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E-ISSN: 2581-7140

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INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL OF

TAMIL LANGUAGE

AND

LITERARY STUDIES

(Ijtlls)

A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal

VOL – I: ISSUE – II, JANUARY 2019


EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-Chief

Ms. D. Maheswari, M.A., M.Phil., SET., B.Litt., D.G.T., (Ph.D).

IJTLLS,

Virudhunagar,

Tamil Nadu, India.

E.Mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Co-Editors’

Dr. N. Sulochana, M.A., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET.

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics,

International Institute of Tamil Studies,

Taramani, Chennai-113,

Tamil Nadu, India.

E-mail: [email protected]

Ms. V.Vimal, M.A. M.Phil., (Ph.D).

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,

The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,

Tamil Nadu, India.


Advisory Editorial Board

Dr. Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy, M.A., Ph.D.

Head of the Department, Indian Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,

University of Malaya, Malaysia.

Tel: +603-79675629, Fax: +603-79675460.

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. Sascha Ebeling, M.A., Ph.D.

Associate Professor, College Senior Adviser in the Humanities, Chair, Readings in World

Literature Collegiate Core Sequence,

Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations,

Department of Comparative Literature,

The University of Chicago,

1130 East 59th Street, Foster 203, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.



R. Venkatesh, (PLM Leader in FORD, Michigan)

President and Secretary,

Tamil Academy, Canton, Michigan – 48187,

America.


Dr. Sasi Kumar, M.A. Ling., M.A. Tamil., M.A. Philosophy., M.Ed., Ph.D.

Teaching Fellow, Asian Languages & Cultures Academic Group,

National Institute of Education,

Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Walk,

Singapore- 637616.


Dr. J.B.Prashant More, M.A., Ph.D.

Professor of Social Sciences,

Institute of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities,

Inseec, Paris,

France.


Ms. Punitha Subramaniam, B.Sc., M.Ed.

P.G. Assistant in Tamil,

SJKT Ladang Temerloh,

34800 Trong, Perak, Malaysia.

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Mr. K. Raguparan, CTHE (Peradeniya)., B.A., M.Phil.

Senior Lecturer Gr.II in Tamil,

Department of Languages,

Faculty of Arts and Culture,

South Eastern University, Sri Lanka,


Dr. A. Boologarambai, M.A. Tam., M.A. Ling., NET., B.Ed., Ph.D., P.G. Dip. Hindi., P.G. Dip. Lexicography.

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Language and Translation Studies,

(Sangam Literature & Traditional Grammar, Telugu, Hindi & Japanese, Tamil, English)

Dravidian University, Kuppam- 517425,

Andra Pradesh, India.


Dr. V. Raman, M.A., Ph.D. Tam., M.A., Ph.D. Jmc., DFTech., DLL., DACP., Dip.in.Rus., CCP., CMM., CFA.

Dean- Department of Visual Communication,

Rathinam Arts and Science College,

Eachanari, Coimbatore,


Tamilnadu- 641021, India.


Dr. S. Manimaran, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Associate Professor, Department of Tamil,

N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar College, Madurai-19.

Tamil Nadu, India.


Dr. T. K. Vedaraja, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of English,

Alagappa Govt. Arts College,

Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,

Tamil Nadu, India.


Associate Editor

Mr. M.Vinoth Kumar, M.A. Eng., M.A. Ling., M.A. Trans. Studies., M.Phil., SET., (Ph.D).

Assistant Professor, Department of English,

N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar College, Madurai-19,

Tamil Nadu, India.

E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected]

Assistant Editors’

Dr. P. Swathi, M.A., M.A., M.Phil., NET., Ph.D.



Tamil Nadu, India.


Mr. J. B. Sam Selva Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., NET., (Ph.D).



Tamil Nadu, India.


Mr. G. Antony Suresh, M.A., M.Phil., NET., C.G.T., (Ph.D).


Sadakathullah Appa College,

Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.

Tamil Nadu, India.



Mr. S. Ayyanar, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil., NET., (Ph.D).

Assistant Professor of Tamil,

Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.

Tamil Nadu, India.


Mr. S. Kulandhaivel, M.A., M.Phil.


Ganesar Arts and Science College, Melasivapuri-622403,

Tamil Nadu, India.


Mr. B. Senthil Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., (Ph.D).


Alagappa Govt. Arts College, Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,

Tamil Nadu, India.

E.Mail: [email protected]

Ms. A.Angayarkanni, M.A., M.Phil.


St Antony’s College of Arts and Science for Women, Dindigul-624005,

Tamil Nadu, India.


Mr. R. Ganesh Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed.



Tamil Nadu, India.


PUBLISHER: D. Maheswari,

3/350, Veterinary Hospital Back side,

Virudhunagar – 626001.

Mobile: 8526769556

Mail: [email protected]

[email protected], [email protected]

Copyright © 2018 – D.MAHESWARI

All rights reserved. The Journal holds open access policy and the Pdf copy can be

printed for research and educational purposes. Think before you print so that you can save

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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 1 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal

E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Vol. 1: Issue II, January-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com


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njhy;fhg;gpak; tiuaWj;j ctkf;Nfhl;ghL kpf Ez;zpaJk; gue;Jgl;lJkhFk;;.

,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; mstpwe;jd. njhy;fhg;gpa ctkk; vd;gJ, ctkj;Njhw;wk;,

Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd epiyf;fsd;fs;, ctkk; vt;thnwy;yhk; tUk; vd;gjd; nghJtpjp,

,g;nghJtpjpapypUe;J khWgLk; tpfw;gq;fs; vdg;gy Nehf;fpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

njhy;fhg;gpa ctkf;Nfhl;ghl;bid mbnahw;wpa mzpapyf;fz E}y;fshd

jz;bayq;fhuk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fz tpsf;f mzpapaYs;s nghUszpapaypy; gapd;W

tUk; mzpfs; vt;thW ctkf;Nfhl;ghl;bidr; rhHe;J te;Js;sd vd;gij Muha;tNj

,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,f;fl;Liu,

1. ctkj; Njhw;wj;jpd; epiyf;fsd;fs;.

2. ctkk; vt;thnwy;yhk; tUk; vd;gjd; njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpfs;.

3. njhy;fhg;gpa ctkf;Nfhl;ghl;bid mbnahw;wpa mzpapyf;fzfs;.

vd;Dk; %d;W gphpTfspy; mikfpd;wJ.

njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay; Fwpg;gpLk; xt;nthU E}w;ghtpid xt;nthU tpjpahff;

nfhz;L mt;ntht;nthU tpjpf;Fs;Sk; mlq;Fk; mzpfis tphpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

ctkj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; mjw;fhd epiyf;fsd;fSk; gw;wpa njhy;fhg;gpaf; Nfhl;ghLk;

,jid mbnahw;wpa gpw;fhy mzpapyf;fz E}y;fSk;;;:

njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay; ctkk; ehd;F tifahy; Njhw;wk; ngWk; vd;fpwJ.

mitahtd

“tpidgad; nka;AU vd;w ehd;Nf

tifngw te;j ctkj; Njhw;wk;” (njhy;.ct.272)






vd;Wk;

“tputpAk; tUck; kugpd vd;g” (njhy;.ct.273)

vd;Wk; NkYk; xU tpjp $WfpwJ. tpid gad; nka; cU vd;w ,e;ehd;fpd;

fhuzkhfTk; ,e;ehd;fpd; njhl;ghditfis tpsf;Fkplj;Jk; ctkk; Njhw;wk; ngWk;.

ehd;F tif ctkq;fSk; xU nghUSf;F xU nghUNsad;wp xd;wpw;F

Nkw;gl;litfisAk; xg;Gikahff; nfhs;Sk;.

Nkw;fz;l tiffspy; ctkk; Njhd;Wtjw;F epiyfsd;fshf miktd rpwg;G

eyd; fhjy; typikahk;. ,e;ehd;F tif epiyfsd;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ctkk; Njhw;wk; ngWk; vd;gij,

“rpwg;Ng eyNd fhjy; typnahL

me;ehw; gz;Gk; epiyf;fs nkd;g” (njhy;.ct.279)

vd;Dk; ,e;E}w;ghthy; mwpayhk;.

“rpwg;ngd;gJ cyfj;Js; ,ay;G tifahdd;wp tpfhu tifahy; ngWk;

rpwg;G. eyndd;wJ moF fhjnyd;gJ ,e;eyDk; typAk; ,y;top

cz;lhf;fpAiug;gJ. typnad;gJ jd; jd;ikahNd cs;sNjhh;

typikahk;”. (njhy;.ct.gf;.mz;.gy;.gjp)

vd njhy;fhg;gpak; ctkj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

ctkj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa gpw;fhy mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:

jz;bayq;fhuk; mzpapyf;fzq;fisg; nghJtpay; nghUszpapy; kw;Wk;

nrhy;yzpapay; vd gFj;Js;sJ. nghUszpapaypy; Kg;gj;ije;J mzptiffisAk;

nrhy;yzpapaypy; klf;F mtw;wpd; tiffs; rpj;jpuftp mtw;wpd; tiffs; tOf;fs;

kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tiffs; Mfpatw;iwAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; nghUszpapay;

tpsf;Fk; Kg;gj;ije;J mzp tiffs; kl;Lk; njhy;fhg;gpactktpay; Nfhl;ghl;bDs;

mlq;FfpwJ.

jz;bayq;fhuk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; Fwpg;gpLk; nghUszpapaypy;

tiffshd jd;ik ctik Kjyhditfspd; Njhw;wk;, nghUs,; Fzk,; rhjp njhopy;

vd;w ehd;F tifahy; mike;Js;sJ.

Kg;gj;ije;J mzpfspy; KjyhtJ jd;ikazp. jd;ik vd;gJ xU nghUspd;

xj;j ,ay;G. mt;tpay;gpid cs;sthNw Fwpg;gJ ,t;tzp. ,J nghUs; Fzk; rhjp

vd;Dk; %tifahy; Njhw;wk; ngWtJ. cU nghUspidNah mg;nghUspd;

Fzj;ijNah rhjpiaNah (xU jd;ikahd gy nghUl;fs; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngWtJ.

ctikazp:

gz;G njhopy; gad; Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf nghUNshL nghUis xd;Wk;






gyTkhf nghUe;j itj;J mt;tpU nghUSf;Fk; xg;Gikj; Njhd;WkhW

nrhy;yg;gLtJ ctikazp MFk;.

“gz;Ge; njhopYk; gaDnkd; wptw;wpd;

xd;Wk; gyTk; nghUnshL nghUs; Gzh;e;J

xg;Gik Njhd;wr; nrg;Gt Jtik” (jz;b-31)

vd;Dk; jz;bayq;fhu E}w;ghtpidNa ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk; gpd;gw;WfpwJ.

njhopy; gad;; gz;G ,l;%d;wpd; fhuzkhf Njhw;wk; ngWk; ctik xU

nghUNshL xU nghUs; xU nghUNshL gy nghUs; gy nghUNshL gy nghUs; gy

nghUNshL xU nghUs; vd;W xg;Gik Njhd;w tUk; vd;gjhk;. ,j;Njhw;wk;

njhy;fhg;gpa ctkj; Njhw;wj;ijNa rhh;e;Js;sJ.

ctkk; ,ay;gha; tUjiyAk; NtWgLjiyAk; njhy;fhg;gpa ctltpay;

Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy jz;bayq;fhuKk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk; ctktphpahf ,Ugj;J

ehd;iff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. mitahkhW

“tphpNa njhifNa apju tpjuk;

....khiy nad;Dk; ght jhFk;”

vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpd; top jz;bayq;fhuKk;

“cw;wgz;G Mjpapd; ctkk; nra;Top

...tpsf;fpa ctikapd; tphpvdg; gLNk”

vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpd; top ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk;> ctik ,ay;ghf tUjiyAk; NtWgl

tUjiyAk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F tifapy; $wp NkYk; NtW ctik tiffSk; Nrh;e;J

tUk; vd;gjid,

“mw;GjQ; rpNyil ajprak; tpNuhjk;

xg;Gikf; $l;le; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;

tpyf;Nf NaJntd Ntz;lTk; gLNk” (jz;b-33)

vd;W jz;bayq;fhuKk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;E}Yk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk; ctkj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nfhz;L 32 ctktphpfisAk; gpw ctktiffshd mw;Gjk;,

rpNyil, mjprak,; tpNuhjk,; xg;Gikf;$l;lk,; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk,; tpyf;F, VJ

MfpaitAk; “ctkk;” vd;w xd;iwNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tphpe;Js;sd.

jz;bia xj;Nj tPuNrhopaKk; khwdyq;fhuKk; Kj;JtPhpak; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fKk;

mike;Js;sd vd;fpwJ ,yf;fztpsf;fk;.

Nkw;fz;l jz;bayq;fhuk; Kjyhd mzpapyf;fz E}y;fs; $Wk; tphp ctkk;

Kjy; khiy ctkk; tiuAs;s mzpfs; njhy;fhg;gpa ctkj; Njhw;wkhff;






Fwpg;gpLk; tpid, gad,; nka;, cU vd;w ehd;fpYk; ‘tputpAk; tUk; kugpd vd;g’

vd;Dk; #j;jpuj;jpYk; mlq;Fk;.

‘NtWglj; Njhd;Wk; ctkj; Njhw;wk;’ vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay;

#j;jpuj;Js; ctkk; tpfw;gpj;J Njhd;Wtdthf mzpE}y;fs; $Wk; mw;Gjk;, rpNyil,

mjprak;, tpNuhjk,; xg;Gikf;$l;lk,; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk,; tpyf;F, VJ Mfpa mzpfs;

mlq;Fnkd nghJthfNt $wyhk;. Mdhy; mJ Vw;GilajhfhJ.

ctkk; vt;thnwy;yhk; tUk; vd;gjd; njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpAk; ,t;tpjpapd;

,ay;gpYs;s khw;wq;fSk; mk;khw;wj;jpd; gb mike;Js;s gpd;dhisa mzpfSk;

gw;wp kl;Lk; fhz;Nghk;.

ctkk; vt;thnwy;yhk; tUk; vd;gjd; njhy;fhg;gpa nghJtpjpfs; mt;tpjpfis

mbnahw;wpa gpd;dhisa mzpapyf;fzq;fs;:

njhy;fhg;gpa ctltpay; ctkj;jpd; ehd;D tifj; Njhw;wk; epiyf;fsd;fs;

$wp gpd;dh; ehd;F tif ctkj; Njhw;wKk; xU nghUSf;F xU nghUNsad;wp

xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;litfisAk; xg;Gikahff; nfhz;L Njhd;Wk; vd;gij “tputpAk;

t&xck; kugpd vd;g” (njhy;.ct.273) vd tpsf;fp mt;thW Njhd;Wk; nghuSk;

ctkKk; cah;e;jjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL jho;e;j nghUspYk; ctkKk;

nghUSk; Njhd;k; vd;fpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;

“cah;e;jjd; Nkw;Nw xs;Sq; fhiy”(njhy;.ct.274)

“fpof;fpLk; nghUNsh ilelJ khFk;”(njhy;. ct.276)

vd;W $WfpwJ.

NkYk;, jho;e;j nghUis ,lk; fUjp Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nghUSf;F

ctkk; $Wk; NghJ Kjw;nghUSf;FKjw;nghUSk; rpidg;nghUSf;F

rpidg;nghUSk; ,ay;ghf miktNjad;wp Kjw;nghUSf;F rpidg;nghUSk;

rpidg;nghUSf;F Kjw;nghUSk; khwpAk; tUk; vd;gij,

“KjYQ; rpidAnkd; whapU nghUl;F

Ejypa kugp Dhpait chpa” (njhy;. ct.271)

vd;Dk; E}w;gh tpsf;fpAs;sJ.

ctkKk; nghUSk; xj;J ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nghUSf;Nfw;w ctkk;

kuGtopg;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ul;ilr; nrhy;ypw;F ,ul;ilr; nrhy;yhNy

ctkk; $Wjy; Ntz;L;k; vd;gij

“ctkKk; nghUsk; xj;jy; Ntz;Lk;”(njhy;.ct.279)

“ctkg; nghUis czUq; fhiy

kUtpa kugpd; tof;nfhL tUNk” (njhy;. ct.292)






“,ul;ilf; fpstpAk; ,ul;il topj;Nj” (njhy;.ct.293)

vd;Dk; ,e;E}w;ghf;fspd; top tpsf;FfpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;.

Nkw;$wpaitfspy; fpof;fpLk; nghUNshile;J khFk; vd;wjpy; “Ie;JkhFk;”

vd;wJ rpwg;G, eyd,; fhjy;, typ vd;Dk; ehd;F cah;Tg; nghUNshL jho;e;j

nghUisAk; Nrh;j;J Ie;jhk;. Kjw;nghUs; vd;gJ Kfk; Kjyhdit. rpidg;nghUs;

vd;wJ new;wp fz; Kjyhdit. “kUtpa kugpd; tof;nfhL tUNk” vd;wjpy; ‘kUtpa

kugpd; tof;nfhL’ vd;wJ ,d;dtw;wpw;F ,d;dijNa $w Ntz;Lk; vdf; fhye;NjhWk;

kf;fshy; njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fg;gLtjhFk;. “,ul;ilf; fpstpf;F ,ul;ilr;

nrhy;yhNy ctik toq;fg;gLtJ fyfy gsgs klkl vd;Dk; nrhw;fNshL

ghnthL-Njd,; tpyq;nfhL-kf;fs; vd ,uz;L nrhy; ,ize;J tUtJ vd;W

tpsf;Ffpwhh; rptypq;fdhh;. (ciutsk;.gf;.67-68) NkYk; mth; tpsf;fkhtJ,

“tpyq;nfhL kf;fs; midah; ,yq;FE}y;

fw;whNuh Nlid ath” (Fws;-410)

,jpy; “fw;whNuhL Vidath; vd;gJ ,ul;ilf;fpstp. tpyq;nfhL Nehf;f kf;fs;

vt;tsT cah;e;jtNuh mt;tsT jho;e;jth; fw;whNuhL fy;yhjth; vd;gJ fUj;J.

,jpy; tpyq;nfhL kf;fSf;Fs;s NtWghl;il ctikahf;fpdhh;. ctikapy;

‘tpyq;nfhL kf;fs;’ vd;gJ ,ul;ilf;fpstp. ,jpy; ,ul;ilf;fpstpr; nrhy;Yf;F

,ul;ilf;fpstpNa ctikahf te;Js;sJ” vd;gJ rptypq;fdhhpd; $w;whFk;.

Nkw;fz;l njhy;fhg;gpa nghJtpjpapid “,yf;fz tpsf;fk;-mzpapay;”

“gz;Gk; njhopYk; gaDk; vd;W ,tw;wpd; vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpw;F xj;j E}w;ghthf

,izj;J $wpAs;sJ. Nkw;fz;l njhy;fhg;gpa ctk nghJ Nfhl;ghl;bid xj;J

gpw;fhy mzpEPy;fs; Nfhl;ghL tFf;ftpy;iy.

njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpapy; mlq;Fk; mzpfshtd:

1. ctikapd; gz;G Kypad ntspg;gl mikAk; thp ctik

2. gz;G Kjypad njhf;fp mikAk; njhif ctik

3. khl;Nlw;Wr; nrhy;yhfpa ‘Mfpa’ Kjyhdit kiwe;J tUk; njhif cUtfk;

4. khl;Nlw;Wr; nrhy; tphpe;J tUk; tphp cUtfk;

5. rpytw;iwj; njhFj;Jk; rpytw;iw tphpj;Jk; cUtfk; nra;Ak; njhiftphp cUtfk;

Mfpad Nky; njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpapy; mlq;Fk;.

“ngUikAQ; rpWikA nka;g;gh nll;ld;

topkUq; fwpaj; Njhd;W nkd;g” (njhy;.ct. 290)

vd;Wk; E}w;gh nghUspw;F Vw;w ctkj;jpidg; ngUikahfTk; rpWikahfTk;

Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ mJ nka;g;ghLfspd; top mikAk;. nka;g;ghLfshtd






“eifNa mOif ,sptuy; kUl;if

mr;rk; ngUkpjk; ntFsp ctifnad;W

mg;ghy; vl;Nl nka;g;ghnld;g” (njhy;.nka;g;. 251)

vd nka;ghLfs; vl;L tiffshFk;. ,t;ntl;L nka;g;ghLfs; xt;nthd;Wk; ed;ehd;F

gphpTfshf 32 tifahk;. ,k;Kg;gj;jpuz;L nka;g;ghLfspd; top ctik Njhd;Wk;

vd;fpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. ,t;tpjpapy; mlq;Fk; mzpfshtd.

1. nghUisg; nghpJk; Gfo;e;J ctkpf;Fk; GfOthik

2. ctikiaf; Fiw $wp ctkpf;Fk; epe;ij ctik

3. xU nghUsplj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tpUg;gj;jhd; xg;Gikg; nghUsplj;J kaq;fp

ciuj;jitf; $Wk; Nkhf ctik

4. cyfpy; ,y;yhj nghUis ctikahff; $Wk; mg+j ctik

5. epfohj xd;iw epfo;tJ Nghyf; $wp ctikahf;Fk; $lh ctik

kw;Wk; mw;Gj ctik, mjpra ctik, tpNuhj ctik, jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w ctik,

rpwg;GUtfk; MfpadTk; ,jd; ghw;gLk;. ,itNaad;wp nka;g;ghLfs; topj;

Njhd;Wtjhf jz;bayq;fhuk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; $WtjhtJ

“cs; epfo; jd;ik Gwj;Jj; Njhd;w

vz;tif nka;ghl;b dpay;tJ RitNa” (jz;b. 69.,.tp.655)

“mitjhk;

tPu kr;r kpopg;nghL tpag;Ng

fhk kty KUj;jpu eifNa” (jz;b-170-,.tp. 665)

vdf; $WfpwJ. NkYk,; ,jw;F xU Gwdilahf cs;sj;Jf; Fwpg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jk;

nka;g;ghLfs; Njhd;wTk; mtw;wpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F NtnwhU ngha;f;fhuzj;ijf; $wp

cz;ikf; Fwpg;ig kiwj;Jf; $Wk; mzp ,Nyr mzp MFk;.

“nghUNs ctkQ; nra;jdh; nkhopapDk;

kUsW rpwg;gpd/ Jtk khFk;” (njhy;.ctk. 280)

,e;E}w;ghtpd; tpjpahtJ nghUs; ctkhfTk; ctkk; nghUshfTk; khwp te;jhYk;

mJTk; ctk ,yf;fzj;jpd; ghw;ghLk;. ,t;tpjpg;gb mikAk; mzpfshtd

1. nghUis ctkkhfTk; ctkj;ij nghUshfTk; $WtJ ,jutpju ctik.

2. nghUSk; ctkKk; Ntwha; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ikia ePf;fp ,iz;bidAk;

xd;whf;fp $WtJ cUtf mzp

3. nghUisNa ctkkhf;fpf; $WtJ tpghPj ctik. NkYk; ,t;tpjpapy; mlq;Fk;

Vida mzpfshtd ctik cUtfk;, Ntw;Wik cUtfk;, tpyf;FUtfk;,

mtEjp cUtfk;, cz;ik cUtfk; MfpadthFk;.






“mLf;fpa Njhw;wk; tpLj;jy; gz;Ng

epudpWj; jikj;jy; epudpiw Rz;zk;

tud;Kiw te;j %d;wyq;filNa” (njhy;-ct. 309)

vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpapd; tpsf;fkhtJ xU nra;AspDs;Ns ctikAk;

nghUSk; gy mLf;fpj; Njhd;wpdhYk;, ctkKk; nghUSk; fye;jpUf;Fk; top

ctkhdj;jpw;Nfw;w ctNkaj;ij NeNu epWj;jp nghUj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;

epudpWj;jikj;jYk;, nghUs; njhlh;r;rpiaAk; ctkj; njhlh;r;rpiaAk; Jzpe;J

,jw;F ,Jntd nghUs; nfhs;SjYk; ctikapd; ghw;gl;lNjahk;. ‘mLf;fpj;

Njhw;wk; tpLj;jy; gz;Ng’(njhy;;.nrhy;.gf;. 305 ciutsk; c.j.ep)

vd;wJ epuy;epiw Rz;zk; nkhopkhw;W mbkwp Mfpa ehd;fpidAk; jtph;j;J

kw;iwatw;wpy; nghUSk; ctikAk; mLf;fp tUjy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glhJ vd;gjhk;.

“tud;Kiw te;j %d;wyq;filNa” vd;wJ Rz;zk;, mbkwp, nkhopkhw;W vd;w

%d;Wk; my;yhjtplj;J epuy;epiwapy; kl;Lk; ctkj;jpidAk; nghUspidAk; mLf;fpf;

$Wjy; epfOk;.

,e;E}w;gh Rl;Lk; ehd;F nghUs;Nfhs;fs; njhy;fhg;gpa nrhy;yjpfhu vr;rtpay;

E}w;ghf;fs; 405, 406, 407, 409 top mwpayhk;. ,t;tpjpapd; gb mikAk; mzpfshtd.

1. ctkq;fs; gytw;Ws;xt;nthd;wNdhLk; ctik cUigg; Gzh;j;Jf; $WtJ

gytapw; Nghyp ctik

2. ctikfs; gytw;Ws; xd;wDlNdNa ctikAUigg; Gzh;e;Jf; $WtJ

xU tapw;Nghyp kw;Wk; ,t;tpjpapy; mlq;Fk; gpw mzpfshtd xg;Gikf;

$l;lk; ctik, ,iaG cUtfk;, ,iagpyp cUtfk;, tpaepiy

cUtfk;;, khiy ctik MfpadthFk;.

