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Early Bronze Age burials at Windmill Fields, Ingleby Barwick, Stockton on Tees Tees Archaeology

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Page 1: Early Bronze Age Burials at Windmill Fields Ingl

Early Bronze Age burials at Windmill Fields,Ingleby Barwick, Stockton on Tees

Tees Archaeology

Page 2: Early Bronze Age Burials at Windmill Fields Ingl

Contents1. Summary ............................................................................................................32. The Ingleby Barwick find....................................................................................4

2.1 The site...........................................................................................................42.2 Discovery........................................................................................................42.3 The excavation and finds.................................................................................62.4 The significance of the find..............................................................................9

2.4.1 Date ........................................................................................................92.4.2 Location..................................................................................................92.4.3 Finds .......................................................................................................92.4.4 Burial traditions.......................................................................................92.4.5 Monumentality ........................................................................................9

3. Assessment of the results of the excavation .......................................................103.1 Site archive ...................................................................................................10

3.1.1 Excavation records................................................................................103.1.2 Specialist reports ...................................................................................113.1.3 Finds .....................................................................................................113.1.4 Administration.......................................................................................11

3.2 Assessment of the human remains .................................................................113.2.1 Osteoarchaeological report (Appendix 1, p. 15 )....................................113.2.2 Stable isotope research (Appendix 4, p. 26) ...........................................11

3.4 Assessment of the environmental potential of the site (Appendix 2, p. 18) .....113.5 Assessment of the finds .................................................................................12

3.5.1 Conservation report (Appendix 3, p. 22)................................................123.5.2 Research potential (Appendix 5, p. 27) ..................................................12

4. Project proposal................................................................................................135. Project aims and objectives ...............................................................................14

5.1 Dating...........................................................................................................145.2 Population study ...........................................................................................145.3 Examination of the status of the individuals and the site.................................145.4 Examination of the cultural transition represented by the find ........................145.5 Dissemination of the results of the project; archiving .....................................14

6. Methods statement............................................................................................156.1 Dating (objective 5.1) ...................................................................................156.2 Examination of the human remains (objective 5.2).........................................15

6.2.1 Osteoarchaeological report....................................................................156.2.2 Stable isotope research ..........................................................................15

6.3 Examination of the finds (objective 5.3) ........................................................156.3.1 Metal and jet objects .............................................................................156.3.2 Stone objects and pottery ......................................................................166.3.3 Research and reconstruction..................................................................16

6.4 Comparative study and synthesis (for status and cultural transition, 5.4) ........166.5 Dissemination (objective 5.5) ........................................................................16

References................................................................................................................17

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1. SummaryA salvage excavation was carried out on a building site south of Stockton at the endof 1996. Five individual burials were found, together with a wooden cist containingthe remains of two other adults, and a secondary deposit in one of the graves. Theburials were associated with Beaker pottery, and two of the individual burials wereaccompanied by high-status finds of stone, jet and copper alloy, which suggest a datein the Early Bronze Age. Burials of this period are extremely rare in the region, and ithas hitherto been assumed that lowland sites such as this one were unoccupied in theEBA.The finds assemblage is unparalleled in northern England. The collection of metalobjects, and the presence at the same site of single-grave burial and the communaldeposition of excarnated remains, makes this a discovery of European significance.The find has the potential to throw light on the date of settlement of this area, on thechange from communal to individual burial traditions, on networks of trade,exchange and cultural contact, and on the Neolithic / Bronze Age transition. Aprogramme of post-excavation work is proposed: this will lead to the publication of ajournal article and a popular leaflet on the site and the transfer of the finds to thelocal museum.

