ecitaro - approach to emobility - miljøstiftelsen zero · 2019-09-03 · challenge 2: the depot...
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eCitaro -
approach to eMobility
Dipl.-Ing. Tammo Voigt
Head of eMobility Consulting
ZERO Conference / Oslo 28.8.2019
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Public transport needs to become more attractive and is part of reducing
CO2 footprints and emissions at the same time.
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Increasing mobility needs
Inner-city densification
Limited traffic areas
Noise / pollution sensitivity
Individual transport at its limits
EU CVD – Implemantation
by 2021
Environmental zones and
access restrictions
CO2 targets (national / local)
Public funding for e-mobility
High pollution levels in cities
Public traffic needs to be part
of the solution
Need for ActionMobility Trends Legal & Political Premises
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Nearly emission free
Benchmark for CO2 & TCO
Locally emission free
Emissionfree electric drive system
Technical approach: Daimlers product strategy is based on two pillars
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TCO = Total Cost of Ownership
Citaro Euro VI Diesel / Hybrid / CNG
Reduced fuel consumption
Minimal pollutant emissions
TCO benchmark
Electric Citaro
Battery electric or combined with REX
Thermal and Energy Management
No local CO2 or pollutant emissions
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Energy Efficiency
Main development focus was modularity and energy efficiency
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Modularity and FlexibilityProject / Production Status
low
highBattery Capacity
Charging OptionsPanto-
graph
CCS
Plug
Transition
Period
Summer Winter
Driving Auxiliaries Heating Cooling
Thermal Management
Energy ManagementHeating
Cooling
Maximation
of Range
• More than 50000 Citaro units built !!
• Start of Production
Solo: Q1/2019
Articulated: Q2/2020
Solo RHD: Q4/2021
Citaro – REX: 2022
~75 ~125
Vehicle Type
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1 by 1 Transformation of ICE - to e-Buses not feasible by today
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Target picture
e.g. 2025
Lower Range of Electric Buses compared to
ICE - Buses
Modification of Operation Concepts needed
Charging Systems & Interfaces to be developed
Setup of Energy Supply and Charging
Infrastructure
Standardization to be defined
Redesign of Processes required
(e.g. Service and Maintenance)
Training and Qualification
Financial Constraints
Etc.
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Challenge 1: E-Buses carry only a fraction of the energy of a diesel bus.
At the same time, the weight is higher.
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Diesel Bus
Tank capacity: ~ 215 -300l diesel
Weight: ~ 250 -350kg
Energy (usable):
~ 2,100 -3000kWhEfficency up to 40%
Range (12m) 600-700km (Sort2)
Electric Bus
Up to 12 High-voltage batteries (nmc)
Weight: ~ 2.000 – 3.000 kg
Energy (brutto):
~ 300 - 400 kWhEfficency up to 75%
Range (12m) 170 -230km (Sort2/fh)
aux aux aux
Pure
Driving
Cooling
(Summer)
Heating
(Winter)
Energy consumption
nearly doubles
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Challenge 2: The depot needs a completely different electricity supply
infrastructure to charge a fleet of electric buses.
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150 kW
One charging
station for an
electric bus has a
similar power
demand as appr. 75
households.
75
Transformer
Medium voltage
10 – 30 kV
Depots for electric buses are
directly connected to the medium
voltage grid and need
transformers on the depot.
5 -10 min
2 – 5 h
Charging of an electric bus
requires several hours. For this,
all processes in the depot need
to be adapted..
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Challenge 3: E-Bus workshops require new equipment and staff training.
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Roof working structure
Crane system
Testing and charging equipment
Safety equipment
HV- Sensitization
Specialist for HV vehicles
Working under voltage
Responsible electrician for HV systems
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Alternative to opportunity charging -
Extension of range with hydrogen (REX)
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Development Targets eCitaro FC – Rex
H2 infrastructure: Bus-standard Europe: 350bar
Local H2 generation with electrolyzer
or delivery on trailer
Energy cost: Minimization of H2 consumption
Battery driving as long as possible
Fuel-cell operation at optimal level
Vehicle cost: Fuel-cell components from series
application (economies of scale)
Range: Solo > 300 km
Articulated up to 300 km
Diesel-like operation possible
(without fossil heating)
HVBs on rooftop
and ex-engine
compartment
Max 5 H2 containers
~ 25kg
Fuel cell
MegaCi
ty
City
Region
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Challenge 4: Technical / economical issues for E-Bus/REX-Flotten
Targetpicture 2025 ff
29
Operation close to ICE - Buses
Charging Systems & Interfaces to be developed
Complete new setup of Energy Supply and
Charging Infrastructure
Integration of renewable energy
sources (e.g. solar/wind)
Redesign of Processes required
(e.g. Service and Maintenance)
Etc.
Edit H2 Infrastructure
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eMobility is more than just a bus, it is eMobility System.
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Conclusion: It is not enough to think about electric buses…
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• Finally, electric busses can start to run
• System design and layout is always first step
• Operation and charging strategy must be robust in worst-case scenario
• Appropriate infrastructure is essential for e-bus fleet
• Energy supply (grid connection power) must be ensured
• Planning horizon for infrastructure often longer than for buses
• Workshops must be prepared for high voltage operations
• Employees have to be trained
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Thank you for your appreciated attention !
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