e motion, body, and brain (c) 2015 m. guthrie yarwood
TRANSCRIPT
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EMOTION, BODY, AND BRAIN
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ANNOUNCEMENTS
Mid-Semester Feedback Survey
Outline coming up!
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EMOTION AND THE BODY
Physiological Measures
Autonomic Sensitivity Hypothesis
Emotion Response Coherence
3© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
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FIGHT-FLIGHT-FREEZE
REST AND
DIGEST
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PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: ANS ACTIVITY
Measures of SNS OR PNS ActivityEKG/ECG, Blood Pressure, Finger Temperature, Respiration,
Pupils
Measures of SNS Activity OnlySkin conductance level, Cardiac pre-ejection period
Measures of PNS Activity Only:Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, Vagal Tone
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PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: ANS ACTIVITY
Problem #1: ANS activity is not a pure measure of emotion digestion, homeostasis, attention
Problem #2: Most measures do not differentiate b/w SNS or PNS changes Solution: Skin Conductance Level, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
Problem #3: Individual differences in responses Solution: Baseline levels
Problem #4: Intrusiveness confounds baseline measure Solution: Less intrusive measures! Several trials and baselines!
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PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: STARTLE REFLEX
Reflexive response to a sudden, intense stimulus
Eye Blink
Startle Probe – 50 ms burst of loud, white noise
Startle reflex reflects valence of emotion
Startle reflex greater for certain diagnoses Phobia, PTSD
[Mauss, I.B., & Robinson, M.D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition andEmotion, 23, 209-237. doi: 10.1080/02699930802204677]
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Left Frontal Lobe = More behavioral activation than
behavioral avoidance
Right Frontal Lobe = More
behavioral avoidance than
behavioral activation
AngerFear
(Davidson 2002; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1998; Zuckerman, 2005)
Happiness
Worry
PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: FRONTAL ASYMMETRY AND EEG
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PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: NEUROIMAGING
Better measures of specific emotions than EEG
fMRI: uptake of oxygen in blood
PET: inject with radioactive isotope, then measure metabolic activity
Greater signal = more blood flow to certain brain region = greater activation of brain region
[Mauss, I.B., & Robinson, M.D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition andEmotion, 23, 209-237. doi: 10.1080/02699930802204677]
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TWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Autonomic Sensitivity Hypothesis: each basic emotion has a distinct psychological pattern James-Lange; Basic Emotions; Ekman
Emotional Response Coherence: As emotion unfolds over time, emotion components change at the same time (facial expressions, physiology, subj. feelings)
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AN FE SA DI HA SU0123456789
Heart rate
AN FE SA DI HA SU
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Finger temperature
AN FE SA DI HA SU0
0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
Skin conductance
AN FE SA DI HA SU
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Muscle activity
(Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990)
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AUTONOMIC SENSITIVITY HYPOTHESIS:DIFFERENT PATTERNS FOR NEGATIVE EMOTIONS
Anger : ↑ HR,↑ Finger Temp, ↑ SCL
Fear: ↑ HR, ↓ Finger Temp, ↑ SCL
Disgust: no change HR, no change Finger Temp, ↑ SCL
Sadness: ↑ HR, no change Finger Temp, ↑ SCL
What about positive emotions?12
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EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COHERENCE: DO COMPONENTS CHANGE AT THE SAME TIME?
Within-system coherence: coherence within the same emotion component
Between-system coherence: coherence between two or more emotion components
Event-response coherence: coherence between one emotion component and an emotion-specific event
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[Bonanno, G.A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing“on-line” measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149]
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EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COHERENCE: DO COMPONENTS CHANGE AT THE SAME TIME?
Event-Response Coherence: Are facial expressions of emotion associated with appraisal of a specific emotion-related event?
Between-System Coherence: Do facial expressions change along with other emotion-related components?
Bereaved individuals spoke about the loss of their spouses
Coded Narrative Units – discussion of this loss Coded Facial Expressions Self-reported subjective feelings[Bonanno, G.A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing “on-line
” measures of appraisal andfacial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149]
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EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COHERENCE: DO COMPONENTS CHANGE AT THE SAME TIME?
