Ecological Research Monographs

Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network

Series editor

Yoh Iwasa

hin-ichi Nakano • Tetsukazu Yahara •

Tohru Nakashizuka

Editors

Aquatic Biodiversity

Conservation and Ecosystem Services

� Springer

.r-.n... akashizuka

Grad .ate hool of Life Sciences -:"oh 't.. L'niver ity

endai. Japan

ISSN 2191-0707

Ecological Research Monographs

Tetsukazu Yahara

Department of Biology

Kyushu University

Fukuoka, Japan

ISSN 2191-0715 (electronic)

ISBN 978-981-10-0778-I ISBN 978-981-10-0780-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0780-4

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Front cover: P/ecoglossus altivelis, weetfish (ayu) swimming near the shore of Lake Biwa, Japan

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The ingredients are an ecosystem service of the lake (photo by Shin-ichi Nakano). Center: Nypafruticans

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Phytoplankton assemblage of Lake Biwa, Japan (photo by Shohei Fujinaga).

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Chapter 7

Utilization of Freshwater Fish Biodiversity as Income Source of Poor Rural People (Case Study in Pampangan Subdistrict of South Sumatra Province, Indonesia)

Dina Muthmainnah, Zulkifli Dahlan, Robiyanto H. Susanto,

Abdul Karim Gaffar, and Dwi Putro Priadi

Abstract South Sumatra Province is covered by 1.1 million hectare of s wamp

land, which were considered as marginal land due to wet and muddy condition a

well as the presence of wild animals. During the wet sea on, the wamp eco ystem

becomes a productive fishing ground, providing fish resource for neighboring

communities. So thi productive area constitute a source of income for ft hermen

in the area. The current system categorizes the swamp area in Pampangan

subdistrict into three type according to the ource of water. Overall, the wamp

is inhabited by 46 species of fishes and prawn. Type-2 "amp i populated by

31 species, while a number of 27 and 16 pecie were found in the type-J and type-I

wamp, respectively. Type-2 wamp comprise the highest di ersity. Resource

allocation for fisheries is managed by the local government into 21 water bodie

with artificial border. Each water body is exploited by a group of two to ten

fishermen u ing various fi hing gears, the mo t effective of which is a barrier

with box trap tlulung). Using this fishing gear, the production might reach around

624, 170 kg of fi h per year. This gear seems to be a non elective gear which catche

23 fish pecies. The other type. i.e .. the longline irawai), i the mo 'l selective gear

which catches only even carnivorous fish pecies. Data collected from thi study

indicates that fish yield i variable among water bodies from l5,000 kg per year in

Lebung Asem to 220.900 kg per year in Ra au Jungkal. depending on ecological

conditions in the wamp. Thus, the management of fishing activity would be very

important in keeping f h biodi ersity and in order to increase the fi h yield;

therefore, the income of fi hermen might be increased.

D. Muthmainnah (7.'.) • A.K. Gaffar

Re earch In titute for Inland Fi herie , Jin. Beringin no. 8, Mariana-Palembang 30763, South

Sumatra, Indone: ia

e-mail: dina.gofar@yahoo.co.id

Z. Dahlan • R.H. Su auto • D.P. Priadi

Environmental Doctoral Programme, Sriwijaya University. Jin. Padang Selasa no. 524,

Palembang 30139, South Sumatra, Indonesia

.C Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 89 S.-i. Nakano et al. (ed .). Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services. Ecological Resear h Monograph-; DOT I0.1007/978-981-10-0780-4_7

90 D. Muthmainnah et al.

Keywords Swamp • Freshwater fish • Biodiversity • Income • Rural people •

Pampangan • South Sumatra • Indonesia

Introduction

Indonesian waters represent some of the rich biodiversity in the world including

marine, fresh, and brackish water fish. Djajadiredja et al. ( 1977) estimated that there

are about 4000 fi h , pecies in the Indone. ian water . at lea t 950 freshwater or

brackish water species are recorded in western Indonesia and Borneo (Kottelat

et al. 1993). Utomo et al. (2007) and Husnah et al. (2008) reported that there are

233 species of freshwater fishes in South Sumatra waters, grouped into 38 families

and 111 genera. Recently, Muthmainnah et al. (2012) focused their study on the

lowland swamp water of Pampangan subdistrict of South Sumatra, and they found

that there were 44 pecie of fish and two pecie of fre hwater prawn.

