early voting: what works

7/27/2019 Early Voting: What Works

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/early-voting-what-works 1/44

b r e n n a n

c e n t e r

f o r j u s t i c e

early Voting:

What Works

D K

B C J at New York University School o Law



about the brennan center for justice

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w b w Am m q j . T C’ w g m g g mg m, m j m w C g g m. A g — , b w m, g, mm b — B C mg,mb g m b w g.

about the brennan center’s DeMocracY ProGraM

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about the author

Diana Kasdan State Restrictions on Voter Registration Drives, - Voting Law Changes: Election Update Curbing Filibuster Abuse. A B C’ Dm

Pgm, M. K’ w g , m, g. P jg B C, M. K w ACLU R Fm Pj w g g . A g Nw Y U S Lw Wg U, M. K Hb NG. G U S D C E D Nw Y.

acknowleDGeMents

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introdction 1

I. Defnitions and Metodolo 2

. D E I P Vg

. Mg

II. Te Benefts o Earl In Person Votin 5

. R S Vg Sm E D

. S L E D . Im P W Pm 6

. P C E 6

. G A Vg I V S 7

A W Ab C

III. Polic Recommendations or Earl In Person Votin 10

. Bg EIPV F w W B E D

. P W E Vg, Ig L W B E D

. S C Nmb Mmm D H E D EIPV P E H O S B H

. Aw C U B P Pb F

. Db E Vg P F Eqb

6. U P B D 6

7. E E Ab E Vg 7

IV. Conclsion 18

Endnotes 19



“We love early voting, we’re big early voting supporters here.” — Michelle Parker, assistant director of elections, ravis County,

exas (pop. 1,095,584)*

“I don’t know that we can do elections without early voting anymore. . . . I really can’t even begin to think o the disadvantages. From an administrative side, it’s

just amazing how much more eective it is.” — Karen Brinson, director of elections of ransylvania County,

North Carolina (pop. 32,849)

“I you’re a state that only does Election Day, you should be doing early voting.Te benets ar outweigh the limitations.”

— Judd Choate, director of elections for Colorado (pop. 5,18,582)

“It’s a whole lot more work or us, but it’s worth it because the people love it,” and it “makes Election Day a piece o cake.”

— Larry Loax, forer reistrar of voters for Clark County, Nevada (pop. 2,000,59)

“[E]very two years, we see more local counties increase the number o early voting locations available. We have seen more counties invest in early voting resources.Why would they increase their early voting resources, i they didn’t believe inwhat they were doing?”

— Wayne Pruett, HAVA coordinator,

ennessee Departent of State (pop. ,45,243)

* A b m State & County Quick Facts, U.S. C B, ://q..g/( O. , ).



EARLY VOING: WHA WORKS |

INTRODuCTION

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m. A m q m b ( b) m b g . A Am’ bm m m — m gg b w m — g g g - - m w m . A, g m m bm, g g , w — w m jbq b — gg w .

N g, g m m g g. I b m m m . A mj m m g. I g , g. U, . I

, b b g — b g g w . F , - g g N

C m w g, m- g g g, g b S b E D.

D w , gwg , g, b m b mm. T g. I b w w w g, w m ,

, m m, - w w w g.

Our research shows the key benefts o early in person voting are:

1. R g m E D;

2. S E D;3. Im w m;4. E g g m g; 5. G g .

Based on this research, we make the ollowing policy recommendations or early in person voting :

1. Bg g w w b E D;2. P w g, g w b E D;3. S mmm g

b ;

4. Aw b b ;5. Db g qb;6. U b ; 7. E b g.



| BRENNAN CENER FOR JUSICE

DEFINITIONS AND METhODOLOgy

1. Defnition o Earl In Person Votin

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M, w g ’ , b b, , m, b b. T, w , m m w b b. I , g m m g E D. I m w g, ( m) g g , m w w E D, b

m E D b.6 A, m , C C, w m g , g b m m.7

I.

Early Voting States

Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland,

Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, West

Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming




T w g m mb E D. A , m g (EIPV) m g q m b, m w g m b b bm

’ .

2. Metodolo

W m , g, wb j g g w . W w g

— g m , , gm — w m b , , g . T w g EIPV g . T w EIPV m

. T w m g b g . T m

A, F, Gg, N, Nw M, N C, , , U.

States With Highest Early In Person Voting Rates

Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah




W w w m m g m m EIPV. A m m — C, Gg, I, N, Nw M, N C, , , U — w q. W w b g

EIPV, b b gg w EIPV. W w b w-b w EIPV w. W w m b, m-z bb, m , w w g m . W b mmg EIPV q m. W , w w w w bm m w. W w m w m, w

mm. W m m m w, w g .




ThE BENEFITS OF EARLy IN PERSON VOTINg

O - b EIPV . Y, m

— ’ - g--- —

w EIPV b . T m m b b . I, EIPV m m b m .

T w, g , EIPV m : ) g

g m E D; ) g g E D; ) mg w m; ) wg g g m g; ) g g g . E w w wmg b.

1. Redced Stress on te Votin Sstem on Election Da

EIPV m m b -m m -m w. Ag w, EIPV “m” “” m b E D, “ .”6 F m, MD, Mbg C, N C,

g E D “ g ” b EIPV.7 A P B, m D C, U, g mg “ m m ” E D b m “ b ” b EIPV.

T b b gm . F b m M . “M b g g bg m mg m b E D, w g mb w ,” .

2. Sorter Lines on Election Da

A b g g E D. E q m, g g EIPV E D. L

Lm, w g C C, N, m ( w P Cmm E Am), b w: “E , E D gm . P w m ’ m. B g ED, w b bm.”

II.



6 | BRENNAN CENER FOR JUSICE

Sm : W m w w,m , bg, wg , b. Hw, g g EIPV b b. F B C, Nw M(w Abqq), C C Mgg O w m

j w m U Nw M g w m g g EIPV w m, E D w 6 m.

3. Improved Poll Worker Perormance

Img w m g EIPV. S g w w g b , w m m m g g m E D. S m “ m mb m b w ,”

M P, C, . S w “ E D g .” T

b w.6

I m g g, “A m” g mg g w . F m, E P, C, DMV m

w g g . P --jb g w . T g, mg, m g m b w, g .7

4. Prevention and Correction o Errors

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b g b. I’ j E D.”

A g g m m b g m, -

m, - mgm, w m m m g m mj g E D.



EARLY VOING: WHA WORKS | 7

Early In Person Voting as a Percentage of Total TurnoutState 2004 2008 2012

A . .6 .

F .7 . .

Gg .7 . .†

N .7 7. 6.

Nw M .7 . .

N C 7.6 . 6.

. 7. 6.6

7.7 6.6 6.†

U N/A ( 6) .7 .Nationwide: 8.4 13.0 14.0†

Table 1: T b g g , , -mg EIPV w. A b g (†) b U.S. E ACmm , , E Am Vg S. T w EIPV g b m Vg Rg Sm C P S. T g Gg b b b S S . F gg , .

5. greater Access to Votin and Increased Voter Satisaction

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g. “[V] w m… [] mg m .” G m

b, w g m .

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’ g g m m g , M P, C, , mm m: “[E g] g m g . T m , m b, w

g g.”

T EIPV qb w . m

g g EIPV g E D. Ag U.S. E ACmm, bw , EIPV gw b -, . A m wg w g g g , . I m g, gw EIPV b m m. I N, N C, , , mj

EIPV b .




Nb, mg gwg g g, bmg m. U , w .6 M m , mm g.7 F m, b , b S, m

w, .

Nw b gwg g m g. Bw , S w EIPV g , b g .

T g gg EIPV g m . T , w, EIPV, b NC, g m .

A Word Abot Costs

T g . E w b w EIPV . F m

w w g EIPV m, w w m j . N w m m b m g EIPV.

T b EIPV - w g

m g E D g . F m, C C L Lm : “I’ m m b mb w w . O g g b, , E D b - .”

Hw, w gg mmg EIPV m b q- bg m. T

mz m b b g EIPV, g E D.