Event-Response Coherence: Do event appraisal and facial expressions occur at same time? Sad facial expression + correlated with only loss appraisal NUs Angry facial expression + correlated with only injustice appraisal
NUs Duchenne smile + correlated with injustice appraisal Nus; not
correlated with happiness or pride appraisal Nus
Between-Response Coherence: Do facial expressions and self-reported emotions occur at same time? Sad facial expressions + correlated with self-reported distress Angry facial expressions + correlated with self-reported anger No findings for Duchenne smile and self-reported happiness[Bonanno, G.A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing
“on-line” measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149]
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EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COHERENCE: DO COMPONENTS CHANGE AT THE SAME TIME?As emotion intensity ↑, coherence should ↑
People with greatest event-response coherence of sadness → highest self-reported distress
People with greatest event-response coherence of anger → highest self-reported anger
Harder to find coherence for positive emotionsLack of correlations with Duchenne smile and positive emotions+ correlation b/w Duchenne smile and injustice appraisal
(anger)Undoing effect of negative emotions 16
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
[Bonanno, G.A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing“on-line” measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149]
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EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COHERENCE: DO COMPONENTS CHANGE AT THE SAME TIME?
Participant-reported amusement and sadness (dial)
Coder-reported facial expression (dial)
Cardiovascular Activity
Skin Conductance Level (SCL)17
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(Mauss et al., 2005)
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EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COHERENCE: DO COMPONENTS CHANGE AT THE SAME TIME?
Self-reported and facial expression show coherence
Amusement has greater correspondence than sadness
What’s going on with sadness?SuppressionNo specific, adaptive behavioral tendencies
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EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Prefrontal Cortex
Reward Circuit
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AMYGDALA
Positive and negative emotions
Separate amygdala neurons
Reward and punishment
Directs organism to learn
Fear Conditioning
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AMYGDALA: FEAR CONDITIONING
Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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FEAR CONDITIONING - BLUE/YELLOW SQUARE PARADIGM
NOTHING
(Phelps et al., 2004)
Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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FEAR CONDITIONING - BLUE/YELLOW SQUARE PARADIGM
(Phelps et al., 2004)Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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AMYGDALA
Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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FEAR CONDITIONING - BLUE/YELLOW SQUARE PARADIGM
NOTHING
(Phelps et al., 2004)Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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AMYGDALA: FEAR CONDITIONING
Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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AMYGDALA: LESION STUDIES
Fearlessness, Hypersexuality, “Oral Fixation”
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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AMYGDALA: S.M. CASE STUDY
S.M.: Bilateral damage to amygdala
Unilateral Damage: left or right side
Normal and Brain-Damaged Controls
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BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE (S.M.) SHOWS GREATEST IMPAIRMENT IN RECOGNITION AND RECALL
Impairment in Recognition Judgments of Emotion Intensity: less intense for fear, surprise, anger Judgments of Facial Expressions (but not identity)
Impairment in Recall Underlying Structure Drawing Facial Expressions
No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Identify of Faces
Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208
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BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE (S.M.) SHOWS GREATEST IMPAIRMENT IN RECOGNITION AND RECALL
Impairment in Recognition Judgments of Emotion Intensity: less intense for fear, surprise,
anger Judgments of Facial Expressions (but not identity)
Impairment in Recall Drawing Facial Expressions
No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Underlying Structure Identify of Faces (Adolphs et al., 1995)
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(Adolphs et al., 1995)
All other Participants S.M.
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BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE (S.M.) SHOWS GREATEST IMPAIRMENT IN RECOGNITION AND RECALL
Impairment in Recognition Judgments of Emotion Intensity: less intense for fear, surprise, anger Judgments of Facial Expressions (but not identity)
Impairment in Recall Drawing Facial Expressions
No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Underlying Structure Identify of Faces
(Adolphs et al., 1995)
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(Adolphs et al., 1999)
Happy surprised afraid angry disgusted sad
Happy surprised afraid angry disgusted sad
Ratings of Emotional Intensity Ratings of Emotional Intensity
Em
oti
on S
tim
ulu
s
Em
oti
on S
tim
ulu
s
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(Adolphs et al., 1999)
Happy surprised afraid angry disgusted sad
Happy surprised afraid angry disgusted sad
Ratings of Emotional Intensity Ratings of Emotional Intensity
Em
oti
on S
tim
ulu
s
Em
oti
on S
tim
ulu
s
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BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE (S.M.) SHOWS GREATEST IMPAIRMENT IN RECOGNITION AND RECALL
Impairment in Recognition Judgments of Emotion Intensity: less intense for fear, surprise, anger Judgments of Facial Expressions (but not identity)
Impairment in Recall Drawing Facial Expressions
No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Underlying Structure Identify of Faces
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TAKE OUT A PIECE OF PAPER!