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2. The Ingleby Barwick find

2.1 The siteIngleby Barwick is a very large housing development on the southern edge of Stocktonon Tees (Fig. 1). Windmill Fields is an area being developed by Bryant Homes on thenorth-western edge of Ingleby Barwick, beside the valley of the river Leven, a tributaryof the Tees (NZ 4460 1255, SMR no. 3536). The site is at an elevation of 30m; theland is undulating and the soils are developed on boulder clay. In the immediate area ofthe find the boulder clay is overlain by well-sorted fine sands, gravels and clays, whichprovide a better drained soil than is seen elsewhere in the district.There has been little archaeological work in Ingleby Barwick, as most of the planningpermissions were granted before PPG16. Evaluations have found the stakeholes of afence were found with a scatter of flint implements and Iron Age pottery at Site P,Village 3 (Fig. 1 A: Adams & Carne 1995), and a small quantity of flint was collectedfrom Village 4 North (Fig. 1 B: ASUD 1996). There is an extensive area of Iron Age /Romano-British cropmarks at Quarry Farm, north of the site (Fig. 1 D: Heslop 1984).

2.2 DiscoveryBuilders cutting a new road found human bones in their spoil on Friday 29thNovember 1996, and the police and Tees Archaeology were called to the site. Initialexamination found that two individual burials (Sk. 1 & 2), probably crouched, hadbeen disturbed by the JCB (Fig. 3); all of the bone of Sk.1 and much of Sk. 2 wasrecovered from the spoil heap. A piece of Beaker with encircling incised lines waspicked up at the same time. Clearance of the surrounding area revealed a large oval pitwhich contained a rectangular block of fill defined by dark stains, interpreted as theremains of planks. Excavation of this timber structure uncovered two groups of human

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Figure 1 Location of the site and of other prehistoric finds from Ingleby Barwickbones (Sk. 3 & 4), separated by a thin layer of soil; each contained a skull and a fewlong bones, and one (Sk. 4), a pelvis. These individuals may have been excarnatedbefore being placed in the timber cist. When the fill of the construction pit wasremoved a group of four stakeholes was found; these defined the edge of the presumedplank-built burial chamber.Near this pit the fill of an individual grave was seen in the section of the road cutting(Fig. 2). This grave contained the skeleton of an adult (Sk. 5) in a crouched position; at

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the feet was a fine polished stone mace-head. This is made of a micro-diorite orgabbro, and has a central shaft-hole.

cist

constructionpit

mace-head

Figure 2 Part of the site during excavation. In the foreground is the single burial Sk. 5:the road cutting has removed part of the pelvis and the left heel, but missed the mace-head

at the feet. In the background is the excavated construction pit of the timber cist.

2.3 The excavation and findsFollowing these discoveries, an agreement was reached with the builders and fundingobtained from English Heritage for a two-week salvage excavation. An area of about230m2 was stripped and cleaned, and two more graves, each containing crouchedburials, were found (Fig. 3). Truncation by ploughing and construction work hadremoved the upper parts of all of the features, so there is no stratigraphic connection

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between any of the graves. The pit containing the cist was markedly deeper than theindividual graves.The plough-damage appears to have moved material from the graves in a NW-SEdirection. Some bone from Sk. 7 and Sk. 8 was found to have been moved up to 0.7mto the south-east from the burials, and it is thought that Beaker sherds found justsouth-east of the grave of Sk. 5 (the mace-head burial) were formerly in that grave. Anunusual feature of two burials (Sk. 5 and Sk. 7) was the presence in each fill of a singlelump of a heavy rounded dark brown mineral, which is thought to be haematite. This isnot a material which is naturally found in the area.One grave (Sk. 7) was badly disturbed by later activity; the other was a richly-equippedburial (Sk. 6) with a secondary deposit of an adult skull and long bones (Sk. 8) withinthe fill. This secondary deposit was unaccompanied. Excavation of the equipped burialwas carried out on site as far as was practicable. Three V-perforated jet buttons werefound near the neck, and a plain copper alloy bangle on one forearm. The discovery oflarge amounts of copper-alloy material around the hands, combined with short winterworking days and frosty nights on site, led to a decision to remove the torso forexcavation at the conservation laboratory in the Department of Archaeology, DurhamUniversity. A block of soil was frozen solid in situ with dry ice and taken away for X-ray examination. The X-ray revealed a second bangle on the other arm, together with anumber of tubular metal beads. The block was excavated in the laboratory by JenniferJones. In this process the two bangles were removed, and 41 tubular beads, 25 V-perforated jet buttons, one biconical jet bead and 79 very small jet rings were found.These small rings were found in a fairly restricted area near the left shoulder.During excavation it was noticed that the heads of Sk. 2, 5, 6, and 7 appeared to bealigned on the highest point of the site. This is not a pronounced feature, but there is anappreciable fall for some distance in all directions from this point, which is just south-east of the cist. The excavated area is very unlikely to represent the full extent of theburial ground. However, no burials were seen in the road section opposite the cist andthe mace-head burial, nor were any features visible between the buildings being erectedon the west side of the new road. Further expansion of the site to the east was notpossible because of buildings and stockpiles, but this area had in any case been verysignificantly disturbed but construction work and it is unlikely that burials as close tothe surface as those examined by Tees Archaeology would have survived. Despite keeninterest from the building workers, there were no reports of other bones being found.The Windmill Fields find has raised a good deal of local interest, and has been taken upby the makers of Julian Richards’ new BBC television series Meet the Ancestors.Because of their interest, the high-precision dating of bones from the equipped burialshas already begun.