Lowland swamp is a type of dynamic ecosystem, which i alternately changed

from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystem and vice versa. Swamp eco y tern has eco•

logical functions such as water storage, habitat of wild fauna and flora, and also

economical function such as fishing grounds, animal grazing fields, and develop•

ments into agriculture lands (Mitsch and Gosselink 1986).

The total area of lowland swamp in Indone ia is about 33 million hectares which

are grouped into tidal swamp and nontidal swamp. In South Sumatra Province,

there wa 1.1 million hectares of nontidal lowland swamp (Sumsel in Figure 2005),

which wa considered a. marginal land becau. e the land wa u ually watered, wet

and muddy, and habited by dangerous wild animals. During the wet eason, swamp

ecosystem becomes a productive fishing ground. providing fish resource a food for

local community and also as commoditie for fishermen to earn real income

household. Some area of deep wamp al o develop into aquaculture sites (Gaffar

and Muthmainnah 2011 ). Swamp management should focus on human needs within

several ecological function and ecosy tern services.

Based on hydro-ecological characteristic , Pampangan 's swamp area can be

classified into three types. The main fishery activities by local people are fishing,

and in some point culture fi hery has been practiced. Fishing is performed either by

individuals or groups of fishermen. Fishing license can be obtained through an

auction system arranged by the local government. The auction winner is given a

I-year license to exploit one specific water body with artificial borders. The main

issue in swamp fi heries i. focu. ed on con ervation, wise use, and equity among all

user.

This paper would discuss an aspect of wamp management as the ca e study in

Pampangan subdistrict of South Sumatra. Indonesia, where local people work in the

swamp ecosy tern as mall-scale fi hennen to support their family life. Fi hery

resources in the , wamp water are considered as important ources for food and

income for many local villagers.

7 Utilization of Fre hwater Fi h Biodiversity as Income Source 91

Ecological Characterization of the Swamp Ecosystems

The methods adopted in thi rudy are field collection of samples and laboratory

experiment . The samples were collected to identify the ecological condition uch

as hydrology. water quality, vegetation. plankton. and fi h diver ity at several

ampling point . According to ources of water. tho e wamp were divided into

three type : (I) the . wamp inundated by floodwater from Komering river which

covers four villages, i.e., Tapus, Ulak Depati, Manggeri , and Pulau Betung; (2) the

.wamp with peat .oils inundated by rainwater called Lebak Deling which cover

three villages, i.e., Jungkal. Serdang, and Deling: and (3) the wamp inundated by

both floodwater from Komering river and rainwater from Lebak Deling which

covers three villages i.e .. Bangsal, Kuro, and Pulau Layang (Fig. 7. I).

The water level in tho e wamps wa trongly influenced by precipitation rate, as hown in Fig. 7.2. High pre ipitation during the month .. of January to April and

October to December cau e., higher water level of swamp in the .. ub equent

months. And. in December, the average precipitation of 308. 7 mm gave water

level of the wamp of 169.3 cm. and at that time water from river flow into the

lateral plain covered large areas of flood plain swamp.

Overall, there are 46 pecie of fi hes and prawn in the swamp ecos y terns. As

. hown in Table 7. I, the most diver. e specie (31) were found in type-2 wamp,

while the least diver e specie ( 16) were found in type-I . wamp. Type-3. wamp has

a medium diver ity of 27 . pecies.

Taxonomically, the 44 species of f h were grouped into f 5 families belonging to

live orders. and two pecies of prawn were member of one family. Fi h families

consist of different numbers of specie : Cyprinidae ( J 6 species = 34. 78 % ),

Channidae (6 species = 13.04 %), Siluridae (5 species = 10.87 %), and

Anabantoidei (5 species = 10.87 %-).

Eight species were found in all type of swamp , i.e., Mvstus nemurus, Clza1111a

striata. Cyclocheilichthvs apogon, Cyclocheilichthys armatus. Pristolepis fasciata,

Puntius lineatus, Osteochilus hasselti, and Trichoga ter pectorali . There were ix

. pecies of snakehead fish of genus Channa found in type 2 of .wamp, while only

one and two specie were found in swamp of types l and 3, re pecti ely. This

finding indicate that nakehead fish of genus Channa might tolerate acidic black

water in swamp with peat soils.

Utilization of the Swamp Ecosystems by Local People

Swamp areas have been considered providing ecosy Lem services which are impor•

tant to support socioeconomic needs of the people living in the surrounding areas.

