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What is landscape Landscape has been defined in several ways. Among ecological

definition of landscape are :

A part of the space on the earths surface, consisting of a complex of

systems, formed by the activity of rock, water, plants, animals & man and

that by its physiognomy forms a recognizable entity (Zonneveld, 1979).

Landscape is a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of

interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout

(Forman & Godron, 1984).

A spatially heterogeneous area at scales of hectares to many squarekilometers, or an area, even a small one but viewed in a spatial

perspective of various agents (e.g. human, insects)

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Spatial Heterogeneity

Common feature of landscape definition : spatialheterogeneity

Spatial heterogeneity occurs on two forms :

Gradient : gradual variation over space in the objects

presents ~ no boundaries, e.g. changes in assemblage

of tree species

Mosaic :objects and aggregated, forming a distinct

boundaries.

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Example of Mosaic :

Landscape of Mount Papandayan

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Example of Gradient :Vegetation changes along altitudinal zone in Mt Gede

Montane Zone ( 1900 m )Sub Alpine Zone ( 1900 m )

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Mosaic or gradient ?

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What is Landscape Ecology

Landscape ecology is defined in different ways.

Landscape ecology ... focuses on (1) the spatial relationships among

landscape elements, or ecosystems, (2) the flows of energy, mineral

nutrients, and species among the elements, and (3) the ecological

dynamics of the landscape mosaic through time (Forman 1983)

Landscape ecology focuses explicitly upon spatial patterns. Specifically,

landscape ecology considers the development and dynamics of spatial

heterogeneity, spatial and temporal interactions and exchanges across

heterogeneous landscape, influences of spatial heterogeneity on bioticand abiotic processes, and management of spatial heterogeneity (Risser

et al. 1984)

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What is tropical environment

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Air movement

Earths shape and rotation air movement distributing heat and

moisture in the atmosphere

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Major biomes

Role of temperature and moisture in determining the natural distribution

of biomes

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Major biomes

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What is forest

One definition : an ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystemsdominatedby treesand other woody vegetation.

There are many definitions of the term forest.

Differ on the emphasis and concern of people Ecological definition may differ from legal definition

But all definitions stress the importance of treesin the

system.

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Examples

US National Vegetation Classification A forest consists of trees with overlapping crowns

forming 60 % to 100 % cover. Woodlandsare more

open, with 25 % to 60 % cover. Savannas have widely

spaced trees with minimum of 5-10 % cover andmaximum of 2025 % cover

FAO definition of forest

Land with tree crown cover of more than 10 % andarea of more than 0.5 ha

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Ecosystem products and services of forest

Forest products Timber (kayu)

Fuelwood (kayu bakar)

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs)/ (hasil hutan bukan kayu)

Rattans and bamboos

Material for crafts

Edible products (bahan pangan), e.g. durian, sagoo etc

Medicines and insecticides

Rubber and resins

Ecotourism

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