Nb, w g EIPV mg . F, Mgg O B C, Nw M, w EIPV “ ’ m,” “[g] g g

b” mmz b , g , E D “b.” K C. Sz, MH C, I,

EIPV , g. Y, b w EIPV, mm “[] g, .”




IMPACT OF EIPV REDuCTIONS ON MINORITy VOTERS

T g g b EIPV w m F . F , b g m g w. T

g w m S b E D

g “S P” . I ,

F’ g b g,

g S.6 C b m mg

g b m , Dm J

g, g m b B C, g

b m F w Vg Rg A q

g w g w m.7 A

jg g, g, “ m m g

b A-Am w m m m

m m b w.” I b

, mg w’ m b gg mmm

wb () b g. Hw, F’ 6

— b b ’ — m w 6

.

T F

. Pm - m q EIPV . A b P P G

R Cg C Sw MI EIPV

m , b w m EIPV w . A,

g m w S

g — “S P” , w w m

— bg g.

A m F w w w E

D, w g w g . O m

, gb b b g . F’

g bm, m w mm m g EIPV, w ,

w z, F wm m g wb

EIPV .




POLICy RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EARLy IN PERSON VOTINg

F g mmz EIPV’ b, j

mmg EIPV b . O m b g b g g . I ,EIPV m b m b E D b g. A zb EIPV m m m b b g mgm g (m g

g m) g g . T, mg mm w mm w, , w g EIPV , w g g w .

B w, w g mm wm m mg g . T mm b

mb , g: mm g qm w g g EIPV, mg w w w b EIPV,6 g w m g g . Nb, mm bw w m :) b , g, w g mj w g EIPV ) w — g

g g EIPV — wmg mg g m EIPV.

III.




Recent Changes in EIPV Laws

FLORIDA: A , F g g g g w b (w b m , b w m ). I g w m m g , g -b .

GEORGIA: E g, “ g” Gg, bg w b E D.T m mg w g EIPV m m w w g. T mmm g w g “g b ,”

w m .

NEVADA: W N w g b g EIPV, q , b m g EIPV . Sw, b g.

NORH CAROLINA: I , N C w w EIPV. I , N C g w m g g w b . T g . T mmm g w g “g b ,” w m .

UAH: T EIPV g w b E D, b w w bg j b F b E D. U m w

g , w, , m m.

Laws in States with the Highest EIPV Rates, as of 2012

EIPV Laws Arkansas Florida Georgia Nevada NewMexico

NorthCarolina

Tennessee Texas Utah

M bg EIPV

w w bE D

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

M wg

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

S mmm w w

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Aw b b g

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

S q b EIPV

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

C m b g EIPV

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

M b EIPV

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Table 2: T w gg EIPV w b ’ qm g . I m , , , m . A, mmmqm w. A , w, mm m m b w. T w g w b g . R g w ( ) b gg gg bw.




1. Bein EIPV a Fll Two Weeks Beore Election Da

C, w g w g bg bw w w b E D g .7 A w g EIPV b

w g b , w F, w g . B , g g m m b

g g. g m wb E D (m w m w b g b , b EIPV) g-g g .6 I q w w EIPV b — K, Om, L — EIPV w w bw w g EIPV ( m) b , bw EIPV ( ).6

Ag w — wm mm EIPV bgg w w b g — w mmm

gg m b b b. T m w b, g m m w EIPV m

b. M P, C, , : “I ’ mg g [ g] m . I ’ b g, w w w w. I’ mg bg g…. Mg w b bg b w w w m wg.”6 Lw, S G, N’ , b w-w m: “[] w w E D, gg j bg . I m

b g m E D, w bgg .”6

C, F’ b, w EIPV m w w , w g

g w w w .

2. Provide Weekend Earl Votin, Incldin te Last Weekend Beore Election Da

W g m m mgb b EIPV. I g EIPV b wg w g w w , mg w w E D b w g. I, m j, w g , w

b E D bgg EIPV .

N g, mj w g q m w g w g.6 I g w g EIPV , m w g.6 I , S b E D m EIPV.66 Nb, w

g w j w w, w qb w.




Ag w w , w w mm EIPV , g mj — , S EIPV g .67 F m, g b b Mbg C, N C, , w g w 7, , b

, m S. F S g, w m , — g g 7 g. A m .6 A F , S b E D w g EIPV ’ m .6

P m w g q b w g g. I Nw M, w q g w S g, B

C g , g g.7 T m S g mg Nw M S m g .7

3. Set a Consistent Nmber o Minimm Dail hors or Eac Da o EIPV and

Provide Extended hors Otside Standard Bsiness hors

E g EIPV, m , EIPV b mmzg g g -b .

S w g mg mmm EIPV b

b . A m w g, j, q g m g b g j .7 I , w w g,

mg w g EIPV w . A mmm g m

z j m g b mmm.7 I w , A N, mmm : .m. 6: .m., m bg bgg b .7

T mb EIPV g b EIPV g. Ag , w m g EIPV, Nw M, , ,

EIPV g m mmm.7 I Mgm C, (. ,6), m, g m : .m. 6: .m.,

w b - mmm b w.76 I B, Nw M (. 67,6), EIPV g .77 T - m g m g . A C, (. ,,, w

, A), g “mg ” : .m., w b q - .7 I bg , w mm w m mg g , g g m w , mm m. 7




R w m g EIPV g . A EIPV 7 Gg “[]g g … b m - m bg .” T m g Gg w g w b

, “Ag g / w mg w , , .”

4. Allow Conties to use Bot Private and Pblic Facilities

B g “ ” — g g — m m , b m q g, , . E b

w b m b . A m g ’ . Nb, m w g

m , m , - b g.

I , m w EIPV, g m w g EIPV , m g g , b b .

M m b g g . C-wb, , mm w mm g mg w. W I m m w g , w w -gm w b g . P m, g , mm , , . D B, m

g W C, N, EIPV “

m g w w mm g .”6

E w w m gm bg, m m w . I U, w g m b gm “ m . . . gm bg b ”

m .7 T q. U D E M Tm

m m ’ g bg. O g EIPV g wg q g. B N C, m b g g g . N qm g m g g w b

, . N, bg m b mm g mb g m. I Mbg C,N C, m — w EIPV g — g M m bg m w b .




I w g EIPV , F’ gm b g , q. O ’ , -g m b ’ , , m b b w b g . C

w m m.

W m F’ w z m, g g m, g bEIPV , wg g g, , m , .

5. Distribte Earl Votin Places Fairl and Eqitabl

F qb g m EIPV, j

E D. A b m w g m, , . F, w w g EIPV —

m w m q EIPV — gg m m EIPV g.

A w g , m w b b

g .6 I , w w g EIPV m b mb g , w b b w , b. Gg, Nw M, m mmm mb g b .7 Nw M qg qb b g b m. W F N C m -b mmm mb EIPV ,

w qg qb b . A U q g

m , S L (w ’), b b b .

N g, mb m g w. F Nw M, w , m m b

g b ’ . A b , w bw , , m b g “mm ” b , w m ,m b g b . A Gg, w m , m m “ b ” b g .

D b , w mm mg mb m g , m g mmm. T j , qbgg b w , g g- .

T m EIPV .




W C, N, g m b g qbb. T g, D B, m g , “ m m m m g .” E w EIPV g mj , b b b , b , q

, m g.

6. update Poll Books Dail

D g b mg w g g mm. F, w b b g , m w g m - b j , , b E D. S, w -m

mm b g , b. Ab m g, b

b m g g E D b E D. Ag b bm w ( g g ), m .

P m g, b m , g w q g w b. J g g qm g m b g , g m w b m E D.6 A w — C, F, I, M, , , W Vg — m g b g w b

w g b.7 Amg w g EIPV , w,

w w q g m g b g g. W w w mg , w b bm, w m b m w g , ,

g EIPV .

I , w w m g g EIPV.Ug b m g w w g b, m m. E wmg g g mgm b,

E D, m g g m.

S, m g. N, g , w g, m w . O w m m “” m “m .” D q bm, mmzg g gm m m b m w b. A g

m m g mm .




