]^

Eastern Armenian A Textbook

YZ

2

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Eastern Armenian A Textbook

YZ

by

Kevork B. Bardakjian Marie Manoogian Professor of Armenian Literature

The University of Michigan

and

Bert Vaux University Lecturer in Phonology and Morphology

University of Cambridge

CARAVAN BOOKS Ann Arbor

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Published by Caravan Books Delmar, New York 12054-0344, U.S.A.

First Edition 1999

Second Edition 2008

1999 Academic Resources Corporation All rights reserved

Printed and made in the United States of America

O The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements

of the American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives ANSI/NISO/Z39.481992

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents The Armenian Alphabet..................................................................................... 11

Pronunciation Notes ................................................................................. 12 Lesson 1 ............................................................................................................. 13

1. Personal pronouns ..................................................................................... 13 2. Present Indicative of the auxiliary verb be ............................................. 13

2a. Declarative Sentences ......................................................................... 13 2b. Interrogative Sentences....................................................................... 14

3. The Negative ............................................................................................. 14 4. Articles ...................................................................................................... 15 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 16 Greetings ....................................................................................................... 17

Lesson 2 ............................................................................................................. 21 1. The indefinite article ................................................................................. 21 2. Adjectives.................................................................................................. 21 3. Copular sentences..................................................................................... 21 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 22

Lesson 3 ............................................................................................................. 26 1. The present indicative tense ...................................................................... 26 2. Word order ................................................................................................ 26 3. Demonstratives.......................................................................................... 26

A. Adjectives ............................................................................................ 26 B. Pronouns .............................................................................................. 27

4. Possessive suffixes .................................................................................... 27 5. Use of the definite article .......................................................................... 27 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 29

Lesson 4 ............................................................................................................. 32 1. Plurals of nouns......................................................................................... 32

A. Monosyllables...................................................................................... 32 B. Polysyllables ........................................................................................ 32

2. Numbers : 1-10.......................................................................................... 33 3. Uses of the singular and plural .................................................................. 33 4. Adjectives as substantives ......................................................................... 34 5. Existential expressions .............................................................................. 34 6. Expressions of measure and quantity ........................................................ 35 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 36

Lesson 5 ............................................................................................................. 40 1. Present Indicative of verbs (continued) ..................................................... 40 2. Negative of the Present Indicative............................................................. 40 3. The Imperfect Indicative ........................................................................... 41 4. Negative of the Imperfect Indicative......................................................... 41 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 43

Lesson 6 ............................................................................................................. 46

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1. Declension of Nouns (part A) ................................................................... 46 2. Uses of declined forms .............................................................................. 47 3. The diminutive suffix -ik ......................................................................... 49 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 51

Lesson 7 ............................................................................................................. 55 1. Prepositions and postpositions .................................................................. 55 2. Expressions of motion............................................................................... 56 3. The genitive of complement...................................................................... 57 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 58

Lesson 8 ............................................................................................................. 62 1. Declension of Personal Pronouns.............................................................. 62 2. Possessive adjectives and pronouns .......................................................... 63 3. The Present and Imperfect Indicative of some common verbs.................. 64 4. Verbs with more than one subject ............................................................. 66 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 67

Lesson 9 ............................................................................................................. 71 1. The Future Indicative ................................................................................ 71 2. The Future Indicative in the Past............................................................... 71 3. Declension of nouns (part B): the -ou declension..................................... 72 4. Expressions of time (part 1) ...................................................................... 73 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 76

Lesson 10 ........................................................................................................... 80 1. The Aorist Indicative (part 1) .................................................................... 80 2. Abstract nouns in -ouj\oun........................................................................ 81 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 83

Lesson 11 ........................................................................................................... 87 1. The Relative/Interrogative Pronoun .......................................................... 87 2. The Imperative of regular verbs ................................................................ 88 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 89

Lesson 12 ........................................................................................................... 93 1. Cardinal Numbers ..................................................................................... 93 2. Reduplicated numerals .............................................................................. 94 3. Ordinal Numbers ....................................................................................... 94 4. Fractions.................................................................................................... 95 5. Prices ......................................................................................................... 95 6. Use of numbers in expressions of dates..................................................... 96 Vocabulary .................................................................................................... 98

Lesson 13 ......................................................................................................... 101 1. Interrogative/relative pronouns ............................................................... 101 2. Object clauses.......................................................................................... 103 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 105

Lesson 14 ......................................................................................................... 109 1. The Perfect and Pluperfect ...................................................................... 109

2. The Perfect and Pluperfect Negative....................................................... 109 3. Some kinship terms ................................................................................. 110 4. The declension of ser love................................................................... 112 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 113

Lesson 15 ......................................................................................................... 117 1. Comparison ............................................................................................. 117 2. Indefinite pronouns ................................................................................. 118 3. Negative pronouns................................................................................... 119 4. Indefinite adjectives ................................................................................ 119 5. Indefinite pronouns ................................................................................. 119 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 120

Lesson 16 ......................................................................................................... 124 1. The Aorist Indicative (part 2): Irregular verbs, A................................... 124 2. The Perfect and Pluperfect of irregular verbs, A..................................... 125 3. The -en plural ....................................................................................... 126 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 127

Lesson 17 ......................................................................................................... 131 1. Uses of the -a6 participle....................................................................... 131 2. The declension of spatial postpositions ................................................... 132 3. Postpositions with articles ....................................................................... 133 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 134

Lesson 18 ......................................................................................................... 137 1. Reciprocal pronouns................................................................................ 137 2. Reflexive pronouns ................................................................................. 137 3. Distributive pronouns.............................................................................. 137 4. Distributive numbers ............................................................................... 138 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 139

Lesson 19 ......................................................................................................... 143 1. The Aorist Indicative (part 3): Irregular verbs, B................................... 143 2. The Perfect and Pluperfect of irregular verbs, B ..................................... 145 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 147

Lesson 20 ......................................................................................................... 151 1. Formation of adverbs .............................................................................. 151 2. Imperatives of irregular verbs, A............................................................. 152

Category 1. Verbs with infixed -n- in the present stem.......................... 152 Category 7. Verbs with different roots for the present and aorist stems. 153

Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 154 Lesson 21 ......................................................................................................... 158

1. Nouns with Genitive in -an.................................................................... 158 2. The inner -a- declension ....................................................................... 159 3. Some irregular declensions .................................................................... 159 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 161

Lesson 22 ......................................................................................................... 165

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1. Imperatives of irregular verbs, B............................................................. 165 2. To wear................................................................................................. 166 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 168

Lesson 23 ......................................................................................................... 172 1. The Subjunctive Mood ........................................................................... 172

1.1. Some uses of the Subjunctive .......................................................... 172 2. The Obligatory Mood.............................................................................. 175

2.1. Some uses of the Obligatory............................................................ 176 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 177

Lesson 24 ......................................................................................................... 181 Uses of the Infinitive ................................................................................... 181 1. As a verbal participle the Infinitive is found in: ...................................... 181 2. Substantivized infinitives ........................................................................ 181 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 184

Lesson 25 ......................................................................................................... 187 1. The Passive.............................................................................................. 187 2. Uses of the Passive.................................................................................. 188 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 192

Lesson 26 ......................................................................................................... 196 1. The Conditional Mood ............................................................................ 196 2. Some uses of the Conditional Mood ....................................................... 197 3. Conditional sentences.............................................................................. 199 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 201

Lesson 27 ......................................................................................................... 205 1. Declension............................................................................................... 205 2. Time of day ............................................................................................. 206 3. Derivatives in -akan .............................................................................. 207 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 209

Lesson 28 ......................................................................................................... 212 Participles (continued)................................................................................. 212 1. The present participle .............................................................................. 212

1.1. Examples of usage........................................................................... 212 2. The -is participle .................................................................................... 213 3. Verbal adjectives in -i ........................................................................... 213 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 215

Lesson 29 ......................................................................................................... 219 1. Result clauses .......................................................................................... 219 2. Concessive clauses .................................................................................. 220 3. Some simple expressions of politeness ................................................... 220 Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 223

Lesson 30 ......................................................................................................... 227 Causative verbs ........................................................................................... 227 1. Causatives with -n-................................................................................ 227

2. Causatives with tal................................................................................ 228 2.1. Examples of usage........................................................................... 228 2.2. The passive of causatives ................................................................ 229

Vocabulary .................................................................................................. 230 Lesson 31 ......................................................................................................... 234

1. Days and months ..................................................................................... 234 2. Usage of case forms (-i declension) ....................................................... 234 3. Dates........................................................................................................ 235 4. Age .......................................................................................................... 235

Lesson 32 ......................................................................................................... 237 Lesson 33 ......................................................................................................... 240 Lesson 34 ......................................................................................................... 244 Lesson 35 ......................................................................................................... 250 Lesson 36 ......................................................................................................... 253 Appendix 1: Vowel Alternations ..................................................................... 256

1. Vowel Sequences .................................................................................... 257 Appendix 2: Consonant Clusters...................................................................... 258

1. Clusters of two consonants...................................................................... 258 A. Word-initial ...................................................................................... 258 B. Word-medial ..................................................................................... 259 C. Word-final......................................................................................... 259

2. Clusters of three consonants.................................................................... 260 A. Word-initial ...................................................................................... 260 B. Word-medial ..................................................................................... 260 C. Word-final.......................................................................................... 260

3. Clusters of four consonants .................................................................... 261 A. Word-initial ...................................................................................... 261 B. Word-medial ..................................................................................... 261 C. Word-final.......................................................................................... 262

4. Clusters of five consonants...................................................................... 262 A. Word-initial ...................................................................................... 262 B. Word-medial ..................................................................................... 263 C. Word-final.......................................................................................... 263

