earth’s energy and mineral resources - pc\|macteacher guide and answers. ... earth’s energy and...

$: Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources - PC\|MACTeacher Guide and Answers. ... Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources 5 Name Date Class Lab Preview ... Earth’s Energy and Mineral$
Glencoe Science

Chapter Resources

Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources

Includes:

Reproducible Student Pages

ASSESSMENT

✔ Chapter Tests

✔ Chapter Review

HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES

✔ Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity

✔ Laboratory Activities

✔ Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet

MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS

✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery

✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish

✔ Reinforcement

✔ Enrichment

✔ Note-taking Worksheets

TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES

✔ Section Focus Transparency Activities

✔ Teaching Transparency Activity

✔ Assessment Transparency Activity

Teacher Support and Planning

✔ Content Outline for Teaching

✔ Spanish Resources

✔ Teacher Guide and Answers

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Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources 3

Name Date Class

Practicing Energy Conservation

Things we can do to reduce electricity use:

Observations about reducing electricity use:

Analysis1. Keep taking meter readings and infer whether the change makes any difference.

2. Have you and your family helped conserve energy?

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Procedure 1. Have an adult help you find the electric meter for your home and record

the reading below.

2. Do this for several days, taking your meter readings at about the same timeeach day.

3. Below list things you and your family can do to reduce your electricity use.

4. Encourage your family to try some of the listed ideas for several days.

5. Record your observations below.

Data and Observations

Day Meter reading

1

2

3

4

5

4 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources

Name Date Class

Observing the Effects of InsulationProcedure 1. Pour warm water into a thermos bottle. Cap it and set it aside.

2. Pour cold water with ice into a glass surrounded by a thermal cup holder.

3. Pour warm water—the same temperature as in step #1—into an uncoveredcup. Pour cold water with ice into a glass container that is not surroundedby a thermal cup holder.

4. After 2 h, measure the temperature of each of the liquids. Record yourobservations below.


Hands-On Activities

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Analysis1. Infer how the insulation affected the temperatures of each liquid.

2. Relate the usefulness of insulation in a thermos bottle to the usefulness of fiberglass insulationin a home.

Containers Temperature

warm water in thermos bottle

cold water and ice with thermal cup holder

warm water in an uncovered cup

cold water and ice without thermal cup holder

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Name Date Class

Lab PreviewDirections: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab.

1. Why should you wear thermal mitts while handling the light source?

2. Why do you need graph paper during the lab?

Winter clothing tends to be darker in color than summer clothing. The colorof the material used in the clothing affects its ability to absorb energy. In thislab, you will use different colors of soil to study this effect.

Real-World QuestionHow does color affect the absorption ofenergy?

Materialsdry, black soildry, brown soildry, sandy, white soilthermometers (3)ring standgraph papercolored pencils (3)metric rulerclear-glass or plastic dishes (3)200-watt gooseneck lamp*200-watt lamp with reflector and clampwatch or clock with second hand*stopwatch

*Alternate materials

Goals■ Determine whether color has an effect on

the absorption of solar energy.■ Relate the concept of whether color affects

absorption to other applications.

Safety Precautions

WARNING: Handle glass with care so as not tobreak it. Wear thermal mitts when handling thelight source.

Procedure1. Label the dishes A, B, and C, and fill each with

a different color of soil to a depth of 2.5 cm.2. Arrange the dishes close together on your

desk and place a thermometer in each dish.Be sure to cover the thermometer bulb ineach dish completely with the soil.

3. Position the lamp over all three dishes.4. You will need to read the temperature of

each dish every 30 s for 20 min after the lightis turned on. Record your Observations inthe Data and Observations section.

5. Turn on the light and begin your experiment.

6. Use the data to construct a graph. Timeshould be plotted on the horizontal axisand temperature on the vertical axis. Use adifferent colored pencil to plot the data foreach type of soil, or use a computer todesign a graph that illustrates your data.

Soaking Up Solar Energy

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Name Date Class


Hands-On Activities

Conclude and Apply1. Observe which soil had the greatest temperature change. The least?

2. Explain why the curves on the graph flatten.

3. Infer why flat-plate solar collectors have black plates behind the water pipes.

4. Explain how the color of a material affects its ability to absorb energy.

5. Infer why most winter clothing is darker in color than summer clothing.

Time and Temperature

Time(min)

TemperatureDish A (˚C)

TemperatureDish B (˚C)

TemperatureDish C (˚C)

(continued)

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Name Date Class

Lab PreviewDirections: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab.

1. Where can you find information about home energy use?

2. What are some ways a home uses energy?

As fossil fuel supplies continue to be depleted, an increasing U.S. populationhas recognized the need for alternative energy sources. United States residentsmight be forced to consider using inexhaustible and other renewable energyresources to meet some of their energy needs. The need for energy-efficienthousing is more relevant now than ever before. A designer of energy-efficienthomes considers proper design and structure, a well chosen building site withwise material selection, and selection of efficient energy generation systemsto power the home. Energy-efficient housing uses less energy and producesfewer pollutants.

Real-World QuestionWhat does the floor plan, building plan, or amodel of an energy efficient home look like?How and where should your house bedesigned and built to use the alternativeenergy resources you’ve chosen efficiently?

Goals■ Research various inexhaustible and other

energy resources available to use in the home.■ Design blueprints for an energy-efficient

home and/or design and build a model ofan energy-efficient home.

Possible Materialspaper cardboardruler gluepencils aluminum foil

Make a ModelPlan1. Research current information about

energy-efficient homes.2. Research inexhaustible energy resources

such as wind, hydroelectric power, or solarpower, as well as energy conservation.Decide which energy resources are mostefficient for your home design.

3. Decide where your house should be builtto use energy efficiently.

4. Decide how your house will be laid out anddraw mock blueprints for your home.Highlight energy issues such as where solarpanels can be placed.

5. Build a model of your energy-efficient home.

Model and Invent

Home Sweet Home

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Name Date Class

Do1. Ask your peers for input on your home. As you research, become an expert in one area of alter-

native energy generation and share your information with your classmates.2. Compare your home’s design to energy-efficient homes you learn about through your

research.

Test Your Model1. Think about how most of the energy in a home is used. Remember as you plan your home that

energy-efficient homes not only generate energy—they also use it more efficiently.2. Carefully consider where your home should be built. For instance, if you plan to use wind

power, will your house be built in an area that receives adequate wind?3. Be sure to plan for backup energy generation. For instance, if you plan to use mostly solar

energy, what will you do if it’s a cloudy day?

Analyze Your DataDevise a budget for building your home. Could your energy-efficient home be built at a reasonable price? Could anyone afford to build it?

Conclude and ApplyCreate a list of pro and con statements about the use of energy-efficient homes. Why aren’t inex-haustible and other renewable energy sources widely used in homes today?

Hands-On Activities

Communicating Your Data

Present your model to the class. Explain which energy resources you chose to use in yourhome and why. Have an open house. Take prospective home owners/classmates on a tourof your home and sell it.

(continued)

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Name Date Class

Efficiency of Fossil Fuels

Plants use light energy from the Sun to produce energy-containing molecules. While some plantsare burned directly to release that energy, other plants have undergone changes. Charcoal is made from wood that has been heated without the presence of oxygen, and it retains its energy-containing molecules. Plants that die and are covered by more plants, water, and sediment changefirst from peat to lignite, then to bituminous coal, and finally to anthracite coal. Heat and pressurecause these changes. The more heat and pressure that have been applied, the more concentratedthe carbon content and the greater the energy-producing content of the deposit is. In this activity,you will examine how the properties of charcoal and bituminous coal compare.

StrategyYou will compare the burning times of charcoal and bituminous coal.You will compare the amounts of residue produced from the burning of charcoal and bituminous coal.You will infer which fuel is more efficient.

Materials

Procedure1. Set up the ringstand, ring, pipe-stem trian-

gle, a crucible, and Bunsen burner asshown in Figure 1. The top of the Bunsenburner should be about 5 cm below thebottom of the crucible.

2. Remove the crucible from the set-up. Usethe balance to determine the mass of thecrucible. Record its mass in the Data andObservations table.

3. Wrap the piece of coal in several layers ofnewspapers. Use a hammer to crush thesample. WARNING: Be sure your fingers arenot in the way when using the hammer.

4. Add crushed coal to the massed crucibleuntil it is about one-fourth full.

5. Use the balance to determine the combinedmass of the crucible and the crushed coal(fuel). Record this mass in the table.

6. Calculate the mass of the coal by subtract-ing the mass of the crucible from the com-bined mass of the crucible and fuel. Recordthis mass in the table.

LaboratoryActivity11

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ring stand with ringpipe-stem trianglecrucibles (2)Bunsen burnerbalance

metric rulerbituminous coal, small piecenewspaperhammermatches or striker

timertongshot padcharcoal briquette

Figure 1


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Laboratory Activity 1 (continued)

Name Date Class

7. Place the crucible containing the crushedcoal in the triangle. Light the Bunsenburner and start the timer.

8. As the coal burns, it should give off a red-hot glow. When all the crushed coal is goneand you can no longer see red-hot embers,turn off the Bunsen burner and stop thetimer. Record in the table the time it tookto completely burn the coal.