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Figure 3 Excavated features

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2.4 The significance of the find

2.4.1 DateThe date suggested by the finds is in the Early Bronze Age. Burials of this period areextremely rare in the region. The Windmill Fields site provides the first opportunity toobtain radiocarbon dates for early settlement of the clay lowlands of the Tees Valley,and for an unusually high-status metalwork assemblage.

2.4.2 LocationThe presence of a cemetery implies that there was a settlement in the vicinity. Hithertoit has generally been thought that EBA settlements in this region were confined tohigher ground, where woodland was thinner and easier to clear. There have beenindications in the recent past that this picture is a result of the inability of airphotography and geophysical techniques to pick up sites on the boulder clay, ratherthan a true representation of the Bronze Age settlement pattern; the Windmill Fieldsfind is an important addition to our knowledge of this subject. Since the work atIngleby Barwick an evaluation has revealed a possible settlement site, with a cremationin a pot, less than 0.7km away at Little Maltby Farm (Fig. 1C: ASUD 1997).

2.4.3 FindsThough small, the finds assemblage is varied, of very high quality, and indicative of theimportance of its owners. There are close parallels with Scottish discoveries,particularly the Migdale hoard (Fig. 4: Anderson 1901). Metalwork of this date isextremely rare in this region. Jet objects are less uncommon, but the large andrelatively undisturbed group from Windmill Fields will be of considerable help in thestudy of how these objects were used. The presence of Beaker is also uncommon inthis area, outside excavations of burial mounds, and the discovery of sherds with theburials at Ingleby Barwick is an important addition to the regional corpus.

2.4.4 Burial traditionsThe presence of furnished burials in single graves on the same site as communal burialsof excarnated remains is highly significant, and it is possible that the use of thiscemetery spans the traditions of the late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age periods.

2.4.5 MonumentalityThe apparently intentional grouping of graves and cist suggests recognition of andrespect for a significant point over a period of time and despite a change in culturaltraditions. There was no sign of any earthwork or other feature at the high point, butgiven the gentle relief of the site and the long period of later cultivation, this is not atall surprising.

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3. Assessment of the results of the excavation

3.1 Site archive

3.1.1 Excavation recordsThese consist of the context and skeleton record sheets, the site drawings andphotographs, the survey plots and the site notebook. All of the paper archives havebeen security copied and the copies deposited in the Tees Archaeology secure store.

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Figure 4 The Migdale Hoard. This group of jet and bronze objects was found in a cist at LochMigdale, Sutherland, before 1901. Parallels with the Windmill Fields find include the ribbed and

plain bracelets (3-10), the tubular beads (11-53), and the conical jet buttons (62-67).From Inventaria Archaeologica, GB. 26, 19

3.1.2 Specialist reportsA report on the environmental samples was commissioned immediately afterexcavation was completed. Other specialists have supplied the assessment reportsincluded in the appendices or have been consulted informally.

3.1.3 FindsThe metal and jet finds are at the Conservation Laboratory at the Department ofArchaeology, Durham University. The human bones are at the offices of SuffolkCounty Archaeology Service, pending further work. All other material is at the officesof Tees Archaeology.

