e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e um
TRANSCRIPT
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8/9/2019 e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e Um
1/7
l l i s I s l a n d I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m
by iana Pardue
iana Pardue is director of the Museum
Services
Division at the
Statue
of Liberty National
Monument and Ellis
Island,
part of the US Nat ionalPark Service. Sh e was involvedwitht he
Statueof
Liberty
and
Ellis
Islandrestorationprojects in the1980swhich createdth e
Ellis
Island
Immigration Museum.Her current duties include
overseeing
th emuseum programme and
cultural
resource
management of
th e
historicstructures, archeology, h istory and ethnography
of the sites. Sh e is also amember of /COMand ch air of the International
C ommittee
of
Architecture
andMuseum Techniques ICAMT).
N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e
The National Park Service was created in 1917 to
oversee a sys tem of f if teen nat ion al pa rks an d
twenty- one na t iona l monuments , a r eas des igna ted
of nat ional s ignif icance that had been set as ide by
the Uni ted S ta te s Gover nment to be pr ese r ved
and in te r pr e ted to the publ ic . I n 1933 an
execut ive or de r t r ans f e r r ed o the r na t iona l
m o n u m e n t s a n d p a r k s u n d e r t h e W a r D e p a r t m e n t
( including the Statue of Liber ty and many
batt lef ie lds) to the National Park Service . In 1935
the His tor ic S i tes Act was passed by Congress ,
direct ing the National Park Service to res tore ,
r econs t r u c t , r ehab i l i t a te , p r ese r ve , and ma in ta in
his tor ic and prehis tor ic s i tes , bui ldings , objects ,
and proper t ies of nat ional his tor ical and
archaeological s ignif icance and to es tabl ish and
main ta in mu seu ms in conn ec t ion the r ewi th . At
tha t t ime , h i s to r y museums lagged beh ind
museums of a r t o r na tur a l h i s to r y in many ways .
Th e Natio nal Pa rk Service s inclus ion of his tor ical
s i tes in i ts miss ion has great ly added to the source
of ideas about h i s to r y museums , pa r t i cu la r ly a s
mos t pa r k museums a r e r epr esen ted in the
ca tegor y of s i t e museums .
m U S e U T I
S S N 1 3 5 0 0 7 7 5 . n o .
2 2 3
v o l .
5 6 .
n o .
3 . 2 0 0 4 )
u b l i s h e d b y B l a c k w e l l P u b l i s h i n g . 9 6 0 0 G a r e i n g l o n R o a d , O x f o r d . 0 X 6 2 D Q U K ) a n d 3 5 0
a i n
S t r e e t . M a i d e n . M A 0 2 1 48 U S A )
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8/9/2019 e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e Um
2/7
E l l i s I s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m
i a n a P a r d u e
T h i s y e a r t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k
S e r v i c e
i s
c e l e b r a t i n g t h e c e n t e n a r y o f t h e b e g i n n i n g o f s i t e
m u s e u m s o n N a t i o n a l P a r k
s i t e s . T h e s e
m u s e u m s
o f f e r
g r e a t e r
d e p t h t o t h e v i s i t o r
e x p e r i e n c e
a n d
h e l p e x p a n d t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e
p e o p l e
a n d
e v e n t s t h a t r e p r e s e n t t h e c o m m o n h e r i t a g e o f t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e m u s e u m c o l l e c t i o n s i n t h e s e
s i t e s a r e a l s o e x t r a o r d i n a r y i n t h a t t h e y a r e
p r e s e r v e d w h e r e t h e y b e l o n g : i n t h e n a t i o n a l p a r k s ,
t h e a u t h e n t i c p l a c e s w h e r e i m p o r t a n t e v e n t s a n d
c u l t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e s
r e a l l y h a p p e n e d . T h i s c o n t e x t ,
t h i s d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o p l a c e , i s u n i q u e a s m o s t
m u s e u m s a r e r e p o s i t o r i e s o f o b j e c t s f a r r e m o v e d
f r o m
t h e
p l a c e s
t h a t m a k e t h e m i m p o r t a n t . T h e
d e v e l o p m e n t o f E l l i s I s l a n d i n t o t h e E l l i s I s l a n d
I m m i g r a t i o n
M u s e u m i s o n e e x a m p l e o f t h i s d i r e c t
r e l a t i o n s h i p t o p l a c e w i t h i n t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k
S e r v i c e .
l l s
I s l a n d h i s t o r y
E l l i s
I s l a n d , a ( 1 1 . 1 4
h e c t a r e )
i s l a n d i n t h e s h a d o w
o f t h e S t a t u e o f L i b e r t y , i s
l o c a t e d
o f f t h e N e w
J e r s e y
s h o r e l i n e i n U p p e r N e w Y o r k H a r b o u r .