“Rl;bf; $wh ctk khapd;

nghUndjph; Gzh;j;Jg; Gzh;j;jjd; nfhsNy” (njhy;.ct. 278)

,g;nghUSf;F ,J ctiknad Rl;bf;$whJ ,Uf;Fkplj;Jf; nfhz;L $l;b nghUs;

nfhs;SjYk;

“ctkg; nghUspd; cw;wJ zUe;

njspkUq; FsNt jpwj;jpa yhd” (njhy;.ct. 291)

ctkKk; nghUSk; Neuhf ,y;yhJ ctkpf;fg;gl;ljw;F ,JNt nghUnsd;W

JzpAkplKk;

“xhP,f; $wYk; khP,a gz;Ng” (njhy;.ct. 306)






,g;nghUSf;F ,g;nghUs; xg;Gik MFk; vd;W $whJ nghUspd; jd;ikAk;

ctkj;jpd; jd;ikAk; xg;Gf;$wp ,jw;F ,J Vw;w xg;GikahfhJ vd;gJk; ctkj;jpd;

ghw;gLkhk;.

“ctkKk; nghUSk; xj;jy; Ntz;Lk;”

nghUSk; ctKk; xj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gditfshf mike;j tpjpfspd; gb mike;j

mzpfs;.

njhFg;Giu

Nkw;fz;l Ma;tpd; top ngwyhFk; epiyg;ghL ctkk; vd;gNj jkpo; ,yf;fz

nfhs;if ‘mzp’ vd;gJ tl ,yf;fz nfhs;if. mzp ,yf;fzk; jkpo;nkhopf;F tl

,yf;fzk; je;j nfhs;if vd;gJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; top kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpd;dhisa

mzpapyf;fzk; ‘nfhz;bUf;Fk; mj;jid jd;ikfisAk;’ fpwp];J rfhg;j Mz;L

njhlq;Fk; Kd;Ng jkpopd; ,yf;fzkhk; njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ

vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu Kd; nkhopfpwJ.

JizE}w;gl;bay;

1. njhy;fhg;gpak;- nghUsjpfhuk;gpd; ehd;fpay;fs;; NguhrpupaUiu. fof ntspaPL. 1986.

2. njhy;fhg;gpak;- nghUsjpfhuk; - ciutsk;. M.rptypq;fdhH. cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp

epWtd ntspaPL - 1981.

3. jz;bayq;fhuk; - fof ntspaPL. 1991.






fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f; - xg;gpay; ciu Nehf;F

Kidth; r.fz;zjhrd;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> gRkiy> kJiu- 625004.

Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;

ghlYk; ciufSk;

Kjy; ciufhuhpd; fUj;J

c.Nt.rhkpehijah;

ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;

uh.,uhfitaq;fhh;

jkpoz;zYk; r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpaDk;

cB,? cB,f;?

KbGfs;

goe;jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisr; Nrfhpj;Jg; ghJfhj;J ,r;r%fj;jpw;F

toq;fpath;fs; gjpg;ghrphpah;fs; vd;why;> me;E}y;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fisf; fw;Nghh;

midtUf;Fk; nfhz;L Nrh;j;jth;fs; ciuahrphpah;fs; vdyhk;. gjpg;ghrphpah;fNs

ciuahrphpah;fshfTk;; ,Ug;gJz;L. jq;fspd; Gyikia %yjdkhff; nfhz;L xU

E}Yf;F ciu vOjp ntspapLk; nghOJ mt;Tiu midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;

jf;ftifapy; ,Ug;gNj rpwg;G. jw;rhw;gpd;ik> nghJnewp Mfpait E}yhrphpah;>

gjpg;ghrphpah;> ciuahrphpah; Mfpa midtUf;Fk; chpj;jhdit. Fwpg;gpl;l xU

E}Yf;Fg; gyh; ciu vOJtJ jkpopy; njhd;Wnjhl;L ,Ue;J tUk; kuG. mt;thW

ciu vOJk; nghOJ ciu vOJk; xt;nthUtUk; %yE}yhrphpahpd; fUj;jpw;F

Kuz;glhh; vd;gJ nghJik newp. Mdhy; mNj E}Yf;F ciu vOjpa gpw

ciufhuh;fNshL khWgLtJ ,aw;if. jpiz; Jiw $wy;> $w;W tpsf;fk;>

nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;> itg;GKiw> jiyg;gpLjy;> cs;Siw; ,iwr;rp $wy; vdg;

gy jsq;fspy; mt;NtWghLfs; mikAk;. ciufhuh;fs; xUtUf;nfhUth;

khWgl;lhYk; cz;ikawpjy; vd;gJ jpwdha;thshpd; flik. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;

FWe;njhifapy; $lY}h; fpohuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l “Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;”

vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghlYf;F mike;j ciufis Muha;e;J> mit %yE}NyhL

vq;qdk; nghUe;jpr; nry;fpd;wd vd;gij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; ,f;fl;Liu

mikfpd;wJ.

ghlYk; ciufSk;

“Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;






fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;

Ftis cz;fz; Fa;g;Gif fkoj;

jhd;Joe;j ml;l jPk;Gspg; ghfh;

,dpnjdf; fztd; cz;lypd;

Ez;zpjpd; kfpo;e;jd;W xz;Zjy; KfNd” (FWe;njhif>gh.167)

vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;whfpa FWe;njhifapy; $lY}h; fpohuhy;

,aw;wg;gl;l ,g;ghly; “fbefh; nrd;w nrtpypj;jha; ew;wha;f;F ciuj;jJ” vDk;

Jiwapy; mike;jJ. fw;Gf; fhyj;jpy; jiytp jiytDld; ,y;ywk; elj;jp te;j

nghOJ mijg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L te;j nrtpypj;jha; ew;whaplk;> jiytp FLk;gk; elj;Jk;

ghq;fpid xU rpW epfo;tpd; %yk; vLj;Jiug;gjhfg; ghly; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,g;ghlypy; mike;Js;s “fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;..” vDk; ,uz;lhk;

mbf;F ciu$Wtjpy; kl;Lk; FWe;njhif ciuahrphpah;fspilNa fUj;J NtWghL

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. FWe;njhiff;F ciu vOjpAs;s Kjy; ciufhuuhd

nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;> c.Nt.rhkpehijah;> ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;juhdhh;>

K.rz;Kfk;gps;is> uh.,uhfitaq;fhh; Mfpa Kw;fhy ciuahrphpah;fspd;

ciufSk;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j jkpoz;zy;> r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> tp.ehfuhrd;

(vd;.rp.gp.n`r;. gjpg;ghf te;jJ)> GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; MfpNahhpd; ciufSk; ,q;F

Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tpisahl;Lg;gps;isaha; mts; tPl;by; ,Ue;j jiytp> fztd; tPl;by;

vt;tsT nghWg;Gld; ele;J nfhs;fpwhs; vDk; ghq;if vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ghlypd;

fUj;J gpd;tUkhW mikfpd;wJ.

“Kjph;e;j japiug; gpire;j nrq;fhe;js; kyhpd; ,jo; Nghd;w nky;ypa

tpuy;fis ePuhNy fOthkNy Njha;j;Jj; J}a;ikAw;w Milia cLj;Jf;nfhz;L>

Ftis kyh; Nghd;w fz;fspNy jhspg;ghy; cz;lha Gif fJth epw;g (Gif

epiwa) jhNd Johtpr; rikj;j ,dpa Gspg;ig cila Fok;ig ,J kpf

,dpjhapUg;gnjhd;W vd;W $wpj; jiytd; cz;ZjyhNd xs;spa new;wpia cila

ek; kfspuJ Kfk; Ez;zpjhf kfpo;e;jd;W” vd;W ,g;ghlYf;F njspTiu

vOjpAs;shh; ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;. ,t;tpsf;fj;jpy; Ma;Tg;gFjpahd “fOTW

fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;..” vd;gjw;Fg; ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh; cl;gl gpw

ciuahrphpah;fs; vOjpa ciufSk; ,q;Nf thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

“fl;bj;japiug; gpire;j tpuiyf; fOthJ Njha;j;j Milia cLj;Jf;

fz;zpy; jhspg;Gif kzf;f” - nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;






“nky;ypa tpuiyj; Jilj;Jf; nfhz;l Miliaj; Jitahky; cLj;Jf;

nfhz;L” - c.Nt.rhkpehijah;

“nky;ypa tpuy;fis ePuhNy fOthkNy Njha;j;Jj; J}a;ikAw;w Milia

cLj;Jf;nfhz;L” - ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;

“nky;ypa tpuy;fisj; Jilj;Jf; nfhz;l Miliaj; Jitj;J mOf;if

khw;whNj cLj;Jf;nfhz;L” - K.rz;Kfk;gps;is

“fOtw;F cw;w cilia mOf;Fw;w cilia clk;G fOthky; cLj;jp” -

uh.,uhfitaq;fhh;

“nrq;fhe;js; kyh; NghYk; iftpuy;fisj; jd; gl;lhilapy; fOtpf;

nfhz;lhs;. Jilj;Jf;nfhz;lhs;. mt;thW Jilj;Jf;nfhz;l fypq;fj;Jg;

gl;lhilapy; gl;l mOf;iff; fOthJ mjid cLj;jpapUe;j gbNa tpiue;J

rikj;jhs;. - jkpoz;zy;

fhe;jy; kyiug; Nghd;w jd; nky;ypa tpuy;fisj; Jilj;jy; ngw;w

Milapid mt;tOf;if ePf;FkhW JitahNj cLj;jpf; nfhz;lhs;” -

GypA+h;f; Nfrpfd;

“nrq;fhe;js; Nghd;w tpuy;fisf; fOtpj;; jd; Gjpa Milapy; Jilj;Jf;

nfhz;lhs;; mjidf; fow;whky; mjidNa cLj;jpf; nfhz;lthNw” -

r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;.

“mOf;Fw;w mt;tpuy;fisj; jhd; cLj;jpapUe;j J}a Milapy; Jilj;jds;.

mjdhy; mOf;Nfwpa mt;Til Jitahky; cLj;jpf; nfhz;lhs; - tP.ehfuhrd;

,t;thW xt;nthU ciuahrphpaUk; jq;fspd; eilapy; jhq;fs; czh;e;j

fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. Mdhy; ,t;Tiuahrphpah;fs; vOjpAs;s

tpsf;fq;fs; %yE}yhrphpahpd; fUj;NjhL xj;jpire;J nry;fpd;wdth vd;gij ,dpf;

fhzyhk;.

“fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;..” vd;gjpy; ‘fypq;fk;’> ‘cB,f;’

Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; nghUs; $wpajpy; Nkw;$wpa ciuahrpah;fSs; jkpoz;ziyj;

jtph;j;j ahUk; khWgltpy;iy. Mdhy; ,t;tbf;Fhpa nkhj;jf;fUj;ijf; $Wk;

nghONj xUtUf;nfhUth; Kuz;gLfpd;wdh;.

‘fOTW’ vDk; thh;j;ij fOtg;gl;l> J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;l vDk;

nghUz;ikapy; mike;Js;sJ.

“fhb nfhz;l fOTW fypq;fk;” (neLey;thil>134)






vDk; mbapy; cs;s ‘fOTW fypq;fk;’ vd;gjw;Ff; “fQ;rpapl;Lf; fOtg;gl;l Jfpy;

vd;W nghUs; vOjpAs;shh; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;” (2017>g.540) ,ijg;Nghy;

gjpw;Wg;gj;jpYk; ,g;gjk; gapd;W te;Js;sJ.

“fOTW fypq;fq; fLg;gr; #b” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J>76;13)

vDk; mbf;Fg; nghUs; vOjpAs;s gioa ciufhuh; “ntSf;fg;gl;l nts;shiliaj;

jiyapy; #bf;nfhz;L” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J> 2007> g. 365) vd;W nghUs; vOjpAs;shh;.

,t;tpU fUj;Jf;fis itj;Jg;; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ ‘fOTW’ vd;gjw;Ff; ‘fOtg;gl;l>

ed;F ntSf;fg;gl;l> Jitf;fgl;l’ vDk; nghUs;fSs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;bUg;gijg; ghh;f;f KbfpwJ.

mLj;jjhf ‘fohmJ’ vDk; nrhy;. ,J ‘fOthJ’ vd;gjd; k&c. msngLj;J

te;Js;sJ.

“fohmf;fhy; gs;spAs; itj;jw;why;” (jpUf;Fws;> 84; 1) vdj; njhlq;Fk;

Fwspy; cs;s Kjy;thh;j;ijf;Ff; ‘fOthj fhy;’ vd;W nghUs;. vdNt fohJ

vd;gJ nra;Aspy; msngLg;gJk; cWjpahfpAs;sJ.

,f;fUj;Jf;fis vy;yhk; itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ> “fOTW - fOtg;gl;l>

fypq;fk; - Mil> fohmJ - fOthJ> cB, - cLj;jp” vd ,j;njhliug; gjk;

gphpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; nra;Aisg; nghWj;jkl;by; ngUk;ghd;ik nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy;

nghUs; nfhz;L njspitf; fhz Kw;gl Kl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLk;. nrhy;;;;;;;iy ,lk;khw;wy;>

nfhz;L $l;ly; Kjyhd cj;jpfspd; thapyhfg; nghUs; fhZk; #Oy; ngUk;ghd;ik

epfo;tJz;L.

Kjy; ciufhuhpd; fUj;J

FWe;njhifapd; Kjy; gjpg;ghrphpaUk; ciuiahrphpaUkhd nrshpg;ngUkhs;

muq;fd; Kd;$wpa tpsf;fj;NjhL> tpsf;fTiuapy;> “tpuy; fohmJ fypq;fk; cB,”

vd;W khWf. tpuy; fOTk; fhy msTs; ghfpd;; gje;jtWkhjy; fUjp tpuy;

fOthshapdhs;” vd;W $wpAs;shh;.

jiytp Fok;G nra;a japiug; gpire;J nfhs;sg;NghFk; Kd;Ng mLg;gpy;

ghj;jpuj;ij itj;J mjpy; Kd;Nd ,lNtz;ba nea; Kjyhd nghUs;fis

,l;bUf;fpwhs;. japiug; gpwF gpirfpwhs;. vy;yhk; Nrh;e;J $btUk; NghJ japiu

Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; rw;W jhkjhfptpl;lJ. ,jdhy; tpiuthfj; japiug; gpire;j

ifia Milapy; Jilj;Jtpl;L Fok;G nra;fpwhs;. ,ijj;jhd; “ghfpd;

gje;jtWkhjy; fUjp tpuy; fOthshapdhs; vd;fpwhh;. mLg;gpy; Gif tUtjhYk;

ifiaf; fOthky; njhlh;e;J rikay; Ntiyapy; <LgLfpwhs;. ,JNt mthpd;

fUj;jhf ,Uf;f KbAk;.






c.Nt.rhkpehijah;

c.Nt.rhkpehijaUk; jiytp tpiuthfr; nra;Ak; nghUl;Lf; ifia Milapy;

Jilj;jhs; vd;W vOjpAs;shh;. “tpiutpy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;

tpUg;gpdhshjypd; japh; gpire;j ifiaj; Jilj;j Milia” vd;W vOjpaJ tiu

nrshpg;ngUkhNshL xj;Jg;Nghfpd;whh;. njhle;J “Jilj;j Miliaj; Jitj;jiy

kwe;jhs;” vd;W nghUs; vOJk; NghNj Kuz;gLfpwhh;. nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;

‘fohmJ cB,’ vd;gjw;Ff; ifiaf;; fOthky; vd;W nghUs; nfhz;ljw;F khwhf

c.Nt.rh. Miliaf; fOthky; vd;W khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;Ls;shh;.

rikj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ifia Milapy; Jilf;fpwhs;. gpd; me;j Milia

khw;whky; ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;W nghUs; vOjpapUg;gJ> ghlypd; xl;Lnkhj;j fUj;ijAk;

itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ Vw;Gilajhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk;> KOtJkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s

,ilA+W Vw;gLfpwJ. rikj;J Kbj;jTld; Milia khw;whky;> fztDf;Fg; ghpkhw

Ntz;Lk; vd;w mthtpy;> ifiaj; Jilj;j Milia mts; khw;wtpy;iy vd;W

nghUs; nfhz;lhy; c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;J Vw;Gilj;jhfpd;wJ. “jd;id kwe;J

jiytid kfpo;tpf;Fk; rhy;gpds; jiytp” vd;W GypA+h;f;;Nfrpfd; $wpapUg;gJ

epidtpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

ifg;gpbj; Jzpapy; Jilf;fhky;> Kw;wpa japh; gpire;j ifia Milapy;

Jilj;jjhy; Milia khw;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; md;gpd; kpFjpahy;> fztdpd;

tiuit vjph;ghh;j;J (fztd; mUfpYk; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;)> mtDf;Fg; ghpkhWk;

MtNyhL ,Ug;gjhy; khw;wtpy;iy vDk; fUj;J c.Nt.rh.tpd; ciutopg;

Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. ifg;gpbj; Jzp mUfpy; ,y;yhj nghOJ Milapy; Jilj;Jf;

nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ ,d;Wk; mt;tNghJ eilngWk; tof;fNk. Mdhy; ,jw;F khwhf

“Jilj;Jf;nfhz;l ifiaj; JitahNj cLj;Jf;nfhz;L; ,jdhy; ml;by; Mf;Fk;

nghOJ ,g;gbf; ifiaj; Jilg;gJk;> fztw;F czT gwpkhWk; Kd; mt;Tilia

khw;wpf;nfhs;tJk; mf;fhy kfspuJ ,ay;ghjy; ngwg;gLk;. ,ts; khw;Wjw;Fk;

epidahJ fztid cz;gpj;jypNyNa ftdQ; nrYj;Jths;” vd;W ,r;nraiy

mf;fhy kfsphpd; ,ay;G vd;W GypA+h;f;;Nfrpfd; $WtJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f

tifapy; ,y;iy. fhuzk; mthpd; ciuapd; ,WjpNyNa $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jiytd;

kPJ nfhz;l md;gpd; kpFjpiaf; fhz;gpf;fNt> mtspd; cilia mOf;fhf;fp

cs;sj;ij J}a;ikahff; fhl;Lfpwhh; $lY}h;fpohh;.

c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;ij mbnahw;wpNa K.rz;Kfk; gps;is> tp.ehfuhrd;>

GypA+h;f;; Nfrpfd;> jkpoz;zy; MfpNahhpd; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,th;fSs;






GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; Kd;dpUtiutpl ,f;fUj;J Fwpj;J rw;W tphpthd gjpitj;

je;Js;sJ Fwpj;J Nkw;Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;

ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh; nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fdpd; fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL>

c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;jpw;F kWg;GiuAk; $wpAs;shh;. “nky;tpuy; fohJ> fOTW fypq;fk;

cB,” vd;W $wp> Kjy; ciufhuh; fUj;NjhL mth; xj;Jg;NghtJ Nghy; ,Ue;jhYk;>

mthpd; fUj;J khWl;l Nfhzj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. jd; fUj;ij Mokhfr; rpe;jpj;Jj;

njspTgLj;jpAs;shh;.

“jhspjw;fpl;l nea; KWf nte;jikapd; japh; gpire;jts;

jhspj;jw;nfOe;jhshf. mg;NghJ cLj;jpa Mil nefpo;e;jJ. nefpo;e;j Milia

cLj;jw;F tpuiy ePuhy; fOtr; nry;ypd; nea; KWfpg; gjdopAk;. Mjypd; tpuiyf;

fOthkNy nefpo;e;j Milia cLj;jpf; nfhz;L jhspg;ghshapdhs;. fOTW fypq;fk;

vd;wJ mts; mg;NghJ cLj;jpapUe;j Mil ed;F Njha;j;Jj; J}a;ik

nra;ag;gl;bUe;j Mil vd;wthW. J}a;jhf cs;s Miliaj; japh; Njha;j;j

tpuyhNy cLf;f ,irahh; MfTk;> mbrpypd; gjd; nflhikg; nghUl;L mjidr;

rpe;jpahJ cLj;jhs; vd;wthW. ,q;qdk; $wtwpahh;> japh; gpire;j ifiaj; Jilj;j

Miliaj; JitahJ cLj;J vd;W ciutphpg;ghapdh;. tpuy; fohmJ fOTW

fypq;fj;ij cLj;njd;f” vd;W jd;fUj;ijAk; khw;Wf;fUj;jhf cs;s fUj;ijAk;

gfh;e;Js;shh;.

Milia cLj;jp vd;gjw;F khwhf cLj;jpapUe;j Miliar; rhpnra;J

nfhz;L vd;W vOjpAs;shh;. Mdhy; nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd; Nghy; ‘fohmJ’

vd;gij tpuy;fSf;F milahf;fpNa $wpAs;shh;.

uh.,uhfitaq;fhh;

Nkw;$wpa ciufhuh;fs; ‘fohmJ’ vd;gij cilf;Fk;> tpuYf;Fk; chpa

nrhy;yhf;fpf; $wpAs;s epiyapy;> mg;gjj;ijj; jiytpapd; clYf;Ff; nfhz;L

Nrh;f;fpwhh; ,uhfitaq;fhh;. ,Jtiu ghh;j;j fUj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l

ghh;itapy; jdJ ciuia mikj;Js;shh; mth;. mjhtJ mOf;Fw;w Milia

clk;G fOthky; cLj;jpr; rikj;jhs;. “clk;G FspahjJ> cil fOthjJ” vd;W

tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;. ntspapy; nrd;w fztd; tUtjw;F Kd;G mtDf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd

Fok;igr; rikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; mOf;fhd MilNahL Fspf;fhky; $l

rikay; nra;fpwhs;. czT rikg;gjpy;jhd; mts; ftdk; KOJk; ,Ue;Js;sJ

vd;gJ mthpd; fUj;J.

,th; $WtJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; gof;fNk. Mdhy; ‘fOTW’ vd;gjw;F






‘fOtw;F cw;w Mil’ mjhtJ Jitf;fhky; mOf;fhf cs;s Mil vd;W nghUs;

nfhz;Ls;sJ Vw;Gilj;jhf ,y;iy. Kd;dh; ‘fOTW’ vDk; nrhy; ‘J}a;ikahd>

ntSf;fg;gl;l> fOtg;gl;l’ vDk; nghUz;ikfspNyNa te;Js;sijAk;> Kd;dhy;

vOjg;gl;l ciufisAk; itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ ,tUila ciu

nghUj;jKilajhf mikatpy;iy. ‘gpire;j nky;tpuy; fohmJ cB,’ vd;gJkhk;

vd;W mtNu gpd; gFjpapy; $wpapUg;gJ> ‘tpuy;fisf; fOthky; cLj;jp’ vDk;

fUj;jpYk; mth; cld;gLfpd;whh; vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

jkpoz;zYk; r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpaDk;

jkpoz;zypd; fUj;J c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;ij mbnahw;wpNa mike;Js;sJ vd

Kd;dh; $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Miliaj; JitahJ cLj;Jf; nfhz;lhs; vd;W

VidNah; nrhd;dijg; Nghy; nrhy;yhky; ‘Milapy; gl;l mOf;iff; fOthJ’ vd;W

rpW tpsf;fj;ijf; $Ljyhfj; je;Js;shh;. ,J c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;ij rw;W

tphpj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; fypq;fk; vd;gjw;Fg; gpw ciufspy;

nrhy;yg;glhj GjpanjhU tpsf;fj;ijj; jkpoz;zy; nfhz;bUg;gJ ,d;DnkhU

GJikahf mikfpwJ. gpw ciufhuh;fs; vy;yhk; ‘fypq;fk;’ vd;gij Mil vd;Nw

vLj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdh;. Mdhy; jkpoz;zy; kl;Lk; “fypq;fk; - fypq;f ehl;by; ,Ue;J

te;j gl;Lr;Nriy” vd;W ciu fz;Ls;shh;.

“ifia Milapw; Jilj;jJ nry;t kpFjpahy; te;j ,ay;G” vd;w

c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;ij mbnahw;wp jiytp cLj;jpapUf;Fk; Miliag; gl;lhil vd;W

nfhz;lhh; NghYk;. gl;lhil vd;W nfhz;lhYk; mJ jiytpapd; md;ig kpFj;Jf;

fhl;Lk; fUtpahf mikAk; vdyhk;. Mdhy; fypq;f ehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j

gl;Lr;Nriy vd;W ciu nfhz;L ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk; nrhy;iy ,q;F MFngauhff;

nfhs;fpwhh;. ‘fhQ;rpGuk; cLj;jpdhs;> Muzp cLj;jpdhs;’ vd;gtw;iwg; Nghd;W. ,J

nghUj;jg;ghLilajh vd;gij MuhaNtz;Lk;.

fypq;fk; vd;gjw;Ff; fofj; jkpo; mfuhjp “Nghh;it> Ch;f;FUtp> fz;kUe;J>

Fjpiu> rPiy> ehLfs; Ik;gj;jhwpy; xd;W> kpsF…” (2004> g. 294) Kjyhd gy

nghUs;fisj; jUfpwJ.

nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; NgufuKjyp>

“fypq;fk; - Mil (fypq;fk; gfh;eUk;> kJiu.513)>

xU fhyj;jpy; fypq;fk; Mil nerTf;Fg; ngah; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mjdhy;

MFngauha;f; fypq;fk; vd;gJ Miliaf; Fwpj;jJ vd;W $wp> mLj;jjhff; fypq;fk;

- gl;lhil (kzpKb fypq;f khiy… NkUke;.123)” vd;W tpsf;fk; je;Js;sJ. (g.553)






mNj rkaj;jpy; rq;f,yf;fpar; nrhy;yilT ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk; gjk; ghl;bYk;

njhifapYk; gapd;W tUk; ,lq;fis vy;yhk; gl;baypl;Ls;sJ. (g.465) mtw;iwg;

Gul;bg;ghh;j;jtw;Ws; rpy>

“eyk;ngW fypq;fj;Jf; Fuq;fpd; kpir air,a xUif”

(jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil>109)

“,iokUq; fwpah EioE}w; fypq;fk;” (kiygLflhk;>561)

“fypq;fk; gfh;eUk;..” (kJiuf;fhQ;rp> 513)

“xz;G+q; fypq;f KB, Ez;G+d;” (GwehD}W>383;11)

,t;tbfSs; ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk; nrhy; Mil> Ez;zhil> nky;ypa Mil> Glit

vDk; nghUz;ikapYk;>

“E}yhf; fypq;fk; thyiuf; nfhsP,” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J>12;21)

vDk; gjpw;Wg;gj;J mb kl;Lk; ‘gl;lhil’ vDk; nghUisj; jUfpwJ vd;gij

“E}yhf;fypq;fk; - E}w;fg;glhj E}yhfpa gl;lhypad;w fypq;fk;” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J> 2007>

g. 15) vd;w xsit Jiurhkpg;gps;isapd; ciutop mwpaKbfpwJ. vdNt ‘fypq;fk;’

vd;gjw;Fg; ‘gl;lhil’ vd;W nghUs;nfhs;tJ rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; mUfpNa te;Js;sJ.