7. Edcate te Electorate Abot Earl Votin

S w b bEIPV . T w w g. F, g m

m w w m g w m . S, g w w, m ,

EIPV g b w bzg b g g b mm.

Ab g w qg m m b m g ( m g b qm). N g,m w g EIPV — — b qm.Lw Gg, N, Nw M, , , U q

w EIPV . S, w mg w . I Gg, m, b “b,” w b 7 () g b E D (). A

m b. I w g mg EIPV , F N C, m bm EIPV . W w q

, b b bg EIPV .

I g, w, m qm g g q . Iw m , m , b

m. F m, , B C, Nw M, b g mb w g , m w

m, g .6 I C, , w m mg gg g, g ggg m m w b .7 Am b b

g EIPV. I gg EIPV, mz m g bw g ED m.

A EIPV Gg , g, g m b, g g . Amg m w

w, , m, b bb g, b, gb g. Sm m w mm b

b w.




CONCLuSION

E g b mm g Am

b b g . I w gwg b , m

w w w, m m b b m. EIPV b b w. S w EIPV w b mm . Hw, m EIPV gm mm. T w g , , gb z b

w b. A, w m m m b m mgg w, w g g, g bm b E D.

IV.




ENDNOTES

Voting Laws Roundup, Brennan Center for Justice (Ag. , ), ://www.b.g//--g-w-. O , w bm w. T M G Amb b g J , . E Lw — Img A Vg, M. Lw C. 7, . , § -

. (). F w g g . H.B. 7, Lg., Rg. S. (F. ).T Nw J Lg b w b g , b w b GC. S.B. 6, Lg., S., (N.J. ); J P, Christie vetoes early voting bill, angering Democrats ,NJ.co, M , , ://www.j.m//.///___g_b.m.

I b g, b w m . B Nb N C g g g . Voting Laws Roundup, supra .

See D Z, North Carolina’s Governor Signs Sweeping Voter ID Bill Into Law , LA ies, Ag. , , ://.m.m//g///-------w-.

A, Az, A, C, C, D.C., F, Gg, Hw, I, I, I, Iw, K,L, M, M, M, Nb, N, Nw M, N C, N D, O,Om, S D, , , U, Vm, W Vg, W, Wmg. See Alaska Stat. §..6; Ari. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 6-(E); Ark. Code Ann. § 7--; Cal. Elec. Code §§ 7, ; Colo.Rev. Stat. Ann. § --; D.C. Mun. Res. . § 7; Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67; Ga. Code Ann. § --()(); Ha. Rev. Stat. §§ -, -7; Idaho Code Ann. § -6; Ill. Cop. Stat. Ann. § /A-; Ind. Code

Ann. § ---6; Ioa Code Ann. § .; Kan. Stat. Ann. § -; La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § :; Me. Rev.Stat. Ann. . 21A § 7-B; Md. Code Ann. Elec. La § -.; Mont. Code Ann. § --; Ne. Rev. Stat.

Ann. § -(); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § .6; N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-7.; N.D.Cent. Code § 6.-7-; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § .; Okla. Stat. Ann. . 2 § -.(A); S.D. CodifiedLas § --.; enn. Code Ann. § -6-; ex. Elec. Code Ann. § .; Utah Code Ann. § A--6;Vt. Stat. Ann. . 1 § 7; W. Va. Code § --; Wis. Stat. Ann. §§ 6.6, 6.7; Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ --,--. Og Wg mg w g g — g E D — . A b m. Og b m, Wg g.See U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, 2012 Statutory Overvie 10, 28-30 (), available at ://www..g///Dm/EAC_SOwR_FINAL-..

See Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. . 21A § 7-B. I 7 , M m w gm g m w b g m m E D, g b b. See Dep’t of Sec’y of State, Me., Report on the Nov. 2009 Pilot Prora for Early Votin (), available at ://www.m.g////_/g.. Lw, O,S D, Vm, Wmg, ’ - b g bm b b ’ . See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ .,.; S.D. Codified Las §§ --, --.; Vt. Stat. Ann. . 1 § 7; Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ --, --, --; see also Voting Early in Person, Elections & Voting , Ohio Sec’y of State, ://www..../SOS//V/b/. ( O. 7, ); Voting by Early or Absentee Ballot , Elections , Vt. Sec’y of State, ://m-.g//b_w.m ( O. 7, ); Absentee Voting Ino.,Elections , Wyo. Sec’y of State, ://w..w./E/AbVg. ( O. 7, ).

6 C, w z g m D Cmb.See Alaska Stat. § ..6; Ari. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 6-(E); Ark. Code Ann. § 7--; Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann.§ --; D.C. Mun. Res. . § 7; Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67; Ga. Code Ann. § --()(); Ha. Rev.Stat. §§ -, -7; Idaho Code Ann. § -6; Ill. Cop. Stat. Ann. § /A-; Ioa Code Ann. § .;Kan. Stat. Ann. § -; Md. Code Ann. Elec. La § -.; Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § .6; N.M. Stat.

Ann. § -6-.7; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-7.; N.D. Cent. Code § 6.-7-; Okla. Stat. Ann. . 2 § -.(A);enn. Code Ann. § -6-; ex. Elec. Code Ann. § .; Utah Code Ann. § A--6; W. Va. Code § --.

A w q g , w w




b m , q m g . See Nathan Ceenska, Jan E.Leihley, Jonathan Naler, Daniel P. okai, Report on the 192-2008 Early and Asentee Votin Dataset () available at www.w.g/F/wwwwg/I/MVW/N-P_Lw_7-..

7

I , m, .% b C 7.% b C w b b m ( g UOCAVA ), w .% C b .7% C b w . See U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, 2012 Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, b B C b M Vg -6 (), available at ://www..g///Pg/-%EAC%VS_Cm. and U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, 2012 Election Adinistration and VotinSurvey, C b B C b M Vg () ( w ).

Ag, m g m g b m b m .

See supra .

T b b E A Cmm. See U.S. Election AssistanceCo’n, 2008 Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, b A B C B M Vg -

(), available at ://www..g///Dm/%E%Am%%Vg%S%EAVS%R.. W m b m g m , b b m bw b w b b.

Ag E A Cmm, g g , % b w . See id . I , E A Cmm g g , g w %. See U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, supra 7. Hw, EIPV EIPV g m Gg (w ) b EIPV w.Gg w mg w g EIPV . I Gg, g b (,7,), .% w “ ” (,76,6). See Brian P. Kep, GA.Sec’y of State, 2012 Official Election Results, President of the United States Suary y Vote ype, ://...m/GA/77///.m?= ( O. 7, ) (g

w b ). I , S S b b w, b b mb w g mb g .

A g b (,6,) m , 6.% w (,,6). See John Steen, ex. Sec’y of State, 2012 General Election, President/ Vice-President op of icket 2012 CanvassReport, Votes for President, ://..../. ( O. 7, ) (q “ GE” q “ G E” “C b C C R”, “P/V-P” “” b , g H, D, ,B, , C, E P, D, F B, Hg, Mgm, Wm, N, G, Cm )and John Steen, ex. Sec’y of State, Noveer , 2012 Early Votin Cuulative otals, ://www....//g//.m ( O. 7, ) (g ,,6 “Cm I-PV H, D, , B, , C, E P, D, F B, Hg, Mgm, Wm,N, G, Cm).W m m , g m bw . C Sw D Sw “ [ EAC], b m Vg Rg Sm C P S, b

[w ] % . T [bw w ]. . . m w - g (b Gg) mbg g w b .”Charles Steart III and Daron Sha, Lessons Fro the 2012 Election Adinistration and Votin Survey (), available at ://www..g////C-Sw-EAVS-W-P-Sw--Sw. (g m C C P S Vg Rg Sm). A,m wg w g g EIPV — %— g . See Early Voting in the 2012 General Election , Pe Charitale rusts (Ag. 6, ),

www.w.g///-g----g--6 (g S Pm Am E D); see also R. M Az, I L & J. Aw S, Making Voting




Easier: Convenience Voting in the 2008 Election, 6 Pol. Res. Q. , () (g S Pm Am E D).

