east asia includes a very large area and high population

8/14/2019 East Asia Includes a Very Large Area and High Population

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East Asia


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East Asia includes a very large areaand high population density, includingthe countries one and four with the

largest population (China andIndonesia). In addition, a great ethnic,religious, linguistic and cultural

diversity.


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China is the world's oldest civilization thathas developed continuously, the formeragricultural demonstrations, samples ofurban and forms of Chinese writing dateback to about seven thousand years ago.

Population growth is historically the resultof the belief that a population could notincrease unless it was in proportion to itsproduction capacity. In some regions ofChina they can raise three crops of rice peryear.


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Paper Gunpowder Ceramics Bronzes Art Music Communication The art of war


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In China, over 20 different languages arespoken, of which Mandarin is the mostcommon.For more than 3 centuries China was the most

advanced civilization on the planet and betterorganized.However, they started to consideredthemselves superior and decided to close to

the outside. Therefore important stages suchas the Enlightenment and the IndustrialRevolution passed by without Chineseinvolvement.


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During the Industrial Revolution, Britainbegan to seek new markets and sources ofraw materials, and China with its large

population and land area represented aparadise for them.But the emperor refused to open its doorsso the British sent their steamships and

steel pipes to force not only to trade but toinstall a commercial basis in coastal China(Hong Kong).


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After the Xinhai revolution, the Republicwas proclaimed.

Now the power was in the hands of a

general, Yuan Shikai, who died in 1916. The Nationalist Party was trying to

unify the country but China was divided

into semi-independent states under thedomain of so-called Lords of War"


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The Lords of war were against both thenationalist and the communist party,an organization that emerged in 1919

(led by Mao Zedong) which sought tomake China a socialist country.

In 1920, Lords of war were defeated

but another war begun betweenNationalists and communists.


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In 1934 Japan proclaimed Manchuria asan independent Japanese State.

Nationalists an Communists made a

truce to fight together against thejapanese enemy.


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At the end of the Second World War and with thedefeat of Japan, the conflict between communistand nationalist resurgence.

United States supported the Nationalists in

accordance with the rules of the Cold War. But U.S. support failed to corruption and poor

organization of the nationalists.

In 1949, nationalist leaders fled to the island of

Taiwan and Mao proclaimed the People's Republicof China as socialist.


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Since then China would have twogovernments: the nationalist,recognized by the U.S. and who would

become the chair at the UN for 25years; and the socialist that wouldcontrol 90% of the population and 95%

of Chinese territory.


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After his triumph Mao established hisdictatorship in order to establishsocialism and make China a

superpower that would defeat the U.S.and the USSR.

But their plans failed in large part by

the weakness of its collectivist policiesand centralized economy.


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NUCELAR WEAPONS CULTURAL REVOLUTION

In 1964, China tested itsfirst nuclear weapon.

It became the fifthcountry with this kind ofWMD.

In 1966 Mao thought Chinaneeded a completerenovation.

Thousands of professors,political leaders, business

managers and professionalswere simply sentenced toexile to the countryside formanual labor to be re-educated.


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In 1972, China sought to establishcontacts with US. That same yearpresident Richard M. Nixon traveled to

Beijing and started what would becomethe establishment of diplomaticrelationships between the two

countries. In 1976 Mao died.


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After Maos death Den Xiaoping tookhis place and began the FourModernization Program wich included

the opening of certain zones to privateinvestments.

Finally China is free from its ideological

ties and for some years now it hasgrown at rates above 9%.


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1910 Korea1950 Tibet

1962 India

1969 USSR

1980 Vietnam


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The cultural area includes four majorJapanese islands from north to south:Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Siukoku

and minor archipelagos as Ryukyuislands. It is ethnically one of the mosthomogeneous countries in the world.


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The Japanese people give greatimportance to tradition and past. Thishas to do with the native religious

system, Shinto, based on reverence forancestors and certain codes of conductthat have remained unchanged for

centuries.Buddhist influences also have a strong

presence in Japanese culture.