,jdhy;jhd; Nky; nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; NgufuKjypapy; NkU ke;jpu

Guhzj;jpypUe;J rhd;Wjug;gl;Ls;sJ NghYk;. vt;thwhapDk; ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk;

fpstpf;Ff; ‘fypq;fehl;bype;J te;j Mil’ vd;W Fwe;njhif ciufhuh;fs;

kl;Lkpd;wp> gpw E}y; ciufhuh;fSk; nghUs; nfhs;stpy;iy. vdNt jkpoz;zy;

‘gl;lhil’ vd;W nfhs;tjpy; neUly; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ‘fypq;f ehl;bypUe;J

nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mil’ vd;W nghUs; tUtpj;Js;sJ Vw;Gilj;jhf mikatpy;iy.

,Jtiu ghh;j;j ciufs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; jiytp tpuy;fisf; fOthky;

Milapy; Jilj;Jf; nfhz;lhs; vd;Nw vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpadpd;

ciu ,jw;F khwhf mike;Js;sJ. jiytp tpuy;fisj; jz;zPhpy; fOtp Milapy;

Jilj;Jf;nfhz;L> mjdhy; cz;lhd <uj;ijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; mNj Milia

cLj;jpf;nfhz;lhs; vd;gJ ,thpd; fUj;jhf cs;sJ. jz;zPhpy; ifiaf; fOtpa

gpd;G ifia Milapy; Jilj;jy; vd;gJ ,ay;ghd xd;Wjhd;. iffisf;

fOtptpl;L Milapy; Jilf;Fk; NghJ Mil <ukhFk;. Mdhy; mOf;fhfJ. <uKk;

tpiutpy; fha;e;J tpLk;. ifiaj; Jilf;Fk; ngz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Ke;jhidapy;

Jilg;gNj tof;fk;. mjw;fhf cilia khw;wNtz;ba mtrpak; Vw;glhJ. vdNt

ghlypd; fUj;NjhL r.Nt.R.tpd; fUj;J ,ioNahbr; nry;ytpy;iy. “ifiaf;

fOTtjw;Fs; ghfpd; gjk; jphpAk; vd;gjhy; ifiaf; fOthky; vOe;jhs;” vd;w

Ke;ija ciuahrphpah;fspd; fUj;Nj nghUj;jkhf mike;Js;sJ.






‘cB,’ ? ‘cB,f;’ ?

‘cB,’> ‘cB,f;’ vDk; ,uz;L nrhw;fisAk; ciuahrphpah;fs; ghlkhff;

nfhz;Ls;sdh;. nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;> c.Nt.rh.> ,uhfitaq;fhh;> K.rz;Kfk;

gps;is> jkpoz;zy;> GypA+h;f;;Nfrpfd; MfpNahh; ‘cB,f;’ vd;gijg; ghlkhf

mikj;Js;sdh;.

ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;> tP.ehfuhR> r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; MfpNahh; ‘cB,’

vd;gijg; ghlkhf Vw;Ws;sdh;.

‘cB,’ - epiu Neh;> ‘cB,f;’ - epiu Neh; vd ,uz;LNk Gspkhthf

miktjhy; ,tw;iwg; ghlkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; neUly; Vw;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;

tUnkhop (Ftis) ty;ypdj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy; ‘cB,f;’ vd;W nfhs;tNj cw;w

ghlkhFk;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whff; fPo;f;fhZk; rhd;Wfs; mikfpd;wd.

“Kuz;nfh SUtp dpuz;L cB,r;

nre;E}y; ahj;J” (jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> 230-231)

“,Uk;Ng nuhf;fnyh nlhUq;Fl DB,f;

nfhLths;….” (ngUk;ghdhw;Wg;gil> 470-471)

“Jhpit Nkfiy AB,g; ghpnthL” ( rpyg;gjpfhuk;>12;30)

“FbjoP,f; NfhNyhr;Rk; khepy kd;dd;” (jpUf;Fws;> 544;1)

“tpy;iyf; fit,f; fizj;jhq;F khh;gpd;” (kJiuf;fhQ;rp> 728)

“nkd;Nwhl; gy;gpiz joP,j; jiyj;je;J” (jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> 296)

,t;tbfis itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ ‘cB,f;’ vDk; ghlNk nghUj;jkhdJ

vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ.

mLj;jjhf> ‘cB,f;’ vd;gjw;F ‘chP,’ vd;gij c.Nt.rhkpehijaUk;>

uh.,uhfitaq;fhUk; ghlNgjkhff; fhl;bs;sdh;. Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

midj;J ciuahrphpah;fSk; ‘cB,f;’ my;yJ ‘cB,’ vDk; ,tw;Ws; VNjDk;

xd;iw kl;Lk; ghlkhff; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ‘chP,’ vd;gJ nghUe;jhg; ghlkhfpd;wJ.

,r;nrhy; “jPw;wp> topj;J> thhp> cUtp” (rq;f ,yf;fpa mfuhjp> ghl;Lk; njhifAk;>

cfu thpir) vDk; nghUs;fisj; jUtJk; ‘chP,’ Vw;fj;jf;fg; ghlk; ,y;iy

vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ.

KbGfs;

“cs;sjd; EZf;fk; Ma;T” vDk; $w;wpw;Nfw;g ‘fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;”

vDk; mbia kl;Lk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jp ngwg;gl;l Ma;tpd; KbGfs; gpd;tUkhW

mikfpd;wd.






Kjy; ciufhuuhd nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;> “jiytp ifiaf; fOthky;

Milia cLj;jpdhs;” vd;Dk; nghUz;ikapy; nghUs;nfhz;Ls;shh;.

nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd; NghyNt> ‘fohmJ’ vd;gij Milf;Fg; nghUj;jpg;

ghh;f;Fk; ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;juhdh;> ‘Mil nefpOk;NghJ mijf; ifahy;

rhpnra;fpwhs;’ vd;W rpwpJ khWgl;L El;gkhf tpsf;fpAs;sJ ghlypd; #oiy

njs;spjpd; tpsf;FfpwJ.

c.Nt.rhkpehijah; ‘fohmJ cB,f;’ vd;gjw;F Miliaj; Jitf;fhky; vdg;

nghUs; nfhz;Ls;shh;. K.rz;Kfk;gps;is> GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd;> tP.ehfuhR>

jkpoz;zy; MfpNahUk; ,t;tifapdNu. ,th;fSs; jkpoz;zy; ‘Milapy;

gl;l mOf;iff; fOthJ’ vd rpW khw;wj;Jld;tpsf;fk; je;Js;sJ

c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;jpy; ,Ue;j neUliyg; Nghf;Fk; tz;zk; mike;Js;sJ.

‘nky;tpuy; fohmJ’> ‘fypq;fk; fohJ’> ‘cly;fohmJ’ vd;W %d;W

fUj;Jf;fs; mike;jhYk; ‘Milapy; jiytpapd; tpuy;fs; gl;ld’ vd;gJ

ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; fUj;jhf cs;sJ.

vy;Nyhh; ciufspypUe;J Kw;wpYk; khWgl;L mOf;fhd cilNahL>

Fspf;fhky; rikj;jhs; vd;w uh.,uhfitaq;fhUk; ‘nky;tpuy; fohmJ’ vd;gij

Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sij mtUila ciutop mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

gpw ciuahrphpah;fs; ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk; nrhy;ypw;Ff; nfhs;shj ‘gl;lhil’

vDk; nghUisj; jkpoz;zy; nfhz;Ls;sJ GJikahdjhFk;. mNj rkak;

‘fypq;f ehl;bypUe;J te;j gl;lhil’ vd;W tpsf;fpAs;sJ

nghUj;jg;ghLilajd;W.

jiytp ePhpy; ifiaf; fOtp> gpd; Milapy; Jilj;Jf;nfhz;lhs; vd ciu

$wpAs;s r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpadpd; fUj;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ,y;iy.

ciufhuh;fSs; rpyh; ‘cB,f;’ vd;Wk;> rpyh; ‘cB,’ vd;Wk; ghlk;

nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ‘cB,> cB,f;’ ,uz;LNk ahg;gstpy; xd;Wgl;lhYk;>

‘cB,f;’ vd;gNj nghUj;jkhd ghlkhFk;. ‘chP,’ vDk; ghlNgjj;ij

ciuahrphpah;fs; vtUk; ghlkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjjhy; mJ gpioahd ghlk;

vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.

Jizepd;w E}y;fs;

1. ,uhfitaq;fhh;>uh.>(c.M) - FWe;njhif tpsf;fk;

mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

Kjw;gjpg;G - 1993.

2. rz;Kfk; gps;is>K.>(g.M) - FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk;






jkpo;g;gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;>

kWgjpg;G - 1994.

3. rhkpehijah;> c.Nt.>(c.M) - FWe;njhif

mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

(jpUg;gde;jhs; fhrpkl epjpa ntspaPL)>

Kjw;gjpg;G - 1983.

4. rhkpehijah;> c.Nt.>(g.M) - gj;Jg;ghl;L %yKk; er;rpdhf;fpdpah;

ciuAk;

lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}y;epiyak>;

2> mUz;Nly; flw;fiur; rhiy>

ngrd;l;efh;> nrd;id-600090>

vl;lhk; gjpg;G> 2017.

5. rhkpehijah;> c.Nt.>(g.M) - GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;

fgPh; mr;Rf;$lk>;

jpahfuhr tpyhr ntspaPL>

Ie;jhk; gjpg;G> 1956.

6 .rhkpehijah;> c.Nt.>(g.M) - rpyg;gjpfhuk; %yKk; mUk;gj ciuAk; -

mbah;f;F ey;yhh; ciuAld;

lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}y;epiyak;>

2> mUz;Nly; flw;fiur; rhiy> ngrd;l;efh;>

nrd;id-600090> vl;lhk; gjpg;G> 2008.

7. Rg;gpukzpad;>r.Nt.> - rq;f ,yf;fpak; - vl;Lj;njhif

%yKk; njspTiuAk; - njhFjp-I

(ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> Iq;FWE}W)

kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> 1> rpq;fh; njU>

ghhpKid> nrd;id - 600018>

Kjw;gjpg;G> [_d;> 2010.

8. NrhkRe;judhu;> ngh.Nt.> (c.M.)- FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk;>

jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j

E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk; ypkpnll;>

522> b.b.Nf. rhiy> nrd;id.

kWgjpg;G> 2007.

9. nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;>(c.M)>- FWe;njhif tpsf;fk;






re;jpuNrfud;> eh.> (g.M) Ky;iyepiyak;>

9> ghujpefh; Kjy;njU>

jp.efh;> nrd;id-600017> kWgjpg;G> 2008.

10. jkpoz;zy; (c.M) - FWe;njhif (kf;fs; gjpg;G)

NfhtpY}h; klhyak;> NfhtpY}h; - 630307.

Kjw;gjpg;G> Vg;gpuy;> 2002.

11. Jiurhkpg;gps;is> - gjpw;Wg;gj;J %yKk; ciuAk;

xsit R.> (c.M.) jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j

E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk; ypkpnll;>

522> b.b.Nf. rhiy>nrd;id.

kWgjpg;G> 2007.

12. ehfuhrd;> tp.>(c.M)> - FWe;njhif tpsf;fk;

epA+nrQ;Rhp Gf;`T]; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;>

41gp>rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpa]; v];Nll;>

mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id - 600098.

%d;whk; gjpg;G - gpg;uthp> 2007.

13. ghpNkyofh; (c.M) - jpUf;Fws; %yKk; ciuAk;

rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600018.

Vohk; gjpg;G> gpg;uthp> 2006.

14. GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; - FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk;

rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014

%d;whk; gjpg;G> Mf];L> 2012.

15. fofg;Gyth; FOtpdh; - fofj; jkpo; mfuhjp

jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j

E}w;gjpg;Gf; fof ypkpnll;>

522> b.b.Nf.rhiy> nrd;id-18.

17 Mk; gjpg;G> 2002.

16. ,izajsk; - tamilvu.org (rq;f ,yf;fpar; nrhy;yilT>

nre;jkpo;r;nrhw;gpwg;gpay; NgufuKjyp>

rq;f ,yf;fpa mfuhjp Mfpatw;wpd;

ghh;itf;F kl;Lk;)






gonkhopfs; $Wk; kUj;Jtk;

g.fiymUzh cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mjpakhd; kfsph; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> rPdpthrh efh;> Cj;jq;fiu>

fpU\;zfpup-635207.

njspTiu

mDgt mwpitf; fdpe;j nkhopapy; $WtNj gonkhop. ‘goikAk; vspikAk;

,dpikAk; epiwe;j gonkhopfisf; nfhz;L kf;fspd; gz;ghl;ilAk; ehfhpfj;ijAk;

mwpayhk;1 vd;W gonkhopapd; rpwg;gpidj; jpUkjp fpU\;zh rQ;rPtp mth;fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. rpe;jid fsQ;rpakhfTk;> mDgtg; ngl;lfkhfTk; tpsq;Fk;

gonkhopfs; ghkuh; neQ;rpy; fsq;nfhz;L gbj;jth; Ma;tpy; ghuhl;Lg; ngw;witahFk;.

“rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; mDgt Kj;jpiuAk; rpwe;j nrhw;nrl;Lk; ciladtha; tpsq;f

Ntz;Lk;” vd;ghh; mwpQh; ,uhjhfpUl;bzd; ,j;jifa ,yf;fzk; gonkhopf;F kpfTk;

nghUj;jkhf mikfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifapd; ,ay;ghd Nghf;FfisAk; ePz;l

neLq;fhykhfg; ghkuhpilNa tpsq;Fk; mDgt mwpitAk; tha;nkhop thapyhfr;

RUq;fpa nrhw;fshy; toq;FtNj gonkhopapd; Nehf;fKk; nraYk; MFk;.

gonkhopfspy; fw;gidapd; gq;F FiwT. mdgtj;jpw;Nf mjpf ,lk;. vdNt>

cz;ik mDgtq;fspd; ciwtplkhfg; gonkhopfisf; fUjyhk;.

mt;tifapy; gz;ila kUj;Jth;fs; jk; kUj;Jt mDgt mwpitg;

ghJfhf;Fk; ngl;lfkhfg; gonkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. jkpo;ehl;Lg; gonkhopfs;

njhFg;gpy; Vuhskhd ‘kUj;Jtg; gonkhopfs;’ ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gonkhopfis tif – njhif nra;J Ma;T Nehf;Fld;

mZfpdhy; mhpa gy kUj;Jt cz;ikfis cyFf;F mwptpf;f KbAk;.

jkpo; kUj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; Fwpf;Fk; gonkhopfs;

,e;jpa kUj;Jt Kiwfs; (India Medicines) vd;git MAh;Ntjk;> rpj;j> Adhdp

kUj;Jt Kiwfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,tw;Ws; rpj;j kUj;Jtk;> fp.gp. 5 Mk;

E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dh;r; rpj;jh;fshy; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; mf;fiwAld;

tsh;f;fg;gl;ljhy; mg;ngah; ngw;wJ. jkpofj;jpy; kl;LNk tsh;e;J tho;e;J tUtjhy;

,J ‘jkpo; kUj;Jtk;’ vdWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

jkpo; kUj;Jtj;jpy; gy Nfhl;ghLfisr; rpj;jh; E}y;fs; tpsf;fkhff;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. E}ypy; cs;s mf;fUj;Jfs; gonkhopfspy; gjpe;jpUg;gJ

tpaf;fj;jf;fNj! ngUk;ghYk; rpj;jh;fs; ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; tho;e;jjhy;> mth;fs;






ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; tho;e;jjhy;> mth;fs; ghkuh;f;Fg; GhpAk; tifapy; kUj;Jtf;

Nfhl;ghLfis vspikg;gLj;jpf; $wpapUg;ghh;fs; NghYk;. tha;nkhop thapyhf mit

gug;gg;gl;Lg; gonkhopahfp ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. mt;tifapy; gy gonkhopfs; jkpo; kUj;jt

E}Nyhh; fUj;Jf;fspy; RUq;fpa tbtkhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. ‘mz;lj;jpYs;sJ

gpz;lj;jpw;Fk; cz;L’ ,g;gonkhop> rl;lKdp Qhdk; vDk; rpj;jh; E}ypy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;s fPo;f;fz;l ghliy mg;gbNa vjpnuhypf;fpwJ.

mz;lj;jpYs;sNj gpz;lk;

gpz;lj;jpYs;sNj mz;lk;

mz;lKk; gpz;lKk; xd;Nw

mwpe;J jhd; ghh;f;ifapNy....

cyfk; vd;gJ jhd; mz;lk; (Macrocosom) mjpy; kdpjd; rpwpa gpz;lk;.

(Microcosom) ,t;Tyfk; Ik;ngUk; %yq;fspd; $l;Lwthy; MdJ. kz;> tpz;> tsp.

jP> ePh; Mfpa Ik;ngUk; %yq;fspd; Nrh;f;ifahy; tpsq;Fk; ,t;Tyfj;ijg; NghyNt>

kdpj clypYk; ,t;itk;ngUk; rf;jpfs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. mz;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;

,t;ite;Jk; gpz;lj;jpy; thjk;. gpj;jk;> I vd;Dk; %d;W cah;r; rf;jpfshf

,aq;Ffpd;wd. ‘tpz;Zk; fhw;Wk’; ,ize;J thjkhfTk;> ‘jP’ gpj;jkhfTk;> ‘kz;Zk;

ePUk;’ ,ize;J ‘I’ MfTk; gpz;lkhfpa ,t;Tlypy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.

mz;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; ,r;rf;jpfs; mjdjd; mstpy; ,aq;Fk; tiu cyfpy;

Jd;gk; VJk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mtw;wpdstpy; khWgLk; NghJ G+fk;gk;> Gay;> twl;rp>

ngUkio Mfpa nfhLk; Jawq;fs; vOfpd;wd. mJNghy; gpz;lkhfpa clypy; thjh>

gpj;j> Mfpad mjdjd; mstpy; ,aq;Fk; tiu cly; Jd;gkw;W Nehapd;wp

tsh;fpwJ. ,k;%d;Wk; gy;NtW mfg;Gw fhuzq;fshy; khWgLk;NghJ> clypepiy

khwp Neha; tag;gLfpwJ. ,f;fUj;jpid cs;slf;fpaJ jhd;> ‘mz;lj;jpy; cs;s

gpz;lj;jpw;Fk; cz;L’ vd;gJ gonkhop. Neha; tUtjw;Fk; jPh;g;gjw;Fk; chpa

fhuzq;fspy; czT Kjyplk; tpfpf;fd;wJ. msthd czT tskhd tho;itj;

jUfpd;wJ. kpifahd czT clypy; Nehiaj; jUfpd;wJ. rpytif Neha;fs;

czitf; fl;Lg;ghl;bNyNa Fzkhfp tpLfpd;wd. ,ul;ilg; gzp Mw;Wk; czT

gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;bid ,g;gonkhop tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

Nehapy;yh newpiaf; $Wk; gonkhopfs;

cliy Neha; tUKd; fhj;jNy Nehapy;yh newpahFk;. ‘Prevention is better than

cure’ vd;Dk; Mq;fpy kUj;Jt gonkhop Nehapy;yh newpapid typAWj;Jk;. clYk;

cs;sKk; thOk; #oYk; J}a;ikahf ,Ug;gpd; vt;tpj NehAk; kdpjidg; gpbf;fhJ.

Neha;;j; jLg;G vd;gJ jw;fhy kUj;Jtj;jpy; xU gphpthff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;






ghkuhpilNa epyTk; jkpo;ehl;Lg; gonkhopfs; gy Nehapy;yh newpia

czh;j;Jgitahf cs;sd.

ehk; cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpypUe;J tUk; fopTfis mt;tNghJ mfw;whtpby;

kyr;rpf;fy; cz;lhfp euk;Gfs; typik ,of;Fk;. vdNt> fopTfis cs;slf;ff;

$lhJ. ,d;W cynfq;Fk; gutyhfg; gutp tUk; euk;Gj;jsh;r;rp Neha;;;;f;F kyr;rpf;fNy

%y fhuzk; mnkhpf;fhtpYk; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bYk; cs;s kUj;Jth;fs; kyr;rpf;fiy

ePf;fpajd; %yNk euk;Gj; jsh;r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspy; 100f;F 80 Ngh;

Fzkile;jjhfj; njhpfpd;wJ. vdNt ,g;gonkhop $WtJNghy;> ehs;NjhWk;

,UKiwahfpYk; kyf;Fliyj; J}a;ik nra;tjd; %yk; gy Neha;fs; tuhky;

jLf;fyhk;.

‘msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkph;jKk; tp\khFk;’; vd;gJ mkph;jkhd gonkhop

MFk;. eiu> jpiuia xopj;J ePba ey;tho;it ey;Fk; mkph;jj;jpw;Nf fl;lg;ghl;bid

tpjpf;Fk; ,g;gonkhop> fhjy; ,d;gj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. tpe;J vdg;gLk; rf;jp mjpf

Nghfj;jhy; mjpfkhf ntspNaWk;NghJ> euk;Gj; jsh;r;rp Nghd;w Neha;fs; Vw;gLk;.

mjdhy; jhd; ‘tpe;J tpl;ltd; nehe;J nfl;lhd;’ vd;Dk; gonkhopAk; Njhd;wpaJ

NghYk;. tpe;Jr; rf;jpia vt;tsTf; nft;tsT fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;NwhNkh mt;tsTf;Fg;

gy jPtpu Neha;fs; tuhky; jLf;fyhk;. vdNtjhd; fhjy; ,d;gj;jpw;F tiuaiw

tFf;f ‘khjk; ,uz;L’ vd;w FLk;geyj;jpl;lk; tFj;jth; ghku kf;fs;. mJNt

gonkhopahfptpl;lJ. eilKiwapy; ,jidg; gpd;gw;WtJ nghpJk; ,ayhJ vdpDk;>

Neha; thuhJ ey;tho;T tho tpUk;Gth;f;F topfhl;Lk; gonkhopahf ,J

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ vdyhk;. ,f;fhy mwptpayhUk; mjpfkhd Nghfj;jhy; clYf;Fg;

gw;gy Neha;fs; tUfpd;wd vd;W vr;rhpg;gJ <z;L xg;G Nehf;fj; jf;fJ.

kUe;J Kiwfisf; $Wk; gonkhopfs;

ghku kf;fs; gpd;gw;wpa kUe;J Kiwfs; gytw;iwg; gonkhopfspy; fhzyhk;.

,f;fhy kUj;Jth; ,d;d Neha;f;F ,d;d kUe;Jfs; vd;W> kUe;JfisAk;

Neha;fisAk; ,izj;J ml;ltizg;gLj;jp vspjpy; kUj;Jtk; nra;thh;fs;.

kUj;Jtf; Fwpg;G ml;ltiz (Therapeutic Index) vd miof;fg;gLk; ,t;tl;ltiz

Nghy kUj;Jtg; gonkhopfs; ghkuh;f;Fg; gad;gl;ld.

‘rspj; njhy;iyah? tpf;]; ghh;Kyh rhg;gpLq;fs;’ vd;W ,f;fhyj;jth; $WtJ

Nghy;> ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs;> ‘,Q;rpurk; rsp Nghf;Fk;’ vd;W $wp ,Q;rpr; Rurk; nra;J

rhg;gpLthh;fs;. ,uz;L Jz;L ,Q;rpiaj; Njhy; ePf;fpj; J}a;ik nra;J eRf;fpr; rhW

vLj;J mjDld; mr;rhW msT ePh; fye;J nfhjpf;f itj;J tbfl;b mNj msT

Njd; fye;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jidNa ‘,Q;rpr; Rurk;’ vd;gh;. vdNt






,tw;iwnay;yhk; njhFj;J ml;ltiz nra;jhy;> jw;fhy kUj;Jtf; Fwpg;G

ml;ltiz Nghy mJ mikAk;. mt;tsT mhpa kUe;J Kiwfisj; jd;dfj;Nj

nfhz;L jd;dpfuw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wd jkpofj;J kUj;Jtg; gonkhopfs;. “fOijg;

ghiyf; Fbj;jjhk;; gps;is rphpj;jjhk;” Foe;ijfs; gpwf;Fk; NghNj rpy Neha;fspd;

mwpFwpAld; gpwf;Fk;. cs;sq;if> cs;sq;fhy; gFjpfs; ePy epwkhf ,Ug;gpd;

Foe;ij ‘nrt;thg;G’ vd;Dk; Nehahy; gPbf;fg;gl;Ls;snjdf; fz;Lg;gpbg;gh;. ,e;Neha;

Ntfkhf tsuf; $bajhifahy; Foe;ij> Fuy; fk;ky;> ,Og;G> rspj;njhy;iy

Nghd;wtw;why; JaUw;W mOk;. vdNt> nrt;thg;Gg; gw;wpa mwpFwpfs; Njhd;wpa

clNd ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; Foe;ijf;Ff; fOijg; ghiyg; Gfl;Lthh;fs;. fOijg; ghy;

nrt;thg;ig ePf;Fk; Mw;wYilajhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fOijg; ghypdhy; ,e;Neha;

ePq;fg;ngw;Wf; Foe;ij eyk;ngWk;. ,jidf; Fwpf;f vOe;jNj Nkw;fz;l

gonkhopahFk;. nrt;thg;G Nehahy; gPbf;fg;gl;L mOk; Foe;ij> fOijg;ghiyf;

Fbj;J Neha;j; Jd;gk; ePq;fpr; rphpj;jJ vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;.