U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, 2008 Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, supra (g EIPV g w: A. (.6%), F. (.%), G. (.%), N. (7.%), N.M. (.%), N.C. (.%),

. (7.%), . (6.6%), U (.7%)). E g g EIPV g .See U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, supra (g EIPV g w: A. (.%), F. (.%), N. (6.%); N.M. (.%), N.C. (6.%), . (6.6%),U (.%)). See also supra (g G. (.%) . (6.%)).

Iw w w E P C, C. (. 6,6); DKb C, G. (.77,); C C, I. (. ,,); MH C, I. (. ,); Mbg C, N.C. (.6,); C, N.C. (. ,); W C, N.C. (. ,6); C C, N. (.,,7); W C, N. (. ,); B C, N.M. (. 67,6); Mgm C, .(. ,6); C, . (. ,,); D C, U (. ,); S L C, U(. ,6,). See State & County Quick Facts , U.S. Census Bureau, ://q..g/ ( O. ,) ( m). O j, w g m : DKbC, G. (.6% b); C C, I. (.% b); Mbg C, N.C. (.% b); W C,N.C. (.% b); C C, N. (.% H); B C, N.M (.% H); C,

. (.% H). Id .

S g g m m bw mm g : , w g mm m. See, e.g., P G, E G-Rbm,P A. M, & D , Convenience Voting , Ann. Rev. Pol. Sci. 7, 6 (), available at ://../~g//G-C_Vg. (g g ,g g, m b “mg w ”). Bm g , b, b w g mg m m, b g m . Id. ; see also J D.Gmm & B J. B, Reducing the Costs o Participation: Are States Getting a Return on Early Voting? 6 Pol. Res. Q., - () (g g g mm g w g bq ); Jan E. Leihley Jonathan Naler, he Effects of Non-Precinct Votin Refors onurnout, 192-2008 (), available at ://www.w.g/F/wwwwg/

I/MVW/N-P_Lw_7-. (g .% - g m). T, D.C. D C g m m g , “ . . . - g .” Florida v. United States , F. S. , 7 (D.D.C. ). I , w g g — w m m Sm D Rg— . B C. B, D . C, K R. M, & D P. M, Election Laws,

Mobilization, and urnout: Te Unanticipated Consequences o Election Reorm, A. J. Pol. Sci. (). Hw, b g gb, z m EIPV .

, m b b EIPV. A EAC m m b m. U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, Alternative VotinMethods 9 (), available at ://www..g///ww_gg/Pg/.PDF (g g g “g g g q bm

E D”). A, g Gg g m m, b m . M.V.H III & C S. B III, An Examination o Eorts to Encourage the Incidence o Early In-Person Voting in Georgia,

2008 , Election L. J. , () (“W m m w - g m m — — w m - g Gg m — m.”). I , W gg b m w mmg EIPV. See Barry C. Burden,David . Canon, Kenneth R. Mayer, Donald P. Moynihan, he Effects and Costs of Early Votin, ElectionDay Reistration, and Sae Day Reistration in the 2008 Elections (), available at ://m.w.




/w.. T g, w, m w , , w w “--b g,” EIPV m. Id . 7-.

6 Iw w J C, D. E, H R, D D. E, & V S, SCOREMg, C. D’ S (Fb. 7, ) (g g ’ jb E D); Iw

w R . Bgm, E. D., I. S B. E (Fb. , ) (g m g w b g g m E D );Iw w S G, D S’ E, & J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S (M., ) (g g , b w b mg w w w m E D); Iw w L Lm, Fm Rg V, C C., N. (M. 7, ) (g g “ m bm E D, m gg w”); Iw w G B, Fm E. D., J MC, FmD D., & Gg MC, E S, S B. E, N.C. (Fb. , ) (g g m E D m , , m); Iw w M D, D. E, Mbg C. B. E, N.C. (Fb. 6, ) (g E D , g g w g ); Iw w K B, D. E, C. B. E, N.C. (M. , ) (“I ’ bg g [ g]. Fm m , ’ j mzg w m m .”); Iw w PB, Fm E D., D C., U (M. , ) (“E g j m E D ,

.”); Iw w V Km, Mgm C. Am’ E, . (A. , )(g g b E D).

7 Iw w M D, D. E, Mbg C. B. E, N.C. (Fb. 6, ).

Iw w P B, Fm E D., D C., U (M. , ).

See Nat’l Ass’n of Secretaries of State, Priority Election Issues for Secretaries of State: Suary of NASSElection Adinistration Roundtale (), available ://www..g/.?=m_& w=&=6&Im=6..

Lg g EIPV . D m S Pm Am E C Cg E S w w g w m g g g E D. T w m P C Sw’ w m m

. Charles Steart III, Waitin to Vote in 2012 (), available at ://..m//.m?b_=6. Hw, m w mg g g “m” . Id. . A Sw , “ b w g ….[] m wg .” Id .

Iw w L Lm, Fm Rg V, C C., N. (M. 7, ). T w j g g EIPV E D w w . See Iw w R . Bgm, E. D., I. S B. E (Fb. . ) (g g g b w ); Iw w J K, D. E, G Wbg, Mg V S., C C., I. (M. , ) (g w g g g w m b E D); Iw w G B, Fm E. D., JMC, Fm D D., & Gg MC, E S, S B. E, N.C. (Fb. , )(g w w g b w b b E D).

Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M. , ). E

g g g m. See Iw w K B,D. E, C. B. E, N.C. (M. , ) (g g w m w m); Iw w P B, Fm E D., D C., U (M. , ) (g g g g w - m).




Lonna Rae Atkeson, Alex Adas, Lisa Bryant, Assessin Electoral Perforance in Ne Mexico Usin An Ecosyste Approach 104-105 (), available at ://.m./mm/m/-//BCFR..

F m, P B g g w, “m

w b E D.” Iw w P B, Fm E D., DC., U (M. , ); see also, Iw w L Lm, Fm Rg V, C C., N. (M. 7,); Iw w J C, D. E, H R, D D. O E, & V S, SCOREMg, C. D’ S (Fb. 7, ) (g w g g g g g E D); Iw w K B, D. E, C. B. E, N.C. (M. , )(g b g m m m g g).

Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ).

6 Iw w G B, Fm E. D., J MC, Fm D D., & Gg MC, ES, S B. E, N.C. (Fb. , ) (“T w b w

w b. T b m . L , bm”).

7 Iw w Lz O, Mg, & W Wm, C & R, E P C., C. (Fb. 7, ). I E

P g m b C C R’ O b m . Id.; see also Te Ofce o the Clerk & Recorder , El Paso Cnty., Colo., ://..m/Pg/. ( O. , ). W gm w b b , m m g mmz b .

Iw w G B, Fm E. D., J MC, Fm D D., & Gg MC, ES, S B. E, N.C. (Fb. , ) (“I m m…. T w m g b w bm, w bm, m”). Iw w L Lm, Fm Rg V, C C., N. (M. 7, ) (g g m E D b “ w g g ’ bm w g ., m ”).

Iw w Rm Bzz, B. E D., W C., N.C. (M. , ); see also, Iw w WP, HAVA C, . D’ S (M. , ) (g m m “ m

g, E D”).

H G, Voter Satisaction, in Deocracy Index Conference Materials, P IV .. (7), available at ://../~g//Dm%I%C%m..

See, e.g., Iw w S G, D S’ E & J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S(M. , ) (g g “b” w “ b b ”);Iw w V Km, Mgm C. Am’ E, . (A. , ) (g g w m w m b ); Iw w P B, Fm E D., D C., U(M. , ) ( g w “ ”); Iw w Mgg O, C. C,B C., N.M. (M. , ) (g g w w w w mm); Iw

w M Tm, D. E, U (Fb. , ) (g g w “ w w m” b w).

Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ).

Compare U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, 2008 Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, supra 10, (g % b w b g ) with U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, A Suary of 2004 Election Day Survey 6 (), available ://www..g///AMg/%EAVS%E%Smm. (g .% b w b g ).EIPV w - . See, e.g., U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, 2010Election Adinistration and Votin Survey 1 (), available at ://www..g///Dm/-_EAC_EAVS__. (g .% b w b g mm ).




