earth science chapter 15 glaciers. chapter 15 glaciers i. what is a glacier? mass of moving ice...
TRANSCRIPT
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EARTH SCIENCE CHAPTER 15
GLACIERS
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GLACIERS
Chapter 15 GLACIERS
I. What is a Glacier? Mass of moving ice responsible for the most powerful
agents of erosion
Types of Glaciers Valley (alpine)
Continental (Greenland, Antarctica)
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TYPES OF GLACIERS
B. Valley glaciers (Alpine glaciers) Long, slow moving stream of ice
originating in the mountains. C. Ice sheets (Continental Glaciers) Originating at the poles and expanding in all directions Larger than valley or alpine glaciers.
FACT: ANTARCTICA HAS THE LARGEST CONTINENTAL ICE SHEET IN THE WORLD, 1 AND A HALF TIMES THE SIZE OF THE U.S. AND IN SOME PLACES 4,000 METERS DEEP
FACT: IF GREENLAND AND ANTARCTICA ICE SHEETS WHERE TO MELT THE SEA LEVEL WOULD RISE TO 60 METERS!
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SNOW LINE
Topic 3 The Snow line A. Definition
Where permanent snow occurs. More is produced than melts
B. Snowline versus latitude Lower at greater latitudes
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BIRTH
Topic 4 Birth of a Glacier A. Process
1. Firn (see Fig 11-4 on p. 174) Recrystalization of snow into rough grains
2. Snow to Firn to Glacial Ice
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ALPINE GLACIERS
Topic 5 Where Valley Glaciers Occur (Alpine Glaciers) A. Locations Where mountains have
elevations above snow line.
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CONTINENTAL GLACIERS
Topic 6 Where Ice Sheets (Continental Glaciers) Occur A. Location
Where snow line is close to sea level B. Ice caps
Small ones (Iceland and Islands in Arctic Ocean) C. Continental glaciers
Antarctic glacier (5 km thick and 1.5 m below sea level)
Greenland D. Nunnataks
Mountain peaks that project through ice
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MOVEMENT
II. Glacier MovementTopic 7 How Glaciers Move A. Process of movement 1. Weight pulls ice down 2. Melting aids lubrication B. Speed 1. Movement
From a few cm to 3000 cm /day Faster in the middle.
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CREVASSES
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HOW FAR?
Topic 8 How Far Glaciers Move A. Ice fronts - Where they end (can be below snow line) 1. Factors determining
Where ice melts as fast as it moves
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CALVING
B. Calving 1. Process
When glaciers hit sea, blocks break off
2. IcebergsWhat you get
3. Ice shelvesOccur over water where ice hasn’t broken
off yet
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TRANSPORT
Topic 9 Glaciers Transport Loose Rock A. Range of particle size
Fine powder to giant boulders
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MORAINESB. Moraines - deposited particles once glacier
recedes 1. Ground moraines - in glacier before
deposited 2. Lateral moraines - deposited on sides of
glaciers 3. Medial moraines -deposited on the sides of two converging glaciers, resulting between the two 4. End moraines - deposited at the ice front
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EROSION Topic 10 Glaciers Leave Their Mark A. Description and formation 1. Striations - long parallel
scratches 2. Roches moutonnees - sheep
rocks 3. Cirque - semicircular basins at
head of valley 4. Arête - knife edge ridge between
2 cirques 5. Horns - result of 3 or more cirque producing a pyramid shaped peak
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STRIATIONS
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HORN
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CIRQUE
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ARETE
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GLACIAL VALLEY
Topic 11 Recognizing Glacial Valleys A. Glacial troughs versus river valleys
1. U shaped vs. V shaped B. Hanging troughs and hanging trough
waterfalls SMALL ABANDONED GLACIAL VALLEY SUSPENDED
ON A MOUNTAIN ABOVE THE MAIN GLACIAL VALLEY.
WHAT NATURAL FEATURE DO YOU THINK WILL APPEAR WHEN A STREAM FLOWS FROM A HANGING VALLEY TO THE MAIN GLACIAL VALLEY?
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Topic 12 What Continental Glaciers DoA. Polished mountain tops versus
sharpened ones
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DEPOSITION
III. Deposits By GlaciersTopic 13 Deposition Occurs
Drift - all deposits of glaciers1. Till - unsorted and unstratified (inside
glacier)2. Outwash - sorted and stratified (left in
front of glacier)
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TILL
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OUTWASH PLAIN
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OUTWASH PLAIN
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DEPOSITION
Topic 14 Glaciers Leave MorainesA. Recessional and terminal moraines
- what’s left behind by a glacier and the deposit left by farthest advance.
B. Erratics - large transported boulders
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MORAINES
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MORAINE
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ERRATIC
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ERRATICS
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DRUMLINS
Topic 15 DrumlinsA. Formation and description - long
smooth canoe - shaped hills made of till produced when advancing glaciers have run over earlier glacial moraines
B. Examples - Southeastern Wisconsin, South of Lake Ontario, Boston, Massachusetts
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DRUMLINS
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DRUMLINS
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Topic 16 Outwash Plains and Eskers A. Outwash plains
Formation and description - broad flat areas in front of glaciers (usually prairies or farmland today)
B. Eskers Formation and description - long winding ridges
where material was deposited in tunnels within glacier
Examples - Maine and New York
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OUTWASH PLAIN
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ESKER
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ESKER
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Topic 17 Kames, Kettles, and Deltas A. Kames
1. Formation and description Small cone shaped hills of sand and gravel from
streams on top of glaciers B. Kettles
1. Formation and description Circular hollows on terminal moraines and outwash
plains formed from large blocks of ice settling out and melting
C. Deltas 1. Formation and description
When glacial streams empty into lakes
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KAMES
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OUTWASH PLAIN
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CIRQUE LAKES
Topic 18 Lakes Made by GlaciersA. Cirque lakes
1. Formation When water fills the rock-floored cirque left by
a glacier2. Examples
Lake Louise, British Columbia
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CIRQUE LAKE
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KETTLE LAKES
B. Kettle lakes1. Formation
Water from ice melt left behind in kettles2. Examples
Zillions of them in Minnesota and Wisconsin, not to mention the Great Lakes
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C. Moraine – dammed lakes1. Formation
River valleys blocked by glacial moraines2. Example
Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin
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ICE AGE
IV. The Ice Age (NOTE OBJECTIVES A – C ON PAGE 183)
Topic 19 How It Happened A. When it occurred - 1,000,000 years ago, we’re
still in it! B. Extent - Intersection of Ohio and Mississippi
rivers and as far east as NY C. North America’s 3 major centers
1. Labrador center - east 2. Keewatin - central 3. Cordilleran - west
D. Cyclical - Advanced and receded 4x’s; 11,000 years ago was last advance
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Topic 20 Ice Age EvidenceA. Limits tied to terminal moraines
Terminal moraines found from New Jersey through Pennsylvania, to Indiana and beyond.
Outwash plains are found beyond.
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Topic 21 Causes of Glacial Climates A. Four facts to consider
1. I million years ago, Ice Age began, including 4 major advances of the ice sheets.
2. Warm interglacial periods came between. 3. Other ice ages have occurred in the past 600
million years. 4. In last age, glaciers advanced and receded in
North and South hemispheres at the same time.
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B. Possible causes 1. Energy from sun changes. 2. Volcanic activity and dust in atmosphere. 3. During mountain building more land was above
snow line. (More land under ice, might change the climate)
4. Continents in older formations may have prevented hot and cold water currents from mixing.
5. Changes in earth’s tilt.
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