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Sacrifice

The line of duty

Respect for authority

The collective good


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In 1853, a modern U.S. navy arrived to EdoBay (now Tokyo) and through intimidationforced the U.S. trade opening.

After nearly 90 years of direct confrontationbetween the two countries, Japan realizedthat it was necessary to be aware ofprogress elsewhere, but if not modernized

risked being humiliated.


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For centuries, Japan was a feudal state with ahereditary emperor without major powers, underthe sway of powerful Lords of War calledShoguns, who opposed any modernizationknowing that their privileges would be abolished.

In 1867, young samurai warriors overthrew theshogun and gave full power to the Emperor Meiji.What catapulted Japan into an era ofmodernization without precedent in history.In less than 50 years it became an industrialcountry with military power worldwide.


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If Japan wanted to become an Asiansuperpower, it had to expand territorially.

Russia wanted the territory of northeasternChina and Korea. Japan had the sameintentions and the collision becameinevitable.

In 1904 Japan attacked Russia and beatthem, the reason why it became thehegemonic power in the area. Besideshaving defeated the largest country in theworld gave Japan a sense of superiority.


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KoreaWWI and WWII

Rusia

ChinaUS

France

British


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Korea in 1910 (for 35 years).Tsingtao (China /Germany) Vladivostok (Rusia) Manchuria (China) Indochina Hong Kong Singapur Malasia

Burma Philippines New Guinea


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During the American occupation, Japanese societypassed trough a rapid process of Westernization:Adopting patterns of behavior, dress and evendistracting activities like baseball.

At the same time US realized that a friendly Japan

serve better as a containment against communism inthat part of Asia, so he helped rebuild the old enemy.The Americans created a new constitution and Japan

became a parliamentary monarchy. To avoid themilitarism, the constitution states that defensespending can never exceed one percent of GDP. Thetext also bans the deployment of Japanese troops offits shores.

The american occupation ended in 1955.


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The baby boomers are devoted to work andsaving.

Japan used its traditional sense of quality anddedication of its people to create a large networks

of small industries. In the last third of the twentieth century, Japan

became, effectively, in a prosperous society and atop class industrial power.

But as a consequence, Japan is a society with littletolerance for error and with high stress loads.


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Japanese politics is usually turbulent.For 25 years the parliament is dividedin different parties that often hinder the

formation of stable governments.However, it is remarkable that political

instability usually does not negatively

impact the economy.


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In the 80's the concept of "AsianTigers was born.

This is the name given to the growing

economies in the Far East.This was due largely to the shift of

focus in the traditional economy,

innovation, educated workforce and agreat attention to quality.


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Korea, as mentionedabove, was divided afterWW II.

North Korea later sought

to unify the peninsula byinvading South Koreawhich was prevented bythe UN and EU.

In 1953 he signed a

cease-fire which remainsin force until today.


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The separation betweenthe two armies is givenby a demilitarized zonethree miles wide, the

strip of land morefortified and militarizedin the world.

Technically, not havinga peace treaty, warcould resume at anytime.


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South Korea has had tolive under the threat ofNorth Korea for overhalf a century.

Because of that SouthKorea is still a highlymilitarized society. Morethan 35 thousand U.S.troops remain in itsterritory.

There have been twosummits in order toachieve unification but

failed.


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Or Republic of China, ashe insists on beingcalled, maintains traderelations with many

countries including thePeople's Republic ofChina.

The latter holds apatient position as longas Taiwan does notdeclare itsindependence.


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Taiwan is animportant U.S. ally.

Like Japan and

Korea, Taiwanestablished a lightindustry based onquality, export and

abundant labor. Its economy has

diversifiedconsiderably.


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Born as a British enclavefrom which Britain couldtrade with China.

At first the location was asmall island but wasexpanded to KowlonPeninsula in 1860.

All the territory of HongKong is about 1,100 squarekm. where live about 7million people.

an enclave is a territory whose geographical boundaries lieentirely within the boundaries of another territory


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From the beginning,Hong Kong served asa trading center,manufacturing,

communication andtransportation.

Also served as ahaven for many

Chinese who wantedto escape thevicissitudes of hiscountry.