9. Allow the crucible to cool for 5 minutes.With the tongs, remove the crucible fromthe triangle and place it on a hot pad tocontinue cooling. WARNING: The cruciblewill still be very hot.

10. Repeat Steps 2 through 9 using the secondcrucible and the charcoal briquette.

11. Allow both crucibles to cool completely. Besure you keep track of which sample iswhich.

12. Use the balance to determine the mass ofeach crucible and the residue it contains.Record this mass in the table.

13. Calculate the percentage of residue fromeach sample by dividing the mass of theresidue by the mass of the sample, thenmultiplying the result by 100.


Questions and Conclusions1. Which sample took longer to burn?

2. Which sample produced the greater percentage of residue?

Hands-On Activities

Mass of crucible (g)

Mass of crucible and fuel (g)

Mass of fuel (g)

Mass of residue (g)

Percentage of residue

Burning time (min)

Charcoal Bituminous Coal

Mass of crucible andresidue after burning (g)

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Name Date Class

3. Which sample—coal or charcoal—was the more efficient fuel? Explain your answer.

4. Predict how you think the efficiency of a sample of anthracite coal would compare to the samples you tested. Explain your answer.

Strategy Check

Can you compare the burning times of charcoal and bituminous coal?

Can you compare the amounts of residue produced from the burning of charcoal and

bituminous coal?

Can you infer which fuel is more efficient?

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Using Biomass

Organic materials contain stored energy. When organic materials are used as biomass fuels, thestored energy is released as heat energy. For example, a power plant in Hawaii burns sugarcanewaste to produce electricity. In other states, power plants burn wood chips or trash. In this activ-ity, you will compare the amounts of heat given off by burning several examples of biomass.

StrategyYou will compare how biomass fuels burn.You will compare the amounts of heat produced when different biomass fuels burn.

Materials

Procedure1. Twist the copper wire into a spiral as shown

in Figure 1. The top of the spiral should beable to securely hold the test tube.

2. Adjust the height of the spiral so that thebottom of the test tube is about 8 cm abovethe bottom of the spiral. See Figure 1.

3. Place a small piece of clay in the center ofthe spiral.

4. Stick the pointed end of a straight pin intoa peanut. Stick the other end of the pininto the clay so the pin stands upright, asshown in Figure 2. The bottom of the testtube should not touch the pin.

5. Pour 10 mL of water into the test tube. Placea thermometer in the water and record thewater temperature. Record this figure in theData and Observations section.

6. Wrap the spiral of wire with aluminum foiland cut an opening, as shown in Figure 3.

LaboratoryActivity22

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30-cm piece of uninsulated, heavy copper wiretest tubemetric rulerclaylarge straight pins (3)peanut, shelledwater

graduated cylinderthermometeraluminum foilscissorsfireplace matchesmini-marshmallowhalf of a wood splint

Peanut

PinClay

Figure 1

Figure 2


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Name Date Class

7. Light the peanut with a match. As thepeanut burns, observe any odors or smokeproduced. Record your observations inthe table.

8. After the peanut is finished burning, mea-sure and record the water temperature.Record the temperature in the table. Observeand describe any residue left behind. Recordyour observations in the table.

9. Allow the materials to cool for 5 minutes.Then, carefully unwrap the foil coveringand remove the pin containing the peanut.Pour out the water in the test tube.

10. Repeat steps 4 through 9 two more times,first using the mini-marshmallow in placeof the peanut, then using the piece ofwood splint.

Hands-On Activities

Thermometer

Foil


Figure 3

Starttemperature (˚C)

Finaltemperature (˚C)

Change intemperature (˚C) ObservationsSample

Peanut

Marshmallow

Wood splint

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Questions and Conclusions1. Did all three samples raise the water temperature an equal amount? Explain.

2. Which sample caused the most smoke? Which caused the least?

3. Did any of the samples cause less odor than the others? Explain.

4. Compare the amounts of residue left after burning the samples.

5. Which sample would you least like to use as a biomass fuel? Explain.

Strategy Check

Can you compare how biomass fuels burn?

Can you compare the amounts of heat given off when different biomass fuels burn?

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.Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources

Directions: Use this page to label your Foldable at the beginning of the chapter.

Name Date Class

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Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Mineral Resources

coal

energy from alcohol

energy from wood

industrial minerals

natural gas

ore

solar energy

wind energy

energy resources that areconstant and will not run out

energy resources that aremined

energy resources that arereplaced over a relativelyshort period of time

energy resources that can beused up


Meeting IndividualNeeds

Meeting Individual Needs

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Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.

biomass energy coal fossil fuels natural gas

nonrenewable resources alcohol garbage

Mee

ting

Indi

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Directed Reading for

Content Mastery

OverviewEarth’s Energy and Mineral Resources

can be obtained from

such as

which include which includes

such as

Energy

wood

renewableresources

oil

3.

1.

2. 5.

6.

7.4.

Name Date Class


Section 1 ■ Nonrenewable EnergyResources

Section 2 ■ Renewable Energy Resources

Directions: Match the term in the first column with the definition in the second column by writing the correctletter in the space provided.

1. anthracite

2. fission

3. methyl hydrates

4. peat

5. petroleum

6. wind farm

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Content Mastery


a. may someday become an important carbon-basedfuel

b. produces electricity from an inexhaustible energyresource

c. is produced during the first step of coal formation

d. occurs when the nuclei of uranium atoms are splitapart

e. produces less pollution than other types of coal

f. is a fossil fuel like coal and natural gas

Directions: Use the words below to fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow.

hydroelectric nuclear renewable resource solar

biomass oil inexhaustible resource coal

7. Alcohol is an example of a(n) ____________________ fuel.

8. ____________________ cells change the Sun’s energy into electricity.

9. A(n) ____________________ can be replaced within a human lifetime.

10. A(n) ____________________ will never run out, no matter how much is used.

11. ____________________ is formed from the buried remains of marine organisms.

12. One disadvantage of using ____________________ energy is that it may harmwildlife habitats.

13. One disadvantage of using ____________________ energy is that it producesradioactive waste.

14. One method of removing ____________________ that is close to Earth’s surface is called strip mining.

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Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.

1. People can help conserve mineral resources byccegilnry old materials to make new ones.

2. The chemical process called egilmnst is sometimesused to remove unwanted elements from metals.

3. aeggnu is waste rock that must be removed before amineral can be used.

4. Most mineral resources are said to be abeeelnnnorwbecause they often take millions of years to form.

5. A nonmetallic mineral resource called aaeegggrt ismade up of crushed stone or gravel and sand and isused in making concrete.

Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the two choices in parentheses.

6. A mineral called hematite is the main source of the metal (aluminum/iron).

7. (Halite/Bauxite) is a resource from which we get table salt.

8. The two basic groups of (metallic/nonmetallic) mineral resources are industrial

minerals and building materials.

9. The more valuable the mineral in a deposit is the (more/less) likely the deposit

is to be considered an ore.

10. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating

and (refining/recycling).

11. Corundum is used (to melt ice/as an abrasive).

12. (Gypsum/Granite) is used in the production of wallboard.M

eetin

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Content Mastery

Section 3 ■ Mineral Resources

Name Date Class


Key TermsEarth’s Energy and Mineral Resources

Directions: Circle eleven terms in the puzzle and then write the terms in the blanks at the left of their definitions.

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Content Mastery


M

I

H

S

G

K

O

R

E

S

A

D

D

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I

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U

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T

D

Y

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V

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R

A

L

A

R

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C

C

O

A

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W

H

L

I

N

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N

M

S

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R

A

F

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W

L

L

D

F

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I

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A

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A

1. energy obtained by using hot magma inside Earth

2. type of fossil fuel that exists in a gaseous state

3. type of fossil fuel that exists as a thick, black liquid

4. the most abundant type of fossil fuel; it exists as a rock

5. electricity produced by water power

6. a deposit of one or more minerals in large enoughamounts to be mined for profit

7. alternative energy source produced from atomic reactions

8. the amount of a fossil fuel that can be extracted at a profit

9. energy from the Sun

10. a nonrenewable energy resource, such as oil and coal,formed from the remains of plants and other organisms

11. renewable energy resource derived from burning organicmaterial such as wood and garbage

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Nombre Fecha Clase

Recursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra 23

Instrucciones: Completa el mapa de conceptos usando los siguientes términos.

energía de biomasa carbón combustibles fósiles gas natural

recursos no renovables alcohol basura

Lectura dirigida para

Dominio del contenido

SinopsisRecursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra

se puede obtener de

como

que incluyen que incluyen

como

La energía

madera

los recursosrenovables

petróleo

3.

1.

2. 5.

6.

7.4.

Satis

face

las n

eces

idad

es in

divi

dual

es

Nombre Fecha Clase

24 Recursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra

Sección 1 ■ Recursos energéticos no renovables

Sección 2 ■ Recursos energéticos renovables

Instrucciones: Selecciona el término que está de acuerdo con cada descripción.

