ece 302- research seminar iipaul m. cabacungan clean h 2 o system salvador p. granada, jr. water is...

EcE 302- Research Seminar II Paul M. CabacunganClean H2O System Salvador P. Granada, Jr.

Water is the only substance that Water is the only substance that occurs naturally as a solid (ice), a occurs naturally as a solid (ice), a liquid and a gas (water vapor). It liquid and a gas (water vapor). It covers about 70 percent of the covers about 70 percent of the EarthEarth for a total of approximately 332.5 for a total of approximately 332.5 million cubic miles (1,386 million million cubic miles (1,386 million cubic kilometers) [source: cubic kilometers) [source: U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Geological Survey].].

Most of this water -- 97 percent of it Most of this water -- 97 percent of it -- is undrinkable because it's -- is undrinkable because it's saltwater (see illustration). Only 3 saltwater (see illustration). Only 3 percent of the world's water supply percent of the world's water supply is freshwater, and 77 percent of that is freshwater, and 77 percent of that is frozen. Of the 23 percent that is is frozen. Of the 23 percent that is not frozen, only a half a percent is not frozen, only a half a percent is available to supply every plant, available to supply every plant, animal and person on Earth with all animal and person on Earth with all the water they need to survive the water they need to survive [source: [source: National GeographicNational Geographic]. ].

I. WATER PURIFICATION IS NEEDEDI. WATER PURIFICATION IS NEEDED


Photodisc/Getty Images

Homes line a polluted canal in Manila, Philippines.

Water treatment requires six basic steps.In coagulation, coagulants like lime and alum are added to the water, which causes particulates to clump together. Next, the water is shaken into larger clumps, called flocs. The sedimentation process requires that the water stand for 24 hours, which allows the clumps to settle to the bottom. The water is then filtered, disinfected (usually with chlorine) and aerated. Aeration helps to remove certain contaminants like radon.

Water Survival TechniquesIf your water becomes contaminated and you don't have bottled water, you can purify it in a few different ways. If it is cloudy, first filter it through clean cloths or allow it to settle and then pour off the clear water. Then, you can boil the water for one minute to kill most disease-causing organisms. You can also add one-eighth of a teaspoon of household chlorine bleach per gallon of water (or follow directions on the label). You should double the amount if the water is discolored or murky. Stir and let it stand for 30 minutes. Chlorine bleach tablets are sold at camping supply stores to purify water for drinking. You can also use five drops of iodine per gallon to disinfect water.Store boiled or disinfected water in clean, covered containers. If the boiled water tastes too flat or the chlorine taste is too strong, pour it from one container into another.

II. BASIC STEPS OF WATER TREATMENTII. BASIC STEPS OF WATER TREATMENT


Dome Ceramic FilterWater is filtered through a multi-hole

stomata that traps particles as small as 0.3 micron.Silver Activated Carbon

Removes organic, chemical and cancer-causing substances. The silver acts to contain bacteria.Cation-Antion Ion Exchange Resin

Removes heavy metals and hazardous non-metal present in the water. Softens water through a rotary filtering mechanism.Mineral Stones

Increases the oxygen and mineral ingredients, and freshness of water. Neutralizes the acidity of water.Magnetized Water

Formulates water molecules and increases its magnetic force. The molecular formation is stabilized for easier absorption of the body.(Please see next page for Ultraviolet Lamp)

III. III. WATER PURIFIERWATER PURIFIER & ULTRAVIOLET LAMP SET-UP & ULTRAVIOLET LAMP SET-UP


An important thing to know is that ultraviolet (UV) is not a single entity, but a wide band of wavelengths. The chief natural source of UV is the sun, most of which is in the region between 300nm - 400nm.

UV lamp is an efficient and rapid method of water disinfection without the use of heat or chemicals. Its germicidal light quickly and reliably disables bacteria, viruses and other micro-organisms present in the water.

III. WATER PURIFIER & III. WATER PURIFIER & ULTRAVIOLET LAMP SET-UPULTRAVIOLET LAMP SET-UP


Electrical Power from the Sun is used to clean water through an Ultraviolet (UV) lamp.(Using: Solar Panel, Charging Interface Circuit, Car Battery, Inverter, & UV Lamp set)

IV. SUNLIGHT TO POWER ULTRAVIOLET LAMPIV. SUNLIGHT TO POWER ULTRAVIOLET LAMP


Ultraviolet Dosage RequiredFor Destruction Of Organisms (uW-s/cm2)

Ultraviolet energy levels at 254 nanometer units wavelength Required for 99.9% destruction of various microorganisms UV energy in microwatt-

seconds per square centimeter

Bacteria Mold Spore

Agrobacterium tumefaciens 8,500 Aspergillus flavus (yellowish green) 99,000

Bacillus anthracis 8,700 Aspergillus glaucus (bluish green) 88,000

Bacillus mrgaterium (vegetative) 2,500 Aspergillus niger (black) 330,000

Bacillus mrgaterium (spore) 52,000 Mucor ramosissimus (white gray) 35,200

Bacillus subtillis (vegetative) 11,000 Penicillum digitatum (olive) 88,000

Bacillus subtillis (spore) 58,000 Penicillum expensum (olive) 22,000

Clostridium tetani 22,000 Penicillum roqueforti (green) 26,400

Corynebacterium diptheriae 6,500 Rhizopus nigricans (black) 220,000

Echerichia coli 7,000 - -

Legionella bozimanii 3,500 - -

Legionella dumoffii 5,500 - -

V. DATA FROM WATER TECH COMPANYV. DATA FROM WATER TECH COMPANY


Ultraviolet Dosage RequiredFor Destruction Of Organisms (uW-s/cm2)

Ultraviolet energy levels at 254 nanometer units wavelength Required for 99.9% destruction of various microorganisms UV energy in microwatt-

seconds per square centimeter

Salmonella enteritidis 7,600 Virus

Salmonella paratyphi (Enteric fever) 6,100 Bacteriophage (E.coli) 6,600

Salmonella typhimurium 15,200 Hepatitis virus 8,000

Salmonella typhosa (Typhoid fever) 6,000 Influenza virus 6,600

Sarcina lutea 26,400 Poliovirus 21,000

Serratia marcescens 6,200 Rotavirus 24,000

Shigella dysenteriae (Dysentery) 4,200 Tobacco mosaic virus 440,000

Shigella flexneri (Dysentery) 3,400 Virus of Infectious Hepatitis 8,000

Shigella sonnei 7,000 - -

Staphylococcus epidermidis 5,800 - -

V. DATA FROM WATER TECH COMPANYV. DATA FROM WATER TECH COMPANY


http://electronics.how stuffw orks.com


Incandescent Bulb Fluorescent Lights



Sources:

How Stuff Works: How Water Works

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet

Home Environment Centerhttp://www.homeenvironmentcenter.com/10stage.htm

WaterTechhttp://watertec.com/index.htm

ece 302- research seminar iipaul m. cabacungan clean h 2 o system salvador p. granada, jr. water is...

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