5. Clusters of six consonants ....................................................................... 263 A. Word-initial ...................................................................................... 263 B. Word-medial ..................................................................................... 263 C. Word-final.......................................................................................... 263

6. Suffixes ................................................................................................... 263 Appendix 3: Countries and People................................................................... 265

1. The five continents (ma\r zamaqn;re)............................................... 265 2. The country suffix -stan...................................................................... 265 3. The country suffix -ia ........................................................................... 265 4. Miscellaneous countries .......................................................................... 266

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5. Miscellaneous regions ............................................................................. 266 6. Some Armenian communities in the Diaspora ........................................ 266

Appendix 4: The Conjugation of Regular Verbs.............................................. 267 Appendix 5: The Most Common Declensions ................................................. 268

1. Genitive in -i .......................................................................................... 268 2. Genitive in -ou ......................................................................................... 268 3. Genitive in -an ....................................................................................... 268 4. Genitive in -o= ........................................................................................ 269 5. Genitive in -wa ....................................................................................... 269 6. Genitive in -z .......................................................................................... 270 7. The inner -a-declension ........................................................................ 270 8. The inner -o-declension.......................................................................... 271 9. Some irregularities .................................................................................. 271

Appendix 6: Glossaries .................................................................................... 272 English-Armenian ....................................................................................... 272 Armenian-English ....................................................................................... 308

The Armenian Alphabet UPPER CASE

lower case

Transcription Symbol

English Example

Numerical value

A a a far 1 B b b Ben 2 G g g give 3 D d d dark 4 : ; e pen 5 (word-initial) ye yes

X x z zoo 6 H h e pen 7 E e (schwa) about 8 J j t top 9 V v zh leisure 10 I i i magazine 20 L l l low 30 > . kh German Bach 40 ^ 6 ts hats 50 K k k skill 60 F f h hat 70 } ] dz adze 80 [ gh Frenchrue 90 Y y ch mischief 100 M m m mat 200 { \ y yes 300 N n n no 400 < , sh ship 500 O o o note 600 (word-initial) vo vote1

C c ch church 700 P p p spot 800 = j judge 900 5 r (trilled) Spanish carro 1000 S s s seat 2000 W w v vote 3000 T t t steep 4000 R r r rest 5000 Z z ts hats 6000 u v vote 7000 " ' p pen 8000 Q q k kid 9000 7 o note 10000

1 Except when followed by w.

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` f fat - Ou ou u chute -

Pronunciation Notes Eastern Armenian {' j q z c} are heavily aspirated. In other words, a

large puff of air comes out of the mouth when these consonants are pronounced. The same is true of their English equivalents {p t k ts ch} when pronounced at the beginning of a word, as in par, tar, car, etc.

The consonants {p t k 6 y} are not aspirated; in other words, very little air comes out of the mouth when they are pronounced. This unaspirated set of consonants sounds very similar to English {p t k ts ch} when pronounced after an s, as in spar, star, scar, etc.

The difference between r and 5 is very similar to the difference between Spanish r and trilled rr, as in caro expensive vs. carro car.

The uvular sounds . and [ are produced by pulling the back of the tongue very close to the uvula, which is the little flap of tissue hanging down from the back of the mouth. The Armenian [ sounds very much like the French, German, and Hebrew pronunciation of r.

Lesson 1 1. Personal pronouns The Armenian personal pronouns are: Singular Plural 1st person ;s m;nq 2nd person dou douq 3rd person na, inqe2 nranq, ir;nq There is no grammatical distinction of gender in Armenian; for example, na can mean he, she, or it. The demonstrative pronouns sa this one and da that one (plural sranq, dranq) can also be used in the 3rd person, especially when referring to inanimate objects. (See Lessons 3.3, 8.2). As in French and German, the 2nd person singular is used only to address friends or relatives, the polite form of address being the plural, which is capitalized when written: Douq. For detailed treatment of this point see Lesson 3.3b. 2. Present Indicative of the auxiliary verb be 2a. Declarative Sentences Singular Plural 1st person ;m ;nq 2nd person ;s ;q 3rd person h ;n The non-literary form a is often used instead of the literary 3rd person singular form h (except in negative sentences): e.g. Girqn o2ur a! Where is the book? As with the forms of the verb be above, all other Armenian verbs are specified for person and number in all tenses and moods. Consequently, the subject of a sentence (particularly when it is a personal pronoun) need not accompany the verb, except when one wishes to convey emphasis or clarity. Note that the verbal forms ;m etc. are not stressed, and do not attach a glide to the initial ;-, which in this case is pronounced like the e in English pen, e.g.: 2 In fact, the pronoun inqe (pl. ir;nq) is historically related to the semantic component self, and is involved in the formation of reflexive pronouns; see Lesson 18.2.

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A\st;[ ;m ([aystgh em], not *[aystgh yem]) here I am Generally in Armenian the word order of narrative sentences is much less restricted than in English. e.g. Na a\st;[ h! He is here. Na h a\st;[! He is here. (It is he who is here.) A\st;[ h na! Here he is. Note that as a general rule the auxiliary verb be immediately follows the word that is the focus of the sentence. 2b. Interrogative Sentences Questions are generally expressed by intonation rather than by changing word order. As a general rule, the word that is the focus of the question is pronounced with a high tone (noted by a question mark 2 after the stressed vowel). This word is normally an interrogative expression (a), but may also be a regular word (b) a) (Douq) incp;2s ;q! How are you? Nranq o2ur ;n! Where are they? b) Nranq a\st;2[ ;n! Are they here? (neutral word order) Nra2nq ;n a\st;[! Are they here? A\st;2[ ;n nranq! Are they here? As in 2a, the auxiliary verb immediately follows the word that is the focus of the sentence. 3. The Negative The negative particle is oc no, not. With verbs this reduces to c-, prefixed to the conjugated component of the verb. e.g. A\st;[ ch! (S)he/it is not here. A\st;2[ ;n! Are they here? Oc, a\st;[ c;n! No, they are not here. Note the use of ch as a general negative in colloquial speech; the parallel of this usage in affirmative contexts is fa, roughly equivalent to English yeah. e.g. A\st;2[ ;n! Are they here?

Ch, a\st;[ c;n! No, they are not here. Yi,t h, ch2! Thats right, isnt it? (In this phrase ch cannot be replaced by oc). Cf. also Lesson 2.4. 4. Articles a) The definite article in Armenian is the suffix -e (-n after a vowel or when the following word begins with a vowel). e.g. fa\re the father girqe the book katoun the cat jiwe the number

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Vocabulary ampot cloudy a\nt;[ there a\o yes a\st;[ here an]r8ot rainy ar8ot sunny bar8 hello! bari kind; well (response) gi,;r night girq book gor6 work, job; task, business dou you (sing.) douq you (pl.); polite form ;[anak weather; season ;s I ;w (8) and ;r;ko evening hl also, too jiw number, figure; year (colloquial) incp;2s how? inqe he/she/it ir;nq they law good; well lou\s light katou cat fa yes, yeah (colloq.) famar (n.) number; telephone number fa\ Armenian (n. and adj.) fa\;r;n in the Armenian language (adverbial); the Armenian language (n.) fa\r father yi,t right, correct; exact, precise (adj. and adv.) ma\r mother mard man m;nq we na (inqe) he, she, it nranq (ir;nq) they ,at very; (too) much, many ,norfakalouj\oun thank you ,og hot (adj. and noun.)

o2nz how (colloq.) oc no ort;2[ where? ch no sa5e (sa5n before a vowel) cold wat bad(ly) (adj. and adv.) taq warm; hot t[a boy; son (colloq.) zt;souj\oun good-bye; au revoir ou and o2ur where to? where?(colloq.) 7d air Greetings Bar8 jez! Hello. Bar8! (Response.) Bari lou\s! Good morning. Bari lou\s! (Response.) Bari ;r;ko! Good evening. Bari ;r;ko! (Response.) Bari gi,;r! Good night. Bari gi,;r! (or Lou\s bari!) (Response.)

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Weather A\st;[ (;[anake) ,og/taq h! It (the weather) is hot here. A\nt;[ ,og/taq ch! It is not hot there. A\st;[ zourt h/ch! It is/isnt cold here. A\nt;[ 7de sa5n h! The air is cold there. :[anakn ampot h! It (the weather) is cloudy. :[anakn ar8ot h! It (the weather) is sunny. :[anakn an]r8ot h! It (the weather) is rainy.

Translate into English: 1. Katoun ort;2[ (o2ur) h! 2. Na a\st;[ ch! 3.

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Translate into Armenian: 1. It is very rainy. 2. The book is good. 3. The night is cold. 4. He is correct. 5. The mother and father are not here. 6. How is the weather? 7. It is not very hot. 8. Thank you. 9. Hello! How are you? 10. We are well. 11. The number is not correct. 12. Where is the Armenian book? 13. Where are you (sg.)? 14. I am here. 15. Is the book here? 16. He is well. 17. They are not well. 18. Is the man Armenian? 19. Where is he? 20. Good morning! 21. The weather is sunny. 22. It is cold. 23. Where are you (pl.)? 24. We are here. 25. They are not here.