1. antracita

2. fisión

3. hidratos de metilo

4. turba

5. petróleo

6. granjas eólicas

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a. podría convertirse un día en un combustiblea base de carbono importante

b. produce electricidad a partir de un recursoenergético inagotable

c. se produce durante la primera etapa de for-mación del carbón

d. ocurre cuando los núcleos de los átomos deuranio se rompen

e. produce menos contaminación que otrostipos de carbón

f. es un combustible fósil como el carbón y elgas natural

Instrucciones: Usa las palabras para llenar los espacios en blanco en las oraciones siguientes

hidroeléctrica nuclear recurso renovable solar

biomasa petróleo recurso inagotable carbón

7. El alcohol es un ejemplo de un combustible de ____________________ .

8. Una célula ____________________ cambia la energía del Sol a electricidad.

9. Un(a) ____________________ puede ser reemplazado durante el tiempo que

dura una vida humana.

10. Un(a) ____________________ no se agotará nunca, no importa cuánto se use.

11. El(La) ____________________ se forma a partir de los restos enterrados de

organismos marinos.

12. Una desventaja de usar energía ____________________ es que puede causar

daños a los hábitats silvestres.

13. Una desventaja de usar energía ____________________ es que produce dese-

chos radiactivos.

14. Un método para extraer ____________________ que está cerca de la superficie

terrestre es por medio de la minería a cielo abierto.

Satisface las necesidades individuales

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Nombre Fecha Clase

Recursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra 25

Instrucciones: Ordena las letras de los términos en bastardilla para completar las oraciones siguientes. Escribe lostérminos en las líneas asignadas.

1. Podemos ayudar a conservar los recursos minerales alciraelar los materiales viejos para hacer materialesnuevos.

2. El proceso químico llamado ócfidunni se usa a vecespara eliminar elementos de los metales.

3. El nagga es roca de desecho que debe eliminarse antesde poder usar el mineral.

4. Se dice que la mayoría de los recursos minerales sonon voraebelsn porque con frecuencia toman millonesde años en formarse.

5. Un recurso mineral no metálico llamado godearga estáhecho de roca molida o grava y arena y se usa parahacer concreto.

Instrucciones: Completa correctamente cada oración subrayando la mejor de las dos opciones entre paréntesis.

6. El mineral llamado hematita es la fuente principal del metal (aluminio/hierro).

7. La (halita/bauxita) es el recurso del cual obtenemos la sal de mesa

8. Los dos grupos básicos de recursos minerales (metálicos/no metálicos) son los

minerales industriales y los materiales para la construcción.

9. Entre más valioso sea el mineral de un depósito, más (fácil/difícil) será que se le

considere una mena.

10. El proceso de extracción de una sustancia útil de una mena implica concen-

trarlo y (refinarlo/reciclarlo).

11. El corundio se usa para (derretir hielo/hacer abrasivos).

12. El (yeso/granito) se usa en la producción de fibra prensada.



Sección 3 ■ Recursos minerales

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Nombre Fecha Clase

26 Recursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra

Términos clavesRecursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra

Instrucciones: Encierra en un círculo los términos de la sopa de letras y luego escríbelos en los espacios en blancoa la izquierda de cada definición.

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1. energía que se obtiene usando el magma caliente dentro

de la Tierra

2. tipo de combustible fósil que existe en estado gaseoso

3. tipo de combustible fósil que existe como un líquido

negro denso

4. el tipo de combustible fósil más abundante; existe como

una roca

5. electricidad producida por la potencia del agua

6. depósito de uno o más minerales en cantidades sufi-

cientes para que pueda ser extraído con ganancia

7. fuente alternativa de energía producida por reacciones

atómicas

8. cantidad de un combustible fósil que puede ser extraído

con ganancia

9. energía que proviene del Sol

10. recurso energético de combustibles no renovables, tal

como el petróleo o el carbón, formado por los restos de

plantas y otros organismos

Satisface las necesidades individuales

S D F G H J K L J G L O P Q W E RT Y U I O P Z X C E V N M D F G HJ K L Z F X C P F O B Q E F R T YH I D R O E L E C T R I C I D A DG H T Y S X C T V E B N M Q W E RT B N M I X D R Z R W D F B N M RK L S O L A R O H M E N A H J K EQ A S D E F V L B I P W T R E V SX C V B S N M E T C A R B O N M EH G F D R E W O Y A U I H J H F RS D T R G A S N A T U R A L P O VM N B V C X Z G F D S Y T R E W AV E N E R G I A N U C L E A R L O

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Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

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7

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6

Across2. Alternate energy source produced from

atomic reactions

6. Used faster than they’re replaced

8. Nuclei of uranium atoms split apart

10. First step of coal formation

11. Materials of low mass fused together

Down1. Amount of fossil fuel that can be

extracted at a profit

2. Fossil fuel formed in a gaseous state

3. Marine organisms

4. Element used in fission

5. Coal, oil, natural gas

7. Bituminous, lignite, anthracite

9. Thick black liquid formed from marineorganisms


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Directions: Write the correct term after each description below on the spaces provided. Then unscramble theboxed letters to spell a type of energy resource in question 16.

1. where solar energy comes from ___ ___

2. used indirectly when winds and ocean currents are used to do work ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. collect the Sun’s energy ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. use wind energy ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. hydroelectric power uses this ___ ___ ___ ___

6. built to retain water ___ ___

7. energy from hot magma ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. state where geothermal energyis being used ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. energy from burning organic material ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

10. ethanol mixed with gasoline ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. a large number of windmills placed in one area to generate electricity ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

12. when using magma and water to create energy, the magma’s heat turns the water into this ___ ___ ___ ___

13. a tall, leafy, renewable energy resource ___ ___ ___ ___

14. using wood for energy can create this ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

15. cars that use solar cells as a power source ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________

Reinforcement22


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Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.1. Deposits in which minerals exist in large enough amounts to be mined for profit are

hydroelectric.

2. Bauxite is an iron ore.

3. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating and recycling.

4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.

5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.

6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource.

7. Limestone is a source of silica.

8. Gypsum is used as an industrial material.

9. Resourcing is using old materials to make new ones.

10. Gypsum is used to make sandpaper.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. Why do economic factors play a part in determining what an ore is?

12. What are mined nonmetallic resources used for? Give some examples.

Mineral Resources

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Methane Ice

A new source of methane, or natural gas, hasbeen discovered in an ice-like form calledmethane hydrate. Recently, methane hydrateshave been discovered along all the world’s conti-nental slopes at a depth of about 500 m. Thesediscoveries may provide a great new source ofenergy. However, there is more to the story ofthese methane hydrates than just energy.

See-Saw EffectMethane ice forms deep in marine sediments.

Methane ice develops best under high pressureand low temperatures. Many scientists believethat the buildup or shrinking of these depositsof methane have a huge impact on global cli-mate. There is a sort of see-saw effect betweenice ages and the release of methane from its iceform. When the average global temperatures onEarth are warm, as they are now, the ice caps atthe North and South poles are small and glaci-ers are reduced in size. This means there ismuch more water in the oceans.

The weight of the additional water increasesthe pressure on the sediments where themethane is trapped. The ice forms and thecarbon in the methane is bound in the ice.

While ocean water levels remain high, themethane continues to build up and the Earthcools. There is a point at which the cool temperatures begin to start an ice age.

Release of CarbonDuring an ice age the temperatures are so

cold at the poles that the snow and water stayfrozen year after year. The ice continues to growand the water captured in the ice causes theglobal sea level to drop. When this happens, thepressure on the methane ice becomes less. Thedecrease in pressure then causes the methane tomelt, and the gas is released up through thewater like the bubbles in a can of soda. In turn,this puts more carbon into the atmosphere.The increase of carbon in the atmosphere cap-tures the Sun’s energy and the planet begins towarm. As it warms, the ice caps melt, the sea-water levels rise, and the pressure is put backon the methane hydrate. It is a cycle that will berepeated over and over. However, if we can finda way to drill and capture the methane trappedin the ice to use for fuel, there may be somedecline in the see-saw effect.

1. What is the major atom in methane that contributes to climate change?

2. What conditions are most favorable for making methane hydrates?

3. How does an ice age lead to the global temperatures rising?

Enrichment11


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Lightning Energy

1. What kind of energy is found in the clouds before a lightning flash occurs?

2. What is the first sign or phase of a lightning flash?

3. Why is it impossible to capture the energy from lightning today?

The most powerful source of electrical energyon Earth is lightning. Ever since BenjaminFranklin began his study on the electrical natureof lightning, humans have been interested in itspotential for energy. Until recently, the maininterest was a concern for damage and deathsthat are caused by lightning every year.However, recent advances in technology havehelped scientists study lightning with the idea of one day harnessing the energy it contains,although this possibility is still a long way off.

Electric StrokesLightning is produced when the electrical

potential, or the difference between the positiveand negative electrical charges, in the stormclouds becomes so great that the energy isreleased as a stroke of electricity. The cloudsmay contain millions of volts of potential electrical energy. The energy forms a smallleader or strand of electricity. As it grows, itreaches toward Earth. In turn, a bit of electricityproduced in the ground streams upwardstowards the clouds and meets the downwarddropping leader. This is the first stroke.

Lightning is made of many strokes althoughyou cannot really see them with the naked eye.Each flash of lightning has about four strokes,lasting around 30 microseconds. Each strokecarries nearly 1,012 watts of electricity. This isa tremendous amount of electricity.

