WELCOME…… My Presentation

2016

Early Marriage

BANGLADESH MOHILA SAMITY GIRL’S HIGH SCHOOL & COLLEGE

PRESENTATION SUBJECTEARLY MARRIAGE

SUBMITTED TO MRS.REAJU JANNAT PANNA

TEACHER OF BMS

SUBMITTED BY: SHAHARIN JAHAN SNEHA

SECTION:NCTB YEAR: 2016CLASS:10 Roll :10

Date:29th Sept,2016

WHAT DOES EARLY MARRIAGE MEAN? Early marriage is a formal marriage or informal union entered into by an

individual before reaching the age of 18. The legally prescribed marriageable age in some jurisdictions is below 18 years.

Especially in the case of girls; and even when the age is set at 18 years, many jurisdictions permit earlier marriage with parental consent or in special circumstances, such as teenage pregnancy In certain countries, even when the legal marriage age is 18, cultural traditions take priority over legislative law. Child marriage affects both boys and girls, though the overwhelming majority of those affected are girls, most of whom are in poor socioeconomic situations.]

Early marriage is related to child betrothal and it includes civil cohabitation and court approved early marriages after teenage pregnancy In many cases, only one marriage-partner is a child, usually the female. Causes of child marriages include poverty, bride price, dowry, cultural traditions, laws that allow child marriages, religious and social pressures, regional customs, fear of remaining unmarried, illiteracy, and perceived inability of women to work for money.

The countries with the highest observed rates of child marriages below the age of 18 are Niger, Chad, Mali, Bangladesh. Guinea and the Central African Republic, with a rate above 60%.Niger, Chad, Bangladesh, Mali and Ethiopia were the countries with child marriage rates greater than 20% below the age of 15, according to 2003-2009 surveys.

EARLY MARRIAGE ALL OVER THE WORLD

Birth rates per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years, worldwide.

EARLY MARRIAGE Child marriage is a global problem

affecting 15 million girls every year. The practice severely limits their life choices, and there is a growing consensus within the international community that it has far-reaching consequences for the girls, their families and their communities.

 In 2014 the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution asking all member states to pass and enforce laws

banning child marriages.  

CHILD MARRIAGE IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of female child

marriage anywhere in the world. According to a recent estimate, 39% of Bangladeshi girls are married before they are 15, 74% before they are 18. In the past three decades, Bangladesh has made significant progress towards achieving gender equality in some important areas: girls and boys have nearly equal chances of entering secondary school today, and rural women have seen income-earning opportunities expand thanks to training and support services from the government and other organisations. Over the same period, while marriage among girls below 14 has declined, the incidence of marriage among 16 and 17 year-olds has actually increased.

EARLY MARRIAGE IN BANGLADESH

Child marriage rates in Bangladesh are amongst the highest in the world.[16] Every 2 out of 3 marriages involve child marriages. According to statistics from 2005, 49% of women then between 25 and 29 were married by the age of 15 in Bangladesh.[83] According to the "State of the World's Children-2009" report, 63% of all women aged 20–24 were married before they were 18.[citation needed] According to a 2008 study, for each additional year a girl in rural Bangladesh is not married she will attend school an additional 0.22 years on average.[135] The later girls were married, the more likely they were to utilize preventative health care.[135] Married girls in the region were found to have less influence on family planning, higher rates of maternal mortality, and lower status in their husband's family than girls who married later.[135]

CHILD MARRIAGE HAS MANY CAUSES:

Poverty: Poor families sell their children into marriage either to settle debts or to make some money and escape the cycle of poverty. Child marriage fosters poverty, however, as it ensures that girls who marry young will not be properly educated or take part in the workforce.

"Protecting" the girl's sexuality: In certain cultures, marrying a girl young presumes that the girl's sexuality, therefore the girl's family's honor, will be "protected" but ensuring that the girl marries as a virgin. The imposition of family honor on a girl's individuality, in essence robbing the girl of her honor and dignity, undermines the credibility of family honor and instead underscores the presumed protection's actual aim: to control the girl.

Gender discrimination: Child marriage is a product of cultures that devalue women and girls and discriminate against them. "The discrimination," according to a UNICEF report on "Child Marriage and the Law," "often manifests itself in the form of domestic violence, marital rape, and deprivation of food, lack of access to information, education, healthcare, and general impediments to mobility."

Inadequate laws: Many countries such as Pakistan have laws against child marriage. The laws are not enforced. In Afghanistan, a new law was written into the country's code enabling Shiite, or Hazara, communities to impose their own form of family law--including permitting child marriage.