Mw;WePH thjk; Nghf;Fk;> mUtp ePh; gpj;jk; Nghf;Fk;;> Nrhw;WePh; ,uz;ilAk;

Nghf;Fk;. ,g;gonkhop %yk; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspd; ,aw;if kUj;Jt mwpT

Gydhfpd;wJ. Mw;W ePhpYk; mUtp ePhpYk; cah;e;j jhJg; nghUl;fSk; %ypifr;

rj;Jf;fSk; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. jhkputUzp> itif> fhtphp. Fq;if ejpfspy;

ePuhbdhy; rpytif Neha;fs; jPUk; vd;gJ rka ek;gpf;if kl;Lk; epiwNtWtJ

,y;iy: rpwe;j kUj;Jtg; gaDk; mjdhy; tpisfpd;wJ vd;gJ ,g;gonkhop %yk;

njspthfpd;wJ. euk;Gf; NfhshWfs;> thjNeha; fhuzkhf tuf;$bait. ,tw;Wf;F

Mw;W ePhpy; Fwpg;gJ ed;ik jUk;. gpj;jk; njhlh;ghf tUgit %isf; NfhshW

Kjypad. gpj;jk; njhlh;ghf tUk; Neha;fisg; Nghf;f mUtp ePhpYk; Fspg;gJ

ey;yJ. MYk;> NtYk; jpUf;FwSk; ehybahUk; Nghy; ,izg;gphpahJ ed;ik

mspf;fpd;wd vdgjid ,g;gonkhop cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Ntg;ngz;nza; mhpa kUj;jt gDilajhFk;. ‘Ntg;ngz;nza;

Mgj;Jf;FjTk;’ kNyhpah Nghd;w fha;r;ry; te;J cw;wNghJ tUk; Fsph; [d;dp

Nghd;wtw;iw jPh;f;Fk; Mw;wy; cilaJ. ghujj; jiyikaikr;rh; jpUkjp.

,e;jpuhfhe;jp mth;fs; ,g;gonkhopia Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;b> “gpw kUe;Jfisr;

rhh;e;jpUf;fhky; ek; ehl;by; vspjpYk; Njitahd mstpYk; iftrk; fpilf;ff; $ba

nry;tq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; %yNk cz;ikahd Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz

,aYk;. vd;W $wpapUg;gJ> kf;fspilNa gr;rpiy kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa Gjpa kWkyh;r;rp

vz;zj;jpidg; GFj;Jk;.






Neha;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; gonkhopfs;

gonkhopfs; Neha;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW kUe;Jfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy;>

gy;NtW Neha;fisg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk; RUq;fpf;

$wp tpsq;f itf;fpd;wJ. rpy gonkhopfs; Nehapd; %y fhuzj;ijf; $lf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ‘khjh gpjh nra;jit kf;fSf;F’ ,g;gonkhopia NkNyhl;lkhfg;

ghh;f;ifapy; ePjpf; fUj;jpidg; Gyg;gLj;JtJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy; kUj;Jtf; fz;

nfhz;L ghh;f;ifapy; jtwhd topapy; ghYzh;r;rpf;Fg; gypahdth;fs; mjd;

fhuzkhf tuf;$ba Nkf Nehapidj; jhk; mDgtpg;gJld;> jk; re;jjpapdh;f;Fk;

gutf; $ba mghaj;jpid mspf;fpd;whh;fs;. ngw;Nwhh;fspd; jtwhd nray;fspd;

tpisNt> Foe;ijfs; gy gpwf;Fk; NghNj Nkf NehAld; gpwg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;.

Fbg;gof;fk; rpfnul; gof;fk; fhuzkhff; Foe;ijfs; gpwtpf; Fiwghl;Lld;

gpwf;fpd;wd.

‘ePh;f;Nfhit’ vd;Dk; Nehapidr; ‘rsp gpbj;Jtpl;lJ’ vd;W ehl;Lg; Gwj;jpy;

$Wth;. rspNeha; EiuaPuy; Nfhshw;wpdhy; tUtjhFk;. rsp gpbj;jNjh! rdp

gpbj;jNjh! ,e;Neha;f;F ,Jtiu ve;j kUj;Jt KiwapYk; kUe;J fz;Lgpbf;fNt

,y;iy. ,e;Neha; te;jhy; %d;W ehs; fl;lhakhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W mfj;jpah; Kjy;

Mq;fpy kUj;Jth; tiu cWjpahff; $Wfpd;wdh; ,Uf;Fk; %d;W ehl;fspYk; ,e;Neha;

cz;lhf;Fk; njhy;iy nghwj;Jf; nfhs;s ,ayhjjhFk;. Xahj Jk;ky;> %f;fpy; ePh;

xOfy;> ,Uky;> kz;il typ> fha;r;ry; Nghd;w njhy;iyfs; rspj; njhy;iyahy;

rq;fpypj; njhlh; Nghy; tUtdthFk;.

vdNtjhd;> ,jd; njhy;iyiar; ‘rdp’ vd;Dk; fpufj;jpd; Nfhshw;Wf;F

xg;gpLth;. xd;gJ fpufq;fspy; rdpf; fpufk; gpbj;J tpl;lhy; Xahj njhy;iyfs;

mLf;fLf;fhf te;J my;yy; gLj;Jk;. ‘Voiu Mz;Lfs; ,jd; njhy;iy ePbf;Fk;.

vdNtjhd; Voiu ehl;Lr; rdpad; gpbj;Jtpl;ljh?’ vd;W Nfl;ghh;fs;. mJ Nghy;>

%d;W ehl;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;> rspnjhy;iy te;Jtpl;lhy; Voiuehl;Lr; rdpad; gpbj;jJ

Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjid Nkw;fz;l gonkhopahf tbj;Jtpl;ldh; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs;.

Nrhif vd;gJ ,uj;;jf; FiwT fhuzkhf tUk; Neha;. ‘jpd;w kz;Zf;Fj;

jf;f Nrhif’ vd;gJ gonkhop. ,uj;jk; Fiwtjw;Ff; fhuzk; <uy; NfhshW MFk;.

tsUk; Foe;ijfspy; gy> guhkhpg;Gf; FiwT fhuzkhfr; Rthpy; cs;s Rz;zhk;G>

kz;> rhk;gy; Mfpatw;iwj; jpd;Dk;. ,it <uypy; Nrh;e;J fl;b> tPf;fk; Mfpait

cz;lhf;fpg; grpia mlf;fp czT cl;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyikia cz;lhf;Fk;.

czT FiwTtjhy; ,uj;jk; Fiwfpd;wJ; ,uj;jk; Fiwar; Nrhif cz;lhfpd;wJ.

vdNt Nrhiff;F Neubahd fhuzk; kz;> rhk;gy; Nghd;witNa. ,tw;iw vt;tsTf;






nft;tsT mjpfkhff; Foe;ij rhg;gpLfpd;wNjh mt;tsTf;Fr; Nrhif cz;lhFk;.

jpd;w kz;Zf;Fj; jf;f Nrhif vd;W $Wk; ,g;gonkhop> Nrhif Neha;f;Ff; fhuzk;

kz;jhd; vd;W $wpapUg;gJ ghku kf;fspilNa epytp tUk; cz;ikahd kUj;Jt

mwpitg; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.

‘rhg;gpzp kUe;Njw;fhJ’. kuz mwpFwpfisf; nfhz;Ltpl;l gpzp> vj;jifa

kUe;Jfis nfhLj;jhYk; Vw;fhJ vd;gNj ,g;gonkhopapd; fUj;jhFk; jkpo;

kUj;Jtj;jpy; ve;j xU gpzpf;Fk; jPUk; epiy> jPuh epiyfis tFj;Jf; $wpAs;sdh;.

jPuhj mwpFwpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s Neha;fisr; rhg;gpzp vd;gh;. mjw;F kUe;J

nfhLf;ff; $lhJ vd;W $Wth;.

KbTiu

ghku kf;fspd; thapyhf tho;e;J tUk; gonkhopfspy; nfhba Neha;fisj;

jPh;f;Fk; kUj;Jt Kiwfs; cs;sd. Kiwahd mwptpay; Ma;Tf;F mtw;iw

cl;gLj;jpdhy; cyf kUj;Jt Ma;thsh;fs; jkpofj;ijj;Njb tUk; ehs; njhiytpy;

,y;iy.

Foe;ijg; gpzpfl;Ff; ‘fOijg; ghiyAk;’

gpj;jk; jzpa ‘Ntyk; gl;iliaAk;’

Nkfg; gpzpfs; tpyf ‘Myk;gl;iliaAk;’

gad;gLj;JkhW $Wk; gonkhopfs; Nghd;W jkpopy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gonkhopfs;

,d;Wk; kjpf;fg;ngw;w tha;nkhop thapyhf tho;e;J kf;fSf;F ey;tho;T mspj;J

tUfpd;wd. Ma;T Nehf;fpy; mitfis mZfpdhy; mhpa kUe;Jfis ,f;fhy

kUj;Jt cyFf;F mspf;fyhk;.

ghh;it E}y;fs;:

1. uhkypq;fk;. Nf.Nf. - gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F $Wk; ey;Yiufs;

2. ,uhkrhkp.ngh.,uh. - kUe;jhFk; ,yf;fpa jhtuq;fs;>






rkfhy tuyhWk; gilg;ghsh;fspd; fUj;jpay; rhh;Gk;

Kidth; tp.fhaj;hp gphpajh;\pdp> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

[p.b.vd;. fiyf; fy;Y}hp> jpz;Lf;fy;.

Kd;Diu

ehty; vd;w tifik fhykhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g gy tbt khWjy;fisAk; gy

nghUz;ik khWjy;fisAk; nfhz;L ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; tuyhw;W

ehty;fSf;F jdp ,lKz;L. tuyhWk; GidTk; fye;j gilg;ghf thrfh;fspd;

kdijf; ftUk; tpjj;jpy; mike;jpUg;gJ mjd; jdpr; rpwg;G. mjpy; Fwpg;ghfr;

rkfhy tuyhw;iwj; jd; ehtypd; mbg;ilf; fUthf nfhz;l gilg;ghsh;fshy;

cUthf;fg;gLk; gilg;Gfspy; cz;ik tuyhW vd;gJ jtph;f;f ,ayhj mk;rkhf

khwptpLfpd;wJ. rkfhy tuyhw;W ehty;fisg; nghWj;jtiu thOk; rhl;rpaq;fSk;

Mtzj;juTfSk; me;ehty;fs; gilf;f cWJizahf mike;JtpLfpd;wd.

,t;tif ehty;fspy; gilg;ghsh;fs; tuyhw;NwhL jk; fUj;jpaiy ntspg;gLj;jTk;

,aYk; vd;gij mth;fs; gilg;Gfs; thapyhfNt mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk.;

mt;tifapy; Rje;jpujhfk;> gazk; vd;w ,U ehty;fspd; gilg;ghsHfSk; rkfhy

tuyhw;;iw ehty; tbtpy; ju Kd;te;Js;sdh;. mjpy; mth;fs; jhq;fs; ikag;gLj;Jk;

tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fNshL jhq;fs; rhHe;j ,af;fq;fspd; fUj;jpaiyNa

Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. rp.R.nry;yg;gh ,e;jpaj; Njrpaj;ijAk; Nts; ek;gp jpuhtpl

Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk; Kd;itf;Fk; Mhpa vjph;g;G rhh;e;j tuyhw;iwAk; vt;thW

Kd;itf;fpd;wdh; vd;gij Muha;tNj ,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s M\; nfhiy

,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;l Kd;ndLg;gpy;> Fwpg;ghf 1918,y;

fhe;jpabfspd; murpay; gpuNtrj;jpw;F Kd;G> jPtputhjr; nray;ghl;bd; topr; Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lq;fs; mjpfk; eilngw;wd. ,e;jpah KOtJk; jPtputhjr; nray;fs; gy

eilngw;wd. mtw;wpy; jkpofj;jpy; eilngw;w jPtputhjr; nray;ghLfspy;

Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLtJ M\; vd;w Mq;fpNyaiu thQ;rpehjd; kzpahr;rpapy;

itj;Jr; Rl;lJ. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd jpahfr; nrayhf ,J

Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.

1911Mk; Mz;L [_d; 17Mk; ehs; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lf; fnyf;lh; uhgh;l;

tpy;ypak; b v];fh;l; M\; jd; kidtp Nkhp ypy;ypak; Ngl;lh;rNdhL

nfhilf;fhdYf;Fr; nry;yj; jpUney;Ntyp uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J 10.35 kzpf;F

kzpahr;rpia te;jile;jhh;. ‘rpNyhd; Nghl;’ vd;Dk; uapYf;fhf kzpahr;rpapy;

fhj;jpUe;jdh;. mg;NghJ jpUney;Ntypapy; ,Ue;J kzpahr;rp uapypy; te;j gr;ir






Nfhl; mzpe;j xUtUk; (thQ;rp ma;ah;) kiyahspiag; Nghy; ,Ue;j xUtUk; (rq;fu

fpU\;za;ah;) mth;fis vjph;nfhz;ldh;. mg;NghJ gr;irf; Nfhl; mzpe;jpUe;j thQ;rp

ma;ah; jd; ifj;Jg;ghf;fpahy; Mi\r; Rl;lhh;. mf;Fz;L M\pd; khh;gpy; gha;e;jJ.

Mi\f; fhg;ghw;wj; jpUney;Ntyp uapypy; Vw;wpr; nrd;wdh;. kUj;Jtkid nry;Yk;

topapy; fq;ifnfhz;lhd; mUNf M\; ,we;jhh;. Mi\r; Rl;l thQ;rp ma;ah; mq;Nf

,Ue;j fopg;giwapy; jd; thapy; Jg;ghf;fpia Eioj;Jr; Rl;Lf;nfhz;L ,we;jhh;.

mth; rl;ilg;igapy; xU fbjk; ,Ue;jJ:

“Mq;fpy rj;Uf;fs; ekJ Njrj;ijg; gpbq;fpf; nfhz;L mopahj

]dhjd jh;kj;ij fhyhy; kpjpj;J Jkrk; nra;J tUfpwhh;fs;.

xt;nthU ,e;jpaDk; jw;fhyj;jpy; Njr rj;JUthfpa Mq;fpNyaid

Juj;jp jh;kj;ijAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk; epiyehl;l Kaw;rp nra;J

tUfpwhd;. vq;fs; uhkd;> rpth[p> fpU\;zd;> FUNfhtpe;jh;> mh;[_dd;

Kjypath; ,Ue;J jh;kk; nropf;f murhl;rp nra;J te;j Njrj;jpy;

Nfty nfhkhk;rk; jpd;df;$ba xU kpNyr;rdhfpa [hh;[; gQ;rkid

(Geroge V) Kb#l;l cj;Njrk; nra;J nfhz;L ngUKaw;rp ele;J

tUfpd;wJ. mtd; vq;fs; Njrj;jpy; fhiy itj;j clNdNa mtidf;

nfhy;Yk; nghUl;L 3000 kjuhrpfs; gpujpf;fpid nra;J

nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. mijj; njhptpf;Fk; nghUl;L mth;fspy;

filNadhfpa ehd; ,d;W ,r;nra;if nra;Njd; ,Jjhd;

,e;J];jhdj;jpy; xt;nthUtDk; nra;a Ntz;ba flik”

(rptRg;ukzpad; 2006: 82)

thQ;rp ma;ahpd; ,e;jr; nray; ,d;W tiu ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fspy;

nfhLq;Nfhydhd Mi\f; nfhd;W jhDk; ,we;j ngUk; jpahfr; nrayhfg; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; M\; gw;wpAk; thQ;rp ma;ah; gw;wpAk; rpy khWgl;l

fz;Nzhl;lq;fSk;; ,Ug;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. njh.K.rpjk;gu uFehjd;>

M.rptRg;ukzpad; Nghd;Nwhh; ,r;nraiy ,e;Jj; Njrpaj;jpd; ntspg;ghL vdf;

fUJfpd;wdh;. jho;j;jg;gl;l> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; eyidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L

cioj;j Mi\ Mhpa kNdhghtk; nfhz;l ghh;g;gddhd thQ;rp nfhd;whd; vdj;

jpuhtplr; rhh;ghsuhd vd;.nry;Nte;jpud; $Wfpwhh;. M\; nfhiy ,e;Jr; rhjpak; vd;w

Mjpf;f kNdhghtj;jpd; ntspg;ghNl@ ,J gQ;rkNuhL Mi\ ,izj;Jf; fhZk;

kNdhghtk; vdj; jypj;jpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; md;Gr;nry;tk; vOJfpwhh;.

mz;ikapy; “M\; mbr;Rtl;by;” vd;W M\; FLk;gj;NjhL ciuahw;wpaij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,J gw;wp vOjpAs;shh; M.,uh.Ntq;flhrygjp.16 ,tw;wpw;F

khwhfg; ng.R.kzp ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;> thQ;rpehj ma;aUila






fbjj;jpd; thh;j;ijfisNa khw;wp ahUf;Fk; tpNuhjk; Vw;gLj;jhj tz;zk; xU

tuyhw;W ,Ul;lbg;igr; nra;a Kay;fpwhh;. ,q;Nf Rje;jpujhfk; ehtYk;> gazk;

ehtYk; M\; nfhiyia vt;tifapy; rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd vd;W fhz;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

M\; nfhiy: khWgl;l fz;Nzhl;lq;fs;

,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; thQ;rpehjd;

,e;jpaj; Njrpathjpfs; ,e;jpaj; Njrpar; rpe;jidf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhNlNa

fhydpa Ml;rpapy; M\; nfhiyia mZfpdh;. tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fspy; xU tPujPur;

nrayhfNt ,ij mZfpdh;. ,q;F M.rptRg;ukzpad; njh.K.rp.uFehjd; MfpNahh;

M\; nfhiyiag; gw;wp vOjpAs;sJ Fwpg;gpljf;fJ. M\; nfhiy> mjd; gpd;dhy;

,aq;fpa ,e;Jj; jPtputhj mikg;G> thQ;rpehjNdhL njhlh;Gilath;fs;> M\;

nfhiy njhlh;ghf ele;j tof;F> mjpYs;s rhl;rpaq;fs; vd tphpthd xU

tuyhw;Wj; NjLjiy mth;fs; epfo;j;jp cs;sdh;.

thQ;rp rhh;e;jpUe;j ‘mgpet ghuj; rkpjp’> mtUf;Fj; Jg;ghf;fpiar; Rlg; gapw;rp

mspj;j t.Nt.R.ma;ah;> thQ;rpapd; ‘MhpaUf;F xU Mg;;j thf;fpak;’ vd;w gpuRuk;>

mJ M\; nfhiyf;Fg; gpd; NghyP]hhpd; ifapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;wik>

mjdbg;gilapy; mgpet ghuj; rkpjpiar; rhh;e;j gyh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lik

Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp> rq;fu fpU\;za;ah;> `hp`u

ma;ah; vdg; gyUk; Kjd;ikf; Fw;wthspfshfr; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fspy;

jh;kuh[a;ah;> ntq;fNl];tu ma;ah; vd;w ,UtUk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;ldh;.

NkYk;> 1911 [{iy 11 md;W te;Nj khjuk; ,jio elj;jp te;j Nklk; fhkh jd;

,jopy; gpd;tUkhW vOjpdhh;:

“,e;J];jhdj;jpypUe;J te;j kzpKb jhpj;j mbikfs; yz;ld;

njUf;fspy; mzptFj;J te;J> uhay; rh;f;f]pd; Nfhkhspfshfg;

gypahLfisg;Nghy; ,q;fpyhe;J kd;dhpd; fhybapy; tpOe;J tzq;fpf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;nghOJ ekJ ehl;bd; jPukpf;f ,U ,isQh;fs;

kzpahr;rpapYk;> ikkd;rpq;fpYk; jq;fs; jPur; nray;fisf;fhl;b

,e;J];jhdk; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;W ep&gpj;Js;shh;fs;.”

(rptRg;ukzpad; 2009: 70)

thQ;rpehjdpd; ,e;jr; nray;ghL ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs; gyuJ

tuNtw;igAk; ngw;wJ vd;gJ ,jdhy; GydhfpwJ.

jpuhtpl ,af;fg; ghh;itapy; thQ;rpehjd;

,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk; nfhz;lth;fspd; ghh;itapy; thQ;rpehjd; Gul;rp

tPudhf ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ jpuhtpl ,af;fj;jtuhd nry;Nte;jpud;; ghh;itapy;

thQ;rpehjdpd; nraypy; ntspg;gl;lJ ghh;g;gd Mjpf;fNk.






“M\pd; kidtp Njh;tz;bapy; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jnghOJ topapy;

jPz;lg;glhj rhjpiar; rhh;e;j ngz; xUj;jp gpurt typ jhq;fhky;

Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gijg; ghh;j;jhh;. rhjp ntwp gpbj;j r%fj;jpy;

Nky;rhjpapdh; ahUk; mtSf;F cjtp nra;a Kd;tuhjjhy; M\pd;

kditp mg;ngz;izj; jk; tz;bapy; Vw;wp> Nky;rhjpapdh;

njUitf; fle;J kUj;Jtkidf;Ff; nfhz;L Nghdhh;”

(nry;Nte;jpud; 2009: 9)

M\; kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtp Nkhp jpUney;Ntypg;gFjpapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs;

gyhpd; ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;wth;fs; vdTk;> gs;spfs;> rpWth; ,y;yq;fSf;Fg; gy

cjtpfs; nra;jth;fs; vdTk; $Wfpw nry;Nte;jpud;;;;> thQ;rpehjdpd; nraiy xU

ghhh;g;gd ntwpadpd; nrayhff; $Wfpwhh;. jpUney;Ntypg; gFjpapy; tof;fpypUe;j

tha;nkhopf; fijia mbg;gilahf itj;J thQ;rpapd; nraiyj; jpuhtpl Nehf;fpy;

fhz;fpwhh;.

jypj;jpag; ghh;itapy; thQ;rpehjd;

md;Gr;nry;tk; M\; gLnfhiy: kPSk; jypj; tprhuiz vd;w E}ypy;

thQ;rpehjd; vOjpa fbjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhs;fpwhh;. ‘[hh;[; gQ;rkd;’

vd;gjpy; cs;s ~gQ;rkd;| vd;w nrhy; Neubahfj; jypj;Jfis Rl;LfpwJ. ~gQ;rkd|;

vd;gNjhL ~nfhkhk;rk; jpd;df;$ba| vd;W tUk; fbj thrfj;jpd; thapyhfj;

jypj;Jfs; Nky; ghh;g;gdh;fs; nfhz;l tpNuhjg; Nghf;ifr; Rl;Lfpwhh;. fhyq;fhykhfj;

jpUney;Ntypg; gFjpapy; epytpa rhjpa mlf;FKiwfspd; njhlh;r;rpahf ,ijf;

fhz;fpwhh;.

“rhjp xOf;fj;ijAk; nfhLikfisAk; vjph;j;J kjk; khwpa fPo;r;

rhjpapdh; rkj;Jtj;ijf; Nfl;ldh;. Nky;rhjp epyf;fpohh;fSk;

Mz;ilfSk; xLf;fg;gl;l mbikr;rhjpapdh; kPJ mJtiu

nfhz;bUe;j nfhLk;gpbg;Gk; Nkyhz;ikAk; nefpoj;njhlq;fpd.

,j;jifa Gjpa epiy cUthdjw;Ff; fhuzkhdth;fs; fpwpj;jt

kp\ndhpfNs vd;W Nky;rhjp epyf;fpohh;fs; Mj;jpuk; nfhz;ldh;”

(md;Gr;nry;tk; 2009: 60)

thQ;rpehjd; njhlh;ghd tuyhw;W Mtzj;ij khw;wy;

ng.R.kzp kw;Wk; njh.K.rp. uFehjd; ,UtUk; M\pd; fbj thrfq;fspy; rpy

khw;wq;fisr; nra;Js;sdh;. ,th;fspy; njh.K.rp.uFehjd; jd; ghujp: fhyKk;

fUj;Jk; vd;w E}ypy; Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;ba fbjj;jpy; gpiojpUj;jq;fs; kl;LNk

nra;Js;shh;. xw;Wg;gpio> vOj;Jg;gpio ,itfis kl;LNk khw;wp cs;shh;.






gpbq;fpf; nfhz;L - gpLq;fpf; nfhz;L> Jkrk; - Jtk;rk;> nfhkhk;rk; - Nfhkhkprk;

,itNghy; rpy jpUj;jq;fis kl;LNk Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;.