Lesson 2 1. The indefinite article The indefinite article is mi, which occurs before the noun it modifies. Nouns denoting a group or class usually do not take the indefinite article. e.g. mi girq a book mi t[a a boy mi katou a cat but: Na katou h! That is a cat. 2. Adjectives a) Qualifying adjectives precede the noun (except for poetic emphasis). Na mi faroust fa\ h! He is a rich Armenian. Na g;[;zik a[=ik h! She is a pretty girl. b) As in English, predicative and attributive adjectives always occur in the singular, even if the noun to which they refer is plural. The usual word order is Subject + Predicate + Verb. Katoun g;[;zik h! The cat is beautiful. Nranq faroust c;n! They are not rich. Fa\re a[qat h! The father is poor. Nranq a5o[= ;n! They are well (healthy). 3. Copular sentences Sentences with predicative nouns follow a similar pattern: Nranq fa2\ ;n! Are they Armenian? (N.B. singular predicate). Na a,ak;rt h! He/she is a pupil. 4. Negative (continued from Lesson 1.3.). The auxiliary verb plus negative cannot stand alone. For example, Are you an Armenian? No, I am not. must be rendered: Fa2\ ;q! Oc, fa\ c;m! (not * Oc, c;m!) It is also permissible to use oc or ch alone.

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Vocabulary axg nation; folk a[=ik girl; daughter (colloq.) a[qat poor (adj.; and noun) ambo[= complete, entire, whole am;n (mi) each, every, all a\laxgi foreign; foreigner a,ak;rt pupil a,.arf world a5o[= healthy; sound ba\z but; yet ban thing ba5 word bar;kam relative (colloq.); friend g;[;zik beautiful, pretty ;k;[;zi church ;[ba\r brother ;r;.a child ;ritasard young; young person ;rkinq sky, heaven xawak son, daughter enk;r friend, comrade entaniq family .;lazi intelligent, clever 6a[ik flower kam, kam . . . kam or; either ... or kapou\t blue faroust rich, wealthy; rich man fin old, ancient fiwand ill; patient m;6 great, big, large nor new; recently ,;nq building ordi son s8 black toun house; home ousano[ student ousouzic teacher (m.) ousouzcoufi teacher (f.)

'oqr(ik)4 little, small; 'oqrik little child, baby qou\r sister 7tar foreign

4 For the diminutive suffix -ik see Lesson 6.

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Translate into English: 1. A[=ike fiwand h! 2. :k;[;zin ort;2[ h! 3. T[an .;lazi a,ak;rt h! 4. Sa nor ,;nq h! 5. O2ur h 'oqrike! 6. Ousouzice ;ritasard h! 7. :ritasarde ousouzic h! 8. An]r8ot ;[anake law ban ch! 9. Nranq ,at a[qat ;n! 10. Ambo[= axge faroust h! 11. :rkinqe kapou\t h! 12. M;nq a5o[= c;nq! 13. Nranq fa2\ ;n! 14. Oc, a\laxgi ;n! 15. A\st;[ am;n (mi) toun fin h! 16. Qou\rn ou ;[ba\re ousano[5 ;n! 17.

Translate into Armenian: 1. The big building is the church. 2. The church is in the big building. 3. The whole family is here. 4. She is an intelligent girl. 5. The house is very small. 6. The old building is large. 7. The brother and sister are ill. 8. The friend is young. 9. The beautiful girl is the teacher. 10. The flower is blue. 11. They are well, but we (are) ill. 12. Are you ill? No, I am not. 13. They, too, are foreigners. 14. The father and the son are intelligent. 15. Are you (pl.) students? 16. That is a great task. 17. He is a good man. 18. The Armenian nation is very old. 19. Where is the church? 20. Are you the teacher? 21. The sky is blue. 22. Every word is correct. 23. The child is a good pupil. 24. The family is rich.

Lesson 3 1. The present indicative tense In Modern Eastern Armenian verbs fall into two categories: those whose infinitive ending is -;l, and those whose infinitive ending is-al. The present indicative is formed by adding the appropriate present tense form of the auxiliary verb be to the imperfect participle in -oum. The imperfect participle is formed by replacing the infinitive suffixes -;l and-al with the ending -oum. Thus for the verb sir;l love the paradigm is as follows: Singular Plural 1st person siroum ;m siroum ;nq 2nd person siroum ;s siroum ;q 3rd person siroum h siroum ;n 2. Word order The usual word order in declarative sentences is Subject - Verb - Object (a) or Subject - Object - Verb (b). (a) SVO T[an groum h namak! The boy is writing a letter. (b) SOV T[an namak h groum! It is also common to alter the word order when one wants to emphasize a particular word or phrase. In this case, the emphasized element is typically placed immediately before the conjugated verb. T[an h groum namak! The boy is writing a letter. 3. Demonstratives A. Adjectives Armenian distinguishes three degrees of demonstrative adjectives, according to the degree of proximity to the speaker and listener. a\s this a\d that (near the listener) a\n that (not near the speaker and listener) The forms a\d and a\n are equally common. Note that the demonstrative adjectives require that the definite article appear on the noun they modify. a\s girqe this book

a\d katoun that cat A\s a5awote ampot h! Its cloudy this morning. However, the definite article is not used in time expressions. A\s a5awot ;[anake law h! The weathers good this morning. (not *A\s a5awote ;[anake law h!) B. Pronouns The forms sa, da, na are widely used in conversation as demonstrative pronouns, though they may be omitted. e.g. (Sa) law mard h! He is a good man. (Da) g;[;zik h! That is beautiful. (Na) ousano[ h! He/she is a student. Their respective plural forms are sranq, dranq, nranq. Note also the colloquial singular forms hs, hd, hn. singular plural formal colloq. 1 sa s sran 2 da d dran 3 na n nran 4. Possessive suffixes The singular possessive suffixes are -s my, -d your, and -n/- his/her/its respectively. Note that in Armenian the use of possessive suffixes (as well as possessive pronouns) entails that the modified noun is definite. girqs my book girqd your (sg.) book (nra/ir) gir his/her/its book 5. Use of the definite article Unlike in English, proper nouns in Armenian can take the definite article in certain situations. e.g. Anouns Tigran h! My name is Tigran. N\ou{orq Ja\mxe The New York Times a\s7r groum h . . . writes today... but: Tigrane outoum h .n]or! Tigran is eating an apple.

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Am;n a5awot na gnoum h Every morning he buys N\ou{orq Ja\mx! The New York Times. also: M;nq gini ;nq .moum! We drink wine. Ginin fam;[ h! The wine is tasty. but: Ginin fam;[ ban h! Wine is a tasty thing. (where Ginin denotes the class of wines in general)

Vocabulary a\d (da) that a\n that (over there) a\s (sa) this Anafit Anahit (fem. name) Ani Ani (fem. name) anoun name a5awot morning Bari a5awot! Good morning! (formal) Arm;n Armen (male name) gar;=our beer gini wine gn;l to buy gr;l to write gou\n color gounawor colored, having color dasaran class (form; group; -room) dproz school dram (colloq. 'o[) 1. money; 2. dram (the Armenian national currency) entr;l to choose, elect i2nc what? .m;l to drink .ndr;l to ask, request .n]or apple kaj milk fam taste, flavor fam;[ (colloq. famow) tasty, delicious Fa\k Hayk (male name) faz bread, food na.entr;l to prefer namak letter (postal) =our water spitak white t;sn;l to see Tigran Tigran (male name) oux;l to want (colloq.) out;l to eat oura. glad, happy 7r day a\s7r today

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Translate into English: 1. "oqrike kaj h siroum! 2. Sa5e =our ;m ouxoum! 3. Am;n a5awot kaj ;m .moum! 4. Tigrane na.entroum h gar;=our .m;l! 5. Anafite namak h groum! 6. :s t;snoum ;m dproze! 7. Anound i2nc h! Anouns Ani h! 8. Ma\rn hl h g;[;zik, a[=ikn hl! 9. A\s faze fam;[ ch! 10 A,ak;rte ,at h siroum dproze! 11. Dasarand ort;2[ h! 12. Nranq i2nc ;n gnoum! 13. Kaj ou faz ;n gnoum! 14. Dproze mi m;6 ,;nq h! 15. A\s gi,;r ,at law ;[anak h! 16. A\s7r6 Fa\ke gini h .moum! 17. A\s gou\ne siro2um ;s! 18. Ousano[e dram h .ndroum! 19. A\o, douq ,at yi,t ;q! 20. Nranq nor toun ;n gnoum! 21. Oura2. ;q! A\o, ,at oura. ;nq! 22. A\s7r Arm;ne a\st;[ ch! 23. Famn incp;2s h! 24. >n]or siro2um ;q! 25. Fa\ke t;snoum h toune!

6 These are in fact time expressions. For details see Lesson 27.

Translate into Armenian: 1. What are they eating? They are eating white bread. 2. I see a big building. 3. Where is your (sg.) house? My house is there. 4. Would you like an apple? 5. The classroom is very small. 6. I drink milk every morning. 7. We are writing a letter. 8. The father and son are drinking beer. 9. They are very happy. 10. Armen is an intelligent student. 11. What are you (pl.) eating? 12. Do you (pl.) want water? 13. My name is not Ani, its Anahit. 14. This apple is very tasty. 15. He is buying a book. 16. Does Tigran like wine? 17. Your (sg.) teacher is very young . 18. Do you (sg.) like your job? 19. They want hot water. 20. I am selecting a book. 21. Do you see a church there? 22. The cat prefers milk. 23. Hayk is ill today. 24. My school is that white building.