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Hong Kong was invadedby Japan during WorldWar II, that is why thepopulation keeps a deep

resentment. After the triumph of

Mao, a part of Chinesebusiness men fled toHong Kong. These

immigrants made theterritory a smallbusiness empire.


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In the early 80's itwas agreed thatHong Kong returned

to Chinesesovereignty, butwould have aspecial status,

allowing it to retainits capitaliststructures for atleast 50 years.


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Hong Kong returned toChinese sovereignty in1997, because of thismany entrepreneurs andcapital mostly migrated toVancouver, Canada,which was benefited fromthis infusion of experienceand investments.

But Hong Kong is now oneof the core points of worldtrade.


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It is an island of 700square kilometers at thesouthern tip of theMalay Peninsula.

Due to its strategiclocation, the British EastIndia Company foundeda retail store there in1819.

Over time it becameone of the key links intrade networks of theBritish Empire.


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The fall of Singapore in thehands of the Japanese in1914 is considered by somehistorians as the symbolicmoment that British decline

begins. Singapore gained

independence in 1963, afterwhich he joined theMalaysian Federation.

Two years later decided toleave the same, being anindependent city-state in1965.


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Independent Already,Singapore has strengthenedits position asrepresentativeparliamentary republic.

It promoted foreigninvestment and installationof high-tech companies.

Singapore is one of thelarger ordered society

because many behaviorsare regulated and in mostparts of the world is left toindividuals.


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Its Penal Code isconsideredparticularly hard,according toWestern standards.But crime and othersocial ills common

in the West arealmost nonexistentin Singapore.


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Singaporean law allows caning to be ordered forover 30 offences, including robbery, gangrobbery with murder, drug use, vandalism, andrioting.

Caning is also a mandatory punishment forcertain offences such as rape, drugtrafficking and for visiting foreigners whooverstay their visa by more than 90 days.


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Indian subcontinent: the triangularpeninsula located south of theHimalayas and its immediate

neighborhood. It is a territory twice the size of Mexico

where lives 1 100 million people.

In India alone more than 300 languagesare spoken.


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Much of the population is the followerof Islam (monotheism). However,Hinduism remains as the main religion

(polytheism), the oldest religioussystems of mankind.


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The British colonized the subcontinentsince the early nineteenth century.

A Hindu lawyer (Mohandas Gandhi) sought

non-violent independence of his country,who led a movement demanding thewithdrawal of the British.

After WWII the British where exhausted and

couldnt afford its great empire, so theybegan with the negotiations for the Rajsindependence.


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The negotiations were complicated because ofthe Muslim League who argued that after theindependence they would be the minority.

The solution was to create two countries, Muslim

and Hindu.The masses began to migrate to their new

country according to their religion but thegrievances in this matter were out of control andcaused horrible carnage (about 2 million peopledied in the hands of fans of both religions).


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Hinduisms call a parliamentary republic calledIndia (although the official name is Bharat).

Muslim populations created the so-calledPakistan, which had a peculiarity, it was dividedin 2 by more than 1500 kilometers.

The relations between India and Pakistan onceagain were exacerbated when they claimed forthemselves the northern province of Jammu andKashmir.

As a result of battle this region is divided by aceasefire line.


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India has had a very turbulent political life. It was long ruled by one family beginning with

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, then succeeded by hisdaughter Indira Gandhi who would be killed byher own bodyguards and was succeeded by herson Rajiv, who in turn was assassinated in 1991.His widow Sonia, largely controls the CongressParty, the most important one.


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India is shaken regularly by ethnic andreligious issues.

In religion there is a group called Sikh, a

separatist movement.Also in the region of Tamil Nadu there is

another Tamil separatist group who werecharged with the murder of Rajiv Gandhi.

Tensions between Muslims and Hindus arestill present.


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India has followed a process ofmodernization which has had a broadimpact on the creation of an important

industrial and technological base.However, India has an enormous sociallag and a half of its population lives inpoverty.


