earth science kessel · elements and the periodic table minerals, rocks, & soil all matter is...

EARTH SCIENCE

KESSEL

Bell Ringer

Explain the concept of matter.

?’s to answer that might help you in your

explanation:

1. What is it?

2. What is it made of?

3. Does it have a shape?

4. How would you know if you saw it?

Bell Ringer

Study for your Atomic Calculations Quiz!!!

Bell Ringer

Rocks are made of minerals. In your notes

you have how minerals are formed. Based

off of this information, explain how rocks

might be formed?

Bell Ringer

With your knowledge of minerals, rocks and the

rock cycle. Briefly describe what processes

occur for the following events to occur:

1. Sedimentary rocks to form from sediments.

2. Metamorphic rocks to form.

3. Igneous rocks to form.

4. Sedimentary rocks to become metamorphic

rocks.

Bell Ringer

Weathering is the breaking down of

rocks on Earth’s surface. Infer some

actions/events/factors that would cause

rocks to experience weathering.

Bell Ringer

Are soil and dirt the same material? In your

explanation be sure to talk about plants.

Minerals, Rocks, & Soil

Explain your concept of matter.

Elements and the Periodic Table


Matter is anything that has mass and

takes up space.

Solid Liquid Gas

definite shape takes shape of

container

takes shape of

container

definite volume definite volume has volume of

container

ability to flow ability to flow

Elements and the Periodic Table


All matter is composed of atoms.

Atoms are particles that make up

elements.

Elements are the basic building blocks

of minerals.

The Periodic Table of Elements

Atoms

Smallest particles of matter


• neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges

The nucleus is the central part of an atom

and contains

• protons, which have positive electrical charges

Atoms


Energy levels, or shells

• surround the nucleus

•electrons, which have negative electrical charges

When two or more elements combine, we

have a compound.

• electrons are used for bonding between atoms

Atoms


Chemical Symbols Chemical Formulas

Represent elements Represents compounds

One or two letters Chemical symbols and

subscript

First letter is always

capitalized

Subscript-number written

slightly below the symbol

Tells us the elements name

Atomic Calculations


The Periodic Table tells us how many protons,

neutrons, and electrons make up an atom of each

element.

Atomic Calculations


The mass

number is

found by

rounding the

atomic mass to

the nearest

whole number.

Atomic Calculations


Atomic Calculation Formulas

Atomic number = Protons

Mass number = Protons + Neutrons

Protons = Electrons

The Periodic Table of Elements

Bell Ringer

Using the periodic table on the wall, how

many protons, neutrons, and electrons

does Zinc (Zn) possess?

DO NOT TOUCH THE LAB MATERIALS

What is a Mineral?

Minerals are

the building

blocks of

rocks.


What is a Mineral ?


A substance must satisfy all of the

following 5 characteristics in order to be

classified as a mineral.

1. Naturally occurring

• Must be formed through natural

geologic processes.

Definition of a Mineral


2. Solid substance

• Must exist in

the solid state

under normal

temperatures

on Earth’s

surface.



3. Orderly crystalline structure

• Atoms must

be arranged in

a repeating

geometric

structure.



4. Definite chemical composition

• Must be either an element or

compound. Cannot be a mixture.

5. Generally considered inorganic

• Cannot come from living things

How Minerals Form


• Crystallization from magma

• Precipitation

• Pressure and temperature

• Hydrothermal solutions

These processes occur without people

and are different ways that minerals can

form on Earth.

Color


Small amounts of different elements can

give the same mineral different colors.

Streak


Streak is the

color of a

mineral in its

powdered form.

Luster


Luster is used

to describe how

light is reflected

from the surface

of a mineral.

Crystal Form


Crystal form is the

visible expression

of a mineral’s

internal

arrangement of

atoms.

Hardness


Hardness is a measure of the resistance

of a mineral to being scratched.

Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals

arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).

Mohs Scale of Hardness

Cleavage


Cleavage is the

tendency of a

mineral to

cleave, or break,

along flat, even

surfaces.

Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction

Fracture


Fracture is the

uneven

breakage of

a mineral

Conchoidal Fracture

Density


Density is a property of all matter that

is the ratio of an object’s mass to its

volume.

>

Bell Ringer

What qualities are used to help in the

identification of an unknown mineral?