u r i n g
i t s t u r b u l e n t l i f e s p a n a s a n i m m i g r a t i o n
s t a t i o n , b e t w e e n 1 8 9 2 a n d 1 9 5 4 , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 2
m i l l i o n i m m i g r a n t s w e r e p r o c e s s e d t h r o u g h i t s
d o o r s . W h i l e a P o r t a l o f H o p e a n d F r e e d o m f o r
m a n y i m m i g r a n t s , i t w a s
a l s o
a n I s l a n d o f T e a r s
f o r t h e 2 p e r c e n t w h o w e r e t u r n e d a w a y w h e n t h e y
f a i l e d t o m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e v a r i o u s
U n i t e d S t a t e s i m m i g r a t i o n l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s . I t s
a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d s t a f f p r o c e s s e d
s o m e 5 , 0 0 0
p e o p l e
d a i l y d u r i n g t h e
p e a k y e a r s
o f i m m i g r a t i o n
a n d u p t o
1 1 , 7 4 7
o n o n e r e c o r d d a y .
A p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e q u a r t e r s o f t h e i m m i g r a n t s
e n t e r i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s d u r i n g t h e f ir s t h a l f o f
t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y w e r e p r o c e s s e d a t E l l i s
I s l a n d , m a k i n g i t t h e p r i n c i p a l i m m i g r a t i o n s t a t i o n
i n t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s .
T h e p h y s i c a l a n d s o c i a l h i s t o r y o f E l l i s
I s l a n d r e f l e c t s i m p o r t a n t t r a n s i t i o n s i n a t t i t u d e s
t o w a r d i m m i g r a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y . I m m i g r a t i o n
p e a k e d
i n 1 9 0 7 ; i t d e c l i n e d s h a r p l y d u r i n g t h e F i r s t
W o r l d
W a r , q u i c k l y r e v i v e d a f t e r t h e w a r , a n d t h e n
w a s a l t e r e d d r a m a t i c a l l y
w i t h
t h e
p a s s a g e
o f
r e s t r i c t i v e i m m i g r a t i o n l a w s i n t h e m i d 1 9 2 0 s . T h e s e
l a w s , w h i c h p l a c e d a c e i l i n g o n a n n u a l i m m i g r a t i o n
a n d e s t a b l i s h e d q u o t a s f o r e a c h f o r e i g n n a t i o n , a l s o
p r o v i d e d f o r t h e i n s p e c t i o n o f i m m i g r a n t s b y U n i t e d
S t a t e s
c o n s u l a r o f f i c i a l s i n t h e i m m i g r a n t s c o u n t r y
o f o r i g i n . T h e r e a f t e r , o n l y t h e i m m i g r a n t s w h o s e
p a p e r s w e r e n o t i n o r d e r o r t h o s e w h o r e q u i r e d
m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t a t t h e P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e
h o s p i t a l f a c i l i t y w e r e
s e n t
t o E l l i s I s l a n d . T h e
f a c i l i t i e s w e r e i n c r e a s i n g l y
u s e d
f o r t h e
a s s e m b l y
a n d d e p o r t a t i o n o f a l i e n s w h o h a d e n t e r e d t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s i l l e g a l l y , o r o f i m m i g r a n t s w h o h a d
v i o l a t e d t h e t e r m s o f t h e i r a d m i t t a n c e . T h e f a c i l i t i e s
w e r e a l s o u s e d f o r a l i e n d e t a i n m e n t p u r p o s e s d u r i n g
t h e
S e c o n d
W o r l d W a r . W h i l e t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f
E l l i s
I s l a n d r e f l e c t e d t h e l i b e r a l a t t i t u d e s o f t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s t o w a r d s i m m i g r a t i o n , t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f
i t s l i f e w a s s h a p e d b y a n e w r e s t r i c t i o n i s t p o l i c y
w h i c h
s u c c e e d e d i n n a r r o w i n g t h e o p e n d o o r t o t h e
U n i t e d
S t a t e s .