Besides as fishing grounds mainly during wet eason, the areas are al o utilized a

land for swamp rice cultivation. animal pasture. vegetable plots. and site for cage

")

f'!I s 0

.

92

I

c

g.,, a.

D. Muthmainnah et al.

-E 0,

a. Cl)

<> E GI

::.i:: !IC:'. c l\l O>

0 c

-<;I;I;

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.£J

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7 Utilization of Fre h\, ater Fi h Biodiver ity as Income Source 93

l5Q DHll 250tm

300

250

200

200 150

ISO

100

I ·.11

100

h 50

Jul Aut tp On "o, D, J20 feb :'lbr .\pr )lai Jun Jul ..\•s ep O,t �o,· De< Jao Feb ,br Apr �b� Jun

2011 1011 20ll 2011 1011 !Oil 20111012 .all 201? 2012 2012

Fig. 7.2 Monthly a erage precipitation (2001-201 I) (left) and water fluctuation (July 201 I-June

2012) (right)

fish culture (Table 7.2). The survey was conducted to tudy the utilization of the

wamp area in Pampangan . ubdi trict according to the type of swamp.

Waler level in type-I _ wamp was influenced by water level in the river. During

the wet eason, water le el in the river rises and overflow into the . wamp: thu , the

water bodie become uitable for fi: hing ground. On the other hand, during the dry

ea. on, the water level lower. and flows back into the ri er cau ing major part of

swamp to become dry land: thus. they can be utilized as rice field or grazing

field· for buffalo and cattle depending on the water le el. Forty-four percent

(44 %-) of re pondent reported that they used the land as rice field during dry

sea on.

Type-Z swamp, as found in three village (Serdang, Deling, and Jungkal). wa

covered by quite deep water as a permanent water body, and the water ha, black

color due to peat .oils with acidic reaction (pH= 4.5). Waler le el fluctuated

according to the variation of monthly precipitation. The wamp \ a covered , ith

gra se and aquatic weed � hence, the habitat of many pecie of fish which were

collecti ely called black fi h inhabited there. Twenty- ix percent (26 ck) of re .pon•

dent reported that the area were utilized a fl hing ground by local fishermen

using manj kinds of f hing gear . During the dry sea on. ome deeper water areas

become swampy pools and allow the fishermen to catch more fish. A part of the

swamp area becomes dry lov land where 32 'k. of re .pondenu utilize the land for

plot of short crops and 20 %- of re. pondent utilize the land as buffalo grazing

pa ture. In this type of swamp, the dry period last only for about 3 month (during

the peak of dry season).

Type-3 wamp keep· water from outflow of both ri er water and rain. The water

reaction is acidic lo neutral , ith gra.. · vegetation. During the wet sea on. the

swamp become a fishing ground, while during the dry sea on, 59 'A of re pondents

utilize the area a rice field and 13 'h: of re pondent utilize the area a buffalo

grazing pasture.

No.