Harnessing the EnergyScientists are trying to find a way to harness

lightning’s energy, but it is impossible to predict exactly where a lightning strike willland. Some scientists believe that if they canproduce an initial leader from the ground, thelightning will be drawn to it like a lightningrod. The real problem is how to capture thathuge burst of energy when it reaches theground. At the moment there is nothingstrong enough to withstand a direct hit fromlightning and capture all that energy. Studiesfrom the space shuttle and many researchinstitutes around the world are working onthe problem right now. Scientists believe thatwith continued research and new materials,they will be able to design ways to capturelightning’s energy.

Enrichment22

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Minerals and Mountains

Have you ever wondered why most mineralmines, like quartz, gold, or iron, are located in ornear mountains? This is because the process offorming mountains makes conditions that arejust right for depositing certain minerals. When amountain is rising above the flatland, tremendouspressure is applied to the underlying rock. Thismakes great cracks or fractures in rock throughwhich water can seep. Even more important, someparts of magma can rise up through the cracks.

Mineral FormationMagma contains a wide range of minerals. A

mineral is a substance made up of certain atomsarranged in a particular and characteristicshape. The atoms can float freely in the moltenmagma without becoming fixed to one anotherand forming a mineral. This is because the temperature of molten magma is so high thatthe atoms cannot cool enough to solidify.

When a mountain range is forming, thecracks in the crust can run very deep into theEarth. When this happens, the pressure abovethe magma is decreased in that particular spot.

Water and other mineral components can turninto gas and rise up through the cracks. Thehigher they rise, the cooler the temperaturessurrounding the gases. Many atoms in the gasesjoin together to form particular crystals. Theseare often called precipitates. The various molecules in the gas condense on the walls ofthe large cracks and form specific minerals.

Gold in the HillsIn California where the Sierra Nevada

mountain range continues to rise, large cracks,or veins, are filled with quartz and one of itsassociated mineraloids, gold. These depositscontinue to grow until all the spaces in thecracks are filled. When new cracks occur, theywill eventually fill with certain minerals.

The search for mineral deposits is of greateconomic importance. Much of the mappingfrom satellites cannot be done in mountainswhere forests cover geologic clues. Also, as longas mountains continue to rise, there will benew minerals forming for future mineralogiststo find.

1. What is one thing that happens when a mountain is rising?

2. Where do the molecules that make up some mineral deposits come from?

3. Why are satellites not always able to detect where minerals occur in mountains?

Enrichment33


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Section 1 Nonrenewable Energy Resources

A. Most energy sources are _____________________, which means they are used up faster than

natural processes can replace them.

B. _____________________ such as oil, natural gas, and coal formed from the remains of swamp

plants and other organisms that were buried and altered over millions of years.

1. _____________—most abundant fossil fuel, a rock that contains at least 50 percent

plant remains

a. Hydrocarbons can be extracted from coal to form liquid and gaseous

________________________.

b. As decaying plant material loses gas and moisture, carbon ________________ increases.

c. Stages of coal formation—peat, lignite coal, bituminous coal, and ________________

coal, the cleanest-burning type of coal.

2. Over millions of years, the buried remains of microscopic marine organisms form

________________ and ________________.

a. Oil is a thick black liquid hydrocarbon.

b. Natural gas is a gaseous hydrocarbon that often forms with oil, but above it, since

natural gas is a lighter molecule.

c. Americans obtain most of their _______________ from oil and natural gas.

d. ____________________ is used mostly for heating and cooking.

e. ____________ is used in many ways including as heating oil, or gasoline, and in

manufacturing.

3. Fossil fuels are ________________ from the ground through mining or pumping.

a. _____________________, in which upper layers of rock and soil are removed to expose

coal, is used when coal deposits are near the surface.

b. ____________________ coal mining methods—tunneling, drift mines, and slope mines

c. Since oil and natural gas are under pressure, they can be _______________ up a narrow

pipe to the surface.

4. ________________—amount of a fossil fuel that can be extracted at a profit using current

technology

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a. Current reserves of coal will last about ____________ years.

b. United States reserves of natural gas will last about ___________ years.

c. _________________________, located in ocean floor sediments, are believed to contain

high amounts of carbon and might someday be a useable source for clean-burning methane.

d. ___________________ fossil fuels will help slow down the current consumption rate.

C. _______________________—alternate energy source produced from the fission, or splitting,

of uranium atoms

1. Nuclear energy is considered a _____________________ energy resource.

2. One problem with nuclear energy is that nuclear power plants produce highly radioactive

______________________; EPA has determined that nuclear waste must be stored and

contained for at least _______________ years.

3. _______________—the fusing of low-mass materials to form higher-mass substances

a. Potential clean source of energy

b. Current _____________________ do not exist to allow fusion in a controlled manner.

Section 2 Renewable Energy Resources

A. ______________________ energy resources include the Sun, wind, water, and geothermal energy.

1. _____________________—energy from the Sun

a. South-facing windows act as ________________ solar collectors, warming exposed rooms.

b. Solar cells _________________ collect Sun energy and convert it to electricity.

c. Solar energy is not readily useable on _______________ days or at ______________.

2. A __________________ uses a large number of windmills to generate electricity.

a. Few regions of the world have _______________ enough wind to generate electricity.

b. Wind does not always blow _________________, so it is an unreliable energy source.

3. _____________________________—electricity generated from running water flowing

over dams; dams can create environmental problems.

4. __________________________—energy obtained from hot magma or dry, hot rocks

inside Earth


Note-taking Worksheet (continued)

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B. __________________ energy resources, such as _______________________, energy from burn-

ing organic material, can be replaced in a relatively short time such as during a human life span.

1. Burning _____________, the most commonly used biomass fuel, can cause pollution and

disrupt natural habitats when trees are cut down.

2. Biomass fuel, such as corn, can be distilled into an ________________, such as ethanol, and

mixed with another fuel.

3. Currently, the production processes for biomass fuels, such as ethanol, use more energy

than the ethanol produces.

4. Trash-burning power plants can burn ________________ to generate electricity, but the

resulting air pollution and toxic ash residue can present problems.

Section 3 Mineral Resources

A. __________________________—deposits of useful minerals; metals are from ____________,

deposits in which a minerals exist in quantities large enough to be mined at a profit.

1. _________________ factors such as supply and demand determine whether a mineral

deposit is an ore.

2. To extract a useful substance from an ore, it must be concentrated and ________________,

which uses energy; smelting is one method of refining some ores.

B. ____________________ mineral resources—any mineral resources not used as fuels or as

sources of metals, can be grouped into industrial minerals and building materials.

1. ____________________________ include sandstone (for glass making), halite (for table

and road salt), and garnet (for abrasive sandpaper).

2. Nonmetal mineral resources used for _______________________ include aggregate

(for concrete), gypsum (for plaster, wallboard), and stones (such as granite, limestone, and

sandstone).

C. __________________ uses old materials to produce new ones and helps reduce demand for

mineral resources, which are nonrenewable.

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Assessment

Assessment

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Chapter Review


Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Circle 12 terms in the puzzle and then write the terms in the blanks at the left of their definitions.Terms may be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or backward.

Asse

ssm

ent

1. energy resources that are used faster than Earth processes canreplace them

2. a gas often formed along with oil

3. type of mine that uses a horizontal opening in a hill or mountain

4. electricity produced by waterpower

5. layer of organic sediment

6. biomass energy comes from burning wood, alcohol, and ______

7. oil, natural gas, and coal

8. resources from which metals are obtained

9. sources of energy that are constant and will not run out

10. chemical process that removes unwanted elements from metal

11. deposits of minerals in large enough amount to be mined at a profit

12. alternate energy source produced from atomic reactions

E

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Chapter Review (continued)


13. Complete the table below by writing an X in the appropriate boxes following each fuel ormineral.

Assessment

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Match the source of energy in the first column with the type of energy in the second column by writing the correct letter in the spaces provided.

1. water

2. Sun

3. uranium

4. hot magma

5. wood

6. wind

a. solar

b. nuclear

c. electric

d. hydroelectric

e. biomass

f. geothermal

Inex

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Ren

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No

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Bu

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g

Type of mineralor fuel

coal

oil

natural gas

methane hydrates

nuclear energy

solar energy

wind farm

hydroelectric energy

geothermal energy

biomass energy

iron ore

limestone

gypsum

garnet

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Chapter Test


I. Testing ConceptsDirections: Match the description in the first column with the item in the second column by writing the correctletter in the space provided. Some items in the second column may not be used.

1. oil, natural gas, coal

2. forms in a gaseous state under similar conditions as oil

3. most abundant fossil fuel in the world

4. energy from burning wood, alcohol, or garbage

5. soft brown coal made from peat

6. marine organisms that decay to make oil and natural gas

7. electricity produced by waterpower

8. large enough amount of a mineral that can be mined at a profit

9. resources used faster than Earth can replace them

10. using old materials to make new materials

11. energy source produced from atomic reactions

12. thick, black liquid

13. energy from hot magma

14. a large number of windmills generating electricity

15. energy from the Sun

Asse

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a. nonrenewable

b. fossil fuels

c. coal

d. oil

e. natural gas

f. reserve

g. nuclear

h. solar

i. wind farm

j. hydroelectric energy

k. geothermal

l. biomass

m. mineral resources

n. ore

o. recycling

p. lignite

q. plankton

Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.

16. Waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can be used is called ______a. ore. b. methane. c. gangue. d. peat.

17. Stable molecules that contain carbon and are formed below sea level under low temperatures and high pressures are called ______a. hydroelectric energy. c. industrial minerals.b. methane hydrates. d. mineral resources.

18. ______ is composed of crushed stone or gravel and sand and has many uses in thebuilding industry.a. Aggregate b. Gangue c. Limestone d. Ore

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Chapter Test (continued)


19. Materials of low mass are fused together to form a substance of higher mass during ______a. smelting. b. fission. c. refining. d. fusion.

20. ______ is a chemical process that removes unwanted elements from the metal beingprocessed.a. Fission b. Strip mining c. Recycling d. Smelting

21. The removal of coal that is not close to Earth’s surface through a horizontal openingin the side of a hill or mountain is called ______a. slope mining. b. drift mining. c. drilling. d. strip mining.

22. Coal, oil, and natural gas that formed from decaying plants and other organisms over millions of years are called ______a. renewable resources. c. fossil fuels.b. mineral resources. d. hydrocarbons.

23. ______ is an example of inexhaustible energy.a. Wind energy b. Reserve energy c. Nuclear energy d. Biomass energy

24. Biomass energy is derived from burning organic material such as wood, garbage,and ______a. coal. b. oil. c. alcohol. d. natural gas.

25. ______ are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon atoms.a. Ores c. Methane hydratesb. Hydrocarbons d. Aggregates

II. Understanding Concepts

Skill: Using a Diagram

Directions: Study the following diagram of an oil trap. Then label the diagram with the correct terms from the list.

oil roof rock gas reservoir rock

Assessment

1. ____________

4. ____________

2. ____________

3. ____________

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Directions: Study the following diagram of percentage of energy resources used in the United States. Then labelthe circle graph using the correct terms from the list.

coal natural gas nuclear oil

biomass hydroelectric geothermal, wind, solar, and other

Asse

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Energy Use in the United States, 2002

8.3%

39.4%

22.7%

23.6%

2.7%

2.8%

0.5%11. ____________________________

12. ____________________________

10. ____________________________

9. ____________________________

8. ____________________________

7. ____________________________

6. ____________________________

III. Applying ConceptsDirections: Number the following steps of coal formation in the correct order.

1. Anthracite coal is formed.

2. Peat is formed.

3. Plants decay.

4. Peat changes into lignite.

5. Bituminous coal is formed.

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IV. Writing SkillsDirections: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.1. Explain some of the disadvantages of using nuclear energy.

2. Describe how geothermal energy works.

3. Name some materials that you can recycle.

4. Explain why inexhaustible and renewable resources are used less than nonrenewable resources.

Assessment

Transparency Activities


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Earth’s EnergySection FocusTransparency Activity11


This photograph, taken in the Gulf of Thailand, shows one way thatpeople get energy resources from Earth. Offshore drilling platformslike this one are used worldwide to tap energy reserves under theseabed.

1. What difficulties might people face in trying to gather energyreserves from under the sea?

2. Name some other sources of energy that people use.

3. How can energy be conserved?

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Energy for LifeSection FocusTransparency Activity22

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How does life on Earth depend on the Sun? Every time you eat,exercise, or simply bask in the light of a warm day, you use energyfrom the Sun. Even energy from fossil fuels originally came from the Sun—it’s been stored in plant and animal remains for millions of years!

1. How do we use the Sun’s energy when we eat?

2. What are some sources of energy than are not depleted as they are used?

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For a Big Pay-OffSection FocusTransparency Activity33


The deepest mines in the world are about 5 km beneath the surfaceof Earth in South Africa. The depth, combined with very hot temper-atures, makes the mines expensive and dangerous to operate. Why dopeople go to all this effort? These mines yield a valuable mineralresource—gold ore.

1. You may have seen pictures of gold bars. Does gold come straightfrom the ground in this form? If not, how does it get that way?

2. How do people use mineral resources?

3. What factors might determine whether or not a particular mineral is mined?

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Nuclear ReactorTeaching TransparencyActivity11

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rods

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Teaching Transparency Activity (continued)

1. To what is the heat released in a nuclear reactor converted?

2. What two types of rods are contained within the nuclear reactor?

3. Is nuclear energy from fission a renewable or nonrenewable energy source?

4. What does the splitting of the atoms create?

5. How much of the United States’ energy do coal, oil, and natural gas supply?

6. Where are the source materials of fossil fuels?


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AssessmentTransparency Activity

Earth’s Energy and MineralResources

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Directions: Carefully review the table and answer the following questions.

1. Which energy source is renewable and inexpensive?A biodiesel C ethanolB geothermal energy D solar energy

2. According to the table, which energy source produces no air pollution?F Biodiesel H EthanolG Geothermal energy J Solar energy

3. According to the table, vegetable oil would be a good source of ___.A biodiesel C ethanolB geothermal energy D solar energy

Alternative Energy

Type

Biodieselfuel

Vegetableoils

Earth'sinterior

Sun

Raw corn,barley, and

wheat

Source BenefitUse

Diesel-runcars and

trucks

Heat and light homes

Gasolinealternative

Heat and lighthomes; cars

Biodegradable,less airpollution

Renewable, no air pollution

Renewable, lesspetroleum gas

Renewable,inexpensive

Geothermalenergy

Ethanolfuel

Solarenergy

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Nonrenewable EnergyResources

Study Guide11Directions: Use the information from your textbook to complete the energy resources chart below.

Resource Description Made From Commonly Used For

1. Fossil fuel plants and organisms heating, electricity, buried and altered gasoline, over millions of years making plastics

2. a sedimentary bacteria reacting withrock containing dead plantshydrocarbons

3. Oil a thick, black heating, gasoline, liquid hydrocarbon, manufacturing commonly called plasticspetroleum

4. hydrocarbons the remains of in a gaseous state marine animals,

lighter than oil

5. Synthetic a human-made heating,fuel liquid or gaseous electricity

fuel

6. Methane hydrocarbons heating,hydrate trapped in ice electricity

structures on the seafloor

7. Nuclear uranium-235energy

8. the splitting of electricityheavy elements to produce energy

9. when materials of in the future, low mass are fused hydrogen fused into together to form helium moleculessubstance of higher mass

5Chapter

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Name Date Class


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Directions: Write the correct term after each description below on the spaces provided. Then unscramble theboxed letters to spell a type of energy resource in question 16.

1. where solar energy comes from ___ ___

2. used indirectly when winds and ocean currents are used to do work ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. collect the Sun’s energy ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. use wind energy ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. hydroelectric power uses this ___ ___ ___ ___

6. built to retain water ___ ___

7. energy from hot magma ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. state where geothermal energyis being used ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. energy from burning organic material ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

10. ethanol mixed with gasoline ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. a large number of windmills placed in one area to generate electricity ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

12. when using magma and water to create energy, the magma’s heat turns the water into this ___ ___ ___ ___

13. a tall, leafy, renewable energy resource ___ ___ ___ ___

14. using wood for energy can create this ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

15. cars that use solar cells as a power source ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________

Study Guide22 5Chapter


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Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.1. Deposits in which minerals exist in large enough amounts to be mined for profit are

hydroelectric.

2. Bauxite is an iron ore.

3. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating and recycling.

4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.

5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.

6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource.

7. Limestone is a source of silica.

8. Gypsum is used as an industrial material.

9. Resourcing is using old materials to make new ones.

10. Gypsum is used to make sandpaper.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. Why do economic factors play a part in determining what an ore is?

12. What are mined nonmetallic resources used for? Give some examples.

Mineral ResourcesStudy Guide33 5Chapter


Highlight Identify the keyterms and their meanings as youread this section.


section ● Nonrenewable Energy Resources1

What You’ll Learn■ about formation and

uses of nonrenewableresources

■ about advantages anddisadvantages of usingfossil fuels and nuclearenergy

Read to Learn

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Before You ReadWhat do you think of when you hear the word fuel? Writeyour ideas on the lines below.

EnergyThe world depends on energy. Energy is the ability to

cause change. People use many different energy resources.Some of the energy resources on Earth are being used fasterthan natural Earth processes can replace them. Energyresources that cannot be replaced, or renewed, are callednonrenewable resources.

Fossil FuelsFossil fuels are nonrenewable energy resources that

formed over millions of years from the remains of deadplants and other organisms. Fossil fuels include coal, oil,and natural gas. Coal is a type of sedimentary rock formedfrom layers of ancient plant matter. Oil, or petroleum, is aliquid hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are compounds thatcontain both hydrogen and carbon atoms. Oil and naturalgas formed from tiny organisms that lived millions of yearsago. Fossil fuels are used to make gasoline for cars, to heathomes, to generate electricity, and for many other uses.

chapter

35

Reading Essentials 57

●A Compare and ContrastUse quarter-sheets of notebookpaper to compare coal, oil,natural gas, and nuclear energy.

