refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris,

agricultural wastes & other non-hazardous & non-toxic solid wastes.

Source: RA 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 0f 2000”

SCOPE OF SOLID WASTES

Special waste - household/ commercial hazardous waste – e.g., paints, thinners, batteries, spray canisters.

Solid waste - household, commercial, institutional (non-hazardous), street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural, and other non-hazardous waste

SOURCES OF SOLID WASTES

• Residential – domestic & special

• Commercial – domestic

• Industrial – domestic & process waste• Institutional

• Schools/universities – domestic/infectious & pathogenic

• Health care/facilities – domestic/ infectious & pathogenic

CATEGORIES OF SOLID WASTE

NON-HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTESBiodegradableNon-biodegradable Recyclables Bulky wastes / scrap (e.g. damaged chairs, furnitures)

HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES Empty chemical containers (e.g. paint cans, adhesive tubes)

Medical wastes Chemical Wastes

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE

• Domestic Waste• Factory Waste• Waste from oil factory• E-waste• Construction Waste• Agricultural Waste• Food Processing Waste• Bio-medical Waste• Nuclear Waste

COMPOSTABLE WASTES are biodegradable waste such as food wastes, garden wastes & animal wastes. They undergo biological degradation under controlled conditions and can be turned into compost (soil conditioner or organic fertilizer).Examples:

Fruit & vegetable peelingsFood leftoversVegetable & plant trimmings

RECYCLABLE WASTES Materials retrieved from waste stream and free from contamination & can still be converted into suitable beneficial use. These may be transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose its identity.

Examples:Papers GlassPlastics Metals

RESIDUAL WASTES Solid waste materials that are non-compostable & non-recyclable. They should be disposed ecologically through a long term disposal facility or sanitary landfill

Examples: Bulky wastes : Broken furniture, lamps, book cases, filing cabinets

WASTE MISMANAGEMENT

GarbageGeneration

Collection

Open Dumps

Uncollected

Vacant spaces

(canals, low lying

area, etc..)

Water Bodies(creeks, rivers, seas, etc..)

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

SegregationAvoidance

ReuseReduceRecycle

Composting

GARBAGEGENERATION

SegregatedCollection

Use ofsanitarylandfilland/or alternativetechnology

DISPOSALCOLLECTION

CAUSAL OF INCREASE IN SOLID WASTE

Population growth Increase in industrials manufacturingUrbanizationModernization Modernization, technological

advancement and increase in global population created rising in demand for food and other essentials.

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

HealthEnvironmentAquatic Life and Animals

IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE IN HEALTHChemical poisoning through chemical inhalation

Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood

Low birth weightCancer

IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE IN HEALTHCongenital malformationNeurological diseaseNausea and vomitingIncrease in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites.

IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE ON ENVIRONMENT.

Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas

Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable

Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE ON ANIMALS AND AQUATICS LIFEPlastic found in oceans ingested by birds

Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.

Degrades water and soil quality

HIERARCHY OF METHODS

Source Reduction

Reuse

Recycle

Treatment/

Disposal

SOURCE REDUCTION

is activities designed to reduce the volume or toxicity of waste generated, including the design and manufacture of products with minimum toxic content, minimum volume of material, and/or a longer useful life.

is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products

RECYCLING

The most common consumer products recycled include aluminum such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes

RECYCLING

TREATMENT/DISPOSALWaste Handling FacilitiesCivic Amenity Site (CA Site)Transfer StationEstablished Waste Treatment

TechnologiesComposting IncinerationLandfillRecyclingWindrow Composting

Alternative Waste TreatmentTechnologiesAnaerobic digestionAlcohol/ethanol production

Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels (pilot scale)

BiodryingGasificationGas Plasma: Gasification followed by

syngas plasma polishing (commercial test scale)

Alternative Waste TreatmentTechnologies In-vessel compostingMechanical biological treatmentMechanical heat treatmentPlasma arc waste disposal

(commercial demonstration scale)PyrolysisSewage treatmentTunnel compostingUASB (applied to solid wastes)Waste autoclave

CIVIC AMENITY SITEA CA site or household waste recycling centre (HWRC) is a facility where the public can dispose of household waste and also often containing recycling points. Collection points for recyclable waste such as green waste, metals, glass and other waste types are available. Items that cannot be collected by local waste collection schemes such as bulky waste are also provided.