Lesson 4 1. Plurals of nouns A. Monosyllables Monosyllabic nouns add -;r to the singular form. e.g. girq a book grq;r7 books fa\re the father fa\r;re the fathers ]i a horse ]i;r horses Note that the definite article follows the plural suffix in definite plurals (e.g. hayr-er-, not *hayr-n-er). B. Polysyllables Polysyllabic nouns add -n;r to the singular form. e.g. bar;kam a friend bar;kamn;r friends But note: a) Several nouns that were originally monosyllabic and ended in -n have lost the -n in the singular but sometimes retain it in the plural. e.g. l;5 mountain (< l;5n) but l;5n;r mountains dou5 door (< dou5n) but d5n;r* doors ]ouk fish (< ]oukn) but ]kn;r* fishes b) Compound words generally select the plural ending -er when the last member of the compound is monosyllabic, and determines the meaning of the entire compound: Arewelahay Eastern Armenian Arewelahayer (an Eastern Armenian is a type of Armenian) anjrewaur rainwater anjrewaurer (rainwater is a type of water) When the last member does not determine the meaning of the entire compound, the -ner plural is used, even if the last member is monosyllabic: anmah immortal (person) (an- without, mah death) anmahner (an immortal person is not a type of death) 7 For the vowel reduction see Appendix 1.

2. Numbers : 1-10 The cardinal numbers from one to ten are: m;k8 one w;z six ;rkou two \oj seven ;r;q three ouj eight cors four inn, ine nine fing five tas ten (colloq. tase) 3. Uses of the singular and plural As in English, adjectives in Armenian (including the demonstrative adjectives a\s, a\d, a\n)do not agree in number or case with the nouns that they modify. Thus, adjectives are always singular in form, even if the nouns they modify are plural: e.g. (mi) fin girq an old book a\s fin grq;re9 these old books (not *ayser hiner grer) In many situations Armenian uses the singular form of a noun where English uses the plural. a) Indefinite nouns modified by numbers are singular: e.g. :rkou t[a gar;=our ;n .moum! Two boys are drinking beer. Definite nouns in the same situation take the plural, however. e.g. :rkou t[an;re namak ;n groum! The (those) two boys are writing letters/a letter. b) The same rule applies with the interrogative adjective qani210 how many and sometimes with ,at many, much:

8 As in English this number can replace the indefinite article mi (See Lesson 15.2). 9 The i of girq reduces to schwa (e) in the plural. 10 Note that since ani is an adjective, it must be accompanied by a noun.

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e.g. qani2 mard how many people? ,at mard many people c) The noun fogi person, soul, which is used when referring to numbers of people, also remains in the singular when used with cardinal numbers. The same is true for fat,which is used to express numbers of inanimate objects. e.g. w;z fogi six people \oj fat faz seven pieces of bread d) The singular is also used for general statements referring to a class of objects rather than to specific items. e.g. :s siroum ;m .n]or! I like apples. >n]ore11 fam;[ ban h! Apples are (a) tasty (thing). Fa\rs namak h groum! Father is writing letters. 4. Adjectives as substantives Adjectives with the definite article or indefinite article can be used as substantives: faroustn;re the rich (i.e. rich people in general) ;r;q faroust the three rich people farouste the rich person 5. Existential expressions In modern Armenian the third person forms of the verb kam I exist are used to express the English existential there is, there are: singular ka there is, plural kan there are (See Lesson 8.3c). The negatives are cka and ckan, respectively (cf. Lesson 1.4: c;m etc.). e.g. :k;[;zin ort;2[ h! Where is the church? A\st;[ ;k;[;zi cka! There is no church here. A\nt;[ ,at fa\ ka! There are many Armenians there. (Note singular verb with singular subject.) Qani2 fogi ka a\st;[! How many (people) are there here? W;z fogi! Six. Qani2 fogi ;q! How many are you? Qani2 .n]or oun;q!12 How many apples do you have? 11 For use of the article see Lesson 3.5. 12 For the verb oun;nal to have see Lesson 8.3.

W;z! or W;z fat! Six. or W;z .n]or! But: I have six. is rendered as v;z fat oun;m! N.B. In responses both fogi and fat may replace the noun in question, for example w;z fat or w;z .n]or six (apples). 6. Expressions of measure and quantity In Armenian the complement to an expression of measure or quantity remains in the nominative case. e.g. a cup of tea mi gawaj j;\ a glass of water mi bavak =our three liter of milk ;r;q litr kaj two boxes of cigarettes ;rkou tou' 6.a.ot Note that when such expressions are the subject of a verb the definite article is used. e.g. A glass of milk is good (for you). Mi gawaj kaje law h! but: I am buying two glasses of beer. :rkou bavak gar;=our ;m gnoum!

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Vocabulary am;rikazi American (person) angam time(s); occasion; even (adv.) mi angam once miangamiz at once; right away an;l to do as;l to say; tell arv;nal to be worth, cost i2nc arv;(n)13 how much is (are)? bavak drinking glass banwor worker, workman bar]r high; loud (adj. and adv.) gawaj cup dou5 (pl. d5n;r) door ;r;q three ;rkar long (adj. and adv.) ;rkou two ;rkousn hl both h= page j;\ tea vam hour inn, ine nine l;5 (pl. l;5n;r) mountain; hill litr liter 6a5 tree 6.a.ot tobacco; cigarette 6no[ parent ka, kan there is, there are ka5ouz;l (colloq. ,in;l) to build fat see Lesson 4.3,5 fing five fogi see Lesson 4.3,5 ]ouk (pl. ]kn;r) fish mat (pl. matn;r) finger m;k (colloq. mi) one 13 Conjugated forms of the Classical Armenian verb arv;nal, used in both questions and responses (see further Lesson 8.3): Ginin arv; . . . The wine costs Gawajn;re arv;n . . . The cups cost...

m;tr meter \oj seven ,abaj week; Saturday (preferably ,abaj 7r) orqa2n14 how much? cors four pap(ik)15 grandfather sarq;l to make soury coffee w;z six tas ten tat(ik) grandmother tarb;r different tou' box; can (of food); pack (of cigarettes) ouj eight ouri, other m;k ouri,(e) another (one) 'ak closed, shut 'ak;l to close, shut qafana priest (married) qani2 how many? mi qani some, a few mi qanise some (out) of

14 As in English, orqa2n is used with the singular of mass (uncountable) nouns, e.g. orqa2n soury how much coffee?. 15 On diminutives see Lesson 6.3.

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Translate into English:

8. {oj banwor nor ,;nq ;n ka5ouzoum! 9. A\d ;rkou l;5n;re ,at bar]r ;n! 10 Douq qani2 fogi ;q! 11. Tigrane tarb;r grq;r h entroum! 12. Ambo[= entaniqe qani2 fogi h! 13. Matn;rd ;rkar 8 g;[;zik ;n! 14. Mi bavak gini ouxo2um ;s! 15. ^no[n;rd i2nc gor6 ;n anoum! 16. Qani2 .n]or ;q ouxoum! W;z fat! 17. :[ba\rn;rd a5o2[= ;n! 18. Mi gawaj j;\ ouxo2um ;q! 19. A\s fin tn;re16 i2nc arv;n! 20. A\s girqe ouxo2um ;q! 21. Qani2 katou ;s t;snoum! 22. Anin 'akoum h dou5e! 23. Fa\ke mi m;6 tou' h sarqoum! 24. A\d ouj bar]r 6a5;re t;sno2um ;s! 25. Orqa2n gar;=our ;q ouxoum! :rkou litr!

16 Vowel reduced.

1. A[=ikn;re mi litr kaj ;n gnoum! 2. Am;n ,abaj mi girq ;m gnoum! 3. Am;rikazin;re gar;=our ,at ;n .moum! 4. A\st;[ bar]r ,;nq;r ckan! 5. :r;q tou' 6.a.otn in2c arv;! 6. In2c ;q ouxoum as;l! 7. A\s7r a,ak;rtn;rd in2c ;n anoum!

Translate into Armenian: 1. Are these young men Armenian? 2. How are your (sg.) children? 3. Armen is buying four packs of cigarettes. 4. I dont do that job very well. 5. What do you see (over) there? I see beautiful high hills. 6. There are three Armenian priests here. 7. Are the boys drinking coffee? 8. They are saying bad things. 9. The nights are very cold here. 10. Your friends are very good. 11. Where is the school? There is no school here. 12. How much do these glasses cost? 13. What do your parents mean (want to say)? 14. There are ten people there. 15. How much milk is there here? Three liters. 16. The day is very long. 17. How many pages (long) is the letter? Nine. 18. Does your (sg.) grandfather eat very much? 19. Both of them are healthy. 20. Would you like (Do you want) a cup of tea? 21. No, I prefer a glass of beer or wine. 22. Tigran drinks five glasses of milk every day. 23. My sister buys flowers every day. 24. How many workmen are there here? Seven.