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The military has held power.Besides the wars against India, Pakistan came thesecession of its eastern half.In 1971 East Pakistan became independent posing

as a new country called Bangladesh. In the 80's Pakistan served as a meeting point and

logistics base for U.S. covert operations onAfghanistan. So Pakistan is one of the most

important American allies in the area of the world.


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In the field Baluchistan are heldPakistan's nuclear tests.

India and Pakistan developed nuclear

weapons to evade their opponents.Both countries tested their devices in

2002 that raised tensions to near the

point of war.


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Afganistan is amultinational stateas living in itsterritory 10 differentethnolinguisticgroups.


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The Russiansoccupied andannexed thesouthern non-Slavicand non-Christianregions.

For its part, the

British occupied thenorth.


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For most of the twentieth century, Afghanistanremained in tense calm until 1973 when the King(Zahir Shah) was overthrown by his Prime Minister(Mohammed Daoud), who proclaimed the republic

and started a series of reforms.The changes did not like the people and Daoud was

overthrown. In the next twelve months other 2 primeministers were assassinated.

The triumphant military junta launched a series ofsteam measures designed to make Afghanistan asocialist society.


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For many Afghans, these measures weredamaging the Islam and took up arms indefense of what they saw as an attack on hisreligion. What prompted the government to

request assistance to their Soviet neighbors. In one of the worst miscalculations ever

committed by the USSR, the Red Army enteredAfghanistan in 1979.

The Russians believed they could easily crush asociety of "peasants" without weapons orstrategy ... They were wrong.


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The Mujahedin knew the rugged terrain tofight in Afghanistan.

Besides the Russians where fighting against

an enemy who did not surrender.Yet the Soviets waged an enormously

destructive war devastating thousands ofvillages.

By 1990 6.2 million Afghan refugees wereliving in precarious conditions in Pakistanand Iran.


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As dictated by the Cold War, the U.S. CIA wasprepare to support the mujahedin.

Pakistan was taken as basis and they suppliedthe Afghans with all kinds of resources, including

ground to air stinger missiles.By their very particular reasons Saudi Arabia,

China, Egypt and Iran also supported the effortsof Afghans to expel the Soviets from their land.


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In 1988, with Gorbachev as the head of Russiaan agreement with EU and Pakistan was signed.

The following year the last Soviet soldier leftAfghanistan.

The Socialist Afghan government keep fightingthe muhajedin until 1992. The various guerrillagroups who had once fought the Soviets werefighting among themselves now becoming the

resistance war to a civilian one.


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Following this came a reformmovement led by a cleric whoassembled a group of Islamic students

(Talib in the singular, plural Taliban)who offered to restore order.

They managed to conquer the country

rapidly and in 1996 took Kabul. Islamicstudents now controlled 85% of Afghanterritory.


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Was very strict. Taliban banned television, music,kites, chess, laughing in public and women'sshoes that make noise when walking.

Women could not work, study or go out

unaccompanied by a male relative. They wereforbidden to have contact with men other thanblood relatives, they could not publicly displayany part of their body.

The death penalty became a routinepunishment.


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The scheme became a magnet and haven forfundamentalist Muslims around the world whobegan arriving to Afghanistan.

Among them was Osama bin Laden, a man who

had fought the Soviets and who have differenttypes of financing (his family is a millionaire) andwith the contacts and experience in Afghanistandecided to take, in the early nineties, a campaign

to confront the U.S., country he blamed ofcorrupting Islam and invading their sacred lands.


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His organization, Al-Qaeda, was insome degree responsible for: The bombing in the parking lot of the WTC in NewYork in 1993.

A plot in the Philippines to blow up a dozenairliners flying over the Pacific in 1995.

The bombing of U.S. embassies in Tanzania andKenya in 1998.

The attack on the U.S. warship Cole in Yemen in2000 and of course,

The attacks of 11 September 2001 against thePentagon and the WTC towers.


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United States supported anti-Talibangroups and bombed Afghanistan.The so call pronorteamaericana

Northern Alliance took Kabul andinstalled a new regime.

U. S. invoked Article Five of the North

Atlantic Treaty and therefore areinstalled in Afghanistan NATO troopssince then.

east asia includes a very large area and high population

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