Four Systems

of

Our

Earth

6th Sense Thursday February 12th

Q: Where do rocks come from?

Composition of Earth Earth Has 4 main systems that interact:

Earth’s systems

Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Geosphere

water life land/rockAir/gases

Composition of Earth Earth Has 4 main systems that interact:

The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere The Biosphere The Geosphere

The solid earth (rock) Continental earth, and solid earth (continental crust)

under water and the oceans (oceanic crust)

What are rocks made of?

Minerals are not made by people; they are …

…naturally occurring substances.

Name four properties (or clues) that scientists use to identify minerals.

Color, luster, streak, and hardness

Property of mineral: color The color of a rock can be a clue to what it

is made up of. Sometimes the color can help you figure out what it is, other times it can fool you.

Copper is reddish Sulfer is yellowish

Sometimes the color can help you figure out what it is, other times it can fool you.

WHICH ONE IS GOLD? WHICH ONE IS PYRITE, OR BETTER KNOWN AS FOOLS GOLD.

Did you guess? As you can see…

Color may be misleading. GOLD FOOLS GOLD

Which property means the way the light bounces off the mineral?

What words can be used to describe a mineral’s luster?

Glassy, dull, shiny, greasy

Property of mineral: streak

Streak is the color of the powdered mineral

Property of mineral: hardness

How tightly the atoms are bonded together in the rock…. How HARD or soft is the mineral?

What are three testers that can be used to determine a mineral’s hardness?

fingernail, penny, nail

TYPES OF ROCKSClassified by how they

Are formed.

IGNEOUS ROCKS(melted rock from inside

The Earth cools)

SEDIMENTARY(sediment collects in

Layers that form rocks)

METAMORPHIC(rocks form from

Pressure and temp)

EXTRUSIVEMelted rock cools

Melted rock that reachesThe surface is called lava.

INTRUSIVEMagma forced up but Doesn’t reach surface

Magma—melted rock that Doesn’t reach the earth.

Igneous Rocks

Igneous RocksAny rock that forms from magma or

lava

MAGMA--

LAVA—reaches Earth’s surface

Never reaches Earth’s surface

Origin of Igneous

Classified according to where they are found.

Extrusive rock— formed from lava that erupted onto the Earth’s surface. Fine grained. (ex. Basalt)

Intrusive rock— formed when magma hardens beneath the Earth’s surface. Coarse grained. (ex. Granite)

EXTRUSIVE ROCKS (lava) Extrusive Rocks Form 2 ways

Volcanoes erupt and shoot out lava and ash. Large cracks in Earth’s crust (fissures), can open

up. Lava oozes out onto ground or into water.

Sedimentary Rocks

Sediments form RockSediments form Rock

Form from particles deposited by water and wind.

Sediment—small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things.

Water, wind, and ice can carry sediment and deposit it in layers.

Examples of Sediment

Mud Pebbles Shells Bones Sand grains Leaves stems Living remainsOver time, any remains from living may slowly harden

and change into fossils trapped in the rock.

Sedimentary rocks form in 3 ways:

Detrital Rocks

Made up of grains of minerals or other rocks.

The weight of the sediments squeezes them into layers.

Sedimentary rocks form in 3 ways: Organic rocks— formed from fossils (the hard

parts of dead organisms like bones/ shells

Sedimentary rocks form in 3 ways:

Chemical Rocks

Seawater filled with minerals evaporates. As water evaporates, layers of minerals are left behind.

Types of Sedimentary Rock

Clastic (Detrital Rocks)Clastic (Detrital Rocks) Forms when rock fragments are squeezed

together. (ex. Sandstone)Organic RocksOrganic Rocks Forms where remains from plants/ animals

are deposited. (ex. Coal and limestone)Chemical RocksChemical Rocks Forms when minerals that are dissolved in a

solution crystallize.

The breaking down and wearing away of rocks is called…

The movement of sediments from one place to another is called…

Erosion Destructive forces break up and wear away

present rock. Heat, cold, rain, waves, grinding ice Running water or wind loosen and carry away

the fragments of rock.

Deposition

The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it.

The eroding water or wind slows and deposits the sediment. If carried by water, rock fragments and other

materials sink to the bottom of a lake or ocean.

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0604/es0604page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

Compaction

Its been moved away and now dropped. Heavy thick layers of sediment build up The weight presses down on the layers Compaction—process that presses

sediments together. Each year, new sediments fall creating new

layers. The layers are often visible

Cementation

The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together.

Where loose sediments become solid sedimentary rock Minerals dissolve in water and then seep into

spaces between sediment.

Review:Processes that change sediment into sedimentary rock

1. Erosion

2. Deposition

3. Compaction

4. Cementation

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/flash/es0602_p02_rockcycle.swf

Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks Heat and pressure deep in the Earth can

change any rock into a metamorphic rock. Heat from mantle Pressure due to depth. Minerals can change into

other minerals.

Classifying Metamorphic Rocks Arranged by the grains that make up the rocks. Foliated—grains arranged in parallel layers/ bands

(slate, schist, gneiss) Nonfoliated—Mineral grains are arranged

randomly (marble and quartzite)

The Rock Cycle

Rock Cycle

A series of processes on Earth’s surface and inside the planet that slowly change rocks from one kind into another.

Earths constructive and destructive forces (and plate tectonics) move rocks through the rock cycle.

Quiz: http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram2.html http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram.html

http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/rocks_general.htm

Rock Cycle SongRock Cycle Song (Sing to the tune of "Row, Row, Row Your

Boat")

SEDIMENTARY rock Has been formed in layers

Often found near water sources With fossils from decayers

Then there's IGNEOUS rock Here since Earth was born

Molten Lava, cooled and hardened That's how it is formed

These two types of rocks Can also be transformed

With pressure, heat and chemicals METAMORPHIC they'll become.

Memorize this!!!

Bibliography

http://www.emints.org/ethemes/resources/S00000504.shtml

http://www.emints.org/ethemes/resources/S00000299.shtml

http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/erosion_deposition.html

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/sedimentaryrocks/SedimentaryRocks.htm

REVIEW POINT Major Concepts

Identify and describe the 4 major systems that interact on Earth.

Explain how water might be involved in all 4 systems.

Explain how the Sun is important to life on Earth