earth sciences sector groundwater mapping 1 groundwater modelling: from geology to hydrogeology...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
GROUNDWATER MODELLING: GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGYFROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY
Alfonso Rivera
Chief HydrogeologistGeological Survey of Canada
GSA Annual MeetingDenver, CO, USA
October 28-31 2007
![Page 2: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
GROUNDWATER MODELLING: GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGYFROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY
OUTLINEOUTLINE• Modelling
• Geology mapping-Groundwater modelling links
• Approaches to Groundwater Modelling
• Examples of Models developed by the GSC
• Groundwater Analysis & Simulation types
• Towards an integrated hydrogeological approach
• Summary and Conclusions
![Page 3: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
MODELLINGMODELLING
So what do we mean?
Modelling is a very broad term; we have:
• Geological Models • Conceptual Models • Hydrogeological models• Mathematical models• Analytical models• Numerical models• Deterministic models• Stochastic models• …
![Page 4: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Geology Mapping-Groundwater Geology Mapping-Groundwater Modelling LinksModelling Links
• Groundwater investigations depend on the process of developing a conceptual flow model as a precursor to developing a mathematical model
• … leading to the development of a numerical approximation model
• Assumptions made in the development of the conceptual model depend heavily on the geological framework (or model) defining the aquifer
Thus, the link between geological mapping and groundwaterModelling is the building of a conceptual model
![Page 5: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Geology Mapping-Groundwater Geology Mapping-Groundwater Modelling LinksModelling Links
Conceptual ModelConceptual Model
Geologist
Hydrogeologist
Geological surveyGeological survey Hydrogeological modelHydrogeological model
![Page 6: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Define Objective
Conceptual Model
Mathematical Model
Numerical Formulation
Computer Program
Analytical Solution
Model design
Calibration
Verification
Prediction
Presentation of results
Postaudit
Code verified? no
yes
Code Solution
Field data
Field data
Comparison with
Field Data
Pre-Processing
Modelling/Simulation
Post-Processing
Overview of the Hydrogeological Overview of the Hydrogeological Modelling ProcessModelling Process
Geological m
odel
![Page 7: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Approaches to Groundwater Approaches to Groundwater ModellingModelling
The flow of GW through fractured rock aquifers is modelled using one of two types of conceptual models:
Equivalent Porous Medium (EPM)If the length scale of interest is large compared with the
scale of heterogeneities, such as fracture lengths
Discrete Fractured Network (DFN)When the structure of the rock is highly heterogeneous
on the scale of interestThe structure of the rock is described in terms of
statistics of the fracture sets, i.e., fracture density and orientation
![Page 8: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Approaches to Groundwater Approaches to Groundwater ModellingModelling
![Page 9: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Approaches to Groundwater Approaches to Groundwater ModellingModelling
Types of approaches, models
• Equivalent Porous Medium (EPM)• Discrete Fractured Network (DFN)• A combination of the two
(Serco, 2000)
![Page 10: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Example of Methodology for Example of Methodology for Developing Conceptual and Developing Conceptual and
numerical modelsnumerical models
(Rivera et al., 2001)
GG GG
GG
HgHg
HgHg HgHgHgHgG, HgG, Hg
GG GG
GG G, HgG, HgG, HgG, Hg
G, HgG, Hg
HgHg
HgHg HgHg
G, HgG, HgGG
G, HgG, Hg
![Page 11: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Examples of Models Examples of Models developed by the GSCdeveloped by the GSC
Aquifer Study Type Dimensions Approach Hydrogeological
Model (HM)
Does a Geological model (GM)
exist?
Piedmont, Quebec(1998-2001)
Porous medium 2-D, GW flow Porous MODFLOW No GM
Gulf Islands, British Columbia (2003-2006)
Bedrock, fractured rock 2-D, GW flow EPM, structural geology
MODFLOW Yes, conceptual, not coupled
Mirabel, Quebec(1999-2003)
Bedrock, fractured medium
3-D EPM FEFLOW(Nastev et al, 2005)
Yes, goCAD, but not coupled, built after HM(Ross et al, 2005)
Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario (1999-2003)
Porous 3-D, GW flow Porous MODFLOW Yes, very detailed but not coupled
Carboniferous Basin, New Brunswick(2000-2003)
Bedrock, fractured medium
3-D GW flow EPM MODFLOW No GM
Winnipeg aquifer, Manitoba (1999-2003)
Bedrock, fractured medium
3-D, GW flow and transport
EPM 3DFRACV(Kennedy, 2003)
GM only, not conceptual GM
Annapolis, Nova Scotia (2003-2006)
Combined porous- fractured media
3-D GW flow EPM FEFLOW No GM
Châteauguay, Quebec(2003-2006)
Bedrock, fractured rock 3-D GW flow EPM FEFLOW(Lavigne, 2006)
Yes, but not coupled, built after HM
St.-Mathieu Esker, Quebec (2003-2006)
Porous 3-D, GW flow Porous MODFLOW(Riverin et al, 2005)
Yes, SVM, but built after HG (Smirnoff et al, in press)
Okanagan, British Columbia (2003-2009)
Combined porous- fractured media
3-D, GW flow EPM Planned Partially, only the surficial aquifer (planned)
Paskapoo, Alberta(2003-2009)
Bedrock, fractured rock 3-D, GW flow Combined EPM/DFN (planned)
Planned Planned
![Page 12: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Groundwater Analysis & Groundwater Analysis & Simulations TypesSimulations Types
• Two different “schools” of groundwater scientists developing the science of hydrogeology:– fundamental hydrogeologists, and – environmental hydrogeologists.
