EchocardiographyEchocardiography

Doppler examinationDoppler examination

Assist. Univ. Muresan SimonaAssist. Univ. Muresan Simona

PrinciplePrinciple - - EchographEchographyy

Fig. 1

AT

T- time ( period) =1/F

A- amplitude

Λ – length of the wave

Piezoelectric effectPiezoelectric effect

Appearance of an electric field in certain nonconducting crystals as a result of the application of mechanical pressure. Pressure polarizes some crystals, such as quartz, by slightly separating the centers of positive and negative charge. The resultant electric field is detectable as a voltage. The converse effect also occurs: an applied electric field produces mechanical deformation in the crystal. Using this effect, a high-frequency alternating electric current (see alternating current) can be converted to an ultrasonic wave of the same frequency, while a mechanical vibration, such as sound, can be converted into a corresponding electrical signal

The scheme of an echographyThe scheme of an echography

Wave generator

Beamgenerator

TRANSDUCER

receptor convertor

A/D D/A

memory

monitor

The transducer- the probeThe transducer- the probe

Frontul undei

Fig. 5

Ultrasound wave Ultrasound beam

The transducer- the probeThe transducer- the probe

The transducer- the probeThe transducer- the probe

Scanning methodsScanning methods

The reflection of the ultrasound wavesThe reflection of the ultrasound waves

The refraction of the ultrasound waveThe refraction of the ultrasound wave

The amplitude of theThe amplitude of the

electric impulse is electric impulse is directdirect

proportional with the proportional with the

intensity of the echo.intensity of the echo.

Transducer Electric signal

A Mode - amplitudeA Mode - amplitude

Transducer

Heart

Ultrasound beam

B Mode- brightness B Mode- brightness

Mode A Mode B

M mode - motionM mode - motion

Heart - anatomy B modebrightness M mode

Mod M Mod M

Anatomy of the thoraxAnatomy of the thorax

The principal plans of section used in The principal plans of section used in echocardiographyechocardiography

Left parasternal long axis viewLeft parasternal long axis view

Apical two chamber viewApical two chamber view

Apical four chamber Apical four chamber

viewview

Short axis view of left ventricleShort axis view of left ventricle

Subcostal viewSubcostal view

Mitral Valve M-mode AnalysisMitral Valve M-mode Analysis

Mitral Valve M-mode AnalysisMitral Valve M-mode Analysis

Aortic Valve M-mode AnalysisAortic Valve M-mode Analysis

Aortic Valve M-mode AnalysisAortic Valve M-mode Analysis

Ventricular M-modeVentricular M-mode

Ventricular M-modeVentricular M-mode

Ventricular Wall Ventricular Wall Thickness Thickness

Ventricular Ventricular Chamber Size Chamber Size

Intraventricular Intraventricular Masses Masses

Doppler echographyDoppler echography

2 x f0x s x cos α ΔF=--------------------- c

F 0 = emission frequency;S = speed of the blood cells;C=speed of the ultrasound wave;cos α = the ongle between the wave direction and blood direction.

Doppler echographyDoppler echography

F

F

Normal aspectNormal aspect

Arterial flowArterial flow• High resistanceHigh resistance

• Low resistanceLow resistance

Normal aspectNormal aspect

Venous flowVenous flow• peripheralperipheral

• centralcentral

DOPPLER COLORDOPPLER COLORDOPPLER COLORDOPPLER COLOR

Superficial femural arterySuperficial femural artery

Arterial occlusionArterial occlusion

EmbolismEmbolism

ThrombosisThrombosis

ANEURISMSANEURISMS

Heart - color DopplerHeart - color Doppler

Mitral valve regurgitation - color DopplerMitral valve regurgitation - color Doppler