3.1.4 AdministrationAssessment reports from specialists, some documentary source material and two filesof correspondence and related material are kept by Tees Archaeology.

3.2 Assessment of the human remains

3.2.1 Osteoarchaeological report (Appendix 1, p. 15 )The human bone assemblage is of a reasonable size and, despite the broken state ofmany bones, is suitable for osteoarchaeological analysis. The assemblage shouldprovide useful data on the age, sex, physical attributes and pathology of this group ofpeople. The bones will also provide material for dating and stable isotope analysis.Simon Mays has suggested that DNA analysis on these bones would be unlikely toproduce useful results, because of the poor survival of the material as well as the lackof knowledge of the variability of mitochondrial DNA in prehistoric populations.

3.2.2 Stable isotope research (Appendix 4, p. 26)Stable isotope study will indicate the survival of collagen in the bone, and so provide acheck on the reliability of the radiocarbon dates. The technique also has the potentialto show the proportions of marine and terrestrial food consumed by the individualsburied at Windmill Fields. Informal contact with Simon Mays suggests that thisanalysis should be carried out on five burials.

3.4 Assessment of the environmental potentialof the site (Appendix 2, p. 18)The sandy free-draining nature of the soil has given rise to conditions that are notfavourable to the preservation of organic materials. As a result, the quantity of plantmaterial and pollen recovered from the samples was small, though the presence of avariety of tree species was detectable. As a result of the absence of charred materialand the decay of other organic remains, the assessment report recommends that nofurther environmental work be carried out.

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3.5 Assessment of the finds

3.5.1 Conservation report (Appendix 3, p. 22)The excavation of the freeze-lifted block has been a slow process, because of the largenumber of poorly-preserved finds contained in it. Conservation work has been startedon the very fragile jet buttons and beads, to prevent further damage. One tubular beadhas been extracted whole, and a large amount of material is available for X-rayfluorescence (XRF) analysis.

3.5.2 Research potential (Appendix 5, p. 27)The finds offer a rare opportunity to study a large assemblage of jet objects from asingle context, and a useful addition to the small quantity of Beaker finds from theregion. The metalwork is a particularly important discovery as little metalwork ofBronze Age date is ever found in the region: the opportunity to date such a find is alsovery significant.The Ingleby Barwick discovery has the potential of contributing substantially to theexisting record of the later Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age in the region where awealth of monuments is not complemented by an abundance of artefactual evidence.Beyond that, however, the Ingleby Barwick burials have the capacity to contribute tothe analysis of artefactual remains which are significant in a northern Europeancontext, and to the further understanding of the Neolithic / Bronze Age transition,increasingly seen as a critical period in European prehistory.

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4. Project proposalIt is proposed to carry out a programme of post-excavation work on the material andinformation recovered from Windmill Fields. This will result in the publication of anarticle on the find and its significance for studies of the late Neolithic and Early BronzeAge in the north of England, and in the production of a free leaflet about the find forlocal distribution. The finds will be conserved and transferred to Stockton on TeesMuseums Service.

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5. Project aims and objectives

5.1 DatingIt is intended to date the burials as precisely as possible, because of their associationwith important finds, and so that the period of use of the burial ground can be judged.

5.2 Population studyInformation about the age, sex, pathology, injuries, and dietary habits of the populationwill be collected.

5.3 Examination of the status of the individualsand the siteInformation about the status of the individuals and the community represented by theWindmill Fields burials will be sought from the evidence of the finds assemblage andthe human remains.

5.4 Examination of the cultural transitionrepresented by the findThe project will aim to find and discuss any relevant parallel cases of equipped single-grave burial and of excarnation and communal deposition in the local, national, andEuropean region.

5.5 Dissemination of the results of the project;archivingThe results of the excavation and analysis will be published in academic and popularforms. Suitable accounts of the work will be deposited in the Sites and MonumentsRecord and with the NMR: the finds and the site archive will be transferred to the localmuseum.