Lesson 5 1. Present Indicative of verbs (continued) The paradigms for the verb fasn;l to arrive and gnal to go are as follows: Singular Plural 1st person fasnoum ;m fasnoum ;nq gnoum ;m gnoum ;nq 2nd person fasnoum ;s fasnoum ;q gnoum ;s gnoum ;q 3rd person fasnoum h fasnoum ;n gnoum h gnoum ;n Note that the three monosyllabic verbs gal come, lal cry, and tal give form their imperfect participle (and hence their indicative tense forms) with the suffix -is rather than -oum. Singular Plural 1st person galis ;m galis ;nq lalis ;m lalis ;nq talis ;m talis ;nq 2nd person galis ;s galis ;q lalis ;s lalis ;q talis ;s talis ;q 3rd person galis h galis ;n lalis h lalis ;n talis h talis ;n 2. Negative of the Present Indicative The negative of the present indicative is formed by adding the particle c-to the present forms of the verb to be, followed by the imperfect participle (-oum, -is). Note that the 3rd person singular negative form uses ci, not ch. Singular Plural 1st person c;m fasnoum c;nq fasnoum c;m gnoum c;nq gnoum

2nd person c;s fasnoum c;q fasnoum c;s gnoum c;q gnoum 3rd person ci fasnoum c;n fasnoum ci gnoum c;n gnoum For the three irregular verbs gal, lal, tal (see point 1 above) the negative forms employ the -is participle: em galis,en talis, ci lalis,etc. 3. The Imperfect Indicative The imperfect indicative of the verb to be is formed as follows: Singular Plural 1st person hi hinq 2nd person hir hiq 3rd person hr hin The imperfect indicative of -;l verbs is formed by adding the imperfect indicative forms of the verb to be to the imperfect participle: Singular Plural 1st person siroum hi siroum hinq .osoum hi .osoum hinq kardoum hi kardoum hinq 2nd person siroum hir siroum hiq .osoum hir .osoum hiq kardoum hir kardoum hiq 3rd person siroum hr siroum hin .osoum hr .osoum hin kardoum hr kardoum hin 4. Negative of the Imperfect Indicative The formation of the negative of the imperfect indicative is parallel to the negative of the present indicative: the particle c- is added to the imperfect forms of the verb to be, followed by the imperfect (-oum) participle. Singular Plural 1st person chi siroum chinq siroum

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chi .osoum chinq .osoum chi kardoum chinq kardoum 2nd person chir siroum chiq siroum chir .osoum chiq .osoum chir kardoum chiq kardoum 3rd person chr siroum chin siroum chr .osoum chin .osoum chr kardoum chin kardoum For the three irregular verbs gal, lal, tal (see point 1 above) the indicative tense forms, both affirmative and negative, are formed with the -is participle. Thus: galis hi, talis hinq, chr lalis, c;m galis, etc. Note also that the negative imperfect of ka there is is ckar there wasnt, cka\in there werent, the affirmatives being, correspondingly, kar there was, ka\in there were.

Vocabulary amis month anzn;l to pass; cross a,.at;l to work; try baz;l to open gal to come galiq next, coming gnal to go das lesson, class xba[wa6 busy; occupied inco2u why? lal (also laz;l, laz lin;l) to cry, weep .os;l to talk; speak to ka\aran station kardal to read famalsaran university fa\kakan Armenian (adj.) fangstanal17 to rest fasn;l to arrive; get, reach fima now ( colloq.); just (of time) fi,;l to remember; recall yanac;l to know (a person); recognize maqr;l to clean mi,t always; ever mirg fruit ,out quickly (colloq.) sowor;l to learn wstaf sure; certain tal to give tari year 'o[oz street 'or];l to try, attempt qa[aq city, town 7raj;rj (colloq. j;rj) (daily) newspaper

17 For details see Lesson 19.

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Translate into English: 1. Ousano[n;re am;n 7r das ;n anoum! 2. Anouns c;2s fi,oum! 3. A\s 6a5;re am;n tari mirg ;n talis! 4. Dprozs ,at ;m siroum! 5. Am;n ,abaj maqroum ;n a\s 'o[ozn;re! 6. Inco2u girq c;s kardoum! 7. A,ak;rtn;re soworoum ;n fa,w;l! 8. Fa\kakan dproze ort;2[ h! 9. Mard inco2u h lalis! 10 Nranq ,at ;n .osoum! 11. A\s7r banworn;re c;n a,.atoum! 12. Am;n a5awot kardoum ;nq a\d 7raj;rje! 13. Fa\rd ort;2[ h a,.atoum! 14. :[ba\rn;rs ,at fiwand hin, ba\z fima a5o[= ;n! 15. Ousouzice bazoum h girqe! 16. Yanaco2um ;q a\d entaniqe! 17. Am;n ;r;ko Arm;ne j;\ hr .moum! 18. Am;n mard a\nt;[ hr gnoum! 19. A,.at;l ouxoum hin, ba\z gor6 ckar! 20. Fa\kn a\d 7re ,at hr xba[wa6! 21. Ma\rs ouxoum hr mirg gn;l! 22. Fima banworn;re fangstanoum ;n! 23. Wsta2f ;q! A\o, wstaf ;nq! 24. T[an dram hr .ndroum, ba\z nranq chin talis!

Translate into Armenian: 1. The children are learning to read. 2. The fruit was very tasty. 3. I used to buy a newspaper every day. 4. Anahit was reading an Armenian book. 5. They are counting the books. 6. What was he saying? 7. They talk too much. 8. We didnt want to go. 9. I used to clean the house every month. 10. The teacher does not remember your name. 11. I am certain now. 12. Ani was resting this morning. 13. Intelligent students always try to do the lessons. 14. You are ill, why dont you rest? 15. Are you (pl.) busy this week? 16. The sick child was crying all night. 17. What were they doing? They were buying books. 18. I used to see my parents every week. 19. The rich used to give much money. 20. Why dont you learn to read Armenian? 21. What was Tigran drinking? He was drinking wine. 22. Were they very happy? 23. What did Ani want? 24. The air was very cold. 25. The young man was opening the door.

Lesson 6 1. Declension of Nouns (part A) In modern Eastern Armenian there are seven cases for substantives (nouns, pronouns, adjectives, infinitives, some participles): Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative, Instrumental, and Locative. One of the major difficulties involved in learning Armenian is that there are many different patterns of declension. However, with most substantives, if the Nominative and Genitive singular are known, the other cases can be deduced. Except for some fossilized classical endings, all plurals have the same endings. Problems arise only with the singular. The great majority of substantives in modern Eastern Armenian belong to the -i declension, which takes its name from the genitive singular suffix -i. The suffixes of the -i declension are as follows (IND = indefinite, DEF = definite): Singular and Plural Nom./Acc. -[] (zero) Gen./Dat. -i Abl. -iz Instr. -ow Loc. -oum or -i + m;= in The genitive, ablative, instrumental, and locative cases are not allowed to take the definite article -n/-. Note that in this and the other declensions, the locative case is often expressed by the genitive case of the substantive + the postposition m;= in, especially when the substantive denotes an abstract concept or a person. The declension patterns for the nouns part;x garden and a,ak;rt pupil are as follows: Singular Nom./Acc. part;x a,ak;rt Gen./Dat. part;xi a,ak;rti Abl. part;xiz a,ak;rtiz Instr. part;xow a,ak;rtow Loc. part;xoum a,ak;rti m;= (not a,ak;rtoum; as explained above) Plural Nom./Acc. part;xn;r a,ak;rtn;re Gen./Dat. part;xn;ri a,ak;rtn;ri

Abl. part;xn;riz a,ak;rtn;riz Instr. part;xn;row a,ak;rtn;row Loc. part;xn;roum a,ak;rtn;ri m;= 2. Uses of declined forms a) The various cases are used to express different meanings or roles within a sentence (the cases selected by the objects of individual verbs are indicated in the Vocabulary section, under the entry for the verb in question). Many of the nuances will be introduced later; the basic distinctions are the following: Nominative used for the subject of a sentence: e.g. Mi a,ak;rt namak h groum! A pupil is writing a letter. A\s part;xe m;6 h! This garden is large. Genitive used to indicate source, origin, possession: e.g. :r8ani 'o[ozn;re la\n ;n! The streets of Yerevan are wide. A\d ousano[i fa\re ousouzic h! That students father is a teacher. Faroustn;ri tn;re18 g;[;zik ;n! (The) rich peoples houses are nice. Dative used for the indirect object of transitive verbs, the direct object

of a few verbs, and human direct objects of all verbs: e.g. ^no[n;rin namak ci ou[arkoum! He doesnt send letters to the/his parents. Fa\ke spasoum h enk;rn;rin! Hayk is waiting for (the/his) friends. Tigrane siroum h Aniin! Tigran loves Ani.

18 The -ou- of the root toun has been reduced to schwa (e).

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Note that Armenian distinguishes not only between definite and indefinite substantives, but also between human and non-human direct objects of verbs. For example, the direct object Ani in Tigran loves Ani selects the definite dative suffix -in because Ani is human; if the direct object were non-human, the definite accusative -n would be used. Accusative used for the (non-human) direct object of a verb: e.g. Faroustn;re dram ;nsiroum! Rich people love money. Ousouzice farznoum h a,ak;rti anoune! The teacher asks the pupils name. Ablative used to indicate the place from which movement begins or

something is taken; also the material of which something is made.

e.g. A\d .anoujiz 6a[ikn;r ;m gnoum! I buy flowers from that shop. Instrumental used to indicate the means by which an action is

accomplished: e.g. Na mi,t m;q;na\ow h yam'ordoum! She always travels by car. Locative used to denote physical location. But, as already mentioned,

the notion of temporary existence in a location is often expressed by the Genitive plus the postposition m;=.

e.g. Part;xoum ,at 6a[ikn;r kan! There are many flowers in the garden. Bavaki m;= =our cka! There is no water in the glass. b) Note the use of the Genitive and the Ablative when describing part of a whole. i. The Genitive is usually used if the part is a noun.

e.g. fa\;ri m;6 mase the majority of Armenians a\d a[=ikn;ri m;6 mase most of those girls ii. The Ablative is used if the part is described numerically. e.g. a\s a[=ikn;riz finge five of these girls (Note the definite article with numerals if there is no qualified noun: cf. m;ke, ;rkouse, ;r;qe,etc.) Mi qanise a few (derived from qani) also falls into this category: e.g. a\s ousano[n;riz mi qanise a few of these students Note that the possessive suffixes -s my, -d your, -n/- his/her/its can replace the definite article -e/-n) in declension (see also Lesson 3.4). my your (sg.) his/hers/its Nom. namaks namakd namake Gen. namakis namakid namaki Dat. namakis namakid namakin Acc. namaks namakd namake Abl. namakizs namakizd namakiz Ins. namakows namakowd namakow Loc. namakoums namakoumd namakoum Nom. namakn;rs namakn;rd namakn;re Gen. namakn;ris namakn;rid namakn;ri Dat. namakn;ris namakn;rid namakn;rin Acc. namakn;rs namakn;rd namakn;re Abl. namakn;rizs namakn;rizd namakn;riz Ins. namakn;rows namakn;rowd namakn;row Loc. namakn;roums namakn;roumd namakn;roum 3. The diminutive suffix -ik The suffix -ik is usually used in Armenian to form diminutives. e.g. fa\r fa\rik father ma\r ma\rik mother qou\r qou\rik sister (Recall also 'oqr 'oqrik from the Lesson 2 Vocabulary).