Mdhy;> ,e;jpaj; Njrpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; vd;w E}ypy; ng.R.kzp

thQ;rpehjd; fbjj;jpy; nghpa khw;wj;ijNa nra;Js;shh;. mJ “Nftyk; Nfhkhkprk;

jpd;df;$ba kpNyr;rdhfpa [hh;[; gQ;rkid (George V)” vd;gJ fbjj;jpd; mry;

thrfk;. Mdhy; ng.R.kzp>

“vUJ khkprk; jpd;df;$ba xU kpNyr;rdhfpa [hh;[; gQ;raid

George V” vd khw;wp cs;shh;. ~nfhkhk;rk|; vd;gij ~vUJkhkprk|;

vdTk;> ~gQ;rkd|; vd;gij ~gQ;rad|; vdTk;... (rptRg;ukzpad; 2006: 84)

khw;wp cs;shh;. gQ;rkh; vd;gjd; nghUs; ehw;rhjpf;Fk; fPohf Ie;jhk; epiyapy;

cs;s jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; vd;gjhFk;. gQ;rkh; vd;gth;fs; khl;biwr;rp

jpd;df;$bath;fs;> vd;gjhNyNa rhjpapy; fPohdth;fs; vd;gJ fhyq;fhykhf toq;fp

tUk; xU ek;gpf;ifAk;> eilKiwAk; MFk;. ,e;jr; nrhw;fis thQ;rpehja;ah;

gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpg;gpl;lhy; Njrpar; rpe;jid nfhz;lth; rdhjd czh;T

nfhz;lth;fs; vd;w vz;zj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vd;gjhy; mij khw;wNt gQ;rad;

vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh; ng.R.kzp. gQ;rad; vd;gtd; Ie;jhktd;. mjhtJ

,J Ie;jhtJ [hh;i[f; Fwpf;Fk; vd Mtzj;ijNa khw;Wfpwhh;. murpaNy

nfhiyf;fhdf; fhuzkhff; $Wfpwhh;. mJ fPo;tUk; rhd;W tpsf;Fk;.

ehty;fspy; M\; gLnfhiy

rp.R.nry;yg;gh vOjpa Rje;jpujhfk; ehty; rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w

ehtyhFk;. ,e;ehty; 1927 Kjy; 1934 tiuapyhd fhyf;fl;lj;ij jd; ehtypd;

fhykhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhe;jpabfs; gq;fspg;G mjpfkhf

,Ue;jJ ,f;fhyf;fl;lk; fhe;jpabfs; xU ntF[dj; jiytuhf cUntLj;j

fhyf;fl;lKk; MFk;. NkYk; ehtyhrphpah; xU Rje;jpug; Nghul;lj; jpahfp vd;gJk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mfpk;ir topapyhd Nghuhl;lj;ij ikag;gLj;Jk; ,e;ehty; md;iwa

,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]pd; nray;ghl;il tpsf;fTk; nra;fpwJ. fhe;jpabfspd;

nfhs;ifisj; jd; fUj;jpayhff; nfhz;Ls;s ehtyhrphpah; M\; gLnfhiy vt;thW

fhz;fpwhh; vd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ,e;jpaj; Njrpa

,af;fj;jpdh; thQ;rpehjd; tuyhw;iw vt;thW mZfpdhh;fNsh mNj Nehf;fpNyNa

thQ;rpehjidj; Njrpa tPudhf ,e;ehtYk; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ. thQ;rpapd; nray;ghl;il

vLj;Jf;fhl;b jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Gul;rpahsh;fs; gyUk; nray;gl;l tpjj;ijAk;>

Mi\f; nfhLq;Nfhydhfr; rpj;jphpf;Fk; kNdhghtKk; ,thplk; njhdpf;fpwJ.

murpaNy nfhiyf;fhdf; fhuzkhff; $Wfpwhh;. ,e;epfo;T Fwpj;J fijj;

jiytdhd rptuhkd; %yk; ,t;tuyhw;W epfo;it ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mrphpah;>






M\;Jiuiaf; nfhd;w nray; epahakhdJ vd;W mth; vz;Ztjhfr; rpj;jphpf;fpwhh;.

mNj Ntisapy; fhe;jpabfs; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;Wgth; kdj;jpy; jPtputhj vz;zk;

ntspg;gLtNj jtW vd;W mth; njsptiltjhfTk; fhl;Lfpwhh;:

“thQ;rp mtd; neQ;rpy; mOj;jkhf ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jhd;. thQ;rp epidT

,g;NghJk; mtidg; guguf;fr;nra;jJ. ,e;j M\;fSf;F thQ;rpehjd;

Njit vd;W xU fzk; vz;zptpl;lhd;. mLj;j fzk; mtd;

rkhspj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. thQ;rp nra;jJ jpyfh; fhyj;jpy;> jhd; ,d;W

,Ug;gJ fhe;jp fhyj;jpy; vd;W jdf;Fr; nrhy;ypf;nfhz;lhd;”

(nry;yg;gh 1997: 59)

,q;Nf mfpk;ir topapid Kd;itj;jhYk; thQ;rpehjd; kpfg;nghpa Nghuhsp vd;gij

Mrphpah; kWf;ftpy;iy. Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;l topKiwfspy; ,JTk; xd;W vd;w

fUj;Jk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kWf;f ,ayhj jpahfr;nrayhfTk; gilg;ghsp

fhz;fpwhh;.

gazk; ehtypy; gLnfhiy gw;wpa tuyhW

Nts;ek;gp ,aw;wpa gazk; ehty; 1949 Kjy; 1969 tiuapyhd

fhyf;fl;lj;ijj; jd; ehtypd; fhyf;fl;lkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ. jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf;

fofk; njhlq;fpa fhyf;fl;lj;jpypUe;J mz;zhj;Jiu Ml;rpapy; mku;e;jJ

tiuapyhd tuyhw;iw ,e;ehty; Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. jpuhtpl ,af;fj;jpdhpd;

nfhs;ifis jd; fUj;jpayhff; nfhz;Ls;s ehtyhrphpah; M\; gLnfhiyiaj;

jpuhtpl ,af;ff; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpNyNa ,t;tuyhw;iw mZFfpd;wJ. ,e;ehty; jpuhtpl

,af;ff; fUj;jpay; tpsf;fkhf mike;jpUg;gNjhL md;iwa jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf;

fofj;jpd; vjph; epiyapdpd;W nray;gl;l fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;ij tpkh;rdk; nra;a

,t;tuyhw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. md;iwa fhq;fpu]; jPtputhj mikg;igr; rhh;e;j

thQ;rpehjdpd; nray;ghl;il kWthrpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;Jfpwhh;. thQ;rpehjd; ghh;g;gdpar;

rpe;jid mjpfk; nfhz;ltuhfTk; M\; ey;ytuhfTk; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

“jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j ngz; gpurt typapy; Jbj;j NghJ

mg;gf;fkhf te;j MRk; mth; kidtpAk; mth;fs; tz;bapy; Vw;wpr;

nrd;W kUj;Jt kidapy; mDkjpj;jdh;. gpuhkzh;fs; trpf;Fk;

gFjpapy; gpurtj;jpw;fhf mioj;Jr; nrd;wjhy; Nfhgq;nfhz;l

thQ;rpehjd; Mi\r; Rl;lhh;. jd; Fyj;jhh; trpf;Fk; gFjpapy;

jho;j;g;gl;l ngz;iz mioj;Jr; nry;tJ jq;fs; FyKiwf;F ,Of;F

vd;W fUjpdhh;” (gazk; 2007:1367)






,Jtiu tPur;nrayhf tuyhw;wpy; $wg;gl;l jftiy Mrphpah; gpuhkzh;fspd; Mjpf;f

ntwpahfr; Rl;Lfpwhh;. ,t;tuyhw;iw ghz;bad; vd;w Kjd;ikf; fijkhe;jh;

thapyhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.

nfhiyia mZfpatuhd nry;Nte;jpud;; fUj;ij xl;bNa ,e;epfo;itr; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.

thQ;rpehjd; nray;ghl;il Mhpa ntwpr;nrayhfNt Mrphpah; fhz;fpwhh;.

njhFg;Giu

tuyhW jw;fhyj;jpy; kPs;thrpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL mtw;wpy; GidTfs;

kw;Wk; cz;ikj;jd;ik $Wfs; vt;thW mike;Js;sd vdg; gy Ma;thsh;fshy;

Muhag;gl;L ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;tifapy; M\; nfhiyAk; thQ;rpehjd;

Fwpj;J tuyhw;wpy; gjpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;s jfty;fSk; Fwpj;j tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfNshL

Ma;thsh;fs; ntspapl;Ls;s jfty;fSk; ,d;W ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mij

jk; ehty;fspy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mrphpah;fs; jk; ,af;fr; rhh;G kw;Wk; fUj;jpaiy

tpsf;f mijg; gad;gLj;jp cs;sdh;. Njrpar; rpe;jid nfhz;lth;fs; ghh;;itapy;

thQ;rpehjd; nray; gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf nra;jp kpfg;nghpa tPur;nrayhfg;

Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNtisapy; jpuhtpl ,af;fr; rhh;G nfhz;l gilghsh;fs;

ghh;itapy; thQ;rpehjd; nray; ghh;g;gd ntwpr;nrayhfr; rpj;jhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Jiz E}w;gl;bay;

1. md;Gr; nry;tk;. 2005. M\; gLnfhiy kPSk; jypj; tprhuiz. nrd;id: Gyk;

ntspaPL.

2. rptRg;gpukzpad;. 2006. gQ;rkdh gQ;radh. nrd;id.ghpry; ntspaPL.

3. rptRg;gpukzpad;. 2009. M\; nfhiyAk; ,e;jpag; Gul;rp ,af;fKk;. ehfh;Nfhtpy;:

fhyr;RtL gjpg;gfk.;

4. nry;yg;gh> rp.R. 1997. Rje;jpujhfk;. nrd;id. vOj;J - ntsp ntspaPL.

5. kzp> ng.R. 2003. ,e;jpaj; Njrpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;. nrd;id:

kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;.

6. uFehjd;> njh.K.rp. 2008.ghujp fhyKk; fUj;Jk;. nrd;id: epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf;

`T];.

7. Ntq;flhrygjp> M. ,uh. 2012. M\; mbr;Rtl;by;. ehfh;Nfhtpy;: fhyr;RtL

gjpg;gfk;.

8. Nts;ek;gp. 2007. gazk;. nrd;id: rPij gjpg;gfk;.






jpupfLfKk; mwnewpAk;

KidtH Nfh. rNuh[h> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>


flY}h;.

Kd;Diu

,Uz;lfhyj; jkpo; kf;fs; jk; gz;il mwnthOf;fq;fisg; Nghw;wp mtw;wpd;

topNa ey;tho;f;if elj;jr; rpW rpW ePjp E}y;fis> vspa ntz;ghf;fspy; vOjp

ntspaplyhapdu;. mt;thW Njhd;wpa ePjpE}y;fNs gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fshFk;.

,e;E}y;fs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;Dk; Kg;nghUisAk; nfhz;L mikfpwJ. ePjp

E}y;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJk;> nghUl;rpwg;ghy; cau;e;jJkhfj; jpfo;tJ jpupfLfk;.

fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; cUthff; fhuzk;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; Njhd;wp tsuj; njhlq;fpa gpwF

rq;fk; kUtpaf; fhyj;jpy; jkpou;fs; my;yhj fsg;gpuu;fs; Ml;rp Gupe;jikahy;

jkpofj;jpd; ehfuPfKk; rpijaj;njhlq;fpd. mjdhy; jkpou;fspilNa mwk; vd;gJk;

rpije;jJ. me;j mwj;jpid epiy ehl;l vOe;jitNa gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F

E}y;fshFk;. ,j;jifa mwk; rhu;e;j fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W jpupfLfk; MFk;.

mwk; tpsf;fk;

mwq;$Wk; jkpo; E}y;fs; kpfg; gythf cs;sd. vdpDk; mwk; vd;Dk; nrhy;

nghUsstpy; kpfTk; nefpo;r;rpAilaJ. mijg; gFj;Jg; nghUs; fhZjy; vspjd;W.

gpwtpNjhWk; kdpjidg; gw;wpf;nfhz;L tUk; jptpidapd; gadhfpa mwpahikia

mWj;njwptNj mwk; vd;W tpsf;fk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

flikiaf; Fwpf;fTk; mwk; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ey;tpid ,aw;wNy mwkhFk;. ey;tpidAk; kdk;> nkhop> nka;>

Mfpa %d;whYk; J}a;ikahf ,aw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. cz;ik .tha;ik. nka;ik

,;;k;%d;Wk; mwj;jpd; mbg;gilfshFk;. ,jid.

“cs;sj;jhy; ngha;ah njhOfpd; cyfj;jhu;

cs;sj;J vy;yhk; Cd;” (Fws;-294)

vd;ghu; ts;Stu; cs;sj;jpy; vz;Zk; vz;zj; J}a;ikNa cz;ik. cs;sj;jpy;

J}a;ik ,Ue;jhy; jhd; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;ypy; J}a;ik ,Uf;Fk;. nrhy;Yk; nrhy;ypd;

J}a;ikNa tha;ik vdg;ngWtJ. cs;sj;jpYk;. nrhy;ypYk; cs;s J}a;ikNa

elj;ij> xOf;fk; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,t;nthOf;fNk mwkhfpwJ.






mwj;ij typAWj;jpajd; mtrpak;

mwj;jpid typAWj;jpLk; xu; tho;f;if E}yhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ fhjy;> tPuk;>

nfhil Kjypa rpwe;j czu;r;rpfspYk; ,aw;ifapd;gj;jpYk; <Lgl;bUe;j Gytu;fspd;

cs;sk; mLj;j rpy jiyKiwfspy; ePjpfisg; ghLk; epiyf;F khwpaJ.

tho;f;ifNa xU rpf;fyhf khwptpl;likahy; rKjhaj;jpy; vg;gb vg;gb tho

Ntz;Lk;> vd;ndd;d ePjpfisg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;ba flik

Gytu;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ.

jpupfLfk; nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;

fLfk; vd;gJ ciwg;G .fhu;g;G vd;W nghUs;gLk;. fLf;Fk; nghUshfpa Rf;F.

kpsF. jpg;gpypfspy; xd;iwNah my;yJ ,k;%d;iwANkh fLfk; vd;w nrhy;

czu;j;JfpwJ. Rf;F> kpsF. jpg;gpypahfpa %d;iwAk; xUq;Nf Fwpf;Fk; NghJ ,J

jpupfLfk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,jid>

“cyfpy; fLfk; clypd; Neha; khw;Wk;

myF,y; mfNeha; mfw;Wk;. epiynfhs;

jpupfLfk; vd;Dk; jpfo; jkpo;r;rq;fk;

kUT ey;yhjd; kUe;J”

vd;w jpupfLfj;jpd; rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; czu;j;JfpwJ. vdNt jpupfLfk; vd;gJ Rf;F

kpsF jpg;gpyp Mfpait vt;thW cly; Nehia Fzg;gLj;Jk; kUe;jhfpwNjh

mJNghy; jpupfLfKk; kdpjdpd; kdj;jpidg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp mjpy; tUk; %d;W %d;W

mwf;fUj;Jf;fs; kdpjid newpg;gLj;Jk; Xu; kUe;J E}yhfj;jpfo;fpwJ.

E}ypd; rpwg;G

,e;E}ypy; cs;s xt;nthU ntz;ghtpYk; %d;W %d;w meq;fs;

nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. ,k; %d;W ePjpfisAk; gpd;gw;wp elg;Nghh; cs;sj;jpNy xU

NshAk; ,d;wp ctifAld; tho KbAk;. tho;tpNy Fw;wk; tsuhky; khrw;w tho;T

elj;j KbAk;. ,e;j cz;ikiaf; fUjpj;jhd; ,e;E}Yf;Fj; jphpfLfk; vd;w ngah;

itj;jdh;.

,e;E}ypy; $wg;gLk; mwq;fs; gy; mit xt;nthU kf;fSk; gpd;gw;wf;$ba

tifapNy mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. kf;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F top fhl;Ltdthf

,Uf;fpd;wd. mDgtj;jpNy fz;lwpe;j cz;ikfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ed;ik juhjit

“fzf;fhah; ,y;yhj CUk;> gpzf;F mWf;Fk;”

“%j;Njhh; ,y;yh mitf;fsDk;”

“ghj;J cz;Zk;”






“jd;ik apyhsh; may; ,Ug;Gk; -

,k;%d;Wk; ed;ik gaj;Jy; ,y” (gh.10)

fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; Mrphpah; ,y;yhj Ch;> tof;ifj; jPh;j;J itf;fpd;w mwpT

Kjph;e;jth; ,y;yhj rig> jkf;F cs;sijg; gpwUf;Fk; gFj;Jf; nfhLj;J cz;Zk;

jd;ik ,y;yhjth;fspd; gf;fj;jpNy tho;tJ> ,k;%d;Wk; ed;ik jUtjpy;iy

vd;fpwJ.

nry;tj;ij rpijg;gd

“jd;id tpae;J jUf;fYk;jho;tpd;wpf;

nfhs;Ns ntFsp naUf;fYk; - Kd;dpa

gy; nghUs;> nt/Fk; rpWikAk; ,k;%d;Wk;

nry;tk; cilf;Fk; gil %d;Wk;” (gh. 38)

xUtd; jd; nry;tj;ijr; ,ijahky; ghJfhj;Jg; ngUf;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy;

NkNy $wpa %d;W Fzq;fisAk; tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;. jw;ngUik $lhJ> Nfhgk;

$lhJ> fz;l nghUs;fs; Nknyy;yhk; Mirg;glf; $lhJ vd;w cz;ikiaf;

$WfpwJ.

ngz;zpd; flikfs;

“ey;tpUe;J Xk;gypd; el;lhshk;; itfYk;

,y;Gwk; nra;jypd; <d;wjha; - njhy;Fbapd;

kf;fs; ngwypd; kidf;fpoj;jp> ,k; %d;Wk;

fw;Gilahs; G+z;l fld;”– (gh.64)

,y;ywj;jpNy ,d;gk; jto NtzLkhapd; ,y;yhs; fw;GilatshapUf;f

Ntz;Lk;> jd; fhjyDf;Ff; $l;lhspahfTk;> jhahfTk;> kidtpahfTk; ,Ue;J cjtp

nra;tNj fw;Gs;s ngz;zpd; flik vd;W $WfpwJ.

ngz;zpd; rpwg;Gfs;

“nfhz;lhd; Fwpg;G mwpthd; ngz;lhl;b” (gh. 96)

vd;w ,g;ghlypy; fztDila Fwpg;gwpe;J elg;gtNs kidtp. mts; nga; vdr;

nrhd;dhy; kio nga;Ak; vd;Wk;.

“ngz;ghy; nfhOed; topr;nryTk;”(gh. 98)

vd;w ,g;ghlypy; fztd; Fwpg;gpd; topapy; kidtp elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW

elf;Fk; NghJ khje;NjhWk; nga;a Ntz;ba kio jtwhJ nga;Ak; vd;Wk;

$wg;gLfpwJ.

,ijNa ts;StUk;

“nja;tk; njhohms; nfhoed; njhOJ vOths;






nga;vdg; nga;Ak; kio”

vd;W jkJ Fwspy; $wpAs;shu;. NkYk;

“fw;Gilahs; G+g;gpd;fz; rhuj; jiykfDk;” (gh. 17)

vd;w ,g;ghlypy; fw;Gila kidtpiaf; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; Nruhj Mz;kfdpd; epiy

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sJ. ,q;F ngz;ik vd;gJ Mz;ikf;fhfNt gilf;fg;gl;lJ

vd;gij czuyhk;. NkYk;>

“tpUe;jpd;wp cz;l gfYk;. jpUe;jpioahu;

Gy;yg;Gil ngauhf; fq;FYk;” (gh. 44)

vd;w ,g;ghlypy; kidtpapy;yh ,uT Mz;kfDf;F Nehiaj; jUk;.

“khR,y; rPu;g; ngz;zpZs; fw;Gilahs; -- ngw;whDk;” (gh. 16)

fw;Gila kidtpia ngw;w Mz; kfd; rhth clk;ig milthd;. MfNt fw;Gila

kidtpiaj; Jwj;jy; Mz;kfDf;F ghtr; nray;. ,ijNa

“vQ;rhj el;gpDk; ngha; tof;Fk; neQ;R mku;e;j

fw;G cilahisj; Jwj;jYk;” (gh. 97)

vd;w ,g;ghly; czu;j;jpw;W.

mwKzh;Nthh; gz;G

twpNahh;f;F cjTk; nry;tk;> cyfg; nghUs;fs; epiyaw;wit vd;W mwpAk;

mwpT> vt;Taph;f;Fk; nfhLik nra;ahjpUj;jy;> ,k; %d;Wk; mwnewpia

mwpe;jth;fspd; gz;ghFk;.

murpay;

murd; ePjpAld; ele;jhy; jhd; ehL nropf;Fk;> Fbfs; ,d;GWth; vd;W

fUj;ij ,e;E}yhrphpah; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wfpd;whh;.

“jhd; thq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUSf;F Mirg; gl;Lf; Fbfisf;

nfhLikg;gLj;Jk; murd; cs;s ehl;bNy kionga;ahJ.” (gh.50)

“nfhLq;Nfhy; murd; ngUikaila khl;lhd;” (gh.66)

“nfhLikfis ePf;fpf; FbfSf;F ed;ik nra;fpd;wtNd murd;

Mthd;” (gh.96)

,t;thW murhl;rpiag; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ ,e;E}y;.

ghh;g;ghh;

ghh;g;ghiug; gw;wp ,e;E}ypNy gytplq;fpy; $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Ntjk; Xjy;>

Nts;tp nra;jy;> mwnewp jtwhik ,itfs; me;jzh; flikahFk; vd;gij

mwptpf;fpd;wd.






gof;ftof;fq;fs;

kidtpiaf; Nfhy;nfhz;L mbg;gJ mwpahikahFk;> khl;L ke;ijf;Fs;

ifapy; Nfhy; ,y;yhky; nry;yf; $lhJ> Fbfhud; FLk;gk; thohJ> tho;tJ Nghyf;

fhzg; gl;lhYk; tpiutpy; mope;J tpLk;. nfhLf;Fk; gzj;jpw;F tl;b thq;FNthd;

Nguhirf;fhud;> tpiy khjh;fspd; nrhw;fis ek;gf;$lhJ. mth;fspd; ,d;gj;ij

tpUk;Gtjhy; Jd;ge;jhd; cz;lhFk;.

‘gpwh; kidtpia tpUk;Gjy; Fw;wkhFk;’ ,it Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fSk; gy

ghly;fsPNy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ek;gpf;iffs;

mUe;jjpNa rpwe;j fw;Gilats;> fw;Gs;s kfsph;f;F mUe;jjpNa cjhuzk;>

ehd;F Ntjq;fis mwpe;j Ntjpah;fs; nrhy;Yk; mwq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp elg;gNj

ey;nyhOf;fkhFk;. Fbfisj; Jd;GWj;jp thp thq;Fk; murd;> ngha; NgRk; kf;fs;>

FLk;gj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Nl tpgrhuk; nra;Ak; ngz;> ,th;fs; cs;s ehl;by; kio

nga;ahJ. mwk; Ghpahjth;fs; eufj;ij milthh;fs;> caph;f;nfhiy nra;jhy;

ghtk;. ,it Nghd;w gy ek;gpf;iffs; jkpo;kf;fsplk; Fbnfhz;bUe;jd. ,itfisj;

jphpfLfg; ghly;fspNy fhzyhk;.

el;G

xUtUld; el;Gf;nfhs;Sk; nghOJ ed;F Muha;e;J mwpe;J el;Gf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vdj; jphpfLfk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

“ngha;toq;fp thOk; nghwpaiwAk; ifjphpe;J

jho;;;tplj;J NeHfUJk; jl;ilAk; - Copdhy;

xl;b tpideyk; ghHg;ghDk; ,k;%tH

el;fg;glhm jtH” (gh.15)

vd;w jphpfLfr; nra;As; mjw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpwJ. ,jid ngha; nrhy;yp thOk;

jd;ikAila jpUty;yhjtDk;> Kiwjphpe;J xUtd; jho;e;j tplj;J mtidj;

jdf;F Neuhf vd;W %q;fpy; Nghd;w Giug;gl;l kdj;ijAilatDk;> xUtidr;

NrUk; Kiwahy; NrHe;J mtd; nraypy; jdf;Fg; gaid vjpHghHg;gtDk; Mfpa

,e;j %tUk; vy;yhuhYk; el;Gf; nfhs;sg;glhjtH MtH. ,f;fUj;ij ts;StH

mwpTilNahH el;G tsh;gpiw Nghy; tsHe;J ed;ikjUk; Mdhy;> mwptpyhH el;G

Nja;gpiwNghy; Nja;e;J jPikAz;lhFk; vd;W $WfpwhH. vdNt> ,tw;;wpy;pUe;J

tho;f;ifapy; ngha; $Wjy;> jho;e;j rpe;jidAiladhapUj;jy;>

ve;jnghUtdplkpUe;Jk; mg;nghOJk;> gaid vjpHghHj;jy; vd;Dk; FzKila

xUtdplk; el;Gf;nfhs;tJ tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUe;jhJ vd;gJ tpsf;fk; ngWfpwJ.






fy;tp

fy;tp midtUf;Fk; ;,d;;wpaikahj xd;whFk;. fy;tpapy;yhky; xU rKjhak;

Kd;Ndw ,ayhJ. ,f;fy;tp Fwpj;Jf; fhye;NjhWk; Ngrg;gl;L tUfpwJ. Fzpj

E}ypidAk; ,yf;fz E}iyAk; fy;yhky; ,fe;J js;shNj vd;W ePjpE}yhH

Fwpg;gpLthH. E}y;fspy; cs;s nrhw;fis Muha;e;J El;gkhd nghUs;fisf;

fhZjYk; E}y;fSf;Fj; jfhj gad; ,y;yhj nrhw;fis kw;wtH tpUk;gpdhYk;

$whikAk;> capHf;F cWjp gaf;Fk; nrhw;fisf; fPo;f;Fyk; my;yhjthplj;Jf;

$WjYk; vd;w ,k;%d;Wk; fw;wwpe;jtH Nkw;nfhs; Ntz;ba flikfshFk;. ,jid>

Ez;nkhop Nehf;fpg; nghUs; nfhsYk; E}w;Fuyh

ntz;nkhop Ntz;bDk; nrhy;yhik> ed;nkhopiar;

rpw;wpdk; my;yhHfz; nrhy;yYk; ,k;%d;Wk;

fw;wwpe;jhH G+z;l fld; (gh.32)

vd;w ghlypd; top vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ vdNt fw;wtd; cUtd; ve;j xU E}ypYk;

cs;s nrhw;fis Ma;e;J mjd; nghUs; El;gj;ijf; $Wifapy; ,yf;fpar; Rit

Nkk;gl tha;g;Gz;L vd;gij vLj;Jiug;gJ ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> jfhj my;yJ

gadw;w nrhw;fis tphpj;Jiuf;f KidtJ gpwhplk; mwpahikia kpFtpg;gJld;

,yf;fpa Mh;tj;jpidf; Fiwj;JtpLk; vd;gJTk; ;,e;E}ypd; topg; Gydhfpd;wJ.

KbTiu

jphpfLfj;jpy; cs;s ntz;ghf;fs; midj;Jk; rpwe;j fUj;jike;jit gbg;Nghh;

kdjpNy mg;gbNa gjpaf; $bait. jkpo; kf;fs; tho;f;ifr; rpwg;igf; fhz;gjw;F

,e;E}y; cjtp nra;fpd;wJ. mth;fSila xOf;fr; rpwg;ig tpsf;fp ciuf;fpd;wJ.

gbj;jwpa Ntz;ba ePjp E}y;fspNy ,e;E}y; xU rpwe;j E}y;.