1

Species

Anabas testudineus

Local name -

Berok

-4 l

0

2

173

3

157

2 Barbichthys laevis Bentulu 0 0 26

3 Barbodes schwanenfetdii · Lampam 24 0 165

4 Belontia hasselti Selincah 0 367 0

5 Channa Lucius Bujuk 0 431 0

6 Channa marulioides falai 0 13 0

7 Channa melasoma Serko 0 121 0

8 Channa micropeltes Toman 0 85 39

9 Channa plcuropthalmus Serandang 0 15 0

10 Channa striata Gab us 120 540 197

II Clarias batrachus Lele 0 0 16

12 Ctarias uieuhofii Keli panjang 0 10 0

13 Cyclocheilichthvs apogon Kepera. merah 44 311 526

14 Cyclocheilichthvs armatus Kepera putih 20 31 496

15 Cyclocheilichthys enoplos Lumajang 12 0 0

16 Hampala ampalong Tenggago 2 0 0

17 Helostoma tenuninckii Sapil 0 456 384

18 Kryptopterus schilbeides Lais kukur 0 44 0

19 Kryptopterus apogon Lais muncung 16 0 91

20 Kryptopterus cryptopterus Lais kaca 0 0 24

21 Kryptopterns macrocephalus Lais tapah 12 29 0

22 Labeo chrysophekadion Sihitam l 0 4

23 Mucrobrachium rosenbergii Udang 0 6 2

24 Metapenaeus brevicornis Udang .erengkek 0 25 16

25 Mvstus nigriceps Beren git 123 0 0

26 Mystus planiceps Baung 200 55 295

27 Mvstus wolffii Lundu 0 43 0

28 Nandus uebulosus Setambun 0 465 0

29 otopterus notopterus Putak 0 0 zs

30 Osteochilus lineatus Tembelikat 0 0 16

31 Osteochilus schlegelii Semuruk 0 42 0

32 Osteochilus hasselti Palau -4 45 67

33 Osteochilus microcephalus Kojam 0 0 55

34 Oxyeleotris marmoratus Be tutu 0 0 I

35 Pangasius djanibal Patin 0 0 12

36 Paracltela oxvgastcr Siam is 0 74

37 Pristolepis fascia ta Kepor/sepatung 64 379 73

38 Pseudeutropius bracltypopterus Riu 0 256 -l5

39 Puntius hexazona Elang 24 56 0

40 P1111tiu.\· lineatus Kernuringan 124 661 150

41 Puntius tetrazona Pirik cawang 0 24 0

94 D. Muthmainnah et al.

Table 7.1 The number of fishes (individuals) occurred at swamp types

Swamp types

(continued)

2

Rice cultivation

Short crop

44

4

4

32

:9

5

3 Capture fisheries II 26 6

4 Fish culture 26 5 11

5 Raising buffalo swamp 5 20 13

6 Raising duck 7 4 6

7 Collecting wood 3 0 0

8 Collecting aquatic plant 0 5 0

7 Utilization of Fre hwater Fi h Biodiversity a Income Source 95

Table 7.1 (continued)

No. Specie

----

Swamp type

Local name I 2 3

42 Rasbora borneensis Seluang 0 290 0 -1

43 Tetraodon p. Bunta I 0 I 0

44 Trichogaster trichopterus Sepat mata merah 0 0 303

45 Trichogaster pectoralis Sepat. iam 51 156 427

46 Wal/ago leeri Tapah 0 15 0

Table 7.2 Percentage of people utilizing the lowland swamp as their hou. ehold

Percentage of people

No. The activities

Fisheries Activities

Swamp type I Swamp type 2 Swamp type 3

Data of fishing activitie v ere collected by distributing questionnaire and direct

interviews lo 21 fishermen randomly selected within 21 water bodies, The result

how that each body i exploited by two to ten member of a fi hennen group u ing

many kind. of fishing gears. Usually the ti. hermen are members of local commu•

nity .urrounding villages. There wa no special catching target. Some dominant

pecies were Channa lucius, Channa micropeltes, Channa pleuropthalmus, Channa

melasoma, Nandus nebulosus, Anabas testudineu , Clarias batrachus. Helostoma

temminckii, Puntius lineatus, Parachela oxygaster, Mystus nigriceps, Belontia

hasselti, Pristolepis fasciata, Wal/ago leeri, Trichogaster pectoralis, Krvptopterus

p., Cyclocheilichthvs apogon, Cyclocheilichthys armatus, Mystus planiceps,

Barbodes schwanenfeklii. Macrobrachium rosenbergii. and Fluta alba. Fi hing

activities were conducted from February to December, but each kind of fi hing

gear was operated in a specific period or. eason (Fig. 7.3).

In type- I . v amp, they u ed . ix kind of fi hing gear uch as lift nets. filtering

device.. pot trap . pole and lines, gill n ts. and barriers with box trap, wherea in

type-2 . wamp, the gear. they used w re eine . lift net, cast nets, longline , pot

96 D .. futhmainnah et al.

Swamp Type 1

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Swamp Type 2.

----------

Jan Feb Mc:1r Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Swamp Type i

lift net

Filtering device

Wire pot trap

Pole and line

Gill net

Barrier with pot trap

seine Litt

net Drift

net long

fine

Bamboo pot. trap

Wire pot trap

Gill net

Pole and line

Barrier with pot trap

--------- --- Filtering device

------------------------------· Long line

Seine

Bamboo pot trap

Wire pot trap

----��----�---�--��---·

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Pole and line

Barrier with pot trap

Fig. 7.3 Fi. heries activity using different types of fishing gears operated a cording to dynamic of

water level

7 Utilization of Freshwater Fish Biodiv er ity as In orne Source 97

Table 7.3 Data of fishing gear name and it, total yield per year

Name of fishing gears

Barrier with pot trap (lulung)

Gill net (jaring)

Pole and line (tajur)

Wire pot trap (bangkirai)

Bamboo pot trap (bubu)

Seine (arat/kerakat)

Longline (rawai)

Filtering d vice (tuguk/corong)

Other (cast net and lift net)

Total

Total ti hermen

102

3

99

93

13

io 73

20

52

535

Total yield {kg

624.170

I 14.480

210.180

149.680

24,110

5200

96.960

273,9 0

61.200

1,659.890

traps, pole and lines. gill net. and barrier. with box trap. In type-3. warnp, the gears

operated were filtering device, Iongline, seine, pot trap. wire pot trap. pole and line,

and barrier with bo trap.