See Early Voting in the 2012 General Election, Pe Charitale rusts, supra (g S Pm Am E D); see also Az ., supra (g S Pm AmE D).

See U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, 2008 Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, supra ; see also

Az ., supra (g w % g ). Ag b EAC , , g % EIPV g. See supra .

6 See, e.g., G, ., supra , (“E mg w g g w ‘, m---, g , Rb.’” ( m)).

7 See Az ., supra , ; see also Russell Weaver and Sonia Gill, Layer’s Coittee for Civil RihtsUnder La, Early Votin Patterns y Race in Cuyahua County Ohio: a Statistical Analysis of the 2008General Election (), available at ://www.wmm.g/m//m//EVg_Cg_R. (g “A Am m z EIP g m 6.6 m g w ”). I w g w mm b “gm-g” m b EIPV, g m . See, e.g., Florida v. United

States , F. S. 7, 6 (g E R P. G) (“T A-Am g - g - m g: A-Am g F w g , w.”)

Paul Gronke Charles Steart, Early Voting in Florida 6-7 (), available at ://..m//.

m?b_=7 (g C Cg E S ).

Id. (“A Am g - g S wm . . . . D m CCES w A Am g [] - g S g , mb m .”); see also Florida v. United States , F. S. 6 (g g EIPV b b g “ b gg ‘w g [] [] ’” g EIPV b b “‘ g m, g g w ’”) (qg P. G (b g)).

Iw w L Lm, Fm Rg V, C C., N. (M. 7, ). T w m D E C, N C: “O, g

w’ g 6% m [ EIPV ], w gg g bg b. I w g m, w g m E D.” Iw w K B, D. E, C. B. E, N.C. (M. , ).

M D, Mbg C, w b 6, g , b w: “I w , g E D w w. A m m, E D . Um, [B E] b m . I g — m .” Iw w M D, D. E, Mbg C. B. E, N.C. (Fb. 6, ).

Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M. , ). I , Nw M

w EIPV b b w b g E D. I w m g E D g w b.Iw w Bbb S, B E D., N.M. S’ S (A. , ).

Iw w K C. Sz, C. C, MH C., I. (M. , ). Sm, N g g “q m ” “ b b ED.” Iw w S G, D S’ E & J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S (M., ).




M C. H D A. Sm, Souls to the Polls: Early Voting in Florida in the Shadow o House Bill 1355, Election L. J. () ,, 6 (g “gg ” mbz zg F wg b “m F G E, [b] S g”).

S, w g H.B. , F ’ b mb g ,g, m mmm mmm w j m . A mb q g b w m 6 . Id. . See also H.B. , F. Lw . , § () ( m Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67). Tw g w m bw m g g g b w g .

6 Fla. Stat. Ann.§ .67 (gg g m b ).

7 P Sm C’ g Shelby County v. Holder , S. C. 6 (), S Vg Rg A q j g m (“”) b gm b mm. T j U S bj w m b m S Vg Rg A,

m b m b Sm C. Id.; see also Te Voting Rights Act: A Resource Page, BrennanCenter for Justice (S. , ), ://www.b.g//g-g---g.

Florida v. United States , F. S. 7. B g m w b b g, “F b g [g g] w m m b — g w —

A-Am ’ .” Id. .

Id. 7.

See W R,Court: Some Florida Early-Voting Plans Undermine Minority Voting , he Christian Science Monitor, Ag. 7, , ://www.m.m/USA/J//7/C-Sm-F--g--m-m-g (bg m m w gg g mg 6 ).

G & Sw, Early Voting in Florida, supra , 6. G Sw b b w m z g, w “ , , g m b Arican Americans j w b A Am.” Id. - (m g). B F’ g w m, wm g g , w b . Id. , -6.

Id . . A b P H Sm mb m EIPV m , g g b . See M C. H & D A. Sm, Early Voting In Florida in the Shadow o House Bill 1355 -, 7, - (A. , ) (b wg ), available at ://www.m./~/HSmFE. (g g m b m b b g b m; w, b b g “ ”b b b j b g ).

See, e.g., G & Sw, Early Voting in Florida, supra , . (g “ E D g ”).

S Pw & D Dm, Analysis: 201,000 in Florida didn’t vote because o long lines , Orlando Sentinel, J., , ://..m/--/b/---w-__g------z (g P T A O S U).




, F. S. Lw S. C. -7, . , § .67()(). T b w Fb . H.B.7, Lg., Rg. S. (F. ). See also Lz Az, Florida Lawmakers Approve Overhaul o State’s Problem-Ridden Voting Process, N.Y. ies, M 3, 2013, ://www.m.m/////-wm-----bm--g-.m.

6

T w w g EIPV: Gg, N, Nw M, N C, , , U. W w m C I. See supra I. (Mg).

7 A, A, C, Gg, Hw, I, I, N, Nw M, N D, , ,U, W Vg, W. T g , m b m , m m . See Alaska Stat. § ..6() (EIPV bg b E D); Ark. Code Ann. § 7--()() (EIPV bg b M b E D); Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § -- (EIPV bg b F bE D); Ga. Code Ann. § --()() (EIPV bg M b F bE D); Ha. Rev. Stat. § -7(b) (EIPV bg w b E D); Idaho Code §– ( EIPV, bg M b F b E D); Ill. Cop. Stat. Ann. § /A-() (EIPV bg b bE D); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § .6() (EIPV bg S b F

b E D); N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7(A) (EIPV bg S b S b E D); N.D. Cent. Code § 6.-7-()() (EIPV bg b E D);enn. Code Ann. § -6-()() (EIPV bg b b E D); ex. Elec. Code

Ann. § . (EIPV bg 7 b b E D); Utah Code Ann. § A--6()(EIPV bg b F b E D); W. Va. Code § --() (EIPV bg b b E D); Wis. Stat. Ann. § 6.6(b) ( b bm b m m M b F b E D); see also, Absentee Voting , Gov’t

Accountaility Bd., State of Wis., ://gb.w.g/-g//b ( O. , )(g b g w w ). Ag F w w g , g , w g . Hw, g, F w g g w b .Compare Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67()() () with F. S. Lw S. C. -7, . , § .67()().Mw, g N C m N C w g w

w g, g b . H.B. , Lg. S. (N.C. ).

See supra 7; see also supra -6, (bg g F’ wb g m g ).

Az, C, I, Iw, M, M, Nb, O, S D, Vm Wmg. See Ari. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 6-(C) (b b b 6 b ); Cal. Elec. Code § ( b b bw 7 ); Ind. Code Ann. § ---6() (b g b ); Ioa Code Ann. § . (b g m b ); Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. . 21A § 7-B ( b g bg ); Mont. Code Ann. § --()() (b b b g ); 2013 Nb. Lw L.B 7, . , § - (mg Ne. Rev. Stat. Ann. § - EIPV m b m ); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § .(B)() (b g ); S.D. Codified Las § --. (m b b b “m”b ); Vt. Stat. Ann. . 1 § 7 (S S m m b b b

b ); Absentee Voting Inormation, Wyo. Sec’y of State, ://w..w./E/AbVg. ( O. , ) ( b g bg b ).

6 Ag EAC , m b w b.F w w g, g b ( g UOCAVA ) w w: Az (EIPV %, b 6.%), C (EIPV .%, b .%), I (EIPV %, b %), Iw (EIPV %, b .%), M (EIPV %,b .%), M (EIPV %, b 7.%), Nb (EIPV %, b .%), O (EIPV .7%,b .%), S D (EIPV .%, b .%), Vm (EIPV .6%, b .%), Wmg




(EIPV %, b 6.%). See U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, Election Adinistration and VotinSurvey, supra . I , g b w w:

Az (EIPV .%, b .6%), C (EIPV .%, b .7%), I (EIPV %, b .6%),Iw (EIPV %, b 7.%), M (EIPV %, b .%), M (EIPV %, b .%), Nb (EIPV %, b .%), O (EIPV 6.%, b .7%), S D (EIPV 6.%, b .%), Vm

(EIPV %, b 7.%), Wmg (EIPV %, b .%). See U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, supra 10.

