EARLY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN

SOCIAL SCIENCEPresented by,

SABITHA O S1ST Bed (social science)

Roll No : 47U.C.T.E.

MUVATTUPUZHA

EARLY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE

The history of the Social Sciences has origins in the Common Stock of western philosophy and shares various prelursors, but began most intentionally in the early 19th century with the positivist philosophy of Science.

The idea that Society may be studied in a standardized and objective manner, with Scholarly rules and methodology is comparatively recent. While there is evidence of early Sociology in medievalism and while philosophers such as Confucius had long science theorized on topics such as social roles, the scientific analysis of “man” is peculiar to the intellectual break away from age of enlightment and focused on discourses of modernity. Social science came forth from the moral philosophy of the time and was influenced by the Age of Revaluation and the French Revolutions. The beginning of the Social Science in the 18 th Century are reflected in the grand encyclopedia of Diderot, with articles from Rousseau and other proneers.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIAL SCIENCE

GREEKHerodotus (C. 484-425 BC)

• Widely referred to us “The Father of History”

• He was the first historian know to collect his material systematically

• Rational, Humanistic, Scientific approach in study

• Major works – “The History”, “The Persian War”

Thucydides (460-396 BC)

• Father of scientific history• He write history based on

witness report and interviews• He distinguished clearly the

causes and reason for the events

• Work – The History of peloponnesian War

Plato (427-347 B.C.)

• Philosopher, Mathematician• He found the ‘Academy’• Systematically and Critically

examine issues in Philosophical study

• Laid foundation Scientific to thought • Book – Apology, Republic,

Symposium, Timaeus

Polybius (c.200-c.118)

• Known as “Historian of the Historian”

• He find “Truth” is the eye of history.

• Book- “Histories”

Rome• Adopted imative,narrative,utilitarian,pragmatical

method in historical study• Believed in substantialism• Major historians-Fabious Pictos, Porcious Cato, Jullius

Ceasor, Titus Livy, Cornelius Tacitus

Cornelius Tacitus(55-12 C.E)

• Known as “Thucydudes of Roman History”

• Critical Historian• Major Works- “Germania”,

“Histories”, “Annals”

Titus Livy(59B,C.E.-

17 C.E Known as “Herodotus

of Roman History” Major Work- “The

History of Rome”

MEDIEVAL PERIOD(influenced by religion)

• Christian Period • St. Agustine(354-430 A.D)• Early Christian Theologian

and Philosopher • Writings influenced the

development of Western Philosophy

• Conduct Historical Study based on Intution&Revelution

• Major Work- “The City of God”

Islamic Period

• Ahammed Albaruni (973-1048 A.D.)

• Well versed Physics, History, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geograohy, Psychology, Medicine.

• “Founder of Indology”, “Father of Geodegs”

• Discover method for to findout Radiumof Earth

• Major Book- “Tarikh-Ul-Hind”

Dark Age

• People have always wondered why we behave the way we do, but the reason behind this behaviour has changed.

• Pre-1700 Europe was experiencing the ‘Dark Ages’-believed to be a time of backwardness and ignorance - explanation usd to be a matter of faith, No fact.

Age of Enlightenment (1620-1780

• The 1700’s are known as the “Age of Enlightenment”• Leaders looked back to the ‘darkness’of past (period of the

unknown) and wanted to shed light (knowledge) on society, thu giving rise to change and allow progress for the future.

• Enlightenment started in Italy• New scientific Research & Innovations developed• Major Thinkers- Francis Backon, Rene Descarte, Immanual Kant,

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesque, Voltaire, Rousseau, Issac Newton.

Renaissance

• Renaissance means “Rebirth” or “Revival”• Revival of ‘classical knowledge’.• Witnessed the Discovery and Exploration of new

contents• Humanistic &Rationalistic approach • New apporach to life• New spirit in Art & Architecture, Literature& Learning.• Growth of the Vernacular & Scientific investigation

19th Century

• Marked the collapse of Spanish,,First and Second French,Chinese,Holy Roman and Mughal Empire

• Era of Scientific discovery and invention.• Laid background for the technological advances of 20 th

century.• Period of Industrial Revoluion• August Comte - Developed sociology.• Ranke - Father of Modern History, Rankeyan Positivism• Karl Marx- Marxism• Emile Durkheim – Developed positivism in greater detail.• Marx Webber – Made contribution to social science

COMPTERANKEMARXDUKHEIM

Development in 20th Century

• Statistics became free standing discipline of applied mathematics.

• Sigmond Frued made impact on Psychology• John Deuey – advocate view of scientific treatment

of philosophy• Hegel – developed Idealism & Logic to experimental

science• Charles Sanders – joined in Pragmatism, it is a

philosophical tradions.

• Three phases involved in research : Problamatic situation , Isolation of data , Reflective

• Quanditative & Qualitative method integrated in the study of human actions & it’s implications

• Science depented on social science methadology.eg: neuro psychology,bio-economics etc.

• ‘New School for Social Research’ & ‘International Institute of Social History’ started.

• World famous universities conducted research on social science.

Modern Trends in Social Science

• Consilience Method deveoped.• Consilience means ‘jumping together of knowledge’• The word coined by William Whewell.• It is the principle that evidence from indipendent ,unrelated

can coverage to strong conclusions.• Science depented on social science methadology.eg: neuro

psychology,bio-economics etc.• ‘New School for Social Research’ & ‘International Institute of

Social History’ started.• World famous universities conducted research on social

science.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 C.E)

Concidered as the “First Father of SociologyEmphasis on truthHistorical study gave importance to Reason,Social

& Physical law.‘Science of History’ major theoriticalcontribution.Major Work – “Muqaddima”, universal history

presented in this work.

SOCIAL SCIENCE BRANCHES

Social Science

History

Philosophy

Geography

Archeology

Law

Political science

Sociology

Business management

Statistics

Education

Linguistics