• Fundamental hydrogeologists study and develop laws and methods to quantify groundwater flow from a theoretical perspective.
• Environmental hydrogeologists use those laws and methods to study real aquifer systems, that is, geological formations containing and conducting water.
• The second group is the one that most closely interacts with geologists
![Page 13: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Types of Environmental Types of Environmental (water) models(water) models
Category Current state Application
Separated models Meteorological Hydrological Hydrogeological
High uncertainties Mid uncertainties Mid uncertainties
Climate predictions Surface water resources Groundwater resources and contaminant transport
Coupled models Meteorological- hydrological Hydrological- hydrogeological
High uncertainties
Mid uncertainties
Watershed analysis and IWRM IWRM and CC
Semi-integrated models Hydrodynamic Watershed dynamics Watershed management
On-going research still many uncertainties
Resource management Watershed without groundwater, and without management Watershed with groundwater, without management
Fully-integrated models Coupled meteorological- hydrological- hydrogeological
Category of the future, still containing high uncertainties
For climate change scenarios coupling climate, surface water and groundwater (i.e., HydroGeoSphere, Therrien, et al., 2004)
![Page 14: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Towards an integrated Towards an integrated hydrogeological approachhydrogeological approach
GIS
Pre-Processors
Post-Processors
RASTELM MAGICS FRACMESH ISATIS GoCAD
GUI/ ESRI
Simulators :FEFLOW, SUTRA,
MODFLOW,TOUGH, etc.
TRACK AVS FED TECPLOT MATHLAB ILLUSTRATOR PHOTOSHOP
MAPINFO
P,P, C,H, T
1D2D3D
q, N t, T,Variables
SVM
![Page 15: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Towards an integrated Towards an integrated hydrogeological approachhydrogeological approach
• Pre-processors include information from GIS (MAPINFO) and are used to facilitate data synthesis, analysis, and visualization
• Simulators abound in the second phase, but the link with pre-procesors is still lacking to a large degree. Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) have become a necessity in this phase.
• The third phase, post-processing, has become perhaps the most important part of the modelling process, i.e.,– Strong need for understanding GW from water managers and
public, thus visualization is a key element in modelling. – In the future we should be able to virtually “walk” the
client through and inside the simulated aquifer
• Future: integration of disciplines and processes
![Page 16: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
Differences and Issues Differences and Issues
HM have a very differentHM have a very different ontology as compared to ontology as compared to geological geological models!models!
Model Boundary conditions:Dirichlet (specified h or c); Neumann (specified c- or q-gradients); Cauchy (combined)
Medium conditions:Heterogeneity, Isotropy, AnisotrophyPorous media, Fractured Media, discrete, EPM, Hybrid1D, 2D, 3D
Set of parameters:
Hydraulic, Transport, Mechanic, Heat: P, H, C, T, K, Ss, σ, Nα, qi, t
Type of modelling:Deterministic, stochastic
Coupling:Hydro-transport (solute transfer); Thermohaline (flow, solute, heat); Hydro-mechanic (subsidence)
![Page 17: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
SUMMARYSUMMARY
If the geological model is wrong, the conceptual model couldbe wrong and the HG model will not be successful
• To build a HG ModelHG Model, you need:− A numerical code to solve for a set of equations− Discretization of space (FDM, FEM) and time− Boundary conditions− Initial conditions− Set of model parameters, per node, per element or
per layer− Set of data of the stresses in the system (pumping)− Set of data for calibration (heads, conc., subsidence)
We should distinguish:
Geological model --► Conceptual model --► Hydrogeological model
![Page 18: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
SUMMARYSUMMARY
• Thus, geologists and hydrogeologists need to enhance cooperation at all levelsall levels:− Geologists need to learn to listen to hydrogeologists − Hydrogeologists need to ask geologists and learn
form their input/insight
![Page 19: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Increased emphasis in geological mapping and groundwater applications is observed in interrelated disciplines of Earth sciences
A clear link between geological mappers and groundwater modelers is still lacking
More serious efforts of communication are needed in three interrelated disciplines: geology, hydrogeology and geomatics when dealing with GW models
Technology and tools abound but the three domains do not take full advantage to benefit each other
![Page 20: Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Mapping 1 GROUNDWATER MODELLING: FROM GEOLOGY TO HYDROGEOLOGY Alfonso Rivera Chief Hydrogeologist Geological Survey of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bf891a28abf838c8a23f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Earth Sciences Sector
Gro
un
dw
ater
Map
pin
g
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Most important issues: differences between practitioners, e.g., HM have a very different ontology as compared to GM
Integrated and automated platforms for modelling 3D processes in hydrogeology using experts systems and standard ontologies are the future and should be pursued in close cooperation between the three domains