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These diminutives are declined regularly (-i,-iz,-ow . . .) as opposed to fa\r,etc.; see Lesson 14.

Vocabulary axniw fair, honest a\dpisi such (like that) a\vm now a\npisi such(like that) a\spisi such (like this) a\z;l;l to visit; somewhere (+ acc.); somebody (+ dat.) (awto)m;q;na, -i19 automobile arag fast bvi,k, -i20 doctor, physician gin, -i price gnazq, -i train gric, -i pen dvwar hard, difficult (adj. and adv.) ;rb;mn sometimes; occasionally :r8an Yerevan (the capital of the Republic of Armenia) ;rkar long (adj. and adv.) ;r=anik happy (adj. and adv.) inqnaji5, -i (air)plane (also rarely 7danaw) la\n broad, wide l;xou, -i21 tongue; language ls;l to hear; listen to (+ acc.) .a[al to play .anouj shop farz, -i question; matter farz(;r) tal to ask (a) question(s); to put (a) question(s) to (+ dat.) farzn;l to ask, inquire; something (+ acc.); somebody (+ dat.) 19 For words ending in -a and -o, the glide -\- is inserted before vowel-initial endings both in speech and in writing, e.g. ,ouka market Ablative ,ouka\iz, Locative ,ouka\oum; n;rka the present n;rka\oum, etc. For details see Appendix 1. 20 In declension, as well as derivation, the root final vowel is reduced into unwritten e, e.g. bv,ki, gni, grci, etc., the genitives of bvi,k, gin, gric. 21 Note that u is generally pronounced (and hence written) as v before vowels; thus lezu gen. l;xwi, abl. l;xwiz, instr. l;xwow, etc.

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f;,t easy (adj. and adv.) f;5a.os (tele)phone yam'ord;l to travel; by (+ instr.) mas, -i part matit, -i pencil m;= in(side) (postpos. + gen.; see Lesson VII Voc.) n;rka, -i present (adj. and noun) ,ouka, -i market patas.an;l to answer, reply (+ dat.) part;x, -i garden spas;l to wait; for (+ dat.); expect; something (+ acc.); of/from somebody (+ abl.) ou[ark;l to send; something (+ acc.); to somebody (+ dat.) 7gtagor6;l to use (+ acc.)

Translate into English: 1. Bar;kamid ma\re ,at axniw h! 2. Am;n ,abaj a\z;loum ;m Aniin! 3. C;m ouxoum a\dpisi dvwar gor6 an;l! 4. Inco2u ousouzcin22 c;q lsoum! 5. Nranq mi,t m;q;na\ow ;n yam'ordoum! 6. Tigrani .anoujiz ;nq galis! 7. A,ak;rtn;re ambo[= dase matitow hin groum! 8. :[ba\rn;rizs a\d bane chi spasoum! 9. ^no[n;ris m;q;nan ;m 7gtagor6oum! 10. "oqrikn;re ;r=anik .a[oum hin drsoum! 11. Arm;ne Anafitin am;n 7r 6a[ik h ou[arkoum! 12. Na.entroum ;nq gnazqow yam'ord;l! 13. A[=ikn;re ,ouka\iz hin galis! 14. Bvi,ke am;n ,abaj a\z;loum hr fiwandn;rin! 15. Anii bar;kamn;riz m;kin ;m t;snoum! 16. >;lazi a,ak;rtn;re farz;r hin talis ousouzcin! 17. Gnazqe ,a2t arag h gnoum! 18. A\d dprozi dasarann;re m;6 ;n! 19. A\s f;,t l;xoun inco2u c;q soworoum! 20. Anafite namakis ci patas.anoum! 21. F;5a.osow ;rkar c;m ouxoum .os;l! 22. Qou\rikis ;rb;mn dram ;m ou[arkoum! 23. Bar;kamn;rin h spasoum! 24. A\s m;q;na\i gou\ne siro2um ;s!

22 Note that a vowel has been deleted in declension.

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Translate into Armenian: 1. She is sending a letter to her family. 2. My parents are coming from Yerevan today by plane. 3. The majority of Yerevans streets are very long. 4. Those happy children are playing now. 5. One of my friends is a physician. 6. Armen is talking to my friend. 7. They come home from the university every Saturday. 8. That wealthy man always gives money to the poor. 9. I visit my friends every evening. 10. Do you buy your books from that shop? 11. The students are cleaning the classroom. 12. The mother is giving23 an apple to the child. 13. They are going to town by train. 14. Hayk is sending flowers to Ani. 15. Are you going to market today? 16. I was speaking24 to my family on the telephone. 17. Are those flowers from Anahits garden? 18. (For) how many hours were you waiting for the doctor? 19. Are those beautiful girls your sisters? 20. They do not speak (osel) that difficult language (instrumental). 21. He is sending a pen and two pencils to Tigran. 22. She is always saying (asel) such things. 23. Where is your new car? 24. This station is very large. 25. What is the price of bread now?

23 tal to give something (+ acc.) to someone (+dat.). 24 .os;l to speak to (+ gen. + f;t).

Lesson 7 1. Prepositions and postpositions Most of the words called prepositions in English follow the substantive in Armenian, so they are usually called postpositions. Prepositions and postpositions can govern a variety of different cases in Armenian. Two of the most common prepositions are: d;pi to(wards)(+ acc.) d;pi qa[aq to(wards) the city a5anz without (+ gen.) J;\e a5anz ,aqari ;m .moum! I drink tea without sugar. Some of the most common postpositions that require the substantive they modify to be in the genitive case are the following: masin about, concerning ousouzci masin about the teacher

f;t with Tigrani f;t with Tigran Some of the most common postpositions that select the ablative case are: n;rs into; within s;n\akiz n;rs into/within the room

m;= in(side) anui me in the store mot near ya,arani mot near the dining hall wra on; over s;[ani wra on the table tak under ajo5i tak under the chair famar for 6no[n;ris famar for my parents

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dours out of; outside f\ouranoziz dours outside/out of the hotel In colloquial speech, the forms n;rse indoors, dourse outdoors are also heard. Note that n;rs and dours may be translated as in and out respectively when used with verbs. e.g. gal/gnal n;rs to come/go in gal/gnal dours to come/go out The Locative case forms for n;rs and dours are used in the sense of inside/indoors and outside/outdoors respectively:25 :r;.an;re .a[oum ;n n;rsoum! The children are playing indoors Nranq spasoum ;n drsoum! They are waiting outside. Note that the Locative postposition n;rsoum inside usually governs the genitive case (unlike n;rs, which governs the ablative): e.g. s;n\aki n;rsoum inside the room Note that compound prepositions are rendered by declined forms of the postpositions, e.g. takiz from under (literally the Ablative case of tak under); cf. Lesson 17. 2. Expressions of motion The use of the various cases for motion to or from a place, or for rest in a place, is complicated. a) Motion to a place requires the Accusative case. (M;nq) :r8an ;nq gnoum! We are going to Yerevan. Nranq m;knoum ;n :r8an! They are leaving for Yerevan. To2un ;s gnoum! Are you (sg.) going home? (Nranq) ;2rb ;n fasnoum Bosjon! When do they arrive in Boston? Note that no article is used when the place is unspecified:

Note also that when aim rather than physical destination is intended the genitive is used: Dasi ;m gnoum! I am going to class. Vo[owi ;m gnoum! I am going to a meeting. Bv,ki;m gnoum! I am going to the doctor. b) Motion from a place requires the Ablative case: Bosjoniz :r8an ;nq m;knoum! We are leaving Boston for Yerevan. F\ouranoziz ya,aran ;n gnoum! They are going from the hotel to the dining hall. Am;n 7r :r8aniz fing inqnaji5 hr m;knoum Moskwa! Every day five planes left (used to leave) Yerevan for Moscow. c) Rest in a place requires the Locative or the Genitive + m;=: M;nq aproum ;nq Bosjonoum! We live in Boston. but: tane26 at home e.g. Fa\rd ta2nn27 h! Is your father at home? A\o, na fangstanoum h tane! Yes, he is resting at home. 3. The genitive of complement In English two nouns may be set in apposition to each other, the first modifying the second: e.g. cigarette box , teacup, watch factory. In such cases the first noun is generally put into the genitive case in Armenian: 6.a.oti tou' cigarette box j;\i gawaj teacup vamazou\zi gor6aran watch factory Recall also the discussion in Lesson 6.2.

26 This is the Accusative of toun house, home, which belongs to the inner -a- declension. See further Lesson 20.i. 27 Note that the definite article is -n (not -e) before a vowel.