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6. Methods statement

6.1 Dating (objective 5.1)Dating this site will not be simple, as there are problems with the calibration curve forthe dating of the Early Bronze Age: there are also taphonomic difficulties connectedwith the dating of excarnated remains, which may have been lying about for someconsiderable time before their final deposition. Despite the latter point, dating of thetwo burials from the cist is well worth while, as much of the importance of theWindmill Fields find lies in the co-incidence of burial rituals here: evidence about thechronological spread of the overlap between the traditions is crucial to the site’sinterpretation.The dating will be carried out through the Ancient Monuments Laboratory (AML).Two high-precision dates, from the furnished burials, have already been commissionedfrom the Belfast radiocarbon laboratory. This was arranged through the AML so thatthe results can be used in the BBC television programme Meet the Ancestors. The dateof the excarnated remains could be satisfactorily determined by the accelerator massspectrometry (AMS) method, given the taphonomic uncertainties outlined above. Thiscould be done in about six months.

6.2 Examination of the human remains(objective 5.2)

6.2.1 Osteoarchaeological reportThe bones will be examined by Sue Anderson of Suffolk County Archaeology Service.The report will provide information about age, sex, physical attributes and pathologyof the people. It is possible that recording of some non-metric traits could provideevidence of family relationships within the group.

6.2.2 Stable isotope researchResearch on stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen will be carried out by MichaelRichards of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit. This may give an indication ofthe proportions of marine food eaten by the individuals, and the relative importance ofmeat and plant protein in their diet. This study will also indicate how well the bonecollagen has survived at the site, which is important as a check on the reliability of theradiocarbon dates. The results of the study will be discussed for the site report bySimon Mays of the Ancient Monuments Laboratory.

6.3 Examination of the finds (objective 5.3)Work will be carried out by Jennifer Jones, English Heritage Contract Conservator atthe Department of Archaeology, Durham University.

6.3.1 Metal and jet objectsThe bangles will be X-rayed for evidence of their form and decoration, and cleaned andconsolidated as necessary. The sole complete tubular copper-alloy bead, and a coupleof others which are not too badly decayed, will be cleaned, consolidated, and examined

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for possible surface treatments. All of the beads will be analysed by XRF forinformation about alloys and manufacture.The conservation of the jet objects will be completed, and non-destructive analysis willbe carried out to try to establish whether or not the material is jet. The buttons will becompared with other groups from the region, such as the Street House collection.Work will be carried out to reconstruct possible forms for the clothing and thejewellery of its owner.

6.3.2 Stone objects and potteryThe sources of the stone used for the mace-head, and of the ?haematite lumps found ingrave fills, will be investigated by non-destructive means, and parallels will be soughtfrom other areas and contexts. It is unlikely that a certain identification of the source ofthe stone mace-head can be identified without drilling a sample or taking a thinsection; it is not proposed that either of these should be done. The pottery will beexamined by Blaise Vyner, and the small quantity of flint by Peter Rowe.

6.3.3 Research and reconstructionParallels for the burials and the grave goods will be sought. The presence of relativelyrare high-status objects with two of the people in individual graves shows that this isan unusual group of people. Research on the dress and jewellery of the person buriedwith the copper-alloy and jet objects will also be carried out, for comparison withknown parallels from the continent (eg. Ukrainian examples, Barber 1991, 256). Thiswork will be of considerable value in the examination of the status of one of theindividuals buried at Ingleby Barwick, in comparative work, and for the eventualpresentation of the results of the Windmill Fields excavation.

6.4 Comparative study and synthesis (for statusand cultural transition, 5.4)Information gathered in the processes described above, together with the site data, willform the basis of the descriptive part of the final site report. Parallels and comparativesites will be sought, particularly where there are similar finds, and where there isevidence of similar processes of cultural transition. Comparisons will be drawn withknown sites where excarnation was practiced, such as the Neolithic mortuarymonument at Street House, about 30km to the east of Ingleby Barwick (Vyner 1984).