HAPPY
SAD
SURPRISED
ANGRY
DISGUSTED
ANGRY
AFRAID
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(Adolphs et al., 1995)
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BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE (S.M.) SHOWS GREATEST IMPAIRMENT IN RECOGNITION AND RECALL
Impairment in Recognition Judgments of Emotion Intensity: less intense for fear, surprise, anger Judgments of Facial Expressions (but not identity)
Impairment in Recall Drawing Facial Expressions
No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Underlying Structure Identify of Faces
(Adolphs et al., 1995)
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BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE (S.M.) SHOWS GREATEST IMPAIRMENT IN RECOGNITION AND RECALL
Impairment in Recognition Judgments of Emotion Intensity: less intense for fear, surprise, anger Judgments of Facial Expressions (but not identity)
Impairment in Recall Drawing Facial Expressions
No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Underlying Structure Identify of Faces
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AMYGDALA DAMAGE: DO SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS CHANGE?
Patients with amygdala damage report feeling fear normally But how do we know this “feeling” is the same as controls?
Stroke patients w/ amygdala damage: deficits in arousal ratings
PANAS Ratings (Watson & Tellegen): Bilateral (S.M., S.P., etc.) unilateral, controls
(Anderson & Phelps, 2002)
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PANAS1 = NOT AT ALL; 5 = EXTREMELY
Interested Excited Strong Enthusiastic Proud Alert Determines Attentive Active
Distressed Upset Guilty Scared Hostile Irritable Ashamed Nervous Jittery Afraid
Positive Affect!
Negative Affect!
(PANAS-Momentary; Watson et al., 1998)
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(Anderson & Phelps, 2002)
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WHAT DOES S.M. AND S.P. TELL US ABOUT THE AMYGDALA?
Impairs recognition of negative emotions
Impairs recall/memory for negative emotions
But…..NOT ALL IS IMPAIRED! Recognize identity of faces Understand concept of fear Subjective experience of valence Happiness
Why would judgment of fear and fear-related emotions be impaired?
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AMYGDALA DIRECTS ATTENTION
S.M. Healthy, female controls
(Spezio et al., 2007)
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AMYGDALA DIRECTS ATTENTION
Intact Amygdala: report more emotionally-charged words than neutral words
Amygdala Damage: equally report emotionally-charged and neutral words
(Anderson & Phelps, 2001)
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AMYGDALA: BRINGING IT TOGETHER
Activated for a range of emotions
Activated to direct attention to and learn about emotion-eliciting objects Not necessarily activated for specific emotions
Under-activation = fearlessness, approach new stimuli, weakened SCR and startle response Antisocial Personality Disorder
Mental Illness = Over-activation to fear-eliciting objects Under-activation to joy-eliciting objects (Zhong et al., 2011)
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HIPPOCAMPUS
Formation of vivid episodic memories
Amygdala tags emotional event; hippocampus encodes
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HIPPOCAMPUS ACTIVATED WHEN
Negatively-valenced events Music dissonance, vocal expression of fear, anticipating anxiety,
monetary penalties
Positively-valenced events Recalling pleasant autobiographical memory, winning in games,
memory for pleasant films
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HIPPOCAMPUS DAMAGE
Monkeys with hippocampus damage Normal Monkeys: Freeze during intruder, but not alone condition Hippo. Damage: Freeze during intruder AND alone conditions
Wounded U.S. Soldiers Brain damage outside amygdala – 40% developed PTSD Brain damage, including amygdala – No PTSD
Depression, Bipolar Disorder, PTSD, Borderline PD Smaller volume Context-inappropriate emotions
(Kwon & Choi, 2009)
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PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Role in decision making
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (VMPFC) Activated by pleasant and unpleasant
stimuli Anticipating vs. Receiving reward
Damage
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PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND CRIME
Impulsive / emotional murderers Increased amygdala, decreased
PFC activation
Cold-blooded / calculated murderers Showed normal activity
Unsuccessful vs. Successful Psychopaths
(Raine et al., 1998; Yang et al., 2005)
Psychopath Findings
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Unsuc
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Volume 22% smaller
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REWARD CIRCUIT AND POSITIVE EMOTIONS Nucleus Accumbens ,Ventral Tegmental Area
(VTA), Caudate Nucleus
Anticipating/Wanting vs. Consuming/Enjoying
Activation correlated with magnitude and likelihood of reward
VTA releases dopamine into nucleus accumbens
Damage
Love!
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SUMMARY: EMOTION, BODY, AND BRAIN
Autonomic specificity response and emotion response coherence clearer for negative (vs. positive) emotions
Have not identified brain structures linked to specific emotions Evidence against distinct emotions perspective
Certain areas seem related to categories of emotions Amygdala – negative! Reward circuit – positive! Insular cortex – disgust!
Structures work together to create emotional experiences Amygdala and hippocampus Amygdala (conditioning) and prefrontal cortex (extinction)