T h e S t a t u e o f L i b e r t y w a s d e s i g n a t e d a
N a t i o n a l M o n u m e n t i n 1 9 2 4 a n d b e c a m e p a r t o f
t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k
S e r v i c e
i n 1 9 3 3 . E l l i s I s l a n d w a s
a d d e d
t o t h e S t a t u e o f L i b e r t y N a t i o n a l M o n u m e n t
i n 1 9 6 5 b y P r e s i d e n t i a l P r o c l a m a t i o n
w i t h
t h e
i n t e n t o f p r e s e r v i n g t h e o r i g i n a l i m m i g r a t i o n a n d
h o s p i t a l b u i l d i n g s a n d c r e a t i n g t h e E l l i s I s l a n d
I m m i g r a t i o n
M u s e u m .
m U e U T I S S N 1 3 5 0 0 7 7 5 . N O
. 2 2 3 ( V o l . 5 6 . N o 3 .
2 0 0 4 )
3
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8/9/2019 e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e Um
3/7
W H A T S I T E ?
5 .
A e r i a l v i e w o f E l l i s I s l a n d . 1995
P l a n n i n g t h e I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m
In December 1980 the National Park Service
released a plan exploring the range of possible
actions for the management and development of
the abandoned Ellis Island buildings. Anticipated
federal budget constraints forced the conclusion
that only a few of the historic structures at
Ellis Island could be preserved. The
overwhelming public response of serious concern
to the preliminary proposals indicated that more
support might be available from private fund-
raising.
A commission of corporate CEO s
spearheaded the private fund-raising effort
appointed by President Reagan and the Secretary o
the Interior. The Comm ission s ma ndate was to
supervise the fund-raising to support the
renovation and development of Ellis Island. In
view of the new fund-raising efforts, the General
Management Plan for Ellis Island, stated that
co-operation between federal and private groups
made possible a much more ambitious plan than
envisioned earlier.
The Main Building, where millions of
immigrants were processed, was identified as the
site for the new Ellis Island Immigration Museum.
The basic approa ch was to rehabilitate the building
for use as a major museum, to preserve its.
historical character and to restore key areas
P u b l i s h e d b y B l a c k w e l l P u b l i s h i n g . 9 6 0 0 G a r s i n g t o n R o a d . O x f o r d . 0 X 4 2 D Q U K ) a n d 3 5 0 M a i n S t r e e t M a i d e n . M A 0 2 1 4 8 U S A )
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8/9/2019 e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e Um
4/7
E l l i s I s l a n d I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m
D i a n a P a r d u s
i n t i m a t e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i m m i g r a t i o n
p r o c e s s i n g t o t h e i r h i s t o r i c a l
a p p e a r a n c e s .
O t h e r
a r e a s
w o u l d b e a d a p t i v e l y c o n v e r t e d i n t o m o d e r n
f a c i l i t i e s s u c h
s
t h e t h e a t r e s . S t r u c t u r a l
m o d i f i c a t i o n s a n d t h e r e m o v a l o f h i s t o r i c f a b r i c
w e r e n o t c o m p l e t e l y p r o h i b i t e d b u t s u c h a c t i o n s
r e q u i r e d j u s t i f i c a t i o n o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l
r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e p r o p o s e d u s e o f t h e s p a c e
s
w e l l
s
h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y
c o n c e r n s .
I n g e n e r a l
a n y i n t e r v e n t i o n o r c o m p r o m i s i n g o f h i s t o r i c
b u i l d i n g f a b r i c w a s e v a l u a t e d o n
c a s e - b y - c a s e
b a s i s .
T h e E l l i s I s l a n d I n t e r p r e t i v e P r o s p e c t u s
w a s d e v e l o p e d t o d e f i n e t h e m a i n m u s e u m t h e m e s
a n d g u i d e d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e
o f
t h i s m u s e u m w a s t o c o n v e y t h e s i t e - s p e c i f i c s t o r y
o f E l l i s I s l a n d i n t h e b r o a d e r c o n t e x t o f
i m m i g r a t i o n h i s t o r y . T h i s p l a n o u t l i n e d c o m p l e x
b l e n d o f m e d i a i n c l u d i n g e x h i b i t s a u d i o v i s u a l
p r o g r a m m e s e d u c a t i o n a l
s e r v i c e s
a n d
p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e c h a l l e n g e w a s t o
c r e a t e
t h e
p r o p e r
b a l a n c e
o f c r e a t i v i t y a n d i n n o v a t i o n i n
k e e p i n g w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h i s s p e c i a l
s p a c e . T h e u l t i m a t e g o a l w a s t o m a k e E l l i s I s l a n d
a n e x c i t i n g
p l a c e
t o v i s i t w h i l e r e t a i n i n g t h e
a m b i a n c e a n d h i s t o r i c a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e s i t e .