6.5 Dissemination (objective 5.5)An article on the discovery and its significance will be prepared. A proposal andsummary have been sent to the Editor of PPS and a reasonably encouraging responseobtained. Because of the strong links with Scottish finds, a note will also be written forsubmission to PSAS. A popular illustrated leaflet about the site will be produced fordistribution in the area; a contribution towards the cost of this publication has beenoffered by the developers of the site. The finds and the site archive, together with anymaterial from the BBC which might be useful for interpretation, will be transferred toStockton on Tees Museums Service for display.

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ReferencesAdams, M, & Carne, P, 1995 Excavations at Site P, Village 3, Ingleby Barwick, Cleveland, DAJ

11, 19-33Anderson, J, 1901 Proc Soc Ant Scot XXXV, 266Anderson, S, unpub. The human skeletal remains from Walworth Barrow, Andover; report for

Test Valley Archaeological Trust / Hampshire County Museums ServiceASUD 1996 An archaeological evaluation at Ingleby Barwick, Village 4, Fields 16, 18,

19. Unpublished evaluation report by Archaeological Services University ofDurham, ref. 415

ASUD 1997 Little Maltby Farm, Ingleby Barwick, Teesside. Unpublished evaluation report by Archaeological Services University of Durham, ref. 434

Barber, E, 1991 Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, Princeton UP, USA

Cameron, A, n.d. The Human Bones from Wilsford Down, Salisbury Plain, AML Report 4488

Cameron, A, unpub. Report in AML site fileCornwall, I, 1976 In Vatcher, F and Vatcher, H, Proc Prehist Soc 42: 263-292Dawes, J, 1979 In Dent, J S, Yorks Archaeol J 51, 23-39Dawes, J, 1984 In Watts, L and Rahtz, P, Cowlam Wold round barrows, York University

Archaeological Publications No. 3Denston, C, 1968 In Stead, I, Yorks Archaeol J 40: 129-42Denston, C, 1976 Human bones, in Petersen, F, The Excavation of an Early Bronze Age

cemetery at Pin Farm, Gazeley, Procs Suffolk Inst Archaeol 33 (1): 1946Denston, C, 1978 In Martin, E, Procs. Cambridge Antiq Soc 1978: 1-21Fawcett, 1938 In Clifford, EM, Proc Prehist Soc 4: 214-18Heslop, D H, 1984 Initial excavations at Ingleby Barwick, Cleveland, DAJ 1, 23-34Jelley, D, 1984 The jet buttons, in Vyner 1984, 177-182Marsden, B, 1982 Notes on bones in Derbys Archaeol J 102: 23-32Mays, S, 1988a AML Report 98/88Mays, S, 1988b AML Report 110/88McKinley, J, forthcoming? Report on skeletons from Twyford Down (M3 Bar End to Compton)Powers, R, Brothwell, D, Newell, R, & Cornwall, I, 1967 in Proc Prehist Soc 33Parker-Pearson, M, 1993 Bronze Age Britain, Batsford/English HeritageSockett, E, 1971 A Bronze Age barrow at Mount Pleasant, near Normanby, Yorks Archaeol

J 43, 33-38Spratt, DA, 1992 Prehistoric and Roman Archaeology of North-East Yorkshire, CBA Res

Rep 104Vyner, BE, 1984 The Excavation of a Neolithic Cairn at Street House, Loftus, Cleveland,

Proc Prehist Soc 50, 151-195Vyner, BE, 1988 The Street House Wossit: the excavation of a late Neolithic and Early

Bronze Age palisaded ritual monument at Street House, Loftus, Cleveland, Proc Prehist Soc 54, 173-122

Watts, S, 1992 An investigation into the composition of shale to determine factors affecting the stability of archaeological shale artefacts (unpublished dissertation for MA in Conservation of Artefacts, Dept. of Archaeology, University of Durham)

Wells, C, 1977 In Donaldson, P, Antiq J. 62: 197-231Wells, C, 1982 In Green, C, et al., Procs Dorset Nat Hist and Archaeol Soc104: 39-58Wells, C, 1984 In Green, C and Rollo-Smith, S, Proc Prehist Soc 50: 255-318Whittle, A, 1997 Europe in the Neolithic: the Creation of New Worlds, Cambridge