JizE}w;gl;bay;:

1. jkpowpQH rhkp. rpjk;gudhH – ‘gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;Fk; jkpoH tho;Tk;’>

,yf;fpa epiyak;> nrd;id> 1962.

2. ,uh.fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; - ‘jpUf;Fws;’> mwpTepjp gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 1996.

3. fiykhkzp . Kidtu; tp. Kj;J. Nguh. ,uh. VOkiy.

“gd;Kf Nehf;fpy; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;” N`kg;gpupah gjpg;gfk;

jpz;btdk;. 2018.






,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpy; gFj;Jz;Zk; gz;G

Nfh.rtpjh> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mjpakhd; kfsph; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> rPdpthrh efh;> Cj;jq;fiu.

fpU\;zfpup-635207.

Kd;Diu

rq;fg; ghly;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W khwhd ,U NtWgl;l rKjha

tho;tpay;Gfisf; fhl;Ltdtha; cs;sd. Mjpg;nghJTilikr; r%fj;jpy; gq;fpl;L

cz;Zk; tof;fNk ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpd; milahsg;;

gz;Gfspy; nghJtpy; itj;J cz;Zjy; vd;gJ kughd xd;whFk;. mf;fhy

,df;FOj; jiytdepd; Kf;fpa nray; Mepiu ftu;jy;> kPl;ly; GupAk; tof;fk;. rPW}u;

kd;dd; jk; Rw;wj;jhUld; gf;fj;J Cu;fSf;F nrd;W Mepiufisf; ftu;e;J te;J

Rw;wj;jhu;f;F gfpu;e;jspj;jy; tof;fk;. fhy;eilfisNa gz;ila kf;fs; ngupa

nry;tkhff; fUjpAs;sdu;. ,d;wstpYk; $l rt;thJ kiyfspy; thOk; ,df;FO

kf;fshd ,Usu;fs;> FWk;gu; Nghd;Nwhu; fhy;eilfisNa ngupa nry;tkhff;

fUJfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; jhq;fs; Nrkpj;J itj;j jhdpaf; fplq;Ffspy; ,Uf;Fk;

jhdpaq;fis tWikahd fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jk; Rw;wj;jhUld; gfpu;e;Jf; nfhs;tij

tof;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdu; ,r;nra;jpg; gz;ila ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpd; vr;rkhfNt

fhzg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;. ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpy; gFj;Jz;Zk; gz;G vt;tifapy;

,Ue;jJ vd;gij ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s juTfisf; nfhz;L Ma;e;J $Wk; tpjkhf

,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.

gFj;Jz;Zjy;

FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy kw;Wk; ghiy Mfpa epyq;fspy; rpy tifj; jhdpaq;fs;

jtpu ngupa mstpy; NtnwJTk; tpistjpy;iy Mjyhy; ,e;epy kf;fspd; nry;tkhf

tpsq;fpait MepiufNs vd;W $wyhk;. fhLk; kiyAk; midtUf;Fk;

nghJthdit> Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yk; kf;fSk; xU FOthfNt nrd;whu;fs;. mjdhy;

Ntl;ilapy; fpilj;j ,iwr;rpiaf; FOtpdu; midtUk; rkkhfg; gfpu;e;Jf;

nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gij>

“fhdtd; va;j KsTkhd; nfhOq;Fiw

Njk;fko; fJg;gpd; nfhLr;rp fpoq;nfhL

fhe;js; mk; rpWFbg; gFf;Fk;” (ew;: 85> 8-10)

vd;w ghlybapd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. gz;ilj; jkpofj;jpy; tho;e;j ,df;FOr;

r%fk; ney;newpf;Fwpa xU r%fk; vd;gij epiyehl;Lk; NtWgy juTfSk; cs;sd.






GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; (331) xd;W Ky;iy epyj;Jr; rpw;W}upy; fhzg;gl;l $l;L

tho;f;ifiaAk;> nghJTilikg; ghq;fpidAk; fhl;LfpwJ.

“...........cs;sJ

jtr;rpwpJ MapDk; kpfg;gyu; vd;dhs;

ePs;neLk; ge;ju; Cz;Kiw Cl;Lk;

,w;nghyp kf^” (Gwk;: 331>6-9)

,e;j Ky;iyr; r%fj;jpd; ,y;yj; jiytp tPl;by; ,Ue;j Fiwe;j msTila

jpidauprpiar; NrhW rikj;jhs; Mdhy; mij cz;gjw;Ff; fhj;jpUe;Njhu; kpfg;

gutyhf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. midtiuAk; tPl;L Kw;wj;jpy; ,Ue;j ge;jypd; fPo; tupirahf

cl;fhu itj;J rikj;j czit midtUf;Fk; Kiwahf je;J cz;zr; nra;jhs;.

mtsJ gFj;Jz;Zk; ,df;FOg; gz;ig tpae;J KJ$j;jdhu; mtis ‘,w;nghyp

kf^c’ vd;W Nghw;wpAs;shu;.

ghjPL

ftu;e;J te;j Mepiufis gq;fpl;lr; nra;jp ghjPL vd ,yf;fpaq;fs;

$Wfpd;wd. (gjpw;-30) ntl;rpj;jpiz Mepiu ftUk; Nghiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. kJiuj;

jkpo;Ngufuhjp ghjPL vd;w nrhy;Yf;F (fhj;jy;> nrwpj;jy;> gq;fpLjy; ntl;rpj;Jiw>

tPud; nfhz;l gRepiuia tPuu;f;F gFj;J nfhLj;jy;.)vd $WfpwJ. nfhiyj;

njhopypy; typa tpy;ypidAila ntl;rp tPuu; <Lgl;ldu;. Mepiu ftu;e;J ntw;wpAld;

jpUk;Gk; nfhLtpy; vapdu; mtw;iwg; Cu; kd;wj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J Nru;g;ghu;fs;.

gpd;du; mtw;iwg; Nghupy; <Lgl;ltu;fspd; nraYf;Nfw;g gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;thu;fs;

vd;gijg; ghjPL vDk; Jiwahfj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ. Gwg;nghUs;

ntz;ghkhiyAk; ,jid>

“xs;thz; kiye;jhu;f;F nkhw;wha;e; Jiwj;jhu;f;Fk;

Gw;tha;g;gr; nrhd;d Gytu;f;Fk; tps;thiu

khwl;l ntd;wp kwtu;f;Fk; - tps;thiu

khwl;l ntd;wp kwtu;jQ; rPW}upw;

$wpl;lhu; nfhz;l epiu.” (G.nt.1>14)

ghly; tupfs; $Wfpd;wJ. tPuu;fs; mtutu; Nghuhw;wYf;F Vw;gNt mtutu; gq;Fg;

ngw;wdu; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. nghUisr; Nru;j;J itf;Fk; tof;fk; ,df;FO

kf;fspilNa ,y;iy vd;gij> (ew;- 85) ghlYk; Njbf; nfhzu;e;j gz;lq;fisg;

gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLj;jiy>

“NrWfpisj; jpl;l fYo;fz;Z}wy;

Kiwap Dz;Z epiwah tho;f;if






KsTkhj; njhiyr;rpa KOr;nrhyhltu;

cLk;gpO jWj;j nthLq;fhy;g; gliyr;

rPwpd; Kd;wpw; $Wnra; jpLkhu;” (Gwk; - 325:48)

,g;ghlybfs; $WfpwJ. (mfk;:70> 1-9) czT gq;fpLk; nra;jpiaf; $WfpwJ.

fpilf;Fk; nghUs; vJthapDk; mtw;iwg; ghjPL nra;Jf; nfhs;gtu;fshf gz;ila

FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy epy kf;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. “gz;ila ,df;FOr; r%fj;jpy;

xUgbj;jhd ghq;Fk;> r%f rkTilikAk; kpFjpUe;jjhy; mtu;fsplk; $l;Lz;Zk;

Kiw ,ay;ghf ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;.” (gf;jtj;ry ghujp> ,yf;fpa khdpltpay;> g- 65)

Ntlu;fspd; ,df;fO tho;f;ifia ed;fwpe;j Gytu;fs; rpWFb kd;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk;

NghJ ‘$l;Lz;Zk; Gy;nyd; kd;wk;’ (ew; - 33) vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.

FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J ,aw;iaia ek;gp tho;e;jtu;fs;.

mtu;fs; tho;Tf;F Mjhukhf ,Ue;j ,aw;ifiaj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wpdhu;fs;.

mju;Fwpa xu; mwj;ijAk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. mJg;gw;wpf; fypj;njhif $Wk; ghly;

tUkhW>

“rpWFbaPNu! rpWFbaPNu!

ts;sp fPo;tpoh tiukpirj; Njd;nfhlh

nfhy;iy Fuy; thq;fp <dh kiytho;eu;

my;y Gupe;J xOfyhd;” (fyp> 39:11-14)

jPikg; Gupe;J tho;e;jhy; kiyapy; thOk; ekf;Fj; NjDk; fpilf;fhky; NghFk; vDk;

mwk; rhu;e;j xU njhd;kj;ijf; fypj;njhiff; fhl;LfpwJ.

Mepiufisf; ftu;e;Jte;J gq;fpLjy; gz;ila ,df;FOr; r%fj;jpy; Mepiufisf;

ftu;tjpYk;> kPl;lypYk; jiytdpd; gq;F Kf;fpakhd xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

“jiuepiyr; rKjha mikg;gpy; midtUk; rk jFjpiag; ngw

,ayhj epiyapy; jiytNd cau;e;j jFjpiag; ngw;wpUg;ghd;. mtNd

kf;fs; midtiuAk; topelj;Jk; nghWf;igg; ngw;wtdhthd;. mjNdhL

ngUk;ghyhd rKjhafspy; czTg; nghUl;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhLf;Fk;

cupikiaf; nfhz;bUg;ghd;. Tpis nghUl;fs; Ntl;ilfspy;

fpilg;git ,d;Dk; gpw topfspy; fpilg;git Mfpatw;iw mtd;

kf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspg;ghd;. czTg; nghUl;fisj; jiytd; kWgq;fPL

nra;Ak; KiwahdJ nrhj;Jilik midtUf;Fk; nghJTilik vd;w

fUj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ.”

(gf;jtr;ryghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> g. 553)






,f;fUj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy ghly;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rq;ffhy ,df;FOr; r%fj;jhUk; fhl;luz;fspy; cs;stu;fs;

myWkhW Meoiufisf; nfhd;W mtw;iwg; ngwpa fw;ghiwapd; KLf;fpy; jiria

mWj;Jz;ldu;. vd;gij>

“,uTf; FWk;G myw E}wp epiugFj;J

,Uq;fy; KLf;fu;j; jpw;wp nfhz;Lk;

Nfhiytpy; Mltu;” (mfk; - 97: 4-9)

vd;w ghlybfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; mfehD}w;wpy; gy ghly;fs; Mepiufisf;

ftu;e;J te;J gq;fpl;l nra;jpia (mfk;> 70: 1-4> 10> 12> 89> 237> 280> 311> 393> 167>

284) GwehD}w;wpy; (46> 168> 319> 320> 326> 330> 331> 332> 334) Nghd;w ghly;fSk;

rPW}u; jiytd; Mepiu ftu;e;J te;J ghjPL nra;j epfo;tpid>

“Kl;fhw; fhiu KJgo Nda;g;gj;

njwpg;g tpise;j Njq;fe; jhuk;

epWj;j thae; jiyr;nrd; Wz;L

gr;#d; wpd;W ige;epzk; ngUj;j

vr;rp yPuq;if ypw;Gwe; jpapupg;

Gyk;Gf; fdNd Gy;yzw; fhis

xUKiw Az;zh thitg; ngUepiu

Cu;g;Gw epiwaj; jUFtd; ahu;f;Fk;

njhLj Nyhk;Gkjp KJfl; rhb

Mjuf; fOkpa Jfsd;

fha;jY Kz;lf; fs;nta; NahNd” (Gwk;: 258)

,g;ghly; %yk; ,df;FOj; jiytd; Mepiufisf; ftu;e;J te;J kf;fSf;F

nfhLg;gij ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpd; mwkhf fUjpAs;sdu; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

,df;FOr; r%fj;jpdu; ‘njhd;ikg; nghJTilik’ ia kpfr; rpwg;ghff;

fz;lwpe;Js;s KbthFk;. rq;ffhy ,df;FOr; r%fk; xU nghJTikr; r%fkhf

nghJTilikg; gz;Gfisg; ngupJk; nfhz;bUe;jjhf mwpaKbfpwJ.

KbTiu

,df;FOr; r%fj;jpy; cw;gj;jp NghyNt gfpu;Tk; Efu;Tk;$l cwTKiw

rhu;e;Nj ,Ue;jJ vd;W $wyhk;. gfpu;e;Jz;Zjy; ,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,df;FOg;

nghUshjhuk; ngupJk; FOr; rhu;e;j cwTKiw rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpahfNt

fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mepiufis ftu;e;J tUk; jiytd; jk; Rw;wj;jhu;f;F

gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;> Ntl;il %yKk; Nte;JtpLj; njhopy; %yk; jiytd; nfhzu;e;j






nghUs;fis jiytp Rw;wj;jhUld; grpj;jpUe;J gfpu;e;Jz;zr; nra;jpiaAk; ghu;f;Fk;

nghOJ ,J xU cwTKiwr; rhu;e;J ,Ue;jij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,d;Wq;$l kWgq;fPL

vd;gJ fpuhkj; jpUtpohf;fspy;> kahdf; nfhs;is Nghd;w tpohf;fspy; mjpfk;

tpisr;ry; ngw;Nwhu; Nfhapypd; Kd; thup ,iuf;f ,y;yhNjhu;;; mtw;iw vLj;Jr;

nry;Yk; Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. rq;ffhyj;jpa ,df;FOr; r%fj;jpw;Fwpa

gFj;Jz;Zk; gz;G ,f;fhy Kbahl;rp mikg;gpYk; ,d;Wtiu njhlu;e;J te;Js;sJ.

njhy; jkpo;g; gz;ghL mope;JNghfhky; xU fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Kjd;ikf;$whf

ghu;f;fg;gl;l xd;W mLj;j fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; vr;rf;$Wfshf njhlu;tij fhzKbfpwJ

vd;Nw $wyhk;.

Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa E}y;fs;

1. mfehD}W> e.rp.fe;ijah> jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2008.

2. ,yf;fpa khdpltpay;> gf;jtj;ryghujp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;> 2014.

3. fypj;njhif er;rpdhu;fpdpau; ciu> fof ntspaPL> 2007.

4. njhy;fhg;gpak;> nghUsjpfhu %yKk; ciuAk;> er;rpdhu;f;fpzpau; gjpg;gfk;>

2007.

5. ew;wpiz ehD}W> m.ehuhazrhkp Iau; ciu> fof ntspaPL>

6. gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> gf;jtj;ryghujp> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> 1999.

7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J %yKk; ciuAk;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> 2008.

8. GwehD}W njhFjp 1> 2> xsit. Jiurhkpg;gps;is ciu> jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;>

2008.

9. kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp njhFjp-2> re;jpah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2004.






ghtz;zd; rpWfijfspy; fhyk;

K.rhjpf; myp> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw>

rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp> jpUney;Ntyp.

Kd;Diu

fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ. vjhHj;j tho;f;ifapy; kl;Lky;y. rpWfij

,yf;fpaj;jpYk; jhd;. mjd; tpisthfNt nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyfis chpa

fhyj;jpy; nra;ahky; fhyk; fle;j gpd;dH tUj;jg;gLk; kdpjHfis rpWfij

,yf;fpaj;jpYk;. ajhHj;j tho;tpYk; ehk; mjpfk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

rpWfijapd; jtpHf;f Kbahj $Wfspy; xd;W fhyk;> fhyk;> ,lk; ngwhky;

xU rpWfijiag; gilf;f KbahJ. rpWfijapDs; NeubahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhfNth fhyk; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. e.gpr;r%Hj;jp gilg;Gfs; XH Ma;T vd;w

E}ypy; lhf;lH kPdhNkhp mtHfs; “ve;j xU gilg;ghsDk; jhd; tho;fpd;w fhyj;ij

Koikahfg; Gwf;fzpj;J tpLtjpy;iy. Mtid mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh $l thOk;

fhyj;jpd; rhay; mtd; gilg;gpy; gbe;jpl tha;g;Gz;L” vd;fpwhH. NkYk; rpWfijapd;

fhyk; gw;wp rp.R. nry;yg;gh $Wk; NghJ “fhyk; rpWfijia mDgt tpehbfshf>

czHT fzq;fshf kpd;tPr;R Nghy; vz;zq;fshfj; njhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpWfijapy;

ntspahd mDgtk;> ekf;F Vw;gl;l czHT> ,it ek;ik ghjpj;Jk;> Ie;J epkplk;

Mapw;wh> xU ehsh> xU kzpah vd;W mtDf;F epidf;fNt Njhd;whj gbahd

kdepiyia Vw;glr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;” vd;fpwhH. fij epfOk; fhyk;> fij epfo;e;j

fhyk; vd fhyk; ,U tifg;gLk;.fijapd; njhlf;fk; Kjy; KbT tiu cs;s

fhyk; fij epfOk; fhykhFk;. mJ xU rpy epkplq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ

gy tUlq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Kd;G vg;NghNjh ele;j epfo;Tfs; fijapYs;s

fjhghj;jpuq;fs; %yk; jw;NghJ epidf;fg;gLkhdhy; mJ fij epfo;e;j fhykhFk;.

rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; fhyk; fij epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; fjhghj;jpuq;fSf;Fk;

nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fij epfOk; fhyj;jpd; mstpw;Fk; fijapd; gf;f

mstpw;Fk; njhlu;gpy;iy. xU rpy epkplq;fNs fij epfOk; fhynkd;whYk; mf;fij

Ik;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gf;fq;fis cilajhff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;.

ghtz;zDk; fhyk; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk;

vOj;jhsH ghtz;zd; mtHfs; gjpdhWf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpWfijf; njhFjpfs;

cl;gl Rkhu; E}w;W Ik;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gilg;Gfisg; gilj;jpUe;jhYk; mtUila

rpWfijfs; rpy kzp Neuq;fisAk;> rpy ehl;fisAk;> rpy thuq;fisAk;> rpy

khjq;fisAk;> rpy tUlq;fisAk; fij epfOk; fhy msthff; ;nfhz;Ls;sd.






mtw;Ws; ntspr;rk;> nghk;ikf;fhup> flNyhu tPL> ghf;Fj;Njhl;lk;> ,uz;L kuq;fs;>

gr;irf;fpspfs;> mLf;F khspif> VOyl;rk; thpfs;> New;W tho;e;jtHfs;> tiy>

ney;ypj;Njhg;G Mfpa rpWfijj; njhFjpfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rpWfijfspy; rpy

khjq;fisAk;> rpy tUlq;fisAk; fhy msthff; nfhz;Ls;s rpWfijfisNa

,f;fl;Liu Muha;fpwJ.

Gjpjhf Fbte;jpUf;Fk; tPl;bd; fPo;jsj;jpy; trpf;Fk; tPl;bd; nrhe;jf;fhuH

tsHj;j eha; ([{yp) vd;dplk; kl;Lk; gofhkNyNa ,we;J tpl;lJ vd;gij epidj;J

thlif tPl;Lf;fhuu; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘capH’ vd;Dk;

rpWfijahFk;.

“xU khrk; Md gpwF $l [{yp mjd; Nghf;fpy; gpbthjkha; ,Ue;jJ” (g-31)

“mLj;j ehY khjj;jpy; thl;lrhl;lkha; G\;bNahL tsHe;jpUe;jJ [{yp” (g-32)

Xtpag; gapw;rp gs;spapNy gapw;rp vLf;Fk; ,UtH xUtiunahUtH fhjypf;fpd;wdH.

fhjypapd; tPl;bw;F tp\ak; njhpAk; NghJ vjpHg;G fpsk;gNt fhjyd; Nrhfkhf

,Uf;Fk; epfo;itr; nrhy;Yk; rpWfij ‘Kfk;’ vd;gjhFk;.

“%d;W khrg; gapw;rpf; fhyKk; ehd; ,Ue;j mzpf;Nf mtSk; khw;wpf;nfhz;L

te;jJk; gytpjq;fspy; ,jw;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jJ” (g-65)

“mLj;j gy khjq;fSf;F miwia tpl;L ntspNa vq;Fk; efutpy;iy” (g-70)

rpWFoe;ijapd; koiyg;Ngr;ir ngw;NwhHfs; urpj;Jf; Nfl;gjhf mike;Js;sf; fij

‘Gwh’ vDk; rpWfijahFk;.

“Nfhgp Ngr Muk;gp;f;fpw tiuf;Fk; rhaq;fhyq;fspy; ntspNa jphptij

re;Njh\kha; vz;zpf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;” (g-103)

“Nfhgp Ngrj; njhlq;fpaJk; jhd; ,d;ndhU re;Njh\khd cyfj;ijf;

fz;Lgpbj;Njd;” (g-104)

ntspehl;by; ,Uf;Fk; jd; khkh kfdplk;> nla;yH Ntiy ghHf;Fk; jd;

fztUf;F fj;jhpNfhy; thq;fp tur; nrhy;yp fbjk; NghLfpwhs; Re;jhp. jukhd

fj;jhpNfhy; fpilf;ftpy;iynad thq;fhky; te;Jtpl;l khkd; kfid epidj;J Re;jhp

tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ ‘top’ vd;Dk; rpWfij.

“jPghtsp ,y;ydh nghq;fy;> nghq;fy; ,y;ydh jPghtsp. mg;g rk;ghhpr;rp

thq;fpf;zh Nghr;rp. ,Jf;nfy;yhk; moyhkh Re;jhp” (g-19)

fHehlfhtpy; trpf;Fk; ehd;F jkpoHfs; NrHe;J xU jkpo; nra;jpj;jhis

jpdKk; thq;fp khw;wp khw;wp gbf;fpwhHfs;. ehsiltpy; mtHfspd; FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;Ns






gpur;ridfs; te;jTld; jkpo; nra;jpj;jhs; epWj;jg;gl;lJ. midtUf;Fk;

tUj;jkspg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ $l;lhspfs; vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“jpl;lkpl;lgbNa ehiye;J khjk; ele;jJ mjw;fg;Gwk; jhd; nky;y gpur;rid

Muk;gkhdJ” (g-68)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l Viof;F> jpdKk; fhRk;> czTk; nfhLj;J xUtd; cjtp te;j

epiyapy; mt;Ntioapd; kidtpapDila cly; eyk; rhpapy;yhky; Ngha; tpLfpwJ.

me;Neuj;jpy; cjtp nra;a Kbahjij epidj;J mtH tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s

fij “Kbatpy;iy” vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“,J ele;J %d;W khrkpUf;Fk; mYtyfj;jpy; xU rpd;d gpur;rid” (g-78)

“ep[khfNt vd;dplk; gzk; ,y;iy khrf;filrpapd; rpukk; Efj;jbaha;

mOj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ” (g-78)

ntspA+hpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; mYtyf CopaH mYtyfg;gzp fhuzkhfj; jd;

gf;fj;J CUf;F tUfpwhH. gzp Kbe;jJk; mYtyf thfdj;jpNyNa jd; tPl;bw;Fr;

nrd;W jpUk;Gk; NghJ thfdk; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfp mtd; kPJ Jiw uPjpahd xOq;F

eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. mij epidj;J mtd; tUe;Jtjhf mike;Js;s fij

‘tof;F’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“xU khrk; Ntiyf;F tuiy mtd; nehWq;fpd tz;bia ];Nlrdpy; ,Ue;J

tpLtpj;J rPHgLj;j Kg;gjhapuk; nrythdJ” (g-97)

mt;tg;NghJ Ntiyf;fhf NtW NtW mYtyfj;jpw;F jhTk; ,isQd;

epue;jukhd Ntiy ,y;yhky; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘topfhl;bfs;’

vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“XH ,lj;jpy; ehYkhjNkh Ie;J khjNkh ,Ug;Ngd; mg;Gwk; ePf;fp tpLthHfs;

my;yJ ehdhf epd;W nfhs;Ntd;” (g-45)

jhd; Ntiy ghHf;Fk; Bf;filf;F jpdKk; Bf;Fbf;f tUgtid fhjypj;J

FLk;gk; elj;jptpl;L mtd; Vkhw;wp nrd;w gpd;G tUj;jg;gLk; ngz;izg;gw;wpa fij

‘top’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“Mirg;gl;L MNwO khrq;fsha; Fbj;jdk; elj;jpdhshk;. VNjh ,d;lHtpA+

vd;W nrhy;yp tpl;L CHgf;fk; Nghdtd; khrk; ,uz;lhfp tpl;ljhk;. jfty; vJTk;

,y;iyahk;” (g-102)

jd;Dld; gpwe;j jk;gpAld; jd; kidtp cwtpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ghHj;J tpl;l

fztH Ntiyia ntspA+Uf;F khw;wp te;jhYk; mtH kidtpapd; JNuhfj;ij kwf;f

Kbahky; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘rpd;dk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.