CIVIC AMENITY SITE

TRANSFER STATIONis a building or processing site for the

temporary deposition of waste. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading into larger vehicles. These larger vehicles will transport the waste to the end point of disposal in an incinerator, landfill, or hazardous waste facility, or for recycling.

TRANSFER STATION

COMPOSTINGComposting, often described as nature’s

way of recycling, is the biological process of breaking up of organic waste such as food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, worms, and coffee grounds, etc., into an extremely useful humus-like substance by various micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the presence of oxygen.

TYPES OF COMPOSTING / ACCORDING TO ITS NATURE

Aerobic CompostingAnaerobic CompostingVermicompostingTakakura Method

AEROBIC COMPOSTINGThis means to compost with air. High

nitrogen waste (like grass clippings or other green material) will grow bacteria that will create high temperatures (up to 160 degrees). Organic waste will break down quickly and is not prone to smell.

AEROBIC COMPOSTING

This type of composting is high maintenance, since it will need to be turned every couple days to keep air in the system and your temperatures up. It is also likely to require accurate moisture monitoring. This type of compost is good for large volumes of compost.

Aerobic Composting

ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING

This is composting without air. Anaerobic composting is low maintenance since you simply throw it in a pile and wait a couple years. If you just stack your debris in a pile it will generally compact to the point where there is no available air for beneficial organisms to live.

ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING

Instead you will get a very slow working bacteria growing that does not require air. Your compost may take years to break down (this is what happens when you throw your food waste in the garbage that goes to the landfill). Anaerobic composts create the awful smell most people associate with composting. The bacteria break down the organic materials into harmful compounds like ammonia and methane.

VERMICOMPOSTINGThis is most beneficial for composting

food waste. Along with red worms, this includes composting with bacteria, fungi, insects, and other bugs.

VERMICOMPOSTINGSome of these guests break down

the organic materials for the others to eat. Red worms eat the bacteria, fungi, and the food waste, and then deposit their castings. Oxygen and moisture are required to keep this compost healthy.

TAKAKURA METHOD

INCENERATION is a disposal method in which solid

organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.

LANDFILLis a site for the disposal of waste

materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.

Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid leachate.

LANDFILL

LANDFILL

Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.

LANDFILL

RECYCLING is processing used materials (waste)

into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production.

WINDROW COMPOSTING

In agriculture, windrow composting is the production of compost by piling organic matter or biodegradable waste, such as animal manure and crop residues, in long rows (windrows). This method is suited to producing large volumes of compost. These rows are generally turned to improve porosity and oxygen content, mix in or remove moisture, and redistribute cooler and hotter portions of the pile.

Windrow composting is a commonly used farm scale composting method. Composting process control parameters include the initial ratios of carbon and nitrogen rich materials, the amount of bulking agent added to assure air porosity, the pile size, moisture content, and turning frequency.

WINDROW COMPOSTING

WINDROW COMPOSTING

BIODRYINGis the process by which

biodegradable waste is rapidly heated through initial stages of composting to remove moisture from a waste stream and hence reduce its overall weight.

GASPLASMAPlasma gasification is an

emerging technology which can process landfill waste to extract commodity recyclables and convert carbon-based materials into fuels. It can form an integral component in a system to achieve zero-waste and produce renewable fuels, whilst caring for the environment.

GASPLASMAPlasma arc processing has been

used for years to treat hazardous waste, such as incinerator ash and chemical weapons, and convert them into non-hazardous slag.

IN-VESSEL COMPOSTING

an industrial form of composting biodegradable waste that occurs in enclosed reactors. These generally consist of metal tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow and temperature can be controlled, using the principles of a "bioreactor".

Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried tubes that allow fresh air to be injected under pressure, with the exhaust being extracted through a biofilter, with temperature and moisture conditions monitored using probes in the mass to allow maintenance of optimum aerobic decomposition conditions.

IN-VESSEL COMPOSTING

IN-VESSEL COMPOSTING

WASTE AUTOCLAVEis a form of solid waste treatment

that utilizes heat, steam and pressure of an industrial autoclave in the processing of waste. Waste autoclaves process waste either in batches or in continuous-flow processes.

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