This tudy shows that the mo t effective fi hing gear i. a barrier with pol trap

(lulung) which catche around 624, 170 kg/ ear. Barrier with pot trap (lulung) is a

non elective gear which catches 23 fi .h pecie , while a longline i the most

. elective gear which catches only seven carni orou fish specie (Table 7.3.).

Another fishing gears which grouped as non electi e gear are .eine and filtering

device. Seine u ually operated during the lowest water level where fish tend to

concentrate in swamp pool causing almo t all fish could be caught out. Filtering

device u ually operated during fast flow water where fish in moving again t water

current could be filtered by those gear . Regulation on f hing activity especially for

nonselective gears seems to be necessary to . upport u. tainable u ·e of fi h tock.

Fi h yield were ariablc among v arer bodie. fr m 15,000 kg/year in Lebung

A em to 220,900 kg per year in Ra au Jungkal (Table 7.4.). The fi he· were

marketed as live or fre .h fi h. and some pecies proce sed into . alt fi h, . moked

fi h and fermented f h. Fi, h i. marketed from f hermen to city market ia

collector or middle men. but some f hermen directly ell their Ii h to con sumer .

According to the local price . the fi h could be grouped into three levels, the cheap

fish less than JDR 15,000/kg of the average. the medium-price fi sh of lDR

15,000-30,000. and the high-price ti h of more than IDR 30.000.

Fi h culture i al o practiced in swamp area. mainly u: ing bamboo cage a· fi h

enclosur s. Local .pecies of Clw1111a micropeltes i the main cultured pecie

followed by Pangasius pleuropthalmu . There , ere 1306 units of cage found in

13 villages around the. wamp areas with yearly production of 200 kg per cage in

average during the field ob, ervaiion.

Xame of . wamp

Lebak Deling

Tm 1 yield (kg,

92.940

Lebung Asem 15.000

Kedukan Kiagung 17.880

Danau Jungkal 62.050

Murti Jungkal 44.350

Sebumbung JungkaJ 54.300

Tiris Jungkal 76,800

Pinangboring Jungkal 24,810

Gabus Jungkal 172.980

Semunting Deling 87,780

Kuro 69.lOO

Muara Deles 6720

Lubuk Sekayan 25.800

Gelam Jungkal 36.900

Keliling Pulau Jungkal 145,700

Sengah Buye Jungkal 62.300

Ra au Jungkal 220,900

, Camang Ulak Depati l:'6,080

Lepok Ulak Depati 97,650

Sematang Bunder Ulak Depati 74,400

Perompong Ulak Depati 182,250

1,706,690

9 :.11

Table 7.4 Data of .wamp

name and total yield per year

Conclusions

The wamp area in Pampangan subdi trict is inhabited by 46 species of fishe and

prawn. The swamp is grouped into three types depending on the ource of water.

Type-2 swamp, with a quite deep permanent water level, compri es the most

diversity in fi h and prawn species. The swamp areas have been con idered as a

part of eco ystem which i important in upporting the socioeconomic need of the

people in the surrounding areas. The management of resource allocation for

fi herie is managed by the local government in 21 water bodie with artificial

border . Data collected for this study indicate· that the fi. h yield are variable

among waler bodie from 15,000 kg per year in Lebung Asem to 220,900 kg per

year in Rasau Jungkal depending on water level in the wamp and types of fishing

gear . The most effective fi hing gear was a barrier with pol trap (lulung). The study

concluded that the management of fishing acti ity would be very important in

keeping fish biodiversity and in order to increa e the f h yield; therefore, the

income of fisherman might be increa ed.

Acknowledgments The present .tudy was funded by the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries. Republic of Indonesia, throughout Research Tn. titute for Inland Fi heries in 2012.

7 tilization of Freshwater Fi ... h Biodrx cr,Jt� ,h Income ource 99

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