6 W K w EIPV g , q.Kan. Stat. Ann. § -(g); Advance Voting , Kan. Sec’y of State, ://www..g//_g_g.m ( O. , ). Om j EIPV. See Okla. Stat. Ann. .2 § -.(A) ( g F, S, M b ). L EIPV w w b E D, b b; , w g . See La.Rev. Stat. Ann. § :(A)(). T g b EIPV

w % K, 7.% Om, .7% L. U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, 2008 Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, supra . I , 6.%, .% .6%,. See U.S. Election Assistance Co’n, Election Adinistration and Votin Survey, supra . B , w j EIPV , mm w g w

w g. See D.C. Mun. Res. . § 7. () (qg g

); Md. Code Ann. Elec. La § -. () (gg EIPV bg F b gb m g S b m g ). R g m M’ T m g , b j w w. See M. Lw C. 7, § -.(). F, w F g , , g w, m w EIPV. See supra -6, .

6 Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ); see also Iw w KB, D. E, C. B. E, N.C. (M. , ) (“T m . . . . I m m, I ’ m b, ’ g j .”).S L C, U, gg EIPV b S M E D, F b . Iw w Rz M, E D., S L C., U (M., ); but see Iw w D G. B, Fm Rg V, W C., N. (M. , ) (g g w b E D b m). Hw, m C g

gg g EIPV , m , m m w g b m.Iw w J C, D. E, H R, D D. O E, & V S, SCOREMg, C. D’ S (Fb. 7, ). Sm I, g EIPV b , g b, m w ’ g - b g. Iw w R . Bgm, E. D., I. S B. E (Fb. .). A b w m g g I G Amb. S.B. N. , G.

Amb., Rg. S. (I. ). O E P, C, g g g w b b g m mb w b m C. Iw w Lz O, Mg, EP C. C R’ O, & W Wm, C & R, E P C., C. (Fb. 7, ).

6 Iw w S G, D S’ E& J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S (M. ,). E g w mm g bg m w w b E D. See also P G, O-E, Early Voting Is a Crucial Fix, but It’s Not Flawless, N.Y. ies,N. , , ://m.m/mb////--g-m---b-/-g--

---b---w (g w b EIPV b m: “E g bg m w w b E D b, g S.”).

6 I j w q w g wg. See Ark. Code Ann. § 7--()()(A) (qg S ); D.C. Mun. Res. . § 7. (qg S ); Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67()() (qg w g); Ga. Code Ann. § --()() (qg

w ); Ha. Rev. Stat. § -7 (qg S ); Ill. Cop. Stat. Ann. § /A-(b) (qg w ); Ind. Code Ann. § ---6(g) (qg S ); Kan. Stat. Ann. § -(g) (gg S ); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § :(A)() (qg S ); Md. Code Ann.




Elec. La § -.()() (qg w ); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § .6 (qg S, gg S ); N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7(A) (qg S ); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-7.(b) (qg S ); Okla. Stat. Ann. . 2 § -.(A) (qg S ); enn. Code Ann.§ -6-()() (qg S ); ex. Elec. Code Ann. § .6(),() (qg w

w m , , gg m ); Utah Code Ann. § A--6()()()(B)

(gg w ); W. Va. Code § --() (qg S ). I , C O, g w g, b w g . Compare Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § -- ( bg w ) and Ohio Rev. Code Ann.§ . ( bg w ) with J H, O S’ S, D - (O. 6, ),available at ://www..../SOS/U////D-. (mmg g w w ); Iw w J C, D. E, H R, D D. O E, & V S, SCORE Mg, C. D’ S (Fb. 7, ) (g w g).

6 A, F, Gg, N, Nw M, N C, , ( w , m), q m w g. See supra 6 (g ).

66 F, Nw M, N C. Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67()() (qg S); N.M. Stat. Ann.§ -6-.7(A) (qg S); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-7.(b) (qg S). A,

A S q, b g M b E D. Ark. Code Ann.§ 7--()()(A).

67 O g “ ” b S S C C, N, “S w b” B C, Nw M. Iw w L Lm, Fm Rg V, C C., N. (M. 7, ); Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M. , ).I C C, I, S b E D b “ b ,” g D E, J K. Iw w J K, D. E, G Wbg, Mg V S., C C, I. (M. , ). S N, Nw M, I b w g.Iw w S G, D S’ E & J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S (M., ) (“Hg w C W, [w g] m. G .”); Iw w Bbb S, B E D., N.M. S’ S(A. , ) (“Bg S g. T g.”); Iw w R. Bgm, E. D., I. S B. E (Fb. . ) (g “” g w

, “ b” w w w). Sm m g w m w. See, e.g., Iw w W P, HAVA C, . D’ S (M., ) (g S g “w m .”); Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ) (mg “ g , w w,” b g w, g S, “ , g ”).

6 See 2012 General Election No Excuse Voting otals , City of Charlotte Mecklenur Cnty., ://m.g/mbg//BOE//Dm/g/GNEVg. ( O. , );see also 2008 General Election No Excuse Voting , City of Charlotte Mecklenur Cnty., ://m.g/mbg//BOE//Dm/g/GEV. ( O. , ). W NC m g : .m. S, g m : .m. S E D. H.B. , Lg. S. (N.C. ).

6 T Mm-D, Bw, Pm B, Hbg, Og, P, D, L, P, B. I

B C, S w g , F. Nb, w, , B g g S, m F.T g g . See Statewide Early Voting Summary Files , Fla. Sec’y of state, ://b..m.m/AbEVgR/PbR ( O. , ) (g g F); Early Voting Sites by County, Fla. November 6,

2012 , Fla. Sec’y of state, ://....//E_Vg_S_G_. ( O. , )(g g b ). A, F, b g g w m b w g , m w b E D , g, g. See G & Sw, Early Voting in Florida, supra , .




7 Nw M w q g b g bw 7: .m. :.m. g, g S b g S M. See N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7.M j m : .m. 6: .m. S. Iw w Bbb S, B E D.,N.M. S’ S (A. , ). Hw, m g . Id .

7

Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M. , ) (g “S w b”); Iw w Bbb S, B E D., N.M. S’ S (A. , )(g S “ g”).

7 A, C, D.C., F, Gg, L, M, N, Nw M, N C, Om,, , U. See Ark. Code Ann. § 7--() (qg : .m. 6: .m. w “ ’ g g ”); Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § -- (qg g g gb b gg b mm ); D.C. Mun. Res. . § 7. (qg m : .m. 7: .m.); Fla. Stat. Ann.§ .67()() (qg g ,wg ); Ga. Code Ann. § --()() (zg m g “b g b ”); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § : (qg : .m. 6: .m. );Md. Code Ann. Elec. La § -.()() (qg : .m. : .m. g ); Nev.Rev. Stat. Ann. § .6(),() (qg m b m : .m. 6: .m. w wg b : .m. g w g); N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7(C)

(g g “ 7: .m. : .m.” m b g ); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-7.() (g g g g b , “m - b g g g”); Okla. Stat.

Ann. . 2 § -. (wg - b b bw : .m. 6: .m.);enn. Code Ann. § -6- (qg “mmm” bw : .m. 6: .m. qg g b m : .m. 7: .m. “ ” g g ); ex.Elec. Code Ann. § .() (qg w m , g

w g w g ); Utah Code Ann. § A--6 (gg m g, b qg mmm EIPV). See also, Ill. Cop.Stat. Ann. §§ /A-(b), /A-(b) (g m g “m m ” g mb , b m b b qm m b “ ” g EIPV m b ); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § .(B) (“[] b m m b m .”).

7

See supra 7 A, F, Gg, N, Nw M, N C, , , U qm.

7 Hw, w A g b m g m q, “ ” w . See, e.g., Election Day — November 6, 2012: Early Voting Schedule , Pulaski Cnty. Election Co., ://./E/6%G/6%EV%S. ( O. , ) (g g PC); Early Voting Begins Monday , ies Record (A.), O. , , ://wm.m//w//-g-bg-m.m (g b Sb C Cw C).Lw, N “m ” q b m : .m. 6: .m. w. Nev.Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ .6, .7.