Trafficking: Poor families are tempted to sell their girls not just into marriage, but into prostitution, as the transaction enables large sums of money to change hands.

CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD MARRIAGE

Health Child marriage threatens the health and life of girls.[199][200] Complications from

pregnancy and childbirth are the main cause of death among adolescent girls below age 19 in developing countries. Pregnant girls aged 15 to 19 are twice as likely to die in childbirth as women in their 20s, and girls under the age of 15 are five to seven times more likely to die during childbirth.[52] These consequences are due largely to girls' physical immaturity where the pelvis and birth canal are not fully developed. Teen pregnancy, particularly below age 15, increases risk of developing obstetric fistula, since their smaller pelvises make them prone to obstructed labor.[52] Girls who give birth before the age of 15 have an 88% risk of developing fistula.[52]

Child marriage not only threatens the mother’s health, it also threatens the lives of offspring. Mothers under the age of 18 years have 35 to 55% increased risk of delivering pre-term or having a low birth weight baby than a mother who is 19 years old. In addition, infant mortality rates are 60% higher when the mother is under 18 years old. Infants born to child mothers tend to have weaker immune systems and face a heightened risk of malnutrition.[202]

Domestic violence Married teenage girls with low levels of education suffer greater risk of social isolation

and domestic violence than more educated women who marry as adults.[52][207] Following marriage, girls frequently relocate to their husband’s home and take on the domestic role of being a wife, This transition may result in a young girl dropping out of school, moving away from her family and friends, and a loss of the social support that she once had.[3] A husband's family may also have higher expectations for the girl's submissiveness to her husband and his family because of her youth.[67] This sense of isolation from a support system can have severe mental health implications including depression.

INITIATIVES TO PREVENT EARLY MARRIAGE

In December 2011 a resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/66/170) designated October 11 as the International Day of the Girl Child. On October 11, 2012 the first International Day of the Girl Child was held, the theme of which was ending child marriage.

In 2013 the first United Nations Human Rights Council resolution against child, early, and forced marriages was adopted; it recognizes child marriage as a human rights violation and pledges to eliminate the practice as part of the U.N.'s post-2015 global development agenda

In 2014 the UN's Commission on the Status of Women issued a document in which they agreed, among other things, to eliminate child marriage.

The World Health Organization recommends increased educational attainment among girls, enforcement structures for existing minimum

marriage age laws, and informing parents

INITIATIVES TO PREVENT EARLY MARRIAGEWomen's rights The United Nations, through a series of conventions has declared child marriage a violation

of human rights. The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination of Women (‘CEDAW’), the Committee on the Rights of the Child (‘CRC’), and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights form the international standard against child marriage.[49] Child marriages impact violates a range of women's interconnected rights such as equality on grounds of sex and age, to receive the highest attainable standard of health, to be free from slavery, access to education, freedom of movement, freedom from violence, reproductive rights, and the right to consensual marriage.[45][210][211] The consequence of these violations impact not only the woman, but her children and broader society.[how?]

Development High rates of child marriage negatively impact countries' economic development

because of early marriages' impact on girls' education and labor market participation.[205] Some researchers and activists note that high rates of child marriage prevent significant progress toward each of the eight Millennium Development Goals and global efforts to reduce poverty due to its effects on educational attainment, economic and political participation, and health.[205]

A UNICEF Nepal issued report noted that child marriage impacts Nepal's development due to loss of productivity, poverty, and health effects. Using Nepal Multi-Indicator Survey data, its researchers estimate that all girls delaying marriage until age 20 and after would increase cash flow among Nepali women in an amount equal to 3.87% of the country's GDP.[137] Their estimates considered decreased education and employment among girls in child marriages in addition to low rates of education and high rates of poverty among children from child marriages.

LAW MANDATED FOR CHILD MARRIAGE IN BANGLADESH Current law mandates a legal minimum age of

marriage in Bangladesh of 18 for girls and 21 for boys. However the law is frequently ignored and rarely enforced. The new draft legislation on child marriage under review by the Bangladesh government would introduce harsher punishment for forcing children into marriage by increasing the financial penalty, and extending the maximum period of imprisonment from two months to two years. At the same time, the draft bill has a special provision stipulating that “under special circumstances, marriage of 16-year-old girls to men above 21 years, with permission of parents or courts, would not be considered as ‘child marriage’”.