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Vocabulary ajo5, -i chair anz\al last; past (adj. and noun) anz\al 7re the other day apr;l to live a5anz without (preposition + gen.) bnakw;l to live, reside, dwell (+ Loc.) Bosjon, -i Boston gor6aran, -i factory gor6iq, -i tool d;pi to(wards) (preposition + acc.) dours out of; outside, outdoors (see point 1 above) ;r;k yesterday (noun and adj.) ;r;k gi,;r last night ;rkaj, -i iron (noun; the metal, not the household tool) ;rkaj; iron (adj.), (see point 2 above) ;rkir, erkri country jou[j, j[ji paper vamazou\z, -i clock, watch vo[ow, -i meeting fagn;l to wear; put on (+ acc.) fagoust, -i clothing, dress, suit famar for (postposition + gen.) Farward Harvard f;t with (postposition + gen.) f\ouranoz, -i hotel ya,aran, -i dining hall, cafeteria masin about, concerning (postposition + gen.) m;kn;l to leave (from) (+ abl.); to depart for (+ acc.) miasin together mis, msi meat Moskwa, -i Moscow (the capital of the Russian Federation) mtn;l to enter (+ acc.); enter into (+ gen. + m;=) mot(ik) near, close to (adj. and postposition + gen.) n;rs into; inside, indoors (see point 1 above) N\ou {orq, -i New York ,aqar, -i sugar ort;[iz from where, whence (interrogative and relative) 5;storan, -i restaurant s;[an, -i table

s;n\ak, -i room (chamber) wa[e tomorrow (adv.) wra on, above (postposition +gen.) tak under, beneath (postposition + gen.) tan;l to take, carry, bear (+ acc.) 'a\t, -i wood 'a\t; wooden 'ost, -i post, mail, post office 'ostatoun, -i post office 'ostow by mail

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Translate into English: 1. ^no[n;ris toune dprozi mot h! 2. Farwardi famalsarani mot 5;storan ka2! 3. J;\e a5anz ,aqari ;m .moum! 4. A\s vamazou\ze bar;kamis famar ;m gnoum! 5. A\d a,ak;rtn;re a5anz grqi ;n dproz gnoum! 6. Marde a5anz =ri ci aproum! 7. Ort;2[ ;q bnakwoum! Vamazou\zi gor6arani mot! 8. J[j;rnou matitn;re s;[ani wra ;n! 9. A\n m;6 f\ouranoziz ;nq galis! 10. Bosjonoum qani2 dproz ka! 11. (D;pi) o2ur ;q gnoum! 12. A\s dasaranoum tas 'a\t; ajo5 ka! 13. S;[ani wra ,aqar cka! 14. :r;k gi,;r o2ur hiq! Tigrani tann hinq! 15. A\d t[an;re am;n ;r;ko dours ;n gnoum! 16. Katoun ajo5i takn h!28 17. Wa[e fa\rs Moskwa\iz Bosjon h m;knoum! 18. A\s ;rkroum mard29 incp;2s h aproum! 19. "oqrik ;r;.an ma\rikiz mi bavak =our h .ndroum! 20. A\s gor6e bar;kamis famar ;m anoum! 21. A[=ikn;re o2ur ;n tanoum a\d fin fagoustn;re! 22. >anouji mot 'ostatoun ka! 23. Mise Tigrani .anoujiz ;m gnoum! 24. J;\i gawajn;re 'oqr s;[ani wra ;n! 25.

Translate into Armenian: 1. Yesterday they were talking about the meeting. 2. Tomorrow I am going to Boston with my friends. 3. My parents house is near the university. 4. The pupil is giving the newspaper to the teacher. 5. We do not eat at the restaurant, we eat at the factorys cafeteria. 6. My brothers are not going to Yerevan together. 7. It is very hot inside the factory. 8. The workmen are making small chairs for the children. 9. The train arrives at the station tonight. 10. How many people live in this house? 11. The students are entering the classroom. 12. The girls were wearing long dresses. 13. Every day I go to the city by train. 14. Do you drink tea without milk? 15. The cat is in my room, under the chair. 16. The plane leaves for Boston tomorrow. 17. Are you going to market today? 18. The books are on the table. 19. Armen is making an iron box with my tools. 20. They were talking about my friend the other day. 21. Where do your children live? They live in Boston. 22. Where is the plane from? (Its) from New York. 23. In that country the poor do not live long. 24. Where are the boys going (leaving for) today? 25. The children were playing outdoors, but now they are coming inside. 26. How many nations are there in the world?

Lesson 8 1. Declension of Personal Pronouns a) The declension patterns of the personal pronouns are as follows: Singular 1st 2nd 3rd(a) 3rd(b) Nom. ;s dou na inqe Gen. im qo nra ir Dat./Acc. in] q;x nran ir;n Abl. in](a)niz q;x(a)niz nraniz ir;niz Instr. in](a)now q;x(a)now nranow ir;now Loc. in](a)noum q;x(a)noum nranoum ir;noum (im m;=) (qo m;=) (nra m;= ir m;=) Plural 1st 2nd 3rd(a) 3rd(b) Nom. m;nq douq nranq ir;nq Gen. m;r ];r nranz ir;nz Dat./Acc. m;x ];x nranz ir;nz Abl. m;x(a)niz ];x(a)niz nranziz ir;nziz Instr. m;x(a)now ];x(a)now nranzow ir;nzow Loc. m;x(a)noum30 ];x(a)noum nranzoum ir;nzoum (m;r m;=) (];r m;=) (nranz m;= ir;nz m;=) The declension of the demonstratives sa this one, da that one (pl. sranq these ones, dranq those ones) follows the pattern of na (pl. nranq) given above. b) With some prepositions and postpositions, the dative case forms of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns (both singular and plural) are used instead of the regular genitive or accusative. e.g. d;pi in]/q;x but: d;pi qa[aq, etc. (acc.) a5anz ];x/m;x a5anz ,aqari, etc. (gen.) 30 These are mainly used in the meaning of in our/your circle, country, etc.

The same is with the postpositions wra, mot, nman, famar, f;t, which normally require the genitive. 2. Possessive adjectives and pronouns a) For the possessive adjectives my, your, etc., the genitive case form of the corresponding personal pronouns I, you, etc., are used in Armenian. Note that the substantive preceded by these genitives takes the definite article -e/-n, unlike its English equivalent: e.g. nranz katoun their cat m;r nor toune our new house b) When modifying a singular substantive, the possessive pronouns mine, ours, yours, etc., are expressed by the genitive case of the personal pronouns, to which the definite article is added: Singular Plural 1. ime, ims m;re 2. qone, qond ];re 3. nrane, ir;ne nranze, ir;nze (also srane, drane) sranze, dranze) Note the intrusion of -n- or -;n-between the genitive and the definite article -e in the 2nd and 3rd singular forms. The possessive pronouns that refer to plural objects, e.g. imonq those of mine, qononq those of yours, etc., are formed by removing the definite article from the forms above and adding the suffix -onq (-nonq after a vowel) in the 1st and 2nd persons, -n;r in the 3rd person. Singular Plural 1. imonq (those of mine) m;ronq31(those of ours) 2. qononq ];ronq 3. ir;nn;re ir;nzn;re Note that srane/drane (pl. sranze/dranze)do not have distinct forms that refer to plural objects. c) The possessive pronouns that refer to a singular object (ime, qone, m;re,etc.)are declined accordingly to the -i declension.

31 The pronouns m;ronq, ];ronq imply a personal meaning of kinship, membership in a tight-knit group, etc.

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e.g. Qo m;q;nan imiz lawn h! Your car is better than mine. Nranzi gou\ne s8 h! The color of theirs is black. The 1st and 2nd person possessive pronouns that refer to plural objects (imonq, qononq, m;ronq, etc.) are declined just like the personal pronouns nranq, ir;nq (see point 1a above). e.g. imonz, m;ronzow, ];ronziz, qononz,etc. Declined forms of the 3rd person possessives nrane, ir;nze, ir;nn;re,etc. are rarely, if ever, found in modern usage. Instead of these, the declined forms of the appropriate substantives in the possessive (gen. + definite article) may be used. Qo kar6iqin c;m karo[fawatal, ba\z Arm;ninin32(nranin) karo[ ;m! I cant trust your opinion, but I can (trust) Armens. M;r gor6arani ya,arane f\ouranoziniz lawn h! Our factorys cafeteria is betterthan the hotels. 3. The Present and Imperfect Indicative of some common verbs a) The three common verbs git;nal to know, oun;nal to have and arv;nal to cost form their present and imperfect indicative by adding the personal endings directly to the verb stem. Present Indicative 1sg git;m oun;m arv;m 2sg git;s oun;s arv;s 3sg git; ouni arv; (colloq. giti) (colloq. arvi) 1pl git;nq oun;nq arv;nq 2pl git;q oun;q arv;q 3pl git;n oun;n arv;n Imperfect Indicative 32 The structure of this form is Armen Armen + possessive -in- + dative -i- + the definite article -.

1sg git;i oun;i arv;i 2sg git;ir oun;ir arv;ir 3sg git;r oun;r arv;r 1pl git;inq oun;inq arv;inq 2pl git;iq oun;iq arv;iq 3pl git;in oun;in arv;in The personal endings consist of the conjugated forms of the verb to be with every h replaced by ; (e.g. h is but git; knows; hi I was but arv;i I cost, hiq we were but oun;iq we had,etc.). The negative of these verbs is formed by prefixing the particle c- directly to the positive forms. e.g. cgit;nq, coun;ir, carv;in,etc. b) Note that the verb karo[anal to be able, has in addition to the regular indicatives (karo[anoum ;m, karo[anoum hir, c;s karo[anoum,etc.) the forms karo[ ;m,etc., where the auxiliary itself is conjugated. In the negative, the negated auxiliary c;m, c;s, ci,etc. precedes the participle karo[. c) Note also that the verb kar6;l to suppose; mean; think maintains some of its classical forms (in the 1st pers. sing., 2nd pers. sing. and pl. only), with a special modal meaning: [kar6;m perhaps and kar6;s/kar6;q as if, as though]. d) The irregular verb kam to exist is conjugated as follows (note that it has no infinitive form): Present Indicative Imperfect Indicative Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. 1st kam kanq ka\i ka\inq 2nd kas kaq ka\ir ka\iq 3rd ka kan kar ka\in Recall that the 3rd person forms of this verb are also employed as existentials: ka there is (as in .anoujin mot 'ostatoun ka there is a post office near the store), kan there are, kar there was, ka\in there were. As mentioned before, this verb is negated by prefixing the particle c- to the positive forms, e.g. ckam, cka\inq, ckar,etc.