“mLj;j khjk; nrhe;jkha; xU kl;il thq;fpNdd; cWg;gpduha; gjpT nra;J

nfhz;Nld;” (g-168)

“ehiye;J khjq;fs; fle;jpUf;Fk; Jiurhkpia xw;iwf;F xw;iw Ml;lj;jpy;

re;jpf;Fk; mstpw;F EZf;fk; $b ,Ue;jJ” (g-171)

jd;Dld; ehlfj;jpy; ebf;Fk; ebfid ek;gp rpdpkhtpy; ebf;Fk; Mirapdhy;

mtdplk; gzKk;> eifAk; nfhLj;j ebifia mtd; Vkhw;wp tpLfpwhd;. mjid

mwpe;j ebif tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘Mir’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“xU ehsh nuz;L ehsh khjf; fzf;fpy; mg;b ele;jpUf;F” (g-184)

“gpukhjkh te;jpUf;FJ> vt;Nsh fhykhf Gbr;rJ ,njy;yhk; ehyQ;rp khrk;

,Uf;Fk;” (g-194)

gs;spapd; tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpw;F Ntyp Njit vd;gjhy; khztHfs;

fw;whio nrbia Ntypahf el;l epfo;itf; $WtJ ‘Ntyp’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“xU khjk; tiuapYk; ehs; jtwhky; ehq;fs; fw;whiofisf; nfhz;L nrd;W

Ntyp fl;bNdhk; ngUk;ghYk; gr;ir gpbf;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;ld. (g-90)

Nghyp rhd;wpjo;fisf; nfhLj;J fy;Y}hpapy; tphpTiuahsH Ntiyf;Fr;

NrHe;jtid vNjr;irahf fUj;juq;fj;jpy; ghHj;j mtd; ez;gd; Nghyp]_f;F jfty;

nrhy;fpwhd;. rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;l Nghyp tphpTiuahsH ez;gd; kPJ Nfhgkhf

,Ug;gjhf mike;Js;sJ ‘tiy’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“rpiwf;F te;J xU khjkhfp tpl;lJ kdrpd; nfhe;jspg;G mlq;ftpy;iy

xt;nthU euk;gpYk; ntwpgPwpl;NlhLfpwJ” (g-116)

fhw;wpy; <ug;gjk; mjpfk; ,Ug;gjhy; Gjpjhff; fl;ba flNyhu tPl;il

thliff;F nfhLj;J tpl;L rw;W njhiytpy; NtW tPl;by; FbapUf;fpd;wdH. flNyhu

tPl;by; thliff;F trpf;Fk; FLk;gj;jpy; mbf;fb epfOk; rz;ilapy; xU ehs;

fztd; midtiuAk; nfhiynra;J jhDk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;fpwhd;.

mt;tPl;bd; cupikahsH kd mikjpapd;wp tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ “flNyhu

tPL” vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“MNwO khjq;fspy; yypjh cly; eyk; Njwp vOe;jhs;” (g-4)

“MNwO khjq;fs; fle;jNj njhpatpy;iy” (g-9)

thu ,jopy; njhlH fl;Liufs; vOJk; ,U vOj;jhsHfs; jq;fs; el;G

tsHe;jijr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘fhyj;jpd; tpspk;gpy;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“Vwj;jho gj;J thuq;fshf mj;njhlH ntspte;J nfhz;bUe;jJ” (g-81)






“gjpNdhuhtJ thuj;Jf;fhd fl;Liuia vOjp Kbj;jJk; kpd;mQ;ry;

gf;fj;ijj; jpUg;gpaNghJ vdf;nfhU kly; te;jpUf;Fk; nra;jpia mwpe;Njd;” (g-81)

jiytDf;fhfg; ghLgl;l njhz;lid kjpf;fhj jiytHfis epidj;J

njhz;ld; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij “khiy” vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“khjj;Jf;F xU ehs; njhFjp cWg;gpdH cs;spl;l Kf;fpa];jHfs;

Kd;dpiyapy; cz;bay; jpwf;fg;gl;L gzk; tifgLj;jg;gl;lJ. (g-126).

mdhij ,y;yj;jpy; tsUk; ghHitaw;w Foe;ijfis cw;rhfg;gLj;jp

mtHfSf;F Nghl;bfs; elj;jp ghpR toq;fpa epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; rpWfij

‘ghHit’ vd;gjhFk;.

“mYtyf fz;fhzpg;Gr; Nrhjidfs; khjf;fzf;fpy; ePz;L nfhz;Nl Nghapd”

(g-97)

fztdpd; nfhLikfs; jhq;f Kbahky; jd; mz;zd; tPl;Lf;F tUk;

jq;ifapd; kdij mts; mz;zpapd; thHj;ijfs; Gz;gLj;Jtjhy; mj;jq;if

ahUf;Fk; njhpahky; ntspA+H nrd;W tpLfpwhs;. vq;F NjbAk; fpilf;fhjjhy; FLk;g

cwTfs; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij “ifnaOj;J” vd;gjhFk;.

“xU khj fhyk; mg;gh> nghpag;gh> rpj;jg;gh %tUk; jpirf;nfhUtuhfj;

NjbdhHfs; rpd;dj; jfty; $l fpilf;ftpy;iy” (g-26)

jpUkzkhdg; ngz;Zld; fs;sf;fhjypy; <LgLk; thypgid mts; fztd;

mbj;J cijj;j epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘ml;il’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“mtd; cly;epiy KOtJk; Njhptu %d;W khjq;fs; gpbj;jd” (g-206)

jd; tPl;by; ele;j jP tpgj;jpy; fztidAk; Foe;ijfisAk; gwpnfhLj;jg;

ngz;Zk; kdNeha;f;F Mshfpwhs;. mtSld; gpwe;jtHfs;. mtisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;tJ ‘nghk;ik’ vd;Dk; rpWijahFk;.

“MW khjq;fSf;F Kd;Gtiu ehq;fs; ghHj;j mj;ij NtW” (g-238)

“ehd;F khjq;fSf;F gpd; jhd; mts; fz;fspy; xU njspT gluj;

njhlq;fpdijg; ghHj;Njd;. (g-242)

jd; njUtpw;F Gjpjhf Fb te;jtHfs; jd; tpahghuj;jpy; jdf;Fg; Nghl;bahf

te;JtpLthHfs; vd;w gaj;jpy; KWf;F Rl;L tpw;Fk; Bf;filf;fhuH fhtyHfspd;

%yk; mtHfis tpul;b Ciuf; fhyp nra;a itj;j epfo;Tfisf; $WtJ

‘gr;irf;fpspfs;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“,uz;L %d;W khjq;fspNyNa Kj;Jr;rhkpapd; KWf;Fg; ghf;nfl;LfSf;F

njUtpy; ,Ue;j vy;NyhUNk thbf;iff;fhuu;fshdhHfs;” (g-191)






ngw;NwhH tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdjhy; Mrpupauhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtd; fdTk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjid vz;zp tUe;Jtjhf mike;Js;s fij “xU ehs; MrphpaH”

vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“ehyQ;rp khrk; fopr;rp xU ehs; Nghap ghHj;Jg; NgrpapUe;Jl;L rHbgpNfl;Lfs

Nfl;L thq;fpahe;Jl;Nld;” (g-56)

rpW tajpy; jhd; gbj;j gs;spf;$lk; jw;NghJ %lg;gl;L tpl;ljhy; mjid

vz;zp tUj;jkilAk; epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;tJ ‘gs;spf;$lk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“xU khjk; fzf;F Mrphpauhf gps;isfSf;F nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpNwd;”

(g-111)

nghUs; <l;Ltjw;fhf jha; nrhd;d Ntiyapy; Nruhky; jd; kdjpw;Fg; gpbj;j

Ntiyr; nra;J rk;ghjpf;Fk; ngz;zplk; mts; jha; mwpTiu $Wtjhf mike;Js;s

fij ‘,U topfs;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“,uz;L khjq;fs; fle;J tpl;ld. kjpa Neuj;jpy; mts; tPl;by; Ntiyapd;wp

Gj;jfk; gbj;j gb nghOij fopg;gij ghHf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; mts; mk;khtpd; Kfk;

neUg;G gpbj;jJ Nghy khwptpLk;” (g-156)

NeHikahf Ntiy nra;j mjpfhhp kPJ ngha; GfhH nfhLj;jJk; mtH ngha;

rhl;rp nrhy;yp> tpLjiyahdijr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘ngha;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“MWkhrj;Jf;F Kd;dhy yQ;r Nf];y ifAk; nka;Akh Gbr;rpl;lhd;” (g-31)

ghtz;zd; rpWfijfspy; 21 rpWfijfs; rpy tUlq;fisf; fhy msthff;

nfhz;Ls;sd. mit

1) fbjk; 2) jP 3) gl;lk; 4) ruz; 5) fhyk; 6) ikak; 7) jdpkuk; 8) jpir NjLk;

gwit 9) gop 10) fdy; 11) fd;W 12) mH[_dd; jtk; 13) gwitfs; 14)

My kuj;jpy; xU gwit 15) miog;G 16) Fg;G 17) G+idf;Fl;b 18) ghl;L 19)

jhj;jh 20) gpurhjk; 21) irf;fps;

rpy tUlq;fisf; fhy msthff; nfhz;lr; rpWfijfs;

efuhl;rpapy; Ntiy nra;j je;ij ,we;jJk; mtuJ Ntiy jdf;F Ntz;Lk;

vd kD nra;J Ntiyiag; ngw ehd;F tUlq;fshf NghuhLk; kfidg; gw;wpaf;

fij ‘fbjk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“,uz;L tUlq;fsha; ,e;j tof;F elf;fpwJ vd;Wk; fz;bg;gha; ,q;F jhd;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; nrhd;Ndd;” (g-156)

“%dhtJ tU\j;jpy; ehd; vOjpa tq;fpj; NjHT KbTfs; te;jpUe;jd”

(g-154)






jpUkz tpLg;G Kbe;J kPz;Lk; gzpapy; NrHe;j CopaDf;F fsg;gzp vd;W

nrhy;yp ntt;NtW khepyq;fshf miyf;fopg;gJk; mtd; tUj;jg;gLtJkhd

epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;tJ ‘jP’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“%d;W tU\j;jpy; %d;W jPghtspfs; Kg;gJ ehs;fs; mJTk; gpuahz

ehs;fs; ePq;fshf kidtpNahL tho;e;jpUf;fpNwd;” (g-37)

ed;whf tpisahz;L gs;spf;F ntw;wpiaj; Njbj;je;j khztHfs; ghPl;irapy;

Njhy;tpaile;jJk; tUj;jg;gl;L xU khztd; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;l epfo;itr;

nrhy;Yk; fij ‘gl;lk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“%d;W khjk; fopj;J fhy; ge;jhl;lg; Nghl;b tpOg;Guk; ikjhdj;jpy; jhd;

Ml;lk;” (g-63) “KOg;ghPl;ir te;J tpl;lJ. ghPl;irf;Fhpa vz;fs;

mwptpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld” (g-64) kidtp jpl;bajw;fhf mts; kPJ

Nfhgg;gl;L te;j fztd; ntspA+hpYs;s xU Nfhtpypy; G+rhhpahfp tpLfpwhd;. mtd;

kidtp ,we;j gpwFk; mtisg; ghHf;fr; nry;yhky; NtW vq;Nfh nrd;Wtpl;l

epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘ruz;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“%Z tU\kh cd;d vq;nfy;yhk; Njlwk; njhpAkh” (g-20)

“,uz;L %d;W jhprdq;fSf;Fg; gpwF Rg;igah rhkpNa FUrhkpahf ,Ue;J

top elj;jpdhH” (g-19)

jd; ghl;b tPl;Lf;F nrd;w Ngj;jpf;F mts; je;ij fhyj;J tpisahl;L

nghUl;fisnay;yhk; nfhLj;J tpisahlr; ;nrhy;fpwhs; ghl;b. mg;nghUl;fis

Ntz;lhk; vd Ngj;jp nrhy;Yk; NghJ ghl;b tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij

‘fhyk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“Nghd tU\k; CUf;F te;j NghJ ,j;jid Nfs;tp ,y;iy ,j;jidg;

Ngr;Rkpy;iy xU nghk;ikiag; Nghy ,Ue;jhs;” (g-45)

jd;Dld; gbj;j ngz;zpd; kfSk; jd; kfSk; xNu tFg;gpy; gbg;gij

epidj;J ngUikg;gLk; je;ijiag; gw;wpa fij ‘ikak;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“Mz;Lfs; fopaf; fopa tPl;by; ehd; vjpHghuhj f\;lq;fs; mjpfhpj;jd”

(g-74)

“Ie;J tU\q;fshfNt khypdpAld; Ngr;R thHj;ij ,y;iy” (g-76)

jdf;nfd FLk;g cwTfs; ,y;yhjjhy; gzp epiwTf;Fg; gpd; ez;gdpd;

tPl;by; jq;FfpwhH uj;jd;. ez;gdpd; kfd; nfhLf;Fk; njhy;iyahy; mq;fpUe;J uj;jd;

Nrhfkhf ntspNaWk; epfo;itr; nrhy;tJ ‘jdpkuk;’ vd;Wk; rpWfijahFk;.






“,UgJ tU\k; jhd; ,Ue;j tPlh vd;W mtUf;Nf Mr;rhpakhf ,Ue;jJ”

(g-44)

gzp epiwTf;Fg; gpd; kd mikjp Ntz;b FLk;gj;jpypUe;J tpyfp Mrpukj;jpy;

NrHe;j jhj;jh rpy tUlq;fspy; ,we;J tpl;l epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij

‘jpirNjLk; gwit’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“xU tU\k; mk;khtpd; jk;gpf;Fj; jpUkzk; ,d;ndhU tU\k; Mgp]; gjtp

caHT NjHT” (g-112) Mofhfr; rhkpr; rpiyfs; tiue;J nfhLf;Fk; XtpaH nkhj;j

MHlH thq;fpa rkaj;jpy; mtH kidtp NtnwhUtDld; nrd;W tpLfpwhs;.

kidtpia epidj;J tUj;jg;gl;l XtpaH ahUf;Fk; nrhy;yhky; vq;Nfh nrd;W tpLk;

epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;tJ ‘gop’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“me;jg; gf;fk; nry;yNt gyUk; gae;jhHfs; Mz;Lfs; fopaf; fopa gak;

tpyfp elkhl;lk; njhlq;fpaJ” (g-50) jd;id khl;btpl;ltid gop thq;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL n[apypy; ,Ue;J ntspNa te;jtd; vjpupiaf; fz;lJk; kd;dpj;J

tpl;l epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘fdy;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“gj;J tU\ fhyk; me;jr; rpWkpia tsHj;Njd;” (g-149)

ntsp ehl;bypUe;J jd; fpuhkj;jpw;F tUgtH mq;F gbf;Fk; Foe;ijfSf;F

,ytrkhf bA+rd; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;Fk; epfo;Tfis tpsf;Fk; fij ‘fd;W’ vd;Dk;

rpWfijahFk;.

“ehl;fs; khjq;fshfTk; Mz;LfshfTk; cUs cUs jq;fr;rhkpapd;

jpz;izg; gs;spapd; ngUik mLj;jLj;j CHfSf;nfy;yhk; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ”

(g-88).

mH[{dd; Nt\k; Nghl;L rhkpahbatd; jpUtpohtpd; filrp ehspy; ,we;jJk;

mtDf;fhf CNu tUj;jg;gl;l epfo;Tfis tpsf;Fk; fij ‘mH[{dd; jtk;’ vd;Dk;

rpWfijahFk;. “fle;j tU\k; mH[{ddhf Mba Nfhghy; J}tpa G+it gpbj;j

jdnyl;Rkp xU ngz; Foe;ijiag; ngw;W cyfk; jdf;F #l;bapUe;j kybg;

gl;;lj;ijj; Jilj; njwpe;jhs;” (g-160)

gwitfs; fhg;gfj;jpy; mtw;iwg; guhkhpf;Fk; gzpahsH mitfSf;F czT

,y;yhj epiyia vz;zp tUe;jp tUe;jp kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhH. mtH kfd; jd;

je;ijf;F rpfpr;iraspf;Fk; epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘gwitfs;’ vd;Dk;

rpWfijahFk;.

“,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhd fhyj;ij gwitfs; eLtpy; fopj;jjpy;

mtUf;F vy;yhNk mj;Jgbahfp ,Ue;jJ” (g-28) jd; je;ij ,we;J tpLfpwhH.






mtiug; gw;wp xU Gj;jfk; ntspapl tpUk;Gk; kfd; mjw;fhd Kaw;rpfisr; nra;Ak;

epfo;Tfisf; $Wk; fij ‘My kuj;jpy; xU gwit’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“Mz;L KOf;f mspf;fg;gl;l njhlHr;rpahd kUj;Jtj;Jf;Fg; gpwFk; mtH

,e;j kz;Zyif tpl;L kiwe;J NghdhH” (g-131) ve;j epWtdj;jpYk; jd;

gbg;gpw;Nfw;w Ntiy fpilf;fhjjhy; tUj;jg;gl;l Gjpjhf jpUkzkhd ngz;

ehsiltpy; kdNehahspahf khwp ,we;J tpLfpwhs;. mtis epidj;J mts; fztd;

tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘miog;G’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“%d;whz;L fhy ,y;yw tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; mf;fhl;rpfspd; Clhf xU

ejpiag; Nghy gha;e;J ngUFtjhf czHe;jhd;” (g-141)

jpUkzk; nra;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd ngha; nrhy;yp fHg;gkhf;fptpl;L mtSf;F

Foe;ijg; gpwe;jJk; NtnwhU ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;j Miz epidj;J ngz;

tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘Fg;G’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“NtfNtfkhf khjq;fs; fle;jNj njhpatpy;iy…. gpurtj;Jf;Fg;gpwF mts;

gjl;lk; mjpfkhdJ” (g-53) jd; ngz; Foe;ijf;F cly; eyk; rhpapy;yhky; Nghd

NghJ mij epidj;J ngw;NwhHfs; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘G+idf;Fl;b’

vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“mLj;j Mz;Lk; mts; MW Nfhg;igfs; ngw;whs;…. mijj; njhlHe;j

Mz;bYk; mtNs Kd;dpiy tfpj;jhs;” (g-92> 93)

ghl;bd; kPJ MHtk; nfhz;l xUegiu mj;Jiwapy; gazpf;f mtUila

FLk;gj;jpdH mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. rpy fhyk; fopj;J mtUila Ngud; ,ay;ghfNt

kpf mofhfg; ghLtijg; ghHj;jTld; me;egH kpFe;j kfpo;r;rpaile;j epfo;Tfis

nrhy;Yk; rpWfij “ghl;L” vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“gj;J tU\fhy Nkhjy; mts; kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpwF jhd; xU KbTf;F

te;jJ” (g-84)

jpUkzkhd rpy ehl;fspNyNa jd; kidtp NtnwhU MZld; nrd;Wtpl;lijawpe;j

fztd; msTf;fjpfkhf kJ mUe;jp jd; capiu tpl;l epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk;

fij ‘jhj;jh’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw JNuhgij mk;kd; Nfhapy; jpUtpoh rkaj;jpy; nfhb

fl;b nfhb mtpo;f;Fk; tiu mijj; njhl khl;lhH” (g-127)

jpdKk; ,ytrkhf fpilj;j gpurhjj;ij cz;L gbj;J nghpatdhf

tsHe;jtd; kPz;Lk; jd; fpuhkj;jpw;F tUk; NghJ gioa Ml;fs; ahUk; ,y;yhjij

epidj;J tUe;Jtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘gpurhjk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.






“mtDila fbd ciog;Gf;fhd ghprhf xt;nthU Mz;L ,WjpapYk;

mtDf;F ey;y kjpg;ngz;fs; fpilj;jd” (g-163) fztd; kidtpf;fpilNaahd

rz;ilapy; Nfhgj;jpy; ntspapy; nrd;w fztd; gy tUlkhfpAk; tPl;bw;Fj;

jpUk;ghjjhy; fy;Y}hp gbg;gpw;F gzkpy;yhj kfd; mthpd; irf;fpis tpw;W

fy;Y}hpapy; gbf;Fk; epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘irf;fps;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.

“mLj;j ehs; gs;spapy; khjphpj; NjHTfs; njhlq;fp tpl;ld” (g-19)

“mts; fy;Y}hpf;F ele;J nry;y Muk;gpj;jhs;” (g-24)

Gjpa njhopy; njhlq;fp rk;ghjpf;Fk; fztDf;F kidtp NkYk; NkYk;

njhy;iy nfhLj;jjhy; mtd; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J gphpe;J nrd;W kd Ntjidapy;

,we;J Nghd epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘New;W tho;e;jtHfs;’ vd;Dk;

rpWfijahFk;.

KbTiu

ghtz;zdpd; gjpNdhU rpWfijj; njhFjpfspYs;s 48 rpWfijfis

,f;fl;Liuapy; Ma;Tf;Fs;shf;fpAs;Nsd;. mtw;Ws; ,Ugj;NjO (27) rpWfijfs; rpy

khjq;fisf; fij epfOk; fhykhfTk;> ,Ugj;jp xd;W (21) rpWfijfs; rpy

tUlq;fisf; fij epfOk; fhy msTfshfTk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfs;

1) ntspr;rk; - ghtz;zd;

2) nghk;ikf;fhhp - ghtz;zd;

3) flNyhu tPL - ghtz;zd;

4) ghf;Fj; Njhl;lk; - ghtz;zd;

5) ,uz;L kuq;fs; - ghtz;zd;

6) gr;irf; fpspfs; - ghtz;zd;

7) mLf;F khspif - ghtz;zd;

8) VO yl;rk; thpfs; - ghtz;zd;

9) New;W tho;e;jtHfs; - ghtz;zd;

10) tiy - ghtz;zd;

11) ney;ypj;Njhg;G - ghtz;zd;

Jizikr; rhd;Wfs;

1) e.gpr;r%Hj;jp gilg;Gfs; XH Ma;T

2) jkpo; rpWfij gpwf;fpwJ






rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; ePHNkyhz;ikr; rpe;jidfs;

r.N\hgdh> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw>

fpU\;zrhkp kfspH mwptpay; fiy kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapay; fy;Y}hp>

flY}H.

Njhw;Wtha;

Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSs; ek; rpe;ijia rpwg;Gwr; nra;Ak; fhg;gpak;

rpe;jhkzpahk;. mr;rpe;jhkzpapy; ePH Nkyhz;ikf; Fwpj;j tpijfs; ek;ik

tpag;gilar; nra;fpd;wd. ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j tho;it kdpjd; vt;thnwy;yhk;

tho;e;jhd; vd;gij ,yf;fpag; gjpTfs; ekf;F rhd;wspf;fpd;wd. mj;jifa ,aw;ifg;

gjpTfs; #oypay; rhHe;j fUj;Jg; nghUz;ikfis ehk; ,d;iwa #oNyhL

nghUj;jpg; ghHg;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ. rpe;jhkzpapy; Kjyhtjhf tPw;wpUf;Fk; ehkfs;

,yk;gfk; #oypaiyAk; mit rhHe;j ePH Nkyhz;ikiaAk; xUq;Nf

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. #oypay; njhFjpapy;; mbg;gilahf miktJ ePuhjhuk; MFk;.

mj;jF ePuhdJ epyj;ijAk; caphpdj;ijAk; xUq;Nf fhg;gjhfpwJ mj;jF ePhpid

newpg;gLj;jy; Kiwfis ek; Kd;ndhHfs; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> fy;ntl;LfspYk;

gjpTnra;J itj;Js;sdH. ePH Nkyhz;ik vd;w nghUz;ikia ikakhff; nfhz;L

rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; cs;s ehl;Ltsg; gFjpNahL nghUj;jpg; ghHg;gNj ,f;fl;Liuapd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

#oypaypy; Ie;jpizfs;

#oypay; kz;lyj;jpy; ePHr; #oypay; Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ. Vnddpy;

,r;#oypay; vy;yh caphpdj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhfpwJ. gpd;tUgit ePHr;

#o;epiy kz;lyq;fshtd.

1. Fsq;fs;

2. ePNuhilfs;

3. Vhpfs;

4. ejpfs;

5. ngUq;fly;fs;

6. Kfj;Jthuq;fs;

Nghd;wit ePHr;#oiyAk; mJ rhHe;j caphpdq;fisAk; rhHe;jitahfpwJ. ,j;jF

#oiy md;Nw jpiz mbg;gilapy; gFj;Js;sNjhL> jpizfspy; ePiuAk;

cUg;nghUNshL NrHj;Js;sdH. vy;yhj; jpizfspYk; ePH Kf;fpakhdjhf

mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ rpwg;ghdjhfpwJ. mf>Gwg;ghly;fSk; ,it rhHe;Nj

Gidag;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU ghlYk; xU jpiz mbg;gbapy; #oypay; njhFjpia






Kd;itf;fpd;wd. mr;#oiy Kd;NdhHfs; Kjy;> chp> fUg;nghUs; vd gFf;fyhapdH.

mf;fUg;nghUspd; jd;ikia jpizfs; rhHe;j gFg;Gfspy; fhzKfpwJ. ,q;F

xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; ePhpd; ngaH khWfpwJ md;wp ePhpd; gad;ghL khwhky; gy

epiyfspy;; mikag;ngWfpwJ.

FwpQ;rp – mUtp

Ky;iy- fhd;ahW

kUjk; - MW> ngha;if

nea;jy; - kzy;fpzW

ghiy- $ty;> Rid

,t;thW jpiz mbg;gilapy; ePH epiyfspy; gad;ghL mtrakhdjhfpwJ.

mfk; rhHe;j ghly;fis cw;W Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ,U epiyf;fsd;fis

cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

,aw;ifr; #oy; mftho;T

mftho;tpid tpsf;Ftjhf kl;Lk; my;yhky; ,aw;ifiaAk; xUq;Nf

tpsf;Fk; edp ehfhPfkhd mikg;gpay; ftpijfis rq;f ,yf;fpakhdJ

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

rhd;whf rpy jpizg; ghliy <z;L fhz;Nghk;.

“epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; caHe;jd;W

ePhpDk; MH msT ,d;Nw rhuy;

fUq;Nfhw; FwpQ;rpg; G+f;nfhz;L

ngUe;Njd;...”1

FwpQ;rpj; jpizia njspTg;gLj;Jk; ,g;ghly; epyj;ijAk;> ePiuAk; Rl;LfpwJ

El;gkhd cz;ikia jiytp jd; $w;wpy; nghjpj;Js;shs;. ahnjdpy; ePHj;

Njitapy; epiwT ngw;w ehNl tsk;kpf;f ehlhFk;. rhuy; tsk; kpf;f ehl;Lj;

jiytdpd; CuhdJ nry;t tskpf;fJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ePHtuj;J

mjpfkhdjhy; ngUe;Njd; rhj;jpakhapw;W.

“ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF” vd;w ts;Stdpd; thf;Fg;gb ePuhjhuNk kdpjdpd;

capHehb. ePhpd; nray;ghl;lhNy cyfkhdJ ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,t;thW ePH

fhw;WlDk; ntg;gj;JlDk;; ,af;f epiyg;ngw;W jpizfspd; mbg;gilapy;

epiyngWfpwJ. Nkw;fz;l FwpQ;rp epyg;ghly; ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s ePhpd;

gad;ghl;ilNar; Rl;b epw;fpwJ.