Coal Oil

Naturalgas

Nuclearenergy

525_p01-16_MSS05_RE 8/17/04 2:56 PM Page 1 impos05 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - ES - 2:layouts:

Picture This1. Locate and Identify

Mark where you live on themap. Is it an area wherecoal is found?

2. Identify What twofactors cause peat tochange into lignite andlignite to change intobituminous coal?

What is coal?Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world. The

United States has many coal reserves, as shown on the mapabove. The world’s supply of coal should last 250 more yearsat the present rate of use. Coal is sedimentary rock thatcontains at least 50 percent decayed plant material. Coalstarts to form when plants die in a swampy area and arecovered by more plants, water, and sediment. Over millionsof years, this material becomes coal.

What are synthetic fuels?Synthetic fuels are made from solid organic material, such

as coal, and may be liquids or gases. Liquid synthetic fuelsare used to make gasoline and fuel oil. Gaseous syntheticfuels are used to produce electricity.

How is coal formed?Coal forms in several stages. Each stage yields a different

fuel. In the first step, peat forms.

Peat Dead plant material builds up in swamps, forming alayer of organic sediment, or peat. As decaying plant matterloses gas and moisture, the concentration of carbonincreases. When peat burns, it gives off large amounts ofsmoke because it contains water and impurities.

Lignite If peat is buried under more sediment, it becomeslignite, a soft, brown coal with much less moisture than peat.Lignite forms as heat and pressure force water from the peat,further increasing the concentration of carbon. When ligniteis burned, it releases more energy and less smoke than peat.

Bituminous Coal Over time, if layers of lignite are burieddeeper, bituminous coal, or soft coal, forms. Bituminouscoal is compact, black, and brittle. It provides lots of heatenergy when it is burned. Bituminous coal contains somesulfur which can pollute the air.

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AnthraciteBituminousLignite


3. Explain Why isanthracite the cleanestburning form of coal?

4. Evaluate Add togetherthe percentages of coal, oil,and natural gas shown inthe graph. How much ofthe graph is not one ofthese three fuels? Showyour work.

Applying Math

Anthracite Coal If enough heat and pressure are applied toburied layers of bituminous coal, anthracite coal forms.Anthracite is also called hard coal. It has the highest amountof carbon of all kinds of coal. As a result, it is the cleanestburning of all coals.

What other fossil fuels are used for energy?Coal isn’t the only fossil fuel that is used for energy. Two

other fossil fuels, oil and natural gas, provide large amountsof energy. Oil is a thick, black liquid formed from theburied remains of organisms that once lived in the oceans.Natural gas is also formed from the buried remains ofancient ocean organisms. Natural gas is gaseous rather thanliquid. Although oil and natural gas both come from oceanorganisms, the compounds found in natural gas are lighterthan the compounds found in oil.

People in the United States use large amounts of oil andnatural gas each day. The circle graph below shows how muchof the energy we use comes from these two fuels. Natural gasis used mostly for heating and cooking. Oil is used in manyways, including making heating oil, gasoline, and plastics.

How do oil and natural gas form?It takes millions of years for oil to form from the remains

of tiny marine organisms. The process begins when tinyorganisms called plankton die and fall to the seafloor.

Sediment covers the dead plankton. Over time, moreplankton and sediment pile up. As the piles grow thicker,pressure builds up and temperatures rise. The increased heatcauses the dead plankton to slowly become oil and natural gas.

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Energy Use in the United States, 2002

Nuclear8.3%

Oil39.4%

Coal22.7%

Natural gas23.6%

Hydroelectric2.7%

Biomass2.8%

Geothermal, wind, solar,and other 0.5%


Picture This5. Identify Where can oil

and natural gas be found?

6. Identify Name two typesof underground coal mines.

What is a reservoir rock?Oil and natural gas often are found in layers of rock that

have been tilted or folded. Fossil fuels are not as dense aswater, so they tend to move upward. Some rock layers, suchas shale, stop this upward movement. A folded layer of shalecan trap the oil and natural gas as shown in the figurebelow. The rock layer underneath the trapped oil andnatural gas is called a reservoir rock.

Removing Fossil Fuels from the GroundCoal is removed from the ground by many methods. Two of

the most common are strip mining and underground mining.Oil and natural gas are removed from the ground by pumping.

Coal Mining Strip mining is used only when coal depositsare close to the surface. Layers of soil and rock above coalare removed and piled to one side. The exposed coal isremoved and hauled away. The soil and rock are thenreturned to the open pit and covered with topsoil. Trees andgrass are planted in a process called land reclamation.

There are several methods of underground mining. In onemethod, tunnels are dug and coal is brought to the surfacethrough them. Two types of underground coal mines are driftmines and slope mines. In a drift mine, coal is removed fromthe ground through a horizontal opening in the side of a hillor mountain. In slope mining, an angled opening and airshaft are dug in the side of a mountain to remove coal.

Oil and Gas Pumping Oil and natural gas are pumped fromunderground deposits. First, a narrow hole, or a well, is drilleddown through rock to the oil deposit. Next, equipment is putinto the well to control the oil flow. Finally, the rock thatsurrounds the oil and gas is broken to allow the fuels to flowinto the well. The oil and gas are pumped to the surface.

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Oil

Gas

Reservoirrock

Shale


7. Explain What is thedifference between areserve and a resource?

8. Identify Name a sourceof energy that comes fromatoms.

Fossil Fuel ReservesThe terms reserve and resource are often used when fossil

fuels are discussed. The amount of a fossil fuel that can betaken from the ground for a profit, using currenttechnology, is called a reserve. A fossil fuel resource is adeposit that contains enough fuel to be taken from theground in useful amounts, whether or not a profit can bemade. A fossil fuel resource is called a reserve if the fuel init can be mined or pumped at a profit.

What are methane hydrates?Current reserves of natural gas in the United States are

expected to last about 60 years. The main substance innatural gas is methane. Recent studies show a new source ofmethane may be located under the seafloor. This new sourceof methane is an icelike substance called methane hydrate.Methane hydrates are found in sediments on the ocean floor.They form where temperatures are cold and pressure is high.Scientists estimate that methane hydrates contain more fuelthan all of today’s fossil fuel deposits. As a fuel, methaneburns cleanly. If methane could be removed from the sea,the world’s supply of clean energy would be much greater.

How can fossil fuels be conserved?You can avoid wasting fossil fuels by turning off lights

when you leave a room. Make sure doors and windows areshut tightly during cold weather so heat won’t leak out ofyour home. If you have air conditioning, run it as little aspossible. Check with an adult in your home to see if moreinsulation could be added to your home to help save energy.See if an insulated jacket could be put on the water heater.

Energy from AtomsIn the United States, most electricity comes from power

plants that burn fossil fuels. But, there are other ways to getenergy. Nuclear energy is an alternate source of energyproduced from atoms.

Atoms give off energy during atomic reactions. The centerof the atom is called the nucleus. The nucleus is made up ofparticles called protons and neutrons. When the nucleus ofa heavy element is split, lighter elements form and energy isreleased. This energy, produced by nuclear fission, can beused to make electricity or power a submarine.

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10. Explain What is oneproblem with nuclearenergy?

Picture This9. Identify Look at the

figure. Circle the two kindsof rods in the nuclearreactor. Name them.

How does nuclear energy make electricity?A nuclear power plant has a large chamber called a nuclear

reactor, which houses fuel rods containing uranium-235. Thefuel rods sit in a pool of cooling water. Neutrons are fired intothe fuel rods. When the neutrons hit uranium-235 atoms, theatoms split apart and fire out more neutrons that hit otheratoms. Those atoms also split, starting a chain reaction.

As each uranium atom splits, it does two things: it firesneutrons and it releases heat. In a nuclear power plant, thatheat can be used to boil water to make steam. The steamdrives a turbine which turns a generator to produce electricity.

Nuclear energy from fission presents problems.Uranium-235, the fuel, is a nonrenewable energy source.Nuclear energy also produces waste. Nuclear waste is highlyradioactive and must be stored away from people and theenvironment for at least 10,000 years.

How does fusion provide energy?Fusion is a nuclear reaction that occurs when two atoms

are joined, or fused, to form one atom. During this process,large amounts of energy are released. The Sun is a naturalfusion power plant that provides energy for Earth and thesolar system. Scientists have not yet developed controlledtechnology to produce energy by nuclear fusion. If thetechnology is developed, nuclear energy would no longerbe considered a nonrenewable fuel resource.

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Containmentshell

Steamgenerator

Steamturbine

andgenerator

Pump

Pump

Large watersource

Electricaloutput

Condenser(steam from

turbine iscondensed byriver water)

Nuclearreactor

WaterPump

Steam

Fuelrods

Controlrods

Nuclear Power Plant


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1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Explain how a fossil fuelresource is classified as a reserve.

2. Circle the correct answer and fill in any missing information in the following table.

3. How did highlighting the text help you learn and understand the key terms and theirmeanings?

After You ReadMini Glossarycoal: sedimentary rock formed from decayed plant materialfossil fuels: nonrenewable energy resources, such as coal

and oil, that formed over millions of years from theremains of dead plants and other organisms

natural gas: fossil fuel that forms in a gaseous state fromthe buried remains of marine organisms

nuclear energy: alternate source of energy producedfrom atoms

oil: thick, black liquid fossil fuel formed from the buried remainsof organisms that lived in the seas; known as petroleum

reserve: amount of fossil fuel that can be taken from Earth ata profit using current technology

End ofSection

Visit earth.msscience.com to access your textbook, interactivegames, and projects to help you learn more about nonrenewableenergy resources.


