early human history. early human development occurred during the paleolithic period origins in...
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Early Human History
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Early human development occurred during the Paleolithic Period
Origins in AfricaHominids Anatomically modern humans (homo sapiens
sapiens) develop about 150,000 years agoBegin migrations
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http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2cHumanevop2.sht ml
Lucyhttp://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/they-love-lucy
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Settlement of Australia: Approximately 60,000 BCESettlement of Eurasia: Approximately 50,000 BCESettlement of Americas: Approximately 14,000 BCE
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Hunting-foragingNomadicSmall groups based on bonds of kinshipRelatively EgalitarianAdaptation to local environmentDevelopment of stone tools Use of fire for cooking, warmth, and
deterring predators
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No written languageEvidence of culture seen in cave paintings,
artifacts, and human remainsEvidence of primitive, simple religionLack of developed material culture
Although groups were adapted to their specific environment, hunter-foragers did interact with each other and engage in exchange of ideas and goods
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Neolithic: New Stone AgeBegan approx. 10,000 years agoUse of stone tools for agricultural production
Most likely the result of climate changeDomestication of plant and animal speciesFirst began in the Eastern Mediterranean
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http://huberb.people.cofc.edu/ANTH%20101%20Huber's%20Introduction%20to%20Anthropology.html
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Gradual process and dependent upon the geography
Not all societies develop agriculture
Agricultural centers emerged in:Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, Sub-
Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes
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Emerged in grasslands (steppes)Central Eurasia and parts of Africa
Animal husbandryMobile lifestyleWealth measured in livestock
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Greater degree of complexity and cooperationMore reliable food sourcesPopulation densities increasePermanent settlementsReligion becomes more complexSome matrilineal, others patrilinealTrade developed between and among early
agricultural settlements
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http://www.americanneopaganism.com/ancientpagantimeline.htm
http://howardbloom.net/reinventing_capitalism/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Catal_Huyuk
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Image:CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG
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Dramatic impact on the environmentErosionClearing of forests for farmlandDesertificationOvergrazing of pastureland
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Increase in human populationIncrease in diseaseCraft specializationSocial StratificationPatriarchy
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Technological innovations were developed to improve agricultural production, trade, and transportation
Key examples:PotteryPlowsWoven textilesMetallurgyWheels and wheeled
vehicleshttp://www.historiasiglo20.org/prehistory/pottery.htm
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Core and foundational civilizations emerged in the following:Mesopotamia EgyptMohenjo-Daro and HarappaShang ChinaOlmecChavin
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http://www.unionparishschools.org/rivervalleyciv/interest.htm
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Mesopotamia
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images2/mapane.jpg
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Egypt
http://www.iziko.org.za/sh/resources/egypt/images/map_e1_l.gif
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Indus River Valley Civilization
http://www.rivervalleycivilizations.com/indus.php
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The Yellow River Valley CivilizationShang Dynasty
http://www.chinahighlights.com/image/map/ancient/shang-dynasty-map1.gif
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http://theresaclarkintdis4.blogspot.com/2009/09/week-6.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin-small.png
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State: a sovereign political entity which contains a stable population, defined territory, and established government
Control over larger territory, population, and resources
Divine RightMilitary
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Competition for land and resourcesGeographyBronzeIronHorsesChariotsComposite bows
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hyksos.aspx
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Architecture and Urban Planning
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Arts and Artisanship
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Systems of Record Keeping
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Law Codes
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ReligionPolytheism: Belief in many gods
Most commonVedic Religion becomes basis of Hinduism
Monotheism: Belief in one godHebrewsZoroastrianism (Persian Empire)
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TradeLocal, regional, and transregional tradeExchange of goods, cultural ideas, and
technology
Examples:Egypt and NubiaMesopotamia and Indus River Valley