D e v e l o p m e n t a n d
o p e r a t i o n s
T h e M a i n B u i l d i n g w a s d e v e l o p e d
s
m a j o r s i t e
m u s e u m t h e E l l i s I s l a n d I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m
p r e s e r v i n g t h e h i s t o r i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h e b u i l d i n g
a n d c a p t u r i n g t h e i m p r e s s i o n s o f t h e p r o f o u n d
h u m a n d r a m a t h a t u n f o l d e d t h e r e . I n a d d i t i o n t o
t h e i m m i g r a t i o n s t o r y E l l i s I s l a n d
i s s e e n s
s y m b o l o f
n a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s
w i t h
d i v e r s e
e t h n i c a n d c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t i e s a n d n a t i o n b a s e d o n
c o m m o n p r i n c i p l e s t h e m o s t c h e r i s h e d o f w h i c h i s
l i b e r t y .
T h e t h r e e m a i n t h e m e s o f t h e m u s e u m a r e :
1 .
Through America s Gate; The E l l i s I s l a n d
Story,
f o c u s i n g o n t h e i m m i g r a t i o n
p r o c e s s i n g s t o r y t h a t t o o k
p l a c e
o n E l l i s
I s l a n d a n d i l l u s t r a t i n g k e y a c t i v i t i e s
t h r o u g h
b l e n d o f e x h i b i t s o r a l h i s t o r i e s
h i s t o r i c a l f u r n i s h e d s e t t i n g s a u d i o v i s u a l
p r o g r a m m e s a n d p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s .
2 . Peak
Immigration Years,
e x p l o r i n g t h e
b r o a d s t o r y o f i m m i g r a t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s
s h i s t o r i c a l a n d c o n t e m p o r a r y
p h e n o m e n o n
f r o m
b o t h
l o c a l a n d g l o b a l
p e r s p e c t i v e a n d l o o k i n g a t t h e d i v e r s e
f o r c e s
t h a t p u s h e d a n d p u l l e d i m m i g r a n t s
t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t h r o u g h e x h i b i t s o r a l
h i s t o r i e s a u d i o v i s u a l p r o g r a m m e s a n d
p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s .
3 . The Peopling of America, e x a m i n i n g t h e
a m b i g u i t y o f n a t i o n a l i d e n t i t y t h r o u g h
e l e m e n t s o f e t h n i c r e t e n t i o n a n d
c r o s s -
c u l t u r a l
i n t e r a c t i o n . T h e c o m m o n
e l e m e n t s o f U n i t e d S t a t e s c u l t u r e a n d t h e
p e r s i s t e n c e o f e t h n i c i t y a r e e x p l o r e d s
w e l l
s
t h e n a t i o n a l t r a n s i t i o n
f r o m
l a b o u r - d e f i c i e n t n a t i o n i n i t s e a r l y y e a r s
i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e f o r c e d m i g r a t i o n
o f
s l a v e s a n d i n d e n t u r e d s e r v a n t s t o m o r e
b a l a n c e d e c o n o m y w i t h r e s t r i c t i v e
i m m i g r a t i o n p o l i c y i n t h e t w e n t i e t h
c e n t u r y .
I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e n a t i o n a l i s t i c a p p r o a c h
u s e d i n t h e A m e r i c a n M u s e u m o f I m m i g r a t i o n
o n c e l o c a t e d i n t h e b a s e o f t h e S t a t u e o f L i b e r t y
m m
I S S N
1350 0775.
N o .
223
V o l . 5 6 N o . 3
20m \5
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8/9/2019 e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e Um
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8/9/2019 e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e Um
6/7
I t l l i s i s l a n d I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m
D i a n a
P a r d u e
p o l i c i e s o f l a b o u r u n i o n s a n d A m e r i c a n r a c i s m a r e
d i s p l a y e d . T h e
Peopling of merica
e x h i b i t p l a c e s
i m m i g r a t i o n
t o t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s
i n t h e l a r g e r
c o n t e x t o f 4 0 0
y e a r s
o f w o r l d w i d e p o p u l a t i o n
m o v e m e n t s . I t i n c l u d e s t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l c h a r t s
a n d
g r a p h s
t o p o r t r a y t h e r i s i n g p r o p o r t i o n o f
f e m a l e t o m a l e i m m i g r a n t s
s o u r c e s
o f i m m i g r a t i o n
t o
t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s
f r o m E u r o p e t h e A m e r i c a s
A s i a a n d A f r i c a n u m b e r s o f
p e o p l e
a r r i v i n g a n d
d e p a r t i n g f r o m t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s
f o r
s p e c i f i c
y e a r s
a n d w h e r e g r o u p s o f d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c a n c e s t r y h a v e
c l u s t e r e d i n t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s
t o d a y .
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