Fuel Fossil Fuel? Renewable? How Long Will It Last? Uses?

Coal yes / no yes / no

Oil yes / no yes / no 100 years Heating, travel, industry, electric power

Natural gas yes / no yes / no 60 years


Authentic Questions Asyou read this section, writedown any questions you mayhave about each topic. Discussyour questions with yourteacher or another student.

●B Compare Make a layeredFoldable using three sheets ofpaper. Use it to compare energyresources.

Study Coach


section ● Renewable Energy Resources2

What You’ll Learn■ what inexhaustible and

renewable energyresources are

■ why these energyresources are used lessthan nonrenewableresources

Read to Learn

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Before You ReadThink about the last time you were really tired. What is thebest thing to do when you feel exhausted?

Inexhaustible Energy ResourcesHow soon will the world run out of fossil fuels? That

depends on how fast they are used. Fortunately, there aresome sources of energy that are inexhaustible. Inexhaustibleresources will never run out. They include the Sun, wind,water, and geothermal energy.

How can people use energy from the Sun?Solar energy is energy from the Sun. Solar energy is

clean, inexhaustible, and can be used to produce electricity.You already know that the Sun’s energy heats Earth. It alsocauses winds in the atmosphere and currents in oceans.

People can use solar energy in a passive way or an activeway. Windows are passive solar collectors. Windows on thesouth side of a building trap sunlight. The sunlight warmsthe inside of the building. Solar cells actively collect energyfrom the Sun and change it into electricity. Solar cells areused to power calculators, street lights, and experimentalcars. In sunny regions, people put solar cells on their roofsto produce electricity for their homes.

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1. Explain How arewindmills used today?

Picture This2. Interpret Diagrams

Place arrows on the figureto show the direction ofwater flow through thehydroelectric power plant.

What are the disadvantages of solar energy?Solar energy does have some drawbacks. Solar cells don’t

work as well on cloudy days. They cannot work at all atnight. Batteries can be used to store solar energy for use atnight or on cloudy days. However, it is difficult to storelarge amounts of energy in batteries. Also, old batteriesmust be disposed of in a way that does not pollute theenvironment.

How can wind be used for energy?Wind is a source of energy. Wind powers sailing ships.

Windmills have been built that used wind energy to grindcorn or pump water. Today, windmills are used to produceelectricity. A large number of windmills placed in one areato generate electricity is called a wind farm.

Wind energy has advantages and disadvantages. Windenergy does not cause pollution and it’s free. It does littleharm to the land and produces no waste. But, only a fewplaces in the world have winds that are strong enough togenerate electricity using windmills. Also, wind isn’t steady.At times it blows too hard. At other times, it is too weak oreven stops completely. For reliable power, an area must havesteady winds that blow at the right speed.

How is flowing water used for power?Running water also can be used to generate electricity.

Hydroelectric energy is electricity produced by waterpower.To produce hydroelectric energy, a large dam is built across ariver. The dam holds back the water, causing a lake to formbehind the dam. As the figure below shows, when water isreleased from the lake, it turns turbines at the base of thedam. The turbines then turn generators that make electricity.

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Power plantPower lines

GeneratorTurbine

Discharge pipe

Intakepipe

Lake


3. Determine Whatsupplies the heat to makesteam in geothermalenergy?

Picture This4. Evaluate Look at the

figure. How deep into Earthdo the pipes from thegeothermal plant reach?How many meters is that?

What are the disadvantages of water power?Hydroelectric energy does not create air pollution. But

dams do cause some harm to the environment. When damsare built, land is flooded and wildlife habitats are damaged.Lakes created by dams can slowly fill with silt. Silt destroysthe habitats of organisms that live in the water. In thestream below the dam, erosion can become a problem.

How can Earth’s heat supply power?Earth’s heat can be used to generate electricity.

Geothermal energy is an inexhaustible energy resource thatuses hot magma or hot, dry rocks from below Earth’ssurface to produce steam to generate electricity.

If magma rises fairly close to the surface, it can heat largepockets of water in the ground. The heat turns the water tosteam. Geothermal power plants, such as the one in thefigure below, can use this steam to turn turbines andgenerators that produce electricity. There are a few places onEarth where steam is naturally produced. In another type ofgeothermal power plant, water is pumped deepunderground where it can flow through hot, dry rocks. Thewater becomes steam that can be pumped back to thesurface and used to produce electricity. One advantage ofthis type of geothermal plant is that hot, dry undergroundrocks are found just about everywhere on Earth.

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Geothermal Power Plant

Groundwater is heated to high temperatures inside fractures near a magma body.

Fractures

Cold water is returned to the fractured hot rock.

Hot waterand steam enter thepower plant.D

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0

1

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5. Explain What makes anenergy resourcerenewable?

6. Compare What is aproblem that occurs withburning garbage andwood?

Renewable Energy ResourcesWhen you are exhausted, a good night’s sleep can renew

you. In the same way, time and rest can renew some energyresources. Renewable energy resources can be replaced bynature or by people within a person’s normal lifetime. Forexample, trees can be a renewable resource. As one tree iscut down, another tree can be planted in its place.

Biomass EnergyBiomass materials are an important renewable energy

resource. Biomass energy is renewable energy that comesfrom burning organic materials such as wood, alcohol, orgarbage. The word biomass comes from combining thewords biological and mass.

Wood If you ever sat near a campfire or a fireplace to keepwarm, then you have used renewable energy from wood. Asa tree grows, it stores energy from the Sun in its wood.When the wood burns, that stored solar energy is released asheat energy. People have long used wood as a source ofenergy. Much of the world still cooks with wood. Usingwood has its problems. Gases and ashes that can pollute theair are released when wood is burned. When trees are cutdown, natural habitats may be destroyed.

Alcohol Some biomass materials can be changed intocleaner-burning fuels. Corn is a biomass fuel that can beused to produce a kind of alcohol called ethanol. Ethanolmixed with gasoline is called gasohol. Gasohol can be usedas fuel for cars and trucks. Using gasohol can cut down onthe amount of fossil fuel needed to produce gasoline. Butthere is a problem with the process that produces ethanol.Growing the corn and making the ethanol often uses morefossil fuel energy than is saved by using gasohol.

Garbage Every day humans throw away mountains ofgarbage. Two-thirds of it could be burned as a fuel. Burninggarbage as a fuel has three benefits. It’s a cheap source ofenergy, it cuts down on the need for fossil fuels, and itreduces the amount of material dumped into landfills.Unfortunately, burning garbage can pollute the air. Toxic ashresidue remains after certain wastes are burned.

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After You ReadMini Glossary

End ofSection

Visit earth.msscience.com to access your textbook, interactivegames, and projects to help you learn more about renewableenergy resources.


biomass energy: renewable energy that comes fromburning organic materials such as wood and alcohol

geothermal energy: inexhaustible energy resource thatuses the energy from hot magma or hot, dry rocks deepbelow Earth’s surface to generate electricity

hydroelectric energy: electricity produced by waterpowerusing large dams in a river

solar energy: power from the Sun that is clean,inexhaustible, and can be used to produce electricity

wind farm: area where many windmills use wind togenerate electricity

1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Then choose one of the fourkinds of energy listed above. Explain why it is a renewable resource.

2. Make a data record to compare the four kinds of renewable energy you learned about inthis section. You may have to infer some answers.

Biomass energy source

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Geothermal energy source

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Hydroelectric energy source

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Solar energy source

Advantages:

Disadvantages:


Make Flash Cards As youread this section, make flashcards for each vocabulary termor unknown word. On one sideof the card, write the term orword. On the other side of thecard, write the definition.

●C Contrast Make a two-tabFoldable to explain thedifferences between metallicand nonmetallic mineralresources.

Study Coach


section ● Mineral Resources3

What You’ll Learn■ how minerals are

classified as ores■ what metallic and

nonmetallic mineralresources are

Read to Learn

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Before You ReadDo you recycle wastes at your home or your school? Writethe items you recycle on the lines below. If you don’trecycle, list items that could be recycled.

Metallic Mineral ResourcesLook carefully around your home. You probably will find

many metal items. The frame of your bed, soft-drink cans,and spoons are all made from metal. Metals are obtainedfrom Earth materials called metallic mineral resources. Amineral resource is a resource from which metal is obtained.

What are ores?Deposits of minerals that are large enough to be mined at

a profit are ores. Most often, the word ore is used todescribe deposits of metals. Hematite is an iron ore. Bauxiteis an aluminum ore. Both are metallic ores.

When is a mineral deposit considered an ore? First,people must have a need for the mineral. Second, theremust be enough of the mineral present in the deposit tomake it worth removing. Third, it must be fairly easy toseparate the mineral from the material in which it is found.Economic factors largely determine what an ore is. If anyone of these three conditions is not met, the deposit mightnot be considered an ore.

chapter

35


Mineral Resources

Metallic Nonmetallic


Refining Oil There are two steps for separating a usefulmineral from its ore—concentrating and refining. Concen-trating is the first step. After a metallic ore is mined fromEarth’s crust, it is crushed and the waste rock is removed.The waste rock that must be removed before a mineral canbe used is called gangue (GANG).