7 Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M. , ) (g g g g m g “

g g b”); Iw w V Km, Mgm C. Am’ E, .(A. , ) (g ’ mmm g :.m. 6: .m. w w); Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , )(g “m” m 7: .m. 7: .m. b ’ “mg” :.m.). See also Iw w H. M D, D. V Rg E, Db C., G. (A. ,) (g g 7: .m. 7: .m. g S); Iw w S G,D S’ E & J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S (M. , ) (g m “ m E D”); Iw w M D,D. E, Mbg C. B. E, N.C. (Fb. 6, ) (“[N-b ] g,




w m, w ’ m.”); Iw w Rz M, E D., SL C., U (M. , ) (g m : .m. 7: .m., w : .m.);

76 Iw w V Km, Mgm C. Am’ E, . (A. , ); see also Clarksville-Montgomery

County voters taking advantage o early voting , Clarksville Online (.), O. , , ://www..m////-mgm---g-g---g/ (bzg : .m. 6:.m. g ).

77 See supra 7.

7 Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ).

7 See, e.g., Iw w V Km, Mgm C. Am’ E, . (A. , ) (g m g w m w g w ); Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M., ) (g w w w w mm); Iw w KB, D. E, C. B. E, N.C. (M. , ) (g gg g : .m. 6: .m., m : .m. : .m. , mm

w mm w).

M.V. H III & C S. B III, An Examination o Eorts to Encourage the Incidence o Early In-Person Voting inGeorgia, 2008 , Election L. J. , ().

Id. .

T g M, M, Nb, O, S D, W m g , m g g w ’ g . See Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. . 21A §§ 7-B(), 7-A()(D) (wg b g “ ” ’ , wg b b ); Mont. Code Ann. § --() (“[] m m , , m b b b E D b g m mg b g g b m.”); Ne. Rev. Stat. Ann. § -

(“I b mm , g b mm m ….”); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §.(C) (“T b m m m m b w , , b m b , b m b b .”); S.D. Codified Las § --. (qg g b m g ); Wis. Stat. Ann. § 6. (“Tgg b m m g m b mm m w m m q b b w b b b b . T g b b m b mm….”); see also supra -6 (bg g w).

A, Az, A, C, C, D.C., Hw, I, I, I, Iw, K, L, MN, Nw M, N D, , , U, W Vg. See Alaska Stat. § ..6()

(wg g “ g b ”); Ari. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 6-(A) (“T m b - g ’ ….T m b g m .”); Ark. Code Ann. § 7--(b)()(A) (“T b mm m g g ….”); Cal. Elec. Code § (b) (g m “ ”); Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § --(gg b m g ); D.C. Mun. Res. . §7. (qg g ); Ha. Rev. Stat. § -7 (“Ab g b b , m b b m b g b ….”); IdahoCode Ann. § -6 (“E () m “b ’ g ()” m




b ”); Ill. Cop. Stat. Ann. §§ /A-(), /A- (m m b b “g b m m ’ , w ’ , ’ , b g ” m m b b w ); Ind.Code Ann. § ---6.() (“A b m z b ….”); Ioa Code Ann. § . (wg bm g

mm’ ); Kan. Stat. Ann. § -(g) (“T m g g .”); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ :(B)(),(C), :.(A) (g g b b b bg wg S S mm ); Md. Code Ann. Elec. La § -.(b) (qg bm “ g ”); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ .6, .6, .7 (wg b m m g ); N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7(B) (wg b “ g ” m ’ qg w mmm mb ); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-7. (wg b b m g ); N.D. Cent. Code § 6.-7-() (“A m ,m g m b z g g .”); enn. Code Ann.§ -6-()() (“T mm g g b mm b [ g]”); ex. Elec. Code Ann. § .6 (wg bm m b qg w g b b ); UtahCode Ann. § A--6 (gg b “ m” g g ); Vt.

Stat. Ann. . 1 § (g mb g b b); W. Va. Code § -- (wg mm g g m w m ).

F, Gg Wmg w m b g , b . See inra - (bg F w mg g , g g); Ga. Code Ann.§§ --()(), --() (gg b “ , , gm g g gm , gmbg g b b”); Wyo. Stat. Ann. § --()() (“T b mm m…[] b g m b b b bg w q mm m w b m m b g m w b g”). I Om w EIPV ’ , b . Compare Okla. Stat. Ann. . 2 §14-115.4 (A) (2012) (zg - b g “ g b S C E B”), with Early Voting , Okla.Sec’y of State, ://www..g//E_Vg.m ( O. , ) (“Y

b .”).

Iw w J K, D. E, G Wbg, Mg V S., C C, I. (M. ,) (g g b bg , b, ); Iw w K C.Sz, C. C, MH C., I. (M. , ) (g m bg); Iw wK B, D. E, C. B. E, N.C. (M. , ) (g g gm b w q g); Iw w V Km, Mgm C. Am’ E,. (A. , ) (g b ).

A EIPV m . I g g - m . See Rb M. S & P A. Gí-M, Voting Early but Not Oten, 7 Soc. Sci. Q. 67, 66 (7), available at ://g.///6/S-Vg-E-B-N-O. (“T mb g m q (.g., m, , g m, mb ) g g g

, b mg.”).

6 Iw w D G. B, Fm Rg V, W C., N. (M. , ). Nb, w N b w w w g g w w w , m m g $. . Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § .7(); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann.§ .7(); see also Iw w L Lm, Fm Rg V, C C., N. (M. 7, ).




7 Utah Code Ann. § A--6()() ( b g g , “ mm g qm,” “q g qm, w, ,” “q, b b, g”).

Iw w M Tm, D. E, U (Fb. , ); see also Iw w Rz M, E

D., S L C., U (M. , ) (g gm bg b g ).

See, e.g., Iw w D G. B, Fm Rg V, W C., N. (M. , ) (g g m q g g m g); Iw w Rz M, ED., S L C, U (M. , ) (g m g m);Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ) (g g m g b m m b b m g, q m g ).

Iw w M D, D. E, Mbg C. B. E, N.C. (Fb. 6, ). B , b - , , m bg E D — m b g . Hw, w m m b m b g, w .

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-. T - m b b S B E, w m “ q b b w g g gg, mg, .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6-7.(g).

Iw w M D, D. E, Mbg C. B. E, N.C. (Fb. 6, ); see also 2012 General Election No Excuse Voting otals , ://m.g/mbg//BOE//Dm/ g/GNEVg. ( O. , ) (g g g ).

Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67()(). I b b g, m b “m b g .” Id. A, gg “ m b b g ,” m“b gg q b.” Id.

See M, Early Voting Hours to Drop, apa Bay ies, S. , , ://www.mb.m/w/gm/-g---/ (g F’ g g b b g , w w q m w g).

F. S. Lw S. C. -7, . , § .67()(). T m w g w z g .

See e.g., Rb M. S Gg Vm, Engaging the Unengaged Voter: Vote Centers and Voter urnout, J. of Politics7, 7, () (g m mg g b g “ b ’ E D g g g.”); J.G. Gm & J.E. S,Political Participation and the Accessibility o the Ballot Box , Pol. Georaphy 7() (g, ED, b — mm — g ). Fw

g. See, e.g. H III & B III, supra - (g q m g w w g); Jm G. Gm, J

J. D, & D R. Sw, Location, Knowledge and ime Pressures in the Spatial Structure o Convenience Voting , Electoral Stud. , (6) (g “ [ g] g m g mg w m m ” b m g w- w “ b b b g ”).




6 Eg j q, m g , qb b g :C, D.C., F, L, M, Nw M, U, W Vg. See Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §--.()()(I)(A) () (g m b mg g ); D.C. Mun. Res. . § 7. (“E g b qb bgg g D”); Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67()() (qg g ,

’ m b , b “gg q b, b”); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § :.(B) (g S S “ g b b, b, mb g ”); Md. Code Res. .7.. (g b m bm m g

w g w g g z ); N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7(A)() (“T . . . . E q g g , g m g”); Utah Code Ann. § A--6() (qg “ ” “ g g m b b w ”); W. Va.Code R. § --. (qg bm g “” b m m g , , , ).