Rocks


Rocks are any

solid mass of

mineral or

mineral-like

matter

occurring

naturally as part

of our planet.

Rocks


Types of Rocks

• Igneous rock is

formed by the

crystallization

of molten

magma.

Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.

Rocks


Types of Rocks

• Sedimentary rock is

formed from the

weathered products of

preexisting rocks that

have been transported,

deposited, compacted,

& cemented.

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

• Erosion involves the weathering and the

removal of rock.

• Deposition occurs when an agent of

erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses

energy and drops sediments.

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

• Compaction is a process that squeezes, or

compacts, sediments.

• Cementation takes place when dissolved

minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces

among the sediments.

Compaction and Cementation

Shale with Plant Fossils

Conglomerate

Rocks


Types of Rocks

• Metamorphic rock is

formed by the

alteration of pre-

existing rock within

the Earth’s crust

and upper mantle

by heat, pressure,

and/or chemically

active fluids.

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism means “to change

form.”

Conditions for formation are found a few

kilometers below the Earth’s surface and

extend into the upper mantle.

Most metamorphic changes occur at

elevated temperatures and pressures.

Origin of Pressure in

Metamorphism

Gneiss Typically Displays a

Banded Appearance

The Rock Cycle


Shows the

interrelationships

among the three

rock types (igneous,

sedimentary, and

metamorphic)

Bell Ringer

With your knowledge of minerals, rocks and the

rock cycle. Briefly describe what processes

occur for the following events to occur:

1. Sedimentary rocks to form from sediments.

2. Metamorphic rocks to form.

3. Igneous rocks to form.

4. Sedimentary rocks to become metamorphic

rocks.

Mechanical Weathering


Mechanical

weathering occurs

when physical

forces break rock

into smaller and

smaller pieces

without changing

the rock’s mineral

composition.



1. Frost wedging

• The mechanical breakup of rock caused by the

expansion of freezing water in cracks & crevices



2. Unloading

• Reduced pressure on igneous rock causes it to

expand and allows slabs of outer rock to break

off in layers in a process called exfoliation.



3. Biological activity • The activity of

organisms, including

plants (root

wedging), burrowing

animals, and

humans, can also

cause mechanical

weathering.



3. Biological activity

Chemical Weathering


Chemical weathering is the transformation

of rock into one or more new compounds.

• Chemical

weathering is most

effective in areas

with high

temperatures and

abundant moisture.

Chemical Weathering

Spheroidal Weathering

Differential Weathering


Differential weathering is caused by

variations in rock composition.

• Creates unusual

and spectacular

rock formations &

landforms

Rate of Weathering


Factors affecting the rate of weathering

are:

1. Rock characteristics

2. Climate

• Temperature and moisture of a climate are

the most crucial factors of weathering.

Characteristics of Soil


Soil is part of the

regolith (layer of

Earth that covers

most of Earth’s

surface) that

supports the

growth of plants.



Soil Composition

• Soil has four major

components:

1. mineral matter (broken-

down rock)

2. humus (the decayed

remains of organisms)

3. Water

4. Air.



Soil Texture

• Loam (a mixture of all three sizes) is best suited

for plant life.

• Texture refers to the proportions of different

particle sizes.

Sand (large size)

Silt

Clay (small size)



Soil Texture

Soil Formation


The most important factors in soil

formation are parent material, time,

climate, organisms, and slope.

Soil Formation

The Soil Profile


Soil varies in composition, texture, structure,

and color at different depths. Soil horizons

are zones or layers of soil. A soil profile is a

vertical section through all the soil horizons.

• The A horizon is commonly known as topsoil.

• The B horizon is subsoil and contains clay

particles washed out from the A horizon.

• The C horizon is between B horizon and

unaltered parent material.

Soil Profile

A Soil Profile Showing

Different Horizons

Soil Types


Three common types of soil are pedalfer,

pedocal, and laterite.

1. Pedalfer

• Best developed under forest vegetation

2. Pedocal

• Associated with drier grasslands

3. Laterite

• Hot, wet, tropical climates

Soil Erosion


• Human activities that remove natural vegetation,

such as farming, logging, and construction, have

greatly accelerated erosion.

Water erodes soil.

Rates of Erosion

Soil Erosion


• Planting rows of trees called windbreaks

Controlling Erosion

• Terracing hillsides

• Plowing along the contours of hills

• Rotating crops

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