Refining is the second step in separating a mineral from itsore, producing a pure or nearly pure mineral. One way torefine metal is by smelting, a chemical process that removesunwanted elements. For example, iron ore, or hematite,contains iron oxide. During smelting the concentrated ironore is combined with a certain chemical and heated. Thechemical mixes with the oxygen in iron oxide, leaving behindpure iron. Smelting uses a fossil fuel resource to produce theheat needed to obtain another resource, in this case, iron.

Nonmetallic Mineral ResourcesAny mineral resources not used as fuels or as sources of

metals are called nonmetallic mineral resources. Theseresources are mined for the nonmetallic elements theycontain or for their physical or chemical properties. Ingeneral, nonmetallic mineral resources fall into twogroups—industrial minerals or building materials. Somematerials, such as limestone, belong to both groups.

Industrial Minerals Industrial minerals are sources of manyuseful chemicals. For example, sandstone is a source of silica,which is used to make glass. Sylvite, a mineral that forms whenseawater evaporates, is used to make fertilizers for farms andgardens. Table salt comes from halite, a nonmetallic mineralresource. Halite also is used to melt snow and ice on roadsand sidewalks and to help soften water.

Some industrial minerals are useful because of theirphysical properties. Garnet is a hard mineral that canscratch most other materials. Tiny pieces of garnet are gluedon heavy paper to make sandpaper.

Building Materials Building materials are used to constructroads and buildings. An important nonmetallic mineralresource is aggregate, which is crushed stone or a mix ofgravel and sand. It has many uses as a building material.Concrete is made by mixing gravel and sand with cementand water. Concrete is used for sidewalks, roads, driveways,basements, and foundations.

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1. Explain What is gangue?

2. Classify What are thetwo groups of nonmetallicmineral resources?


Picture This4. Interpret According to

the graph, what is the mostwidely produced mineralresource in the U.S.?

Gypsum and Rock When seawater evaporates, gypsumforms. It is a building material used to make plaster andwallboard.

Rock also is used as building stone. Some buildings in yourarea are probably made from granite, limestone, or sandstone.Some rock also is used to make statues and other artwork.

Recycling Mineral ResourcesMineral resources are nonrenewable. They cannot be

replaced by natural Earth processes within an averageperson’s lifetime. Most mineral resources take millions ofyears to form. Have you ever thrown away an emptysoft-drink can? These cans end up as solid waste. It wouldbe better if cans and other items made from mineralresources were recycled into new items.

Recycling is using old materials to make new items.Recycling has many benefits. It reduces the need for newmineral resources. Also, recycling often costs less thanmaking the same item from new materials. Minerals arenonrenewable resources. The graph below shows thepercentage of mineral resources that are imported to andproduced in the United States. In the future, supplies ofsome minerals might become limited. Recycling might bethe only way to meet the need for them.

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3. Explain What is onebenefit of recycling?

0 25 50 75 100

Copper

Silver

Tin

Manganese

Platinum

Nickel

Chromium

Percentage importedPercentage produced in the United States

Percentage Comparisonof Mineral Resources


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1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Then explain how a mineralresource and an ore are similar and different.

2. Use the following diagram to describe the similarities and differences of metallic andnonmetallic mineral resources.

3. How did making flash cards help to learn the new terms and the definitions? Would youuse this strategy again?

After You ReadMini Glossarymineral resource: resource from which metal is obtainedore: deposits of minerals that are large enough be mined at a

profit

recycling: processing old materials to make new items

End ofSection

Visit earth.msscience.com to access your textbook, interactivegames, and projects to help you learn more about mineralresources.


Metallic mineral resources

Nonmetallic mineral resources

Both



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Inc. Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.

Earth’s Energy and MineralResourcesBefore You ReadPreview the chapter including section titles and the section headings. Complete the chart by listing at least one idea for each of the three sections in each column.

Name Date

Write three ways electricity may be generated at a power plant.

Science Journal

K WWhat I know What I want to find out


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NewVocabulary

ReviewVocabulary

Name Date

Earth’s Energy and MineralResourcesSection 1 Nonrenewable Energy Resources

AcademicVocabulary

fuel

resource

nonrenewable resource

conservation

extract

Scan Section 1 of your book, using the checklist below.

Read all section titles.

Read all boldface words.

Look at all of the pictures.

Think about what you already know about nonrenewableresources.

Write three facts that you discovered about nonrenewable resourcesas you scanned this section.

1.

2.

3.

Define fuel.

Use your book or a dictionary to define the vocabulary terms.

Use a dictionary to define extract.

Complete the paragraph below to describe resources and energy.

A is any material used to satisfy a need. Most

energy resources used to generate electricity are .

Nonrenewable resources are

.

Organize information about fossil fuels by completing the outline.

I. Fossil Fuels

A. Made of

B. Formed over of years

C. Include:

1.

2.

3.

D. Used to:

1. Make gasoline for

2. Heat

3. Generate

Complete the chart describing the stages of coal formation. Thenidentify the change in the amount of energy contained in the fuel.

peat contains energy

contains energy

Formation of Coal

1.

2.

3.

4.

Section 1 Nonrenewable Energy Resources (continued)

EnergyI found this information

on page .

Fossil FuelsI found this information

on page .

I found this informationon page .

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Compare oil and natural gas by completing the Venn diagramwith at least nine facts.

Create a graphic organizer to identify the ways fossil fuels areremoved from the ground. Then complete the sentence below.

Fossil fuel are the useable and cost-effective part

of existing fossil fuel .

Sequence the steps in a nuclear chain reaction.

More atoms split, releasing

more

and more .

are fired at fuel rods containing

.

Neutrons hit atoms. The atoms split

apart, releasing

and .

Oil Natural GasBoth

Section 1 Nonrenewable Energy Resources (continued)

Fossil FuelsI found this information

on page .

Removing Fossil Fuels

from the Ground andFossil Fuel

ReservesI found this information

on page .

Energy fromAtoms


Name Date

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ReviewVocabulary

Name Date

Earth’s Energy and MineralResourcesSection 2 Renewable Energy Resources

NewVocabulary

energy

renewable resource

geothermal energy

biomass energy

derive

Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2 as youread the headings.

1.

2.

3.

Define the scientific term energy using your book or a dictionary.


Use a dictionary to define derive.Academic

Vocabulary

Contrast passive and active solar energy by providing examples.

An example of passive solar energy is

.

An example of active solar energy is

.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of generatingelectricity from wind energy.

Model a hydroelectric power plant. Use the figure in your book.

Section 2 Renewable Energy Resources (continued)

RenewableEnergy

ResourcesI found this information

on page .



Name Date

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Wind Energy as Source of Electricity

Advantages Disadvantages

Identify three problems associated with geothermal power.

1.

2.

3.

Compare these examples of biomass that can be used to generateenergy. List the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Section 2 Renewable Energy Resources (continued)

RenewableEnergy


on page .

Other RenewableEnergy


on page .

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Biomass Energy

Material Advantages Disadvantages

Wood

Alcohol

Garbage


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NewVocabulary

ReviewVocabulary

AcademicVocabulary

Name Date

Earth’s Energy and MineralResourcesSection 3 Mineral Resources

metal

mineral resources

ore

recycling

obtain

Skim through Section 3 of your book. Read the headings and look atthe illustrations. Write three questions that come to mind.

1.

2.

3.

Define metal using your book or a dictionary.


Use a dictionary to define obtain.

List the three things that are required for a mineral deposit to beconsidered an ore.

Sequence the steps in separating a useful mineral from its ore bycompleting the graphic organizer below. Then define smelting.

Smelting:

Concentrating:

.

Refining:

.

Ore

Gangue

Useful ore

Section 3 Mineral Resources (continued)

Metallic MineralResources



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A mineral deposit is considered an ore when:

1.

2.

3.

Describe specific ways you could practice each of the three waysto conserve mineral resources in your home.

CONNECT IT

Classify mineral resources and building materials by completingthe Venn diagram with at least seven materials.

Create a graphic organizer to identify three ways to conservemineral resources.

Industrial Minerals Building MaterialsBoth

Section 3 Mineral Resources (continued)

NonmetallicMineral


on page .

RecyclingMineral


on page .

Name Date

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Tie It TogetherEvaluate Energy ResourcesIdentify which alternative energy resource you think could best serve your community.Write a report explaining why you believe it would be the best choice. Discuss advantagesand disadvantages for your community of using the alternative energy resource.

Name Date


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Earth’s Energy and MineralResources Chapter Wrap-Up

Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third column.

Name Date

ReviewUse this checklist to help you study.

Review the information you included in your Foldable.

Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.

Study the definitions of vocabulary words.

Review daily homework assignments.

Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.

Review the Self Check at the end of each section.

Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.

K W LWhat I know What I want to find out What I learned

After reading this chapter, identify three things that you havelearned about Earth’s energy and mineral resources.

SUMMARIZE IT

earth’s energy and mineral resources - pc\|macteacher guide and answers. ... earth’s energy and...

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