S m j, D.C., M, Nw M, , w Gg, w gg

mmm mb g q . See D.C. Mun. Res. . § 7. (qg g ); Md. Code Ann. Elec. La § -.(b) (qg bw g g ); see inra 7 mg (bg qm Gg,Nw M, ).

7 Ga. Code Ann. § --(b); N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7(B); ex. Elec. Code Ann. § .6().

Supra 6 (bg Nw M’ qm).

I F, g ( g m b ) “m b gg q b, b.” Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67()(). N C g b EIPV . I g “ bg b . . . m ” g , ,

S B E m “ q b w b w g g gg, mg, .” N.C. Gen.Stat. § 6-7.(g). A U q “ ,” w w 7,, g g “m b b

w .” Utah Code Ann. § A--6(); see also Utah Code Ann. § 7-- (g b ). W S L C m , m % . See State & County Quick Facts , U.S. Census Bureau, ://q..g/ ( O. ,) (mg S L C ,6, S ,,7). A, , g g m mb b g mb g g , m g g . UtahCode Ann. § A--6()().

N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7(B).

ex. Elec. Code Ann. § .6(). E “mm .” ex. Const.. , § (b).

Ga. Code Ann. § --(b).

See e.g., Iw w Lz O, Mg, E P C. C R’ O, & W Wm, C &R, E P C., C. (Fb. 7, ) (g mg j , g , b); Iw w M D, D. E, Mbg C.B. E, N.C. (Fb. 6, ) (g g gg, b, ,




z ); Iw w P B, Fm E D., D C., U (M. , ) (g b gg, w m , ); Iw wRz M, E D., S L C., U (M. , ) (g g gg, , g, b mm g , ); Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M. , ) (g g g

g , , , g, , m b, w ); Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ) (g b b mm , g- , b mg ).

Iw w D G. B, Fm Rg V, W C., N. (M. , ).

S supra .

6 Az, A, C, C, F, I, I, I, Iw, K, L, M M,N, N C, , , Vm. See Ari. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 6-(G) (“T g bg bz w q b b b w g .”); Ark. Code Ann. § 7--(b)() (“T g g g g q m mb b

.”); Cal. Elec. Code § (qg w b); Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § -- (qg g g b); Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67() (qg w ); Idaho Code Ann. § - (“T g m mb mg b ’ b, g

w w w m, w b ’ b w .”); Ill.Cop. Stat. Ann. § /A-() (“T m m wm b. T m b m w ’ j. B g E D, jg g w b b.”); Ind. Code Ann. § ---.(b) (“[] b m w b b . . . .”); Ioa Code Ann.§ . (qg w b b b b g b);Kan. Stat. Ann. § -6 (“A m g m wm g b b b g g jg w g , g

b , m m wm b m . S b b g m E D.”); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § :(B) (“T g g m w b g b g g . . . .”); Md. Code Res..7.., .(b) (qg w b m g ) Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. . 21A § 76-A (qg m mg w w b b b E D); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § .() (“T b , b S S, m [g g].”); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 6- (qg b b b b ); enn. Cop. R. Res. 6--6-. (“E mm , g , w .”); ex. Elec. Code Ann. §8.121 (T g m g w g b.. . b … m b m m b S S”) Vt. Stat. Ann.. 1 § (“[] w m b …. A b b… E D, g w.”).

7 F , C w q g - m b . Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § -- (“[E] ’ g … b w - mb ….”). A , C g b w b g b.Iw w J C, D. E, H R, D D. O E, & V S, SCOREMg, C. D’ S (Fb. 7, ). I F I, g w q w w m m b m b . Fla. Stat. Ann. § .67() (“Dg




g , m b mb g b g g …. T m b m b b m .”); Ill. Cop. Stat. Ann. § /A-(b-)(“W g b, m ’ m, , , w, w, mb, m b, S B E, w

m m m m wb, g b b S mm.”); see also Md. Code Res. .7.., . (b) (qg w b g); enn. Cop. R. Res. 6--6-. (qg mm w ); W. Va. Code § -- (...) (qg g “m , , mm g ’ ”).

See supra 6 (bg F, N, ); see also Iw w S G,D S’ E & J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S (M. , ) (bg ww w g g); N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-.7(D)() (qg g “ bb ”); Iw w Bbb S, B ED., N.M. S’ S (A. , ) (bg b w w g); Iw w M Tm, D. E, U (Fb. , ) (g U b b b mm, ,

g q). A, w N C S B E w w m m wb. Iw w G B, Fm E. D., JMC, Fm D D., & Gg MC, E S, S B. E, N.C. (Fb. , ).

See e.g., Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M. , ) (g b mm , b g g g ); Iw w H. M D, D. V Rg E, DbC., G. (A. , ) (g g b); Iw w S G, D S’ E & J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S (M. , ) (g g w b m ); Iw

w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ) (g g b); Iw w J C, D. E, H R, D D. O E, & V S, SCORE Mg, C. D’ S (Fb. 7, ) (g

b g g ); Iw w R . Bgm, E.D., I. S B. E (Fb. . ) (g m g b; , m ’ g );Iw w G B, Fm E. D., J MC, Fm D D., & Gg MC, ES, S B. E, N.C. (Fb. , ) (g g m wb ); Iw w W P, HAVA C, . D’ S (M. , ) (g m g ); Iw w M Tm, D. E, U (Fb. , ) (g mj b, mg ).

See, e.g., Iw w H. M D, D. V Rg E, Db C., G. (A. , )(g w m w w b ); Iw w G B, Fm E. D., J MC, Fm D D.,& Gg MC, E S, S B. E, N.C. (Fb. , ) (g w w

g w w D A).

Iw w S G, D S’ E & J W, HAVA Am’, N. S’ S (M. ,) (g w m m w m g b ); Iw w M Tm, D. E, U (Fb. , ) (g m b g w m).

A, C, C, Gg, I, M, N, Nw M, N D, , U qg m m b g g. O , L,




Vm, W Vg, W, w q b g ’ . See Alaska Stat. § .. (qg “ b m g b” “ b g b ”); Cal. Elec. Code § (qg g “b g w ”); Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § -- (qg g “g q

gb ” g b ’ ); Ga. Code Ann. § --()() (qg “ b ” “m, , w g w b ” S S); Ill. Cop. Stat. Ann. § /A-(qg m g “w b g” w g g); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ :(A)(), (L)()(b) (qg g ,

w g’ , b b S S);Md. Elec. Las § -.() (qg b bg g ); Md.Code Res. .7.. (qg mm m “b b g”); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § .76() (qg b ,m, g w b g g ); N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-(J) (qg “ m b bz m m b g; ,” “ b g bg”); N.D.Cent. Code § 6.-7-()() (qg b “ g , , m w w w mm b ”);

enn. Code Ann. § -6-() (qg g g “ w- () b b w g ”); ex. Elec.Code Ann. §§ ., .7, .67, .67 (qg b g); UtahCode Ann. § A--6 (qg b w , m, g b g bg); Vt. Stat. Ann. . 1 § (qg b mb g b g); W. Va. Code § --(b)() (qg b g g ); Wis. Stat. Ann. § 6.() (qg b g).

See supra .

I “b” m b ’ b b b mg 7 b EIPV. ex. Elec. Code Ann. § .7. I b m b ED. enn. Code Ann. § -6-(). Nw M q “b ” EIPV

b E D, b S S “bz m” b g b g . N.M. Stat. Ann. § -6-(C), ( J). See also Nev. Rev.Stat. Ann. § .76() (qg g b g); Utah Code Ann. § A--6 (qg b ). See also supra (bg m ).

I F, m bm EIPV EIPV . Fla. Stat. Ann. §.67(b). I N C, g , , , b , m bm S B E . N.C. Gen.Stat. § 6-7.( ), (g).

6 Iw w Mgg O, C. C, B C., N.M. (M. , ); see also, My Vote Centers ,Bernalillo Cnty., N.M., ://www.b.g/VCC ( O. , ) (g m g g , , w m).

7 Iw w M P, A’ D. E, C., . (M. , ); Iw w M W,D. E, C., . (S. , ).

B m m, H B b zg m EIPV g g w z m . H III & B III, supra , -.



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