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4. Verbs with more than one subject When a verb has more than one subject, the following principles determine the person of the verb (the number of the verb is always plural in this situation). If all of the subjects are in the same person (e.g. you and you, he and she), the verb is also in that person (e.g. 3rd person he and she selects a 3rd plural verb). With heterogeneous subjects, if one of the subjects is in the 1st person, the verb always selects the 1st plural suffix. If the heterogenous subjects are in the 2nd and 3rd persons, the verb is in the 2nd person. e.g. Oc ;s, oc (hl) ;[ba\rs Neither my brother nor I like .n]or c;nq siroum! apples. Dou 8 na (;rkousd hl) She and you both live in aproum ;q :r8anoum! Yerevan. Note that the order of persons may be variable; for example, the first example may also begin Oc ;[ba\rs, oc hl ;s . . .

Vocabulary an,ou,t of course, certainly (literary; colloquial ifark;) a,.atanq, -i work acq, -i eye a5=8 before, in front of (postposition + gen.) ard\ounq, -i result, effect, product arf;st, -i craft, trade; profession (literary) a', -i coast, shore; palm (of the hand) baz open bawakan enough, sufficient (adj. and adv.); quite; considerably bawakan h (that) is enough; for (+ gen.+ famar) ga[a'ar, -i idea git;nal to know (+ acc.) d;5 still; yet dimaz across, opposite, facing (postposition + gen.) entir choice (adj.), fine, superb j;rj, -i sheet of paper; newspaper (cf. Voc. LessonV) vo[owourd, vo[owrdi people li(qe) full; full of (+ instr.) lour, -i news .ndir, .ndri matter, problem, question 6anr heavy; hard, serious (adj. and adv.) 6;r old (person) 6i6a[;l to laugh; laugh at (+ gen. + wra) 6ow, -i sea 6owa', -i seashore kamaz (colloq.) slow(ly); calm(ly), not loud(ly) Kamaz! Hush! Be careful! kamaz-kamaz so-so; slowly (emphatic) kar6;l to think, believe (+ acc.) karmir red karo[anal (kar;nal) to be able (+ Inf.) karo[ ;m, I can; I may (colloq.) karo[anoum ;m faya. often fawatal to trust, believe; in (+ dat.) f;5ou far, distant (adj. and noun.); far from, away from (postposition + abl.) mia\n only

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nkar, -i picture; painting; photo (colloq.) npatak, -i purpose, aim, goal npatak oun;nal to intend (+ Inf.) nst;l to sit; sit down; sit down on (gen. + wra or dat.) oc . . . oc (hl) neither ... nor patk;r, -i image; picture (literary) waya5;l to sell (+ acc.); sell to (+ dat.) za6r low (adj. and adv.); soft(ly), not loud(ly) oun;nal to have (+ acc.) qic little, somewhat (with both countable and mass nouns) mi qic a little

Translate into English: 1. I2nc git;s a\d a,.atanqi ard\ounqn;ri masin! 2. An,ou,t karo[ ;q m;x f;t gal! 3. Fiwand t[an d;5 ci karo[ dasi gnal! 4. Nra ma\re faya. h a\z;loum m;x! 5. M;r toune 6owa'iz bawakan f;5ou h! 6. A\d .anoujoum entir fagoustn;r ;n waya5oum! 7. Bawakan h! Inco2u ;s 6i6a[oum in] wra! 8. A\s amis nranz ;[ba\re ci karo[ m;kn;l Moskwa! 9. Dasaranoum Arm;ne mi,t patoufani mot h nstoum! 10. Kamaz! C;2s karo[ za6r .os;l! 11. A\d ;rkroum am;n mard ir arf;stn ouni! 12. Nra npatakn;re axniw c;n! 13. A\d qa[aqoum ,at bar;kam oun;i, ba\z a\st;[ qic mardik

;n in] yanacoum! 14. ^;r marde 6anr hr lsoum 8 za6r .osoum! 15. Ir;nziz d;5 lour coun;nq! 16. Karo2[ ;m ];x mi farz tal (mi ban farzn;l)! 17. Nra 'oqr ;[ba\re 7raj;rj h waya5oum 'osti a5=8! 18. Wa[e das oun;2q! 19. A\s ;r;ko ousouzicn;re vo[ow oun;n! 20. :r;.a\i gawaje li h kajow! 21. A[=ikn;rn ir;nz s;n\akn ;n maqroum! 22. Im enk;rn;re ];r Tigrani f;t ;n a,.atoum! 23. ;r anoune law c;m fi,oum! 24. A\d 6;r mardou acq;re law c;n t;snoum! 25. Na ci karo[ ls;l ];x ir s;n\akiz!

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Translate into Armenian: 1. I am going to their house. 2. The people in that country do not believe in such ideas. 3. What do your friends know about this matter? 4. How many houses are there on your street? Eight. 5. Can you give me a little money? 6. Ani is not coming with us this evening. 7. Do you remember them? 8. Anahits brother is choosing a car for her. 9. Theres still no work for them. 10. That old man does not know (how) to read, but hes very intelligent. 11. The post office is opposite our store. 12. The Armenians are quite an old (ancient) people. 13. The child is sitting on a little red chair. 14. We have many paintings at our school. 15. That was not my purpose. 16. We were expecting a letter from him. 17. What profession does your friend have? 18. Can you hear me? No, you are speaking too softly. 19. They live quite far from us. 20. Of course you know him, he used to work with you. 21. Those girls always laugh at their friends. 22. Why dont you go to that restaurant? 23. Every day Armen takes his father home from work. 24. This newspaper writes about the news of the entire world. 25. Can you take this heavy box to the post office?

Lesson 9 1. The Future Indicative The future indicative of verbs in Armenian is formed by combining the future participle (which consists of the infinitive + the suffix -ou) with the conjugated present forms of the auxiliary verb lin;l be (;m, etc.). love speak read Singular 1. sir;lou ;m .os;lou ;m kardalou ;m 2. sir;lou s .os;lou s kardalou ;s 3. sir;lou h .os;lou h kardalou h Plural 1. sir;lou ;nq .os;lou ;nq kardalou ;nq 2. sir;lou ;q .os;lou ;q kardalou ;q 3. sir;lou ;n .os;lou ;n kardalou ;n Like the present indicative, the negative future is formed by prefixing c- to the auxiliary verb, followed by the participle: e.g. groum ;m I write c;m groum I dont write gr;lou ;m Ill write c;m gr;lou I wont write The irregular verbs git;nal, oun;nal, arv;nal, karo[anal, gal, lal, and tal form their future indicative according to the regular pattern, e.g. git;nalou ;m, karo[analou ;s, arv;nalou ;n, c;nq oun;nalou, c;qarv;nalou, galou ;m, c;s lalou, talou ;n, etc. As in English, the future sense is often expressed by the present indicative rather than the future tense: e.g. I will go home tomorrow. Wa[e toun ;m gnalou! I (am) go(ing) home tomorrow. Wa[e toun ;m gnoum! When will you leave for Yerevan? :2rb ;s m;kn;lou :r8an! When do you leave for Yerevan? :2rb ;s m;knoum :r8an! 2. The Future Indicative in the Past This is formed in the same way as the future indicative with the corresponding past forms of the auxiliary (hi, etc.).

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love speak read Singular 1. sir;lou hi .os;lou hi kardalou hi 2. sir;lou hir .os;lou hir kardalou hir 3. sir;lou hr .os;lou hr kardalou hr Plural 1. sir;lou hinq .os;lou hinq kardalou hinq 2. sir;lou hiq .os;lou hiq kardalou hiq 3. sir;lou hin .os;lou hin kardalou hin The negative is formed in a manner parallel to the imperfect indicative, e.g. : groum hi I was writing chi groum I wasnt writing gr;lou hi I was going to write, chi gr;lou I wasnt going to write, I would have written I wouldnt have written Some examples of usage: :r;k ;s gnalou hi ;k;[;zi! Yesterday I was (supposed) to go to the church. Na ir m;q;nan waya5;lou hr Arm;nin! He was going to sell his car to Armen. 3. Declension of nouns (part B): the -ou declension The majority of nouns ending in -i belong to this declension. Except in colloquial speech, the final -i is deleted before the case endings are added, e.g.: Singular33 Nom. ordi Acc./Gen./Dat. ordou Abl. ordouz Instr. ord(i)ow Loc. ordou m;= Exceptions:

33 Recall that all the distinctions in declension (-i, -ou, etc.) occur in the singular forms only, declension in the plural being uniform, i.e. according to the -i pattern: ordin;ri, ]i;row, kirakin;riz, etc.

a) As described in Lesson 6.1, proper nouns (Ani, etc.) and the days of the week belong to the -i declension, even if they end in -i; e.g. Ani-i Ani-gen., kiraki-ow Sunday-instr., etc. b) In monosyllabic words ending in -i (e.g. ]i horse, ji oar, di corpse) the root vowel -i is not deleted when the case endings are added: ]iou, ]iouz, ]iow, etc. (not *ju, *ju, *j