Fsr;#oiy czHj;Jk; kUjf;fyp

kUjf;fyp ghly; xd;W ePHr;#oy; nfhz;l Fsj;ij ikakpl;ljhf mikfpwJ

kUjj;jpizNahL njhlHG ,Ug;gpDk; ePuhjhuj;ijAk; mtw;wpf;fhd #oYk; vg;gb






mikAk; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. Fsj;jpd; jd;ikia gy Nfhzq;fspy;;

mikfpd;wJ. mit>

1. ePsk;

2. Mok;

3. ePH Njq;Fk;

4. ePiug;ngWk; Kiw

5. ntspNaw;Wk; Kiw

vd;gditfshFk; gpd;tUk; ghliy Fsj;jpd; Mok;> ePsk;> ePHNjq;Fk; #oy; vd

,tw;NwhL xg;gplyhk;.

“mfd;Jiw mzpngw GjnyhL jho;e;j

gfd;iwg; G+ cw ePz;l ghrilj; jhkiu

fz;L nghu xsp tpl;l nts;spa ts;sj;jhd;

jz; fko; eWe;Njwy; cz;gts;...”2

mfd;Jiw vd;gJ mfd;w vd;w ePsj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhf mikfpwJ. nrb>

nfhbfs;> jho;e;j> gfd;iwg; G+ G+j;jpUf;Fk; Jiwahf tHzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,t;tHzizapy; Gy; Nghd;w caphpdj;ijr; #o;e;jjhf miktij <z;L fhzyhk;.

jhkiu kyH G+j;jpUf;Fk; #oy; vd;gjhy; Mok;; epiwe;jjhfTk; Fwpf;fpwJ. jz; fko;

vd;gjpy; jz;ik vd;w nrhy;yhlyhy; vg;nghOJk; ePH Njq;fp ,Uf;Fk; #oiyr;

Rl;LfpwJ. jiytpapd; $w;wpy; xUGwk; #oypaiyAk;> jiytdpd; #oiyAk;

czHj;jpAs;sJ.

kdpjDf;F kl;LkhdJ my;y ,e;j cyfk; vy;yh caphpdj;jpw;Fk;

nghJthdjhFk;. vy;yh #oypaypYk; caphpdq;fspd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ.

,j;jFr; rpwg;GkpF #oypad; caphpdq;f;s; Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpaH Rl;bAs;shH. mit>

“xd;wwp tJNt cw;wwp tJNt

,uz;lwp tJNt mjndhL ehNt

%d;wwp tJNt mtw;nwhL %f;Nf........”3

ntg;gk;> jl;gk;> td;ik> nkd;ik> mwpAk; Gy; kuk; Kjyhf midj;J caphpdKk;

Njhd;w ePHr;#oy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. XuwpT Kjy; MwwpT capH

midj;jpw;fk; ePH mtrpakhfpwJ. ,it capHf; fhuzpfspd; njhFg;ghFk; (biotic

factors) ,tw;iw fhf;f ePH Nkyhz;ik Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ.

rq;f fhy ePH Nkyhz;ik

ePH ghrdj; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; Njhw;wk; RkhH. fp.gp.750 thf;fpNyNa ek;

kf;fspilNa Nt&d;wptpl;ljhf ,uh.rq;fud; $WfpwhH. jkpoH tho;tpaypy; ePH r%fk;






gpd;dpg; gpize;jpUe;jJ. mr;r%fNk ePH Nkyhz;ikr; rpe;jidf;F mbj;jfskpl;ldH.

mt;topr; r%fj;ij ,d;W njhiyj;j r%fkhf ehk; khwpAs;Nshk;.

ePH Nkyhz;ikia epHtfpf;Fk; r%fj;jpdhpy; ejpapy; Xlk; ePiu VhpfSf;F

mDg;gpf;Fk; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;gtiu ePuhzpf;fHfs; vd;gH. VhpfSf;F KO

nghWg;igAk; Nkw;nfhz;ltHfs; ePHf;fl;bahH vd;gH. ,tHfspd;; mDkjp ,d;wp ahUk;

Vhpia neUq;f Kbahj muzhf tPw;wpUe;jdH. Vhpfis cilj;jhy; ehl;bd;

nghUshjhuj;ij cilg;gjw;Fr; rkk;. mjid> jtpHf;Fk; nghUl;L mjw;nfd jdp

gzpahl;fis epakpj;jpUe;jdh;> ,tHfs; tpisepyq;fs; tiu ePiuf;nfhz;L nrd;wdH.

Mw;W ePiu KOtJkhfj; jLj;Jf; Fsq;fSf;F mDg;Ggtiu Fsj;Jf; fhg;ghsHfs;>

Fsj;Jg; gs;sHfs; vd;gH. ,tHfs; Fsj;ijg; ghJfhf;fTk;> J}a;ikahf;fTk;

gzpakHj;jg;gl;ldH.

Fsj;jpypUe;J tay;fSf;F ePiug; gha;r;RgtHfis ePHg;gha;r;rp’ vd;W Rl;LtH.

NkYk;> rpW> rpW ePH Mjhuq;fshd kjF> kil> Fkpo;> J}k;G Nghd;wtw;iwf;

fhg;gtHfs; kilaHfs; vd;W $WtH. ,t;thW ePH Nkyhz;ikf;nfd jdpj;JiwNa

nray;gl;lJ njhpatUfpwJ.

rq;f fhy kf;fs; gz;gl;l r%fj;jpduhf ,Ue;jpUe;jdH vd;gjw;F ePH

Nkyhz;ik jf;fr; rhd;whfpwJ.

rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; ePH Nkyhz;ik

rpe;jhkzpapd; Kjy; ,yk;gfkhd ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; ,aw;if #oiyAk;>

r%fr; #oiyAk; czHj;Jfpd;wJ. ePHr;#oy; %yk; ngwg;gLk; fhuzpfisj;

jpUj;jf;f NjtH ehl;Ltsj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. kioia Kjypy; Nkfq;fspy; ,Ue;J

tHzpg;gNjhL mk;Nkfq;fs; fly;ePiu KfHe;J ngUe;jpus;nfhz;l Nkfkhf

cUntLj;jij gpd;gtUk; ghly;thp nka;g;gpff;fpd;wd. mit>

“,opAk; nts;sUtpj; jpus; ahitAk;

FOtpd; khlj; Jfpw;nfhb Nghd;wNt.......”4

ePhpay; Nfhl;ghl;il ,j;Jiz mofhf $wKbAnkdpy;; mJ jkpo; ,yf;fpq;fshyhNa

rhj;jpak;. fly; ePiu Kfe;j NkfkhdJ kiy KfLfspy; mUtpaha; ghpzkpj;J

epyj;ij mile;jJ vd;gij mofpa tHzidNahL jpUj;jf;f NjtH

$wpg;Nghe;Js;shH.

,Nj fUj;ij ghpghlypy; itia Mw;iw Fwpf;Fk; nghOJ mikfpwJ.

“epiwfld; Kfe;Juha; epiwe;JePH JSk;Ge;jk;

nghiwjtpH girtplg; nghope;jd;W thdk;

epykiw tJNghd; kypHGd wiyj;jiy,......”5






Kfpy;fs; ePH epiwe;j flypd;fz; cs;s ePiu Kfe;J nfhz;L thdj;jpd; fz;

ahz;Lk; gutp ePH epiwe;j ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijNa ,t;thp Rl;LfpwJ. G+kpf;Fk;

tspkz;lyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uj;jpy; ghAk; ePHepiy Row;rp vdg;gLk;. mr;Row;rpg;

gw;wpa mwptpay; cz;ikia md;Nw ek; Kd;NdhHfs; mwpe;jpUe;jdH vd;gJ

tpag;gspf;fpwJ. ,jid gpd;tUk; ePHRow;rp nka;g;gpf;fpwJ.

Nkw;fz;l #oypay; jpizfs; midj;jpw;Fk; nghJthd fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd.

ngUf;nfLj;JtUk; Mw;W nts;sj;ij vt;thW ifahs;tJ vd;gij NrhoHfs;

Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdH. mr;Nrho Nguurpd; kpfg;nghpa milahdkhfj;

jpfo;gtH fhpfhy; Nrhod; fy;yiziaf; fl;b ePH Nkyhz;ikf;F kpfr;rpw;e;j

Kd;Djhudkhfj; jpfo;fpwhH. ePiuj;Njf;fp gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwia kpfr;rhpahf

ifahz;lJ ,d;iwa nghwpapay; ty;YQhpilNaAk; tpag;gspf;fpwJ. mNj NrhoH

Fyj;jpy; te;jtH jpUj;jf;f NjtH MthH. ,jid ‘Ke;ePH tyk;Ghp’ Xk;gilr;

nra;Aspd; ciuapy; er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH Rl;LfpwhH. fhpfhydpd; ePHNkyhz;ikr;

rpe;jidfs; jpUj;jf;fNjtUk; Rl;LtJ tpag;gpw;Fhpajpy;iy vdyhk;. ,e;jpa ePH

ghrdj;jpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLk; rh;. MHjH fhl;ld; fy;yizapd;

nghwpapaiy fz;L tpae;J fy;yizf;F “fpuhz;l; mizfl;” vd;fpwhH.

gy;NtW ngUikfis cila ePHNkyhz;ikr; r%fkkhf NrhoHfhyk;

tpsq;fpAs;sJ. <z;L Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; ePH tsj;ij fhf;Fk; thpfs; gpd;tUkhW>

“gok;nfhs; njq;F ,iynadg; gue;J gha;Gdy;

toq;fKd; ,aw;wpa Rijnra; tha;j;jiy

joq;Fuy; gk;ikapw; rhw;wp ehnlyhk;

Koq;FjPk; Gdy;mf Khpa nkha;j;jNj........”6

gbjy; fly;

Fsk;

Vhp

tope;NjhLjy; epyj;jbePh;

jhtuq;fs; Mtpahjy; Nkfq;fs;

ePuhtpg;Nghf;F






ngUf;nfLj;J tUk; Mw;W nts;sk; fiuNahug; gFjpfis mhpj;Jf;nfhz;L tuhky;

fhf;f epw;Fk; tPuHfspd; xypAk; nts;sj; ij jpirkhw;w gOj;j njd;dq; fPw;iwg;

Nghy; gue;J tphpe;J ghar;nra;a jiykilapy; te;J $bdh;. ePHr; r%f kf;fs;

ePiuf;fhf;fTk; ePhplk; ,Ue;J kf;fisf; fhf;fTk; tpiue;J $bdH vd;gij ,t;thpfs;

ciuf;fpd;wd. ePiu Vw;fdNt Rz;zhk;gpdhy; fl;lg;gl;l tha;f;fhypdplj;Jg; glyplf;

$b epd;wdH. mt; tha;f;fhy; topNa tope;NjhLk; ePhpid VhpfSf;Fk;> Fsq;fSf;Fk;>

tpis epyq;fSf;Fk; jpir khw;wpdH. ePhpid fhj;J epw;gthpd; xypAk; >mt;tg;NghJ

vOg;Gfpd;w gy;Ntwhd giwKof;Fk; gk;ig xypAkhfg; gy jpirfspYk; xypj;jd.

mt;thpfs; gpd;tUkhW>

“ft;itAk; fLk;Gdk; xypAk; fhg;gtH

nrt;tD} whapuk; rpiyf;Fk; gk;igAk;

vt;ntyhj; jpirfSk; ;<z;bf; fhnuhL”7

,t;thW vOg;gf; $ba xyp kf;fSf;F vr;rhpf;if kzpahfTk; nts;sj;jpd; ghjpg;gpy;

,Ue;J mtHfisf; fhf;fTk; VJthf ,Ue;jJ. CHg;nghJ kf;fSk; ePH

Nkyhz;ikapy; gq;nfLj;jdH. ePhpid ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;gpid kf;fSk;

ifapnyLj;jdH. ,jw;fhd rhd;Wfs; gioa fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid>

“VhpfisAk; Fsk;> Fl;ilfisAk; J}Hthhp>

fiufisr; rPuikj;Jg; guhkhpg;gJ njhlH

eltbf;if Fbkuhkj;J %yk;

me;je;j CH kf;fs; mtw;iwf; flikahfr;nra;jdH”8

E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Myar; RtH gjpTfs; ,ij tphpthff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ePH

Nkyhz;ikia kf;fs; jq;fs; flikahfr; nra;jdH vd;gijNa fy;ntl;Lk;>

rpe;jhkzpAk; nrg;Gfpd;wJ.

ePH Nkyhz;ikapy; mile;j epytsk;:

ePHtsk; epiwe;j ehl;bd; epy tskhdJ ePUk;> epyKk; epiwe;j #oy;

njhFjpahf fhl;rpaps;fpfwJ. ,jid kUj epyk; rpwg;ghdnjhU ,j;ijg;

ngUfpwJ.Vnddpy; kUjk; rkntspg; gFjpahf mikfpwJ. ,q;F MW ePNuhil> Vhp>

Fsk; miktjpy; ,lHfs; ,y;iy ,itnay;yhk; ,ize;j gFjpahf

mikag;ngWfpwJ. ,r;#oNy Ntshz;ikf;F Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.

“ePNuhilfs; ejpfs;; Mfpatw;wpd; Mok; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhYk; njhlHr;rpahd

ePNuhl;lj;jhYK;> ePhpd; mjpfg; gug;gsT tspkz;lyj;Jld; njhlHG nfhz;bUg;gjhYk;

Mf;]p[d; msT mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ”9.






Nkw;fz;l #oiyiaNa Vkhq;f ehl;L epyq;fs; ngw;wpUe;jd vdyhk;. mjpf

tpisr;rYf;F mjpkhd ePHg;gad;ghL mtrpakhfpwJ. tay;fSf;F mUfpNyNa

VhpfSk;> Fsq;fSk; mike;jpUe;jd vd;gij ehl;L tsk; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wJ. kPd;

fz;zsTk; ;ntw;wplk; ,y;yhky; Njd; vdr; RitjUk; fUk;Gf; fhLfSk; ahid

epd;why; kiwAk; msTf;F tsHe;J tpise;j Gfo;kpf;f tsKila nre;ney;

tay;fSk; tpise;jpUe;jd. vd;gij gpd;thpfs; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd.

“kPd;fzpd; msTk; ntw;wplq;fs; ,d;ikahy;

Njd;fzf; fUk;gpay; fhLQ; nre;neypd;

thd; Gfo; fspWkha; fodp Mf;fKk;”10

gz;ila ,e;jpa r%fk; Ntshz; r%fkhf ghpzkj;jpUe;jJ vd;gij NkYk;

nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy; rpe;J rkntsp ehfhPfk; vfpg;jpa ehfhpfk; ,tw;wpYk;

jkpoHfspd; Ntshz;ik jpUe;jpUe;jJ rpy Xtpaq;fs; giw rhw;Wfpd;wd. NkYk;

b.b.Nfhrhk;gp mtHfs; gz;ila ,e;jpah vd;w E}ypy; ney; rhFgb Kiwia Rl;Lk;

nghOJ gpd;tUkhW tpsf;FfpwhH.

“ney; rhFgb ehw;whq;fhy;fspypUe;J

ehw;Wfisg; gpLq;fp cOj tay;fspy;

eLfpwhhfs; ehw;W eLk;NghJ Koq;fhy; tiu

NRW mkpo;e;Js;sijf; ftdpf;fTk;> tay;fs;

jz;zPuhy; epuk;Gtjw;F Kd;ghfNt cOJtpLfpd;wdH”11

mjpfkhd ePHtuj;J cs;s gFjpfspy;jhd; ney;> fUk;G gapHfis gaphpLfpd;wdH.

ePHtuj;J Fiwthd NghJ gaW tiffisAk; gUj;jpiaAk; kz;zpd; jd;ikf;F

Vw;wthW gaphpl;bUf;fpd;wdH. mt;tifapy; Vkhq;fj ehL ,Utif tpisr;riyAk;

KOtJkhf vl;bajhf jpUj;jf;f NjtH Rl;bAs;shH. epyq;fSf;F ,ilNa CL

gapiuAk; tpistpj;J ntw;wpf; fz;Ls;sdH. ,jw;F mtHfs; gpd;gw;wpa ePH

Nkyhz;ikNa MFk;.

epy tsj;jpy; kPd; tsk;

ePH tsj;ijf; fhj;j epyq;fspy; vg;nghOJk; ePuhdJ rpwpJ epuk;gpNa ,Uf;Fk;.

mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; me;epyr;#oypy; this kPd;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ. this kPd;fs;

tay;fsplj;J ePq;fhJ ,Ue;jd vd rq;fg; ghly;fs; Kjy; fhg;gpag; ghly;fs; tiu

midj;Jk; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. ,r;#oYf;fhd ntw;wp ePH Nkyhz;ikahy; mile;jJ.

“thisapd; ,dk;jiy ,hpa tz;lyH

jhSilj; jhkiu fpopa tz;Rik....”12






tay;fspy; #o;e;jpUe;j kf;fs; vOg;gpa xypapdhy; kPd;fs; ,lk;ngaHe;J

Js;spajhf rpwg;ghf Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. <z;L ngwg;gLtJ taYk; tay; rhHe;j ePHr;

#oYk; thiskPd; tho;tjw;F VJthf mike;jpUe;jJ vd;gJ jpz;zk;. (mWtil

Kbe;jgpd; this kPid tay;fspy; ,wq;fp tbj;Js;sdH. ,Nj fUj;ij ew;wpizg;

ghly; xd;Wk; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wJ.

“mhpfhy; khwpa mq;fz; mfy;tay;

kWfhy; cOj <ur; nrWtpd;

kPndhL ngaUk; ahzH Cu”13

ney;; mWj;J ePq;fg;ngw;wjhd mofpa ,lkfd;w taypdplj;Nj kPsTk;> cOj

<uj;ijAila Nrw;wpNy> tpijf;Fk; nghUl;lhf tpj;NjhL Nghapd cotH.

tl;bdplj;Nj gw;gy kPd;fis jpUk;gpf; nfhz;Lte;j GJ tUthapidf;nfhz;l

CuNd! GJ tUtha; vd;gjpy; kUjr; #oiy cs;slf;fpag; ghly; ePNuhl;lk; epiwe;j

Cuhf fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. caphpdq;fspd; tho;f;if epiyapy; ePNuhl;lkhdJ Kf;fpa

gq;fhw;WfpwJ. kPd;fs; ePNuhil kw;Wk; ejpr; R+o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy; thOk;

caphpdkhfpwJ. #oypay; mwpit md;Nw ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ngw;wpUe;jdH vd;gjw;F

,g;ghly; ew;rhd;whf mikfpwJ.

,Wtha;

r%fk; rhHe;j epiyg;ghl;by; khWghL nfhs;shky; rkepiyahd epiyia

r%fk; tpopg;NghL vjpHnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpq;fspy; ePHr; #oiy fw;gidf;fhf

kl;Lk; my;yhky; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfTk; ek; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy epiyfspy;;

Kd;ndLj;Js;sd. kdpjDf;F fpilj;j kpfg;nghpa ghpR ,aw;if. #o;epiy

kz;lyq;fs; epiwe;jNj ,aw;ifapd; tz;zq;fs;. ,r;#o;epiyia ehk; ghJfhf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;w tpopg;gzHitg; ngw;whNy ,aw;if Nkk;gLk;. ngUq;fhg;gpa

,yf;fzq;fs; nghUe;jpAs;s rPtfrpe;jhkzpapd; ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; #oypay;> ePHg;

gq;fPL> epyr;#oy;> #oy; njhFjpngw;w ntw;wpahy; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL vd

xt;nthU gbepiyfspy; ePHpd; mtrpaj;ij mofhd ctikfNshL

ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH. fy;ntl;L> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> nrg;NgL vd;w vy;yh gjpTfspYk; ePH

Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;j topg;GzHtpid ek; Kd;NdhHfs; gjptpl;Ls;sdH. ,g;gjpTfis

ehk; rPHJ}f;fp ghHj;jhNy ePH Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd ,yf;fpid XusT miljy; rhj;jpaNk.

ek; Kd;NdhHfspd; Nkyhz;ikr; rpe;jidfis ,d;iwa r%fk; KOtJk;

njhiyj;J epw;fpwJ. ,r;#oiy khw;w #oypay; njhFjpf;F kf;fs; xt;nthUtUk;

jq;fs; xj;Jiog;G ey;fpdhNy ek; ePH Mjhuq;fisf; fhf;f KbAk;.






mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. c.Nt.rh.> FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk;.> g. 11.

2. kUjf;fyp> jiytp $w;W. 73.

3. njhy;> nghUs;. E}w;gh- 571.

4. rPtfrpe;jhkzp> Qh. khzpf;fthrfd;> g. 34.

5. ghpghly;> nt. NrhkRe;judhH. 5-6.

6. rPtfrpe;jhkzp> Qh. khzpf;fthrfd;> g.40.

7. NkyJ> g. 42.

8. gpujPg; rf;futHj;jp> jp ,e;J ehspjo;. Mf];L> 2> 2017. g. 8.

9. Rw;Wr;#oy; fy;tp.


11. gz;ila ,e;jpah> b.b. Nfhrhk;gp> g. 30


13. ew;wpiz.> ghly;-210.

JizE}w; gl;bay;

1. jpUj;jf;f NjtH> rPtf rpe;jhkzp> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id – 600014.

2. Rw;Wr;#oy; fy;tp> nghpahH <ntuh fy;Y}hp jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp – 620023.

3. b.b.Nfhrhk;gp> gz;il ,e;jpa gz;ghLk; ehfhpfKk;> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T];

(gp) ypl;> 41-B> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id – 600098.

4. njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk; ,sk;G+uzdhH ciu> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> [p-4>

rhe;jp mLf;ffk;> = fpU\;zhGuk; njU> ,uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id – 600014.

5. jkpo;r; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhyKk; fUj;Jk;> ng.khiwad; epA+ nrQ;Rhp

Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;> 41-B> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id

– 600 098.

6. FWe;njhif> tp.ehfuhrd;.> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;> 41-B> rpl;Nfh

,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> K.g-Vg;-2004.

7. rq;f ,yf;fpak; fypj;njhif.> gjpg;Giu – m. tp];tehjd;.> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf;

`T]; (gp) ypl;> 41-B> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> K.g-Vg;-2004.

8. ghpghly;.> ciu – Nj.Rg;gpukzpad;.> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;> 41-B>

rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> K.g-Vg;-2004.

9. ew;wpiz> gpd;dj;J}H ehuhazrhkp IaH> jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt

rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id-18.






,uhkypq;f mbfspd; caphpuf;ff; Nfhl;ghL

Kidth;. tp. jkpo;nkhop> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

fpU\;zrhkp kfspu; mwptpay; fiy kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapay; fy;Y}up>

flY}u;.

Kd;Diu

,t;Tyfpy; kdpj rKjhak; nrk;ikAw tho> gy mhpa nra;jpfisf; $wpr;

nrd;wth;fs; rpj;jh;fs;. Kf;fhyKk; czuj;jf;f Qhdk; ngw;W gy;yhz;L fhyk; jtk;

nra;J fUkrpj;jp> Nahfrpj;jp> Qhdrpj;jp Kjyhd rpj;jpfs; iftug; ngw;W Nrhjplk;>

kUj;Jtk;> Nahfk;> khe;jphPfk;> ke;jpuk;> ,urthjk; Kjypaitfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fp

mw;Gjk; gytw;iw epfo;j;jpdhh;fs;. ,t;Tly; ePz;l fhyk; mopahky; ,Uf;fpd;w

tiffisf; fz;lwpe;J nrhd;dhh;fs;. mt;tifapy; filrp rpj;jh; vd;W $wg;gLk;

,uhkypq;f mbfshh; typAWj;jpa fUj;Jf;fspd; mbehjkhfTk;> mth;jk;

gilg;Gfspd; ika ePNuhl;lkhf tpsq;FtJk; caphpuf;ff; Nfhl;ghNlahFk;. ,iwtid

miltjw;Fhpa xNu topahf caphpuf;fj;ij typAWj;jpajd; gpd;dzp> mth;fhyr;

r%fr;#oy;, caphpuf;fj;ij tpsf;fpAs;s ghd;ik> mbfshhpd; gilg;Gfspy;

CLghthf caphpuf;fk; mike;Js;s jd;ik Mfpa ahtw;iwAk; tho;tpay;

rpe;jidNahL Muha;fpd;w Kaw;rp ,f;fl;Liuapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

,uhkypq;f mbfs; fhyr; r%fr;#oy;:

,uhkypq;f mbfshh; tho;e;j fhyfl;lkhdJ ,e;jpah Mq;fpy

Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; mbikg;gl;bUe;j fhyfl;lkhFk;. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;

kf;fs; eydpy; mf;fiw nfhs;shky; jdJ thzpgj;ijAk; thp tUthiaAk;

ngUf;fpf; nfhz;l jd;ik> ,aw;ifiag; nghpJk; ek;gpa tptrhar;#oy;> th;f;f rhjpa

Kuz;ghL> rpW njhopy;fspd; rpijT> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; tsh;e;j NghJk; mit

%yg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nry;yNt gad;gl;l jd;ik Mfpa ,itahTk; kf;fspd;

tho;f;ifiag; nghpJk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fpd.

,uhkypq;f mbfs; tho;e;j gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;ilg; gQ;r E}w;whz;L

vd;wiof;Fk; mstpw;Ff; fLikahd gQ;rq;fs; mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpd.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; ghjpapy; VO fLikahd gQ;rq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

,tw;why; xd;wiu kpy;ypad; kf;fs; khz;ldh;. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;

gpw;gFjpapy; 24 gQ;rq;fs; Njhd;wpd. (151 Kjy; 1875 tiu MW> 1876-f;Fk; 1900-f;Fk;

,ilapy; gjpndl;L) murpd; gjpNtLfspd;gb ,UgJ kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ,e;jg;

gQ;rq;fspdhy; ,we;jdh; vd;W tuyhw;whrphpah;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;fs;.






“grpapdhy; ,isj;Nj tPLNjhW

,ue;Jk; grpawhJ mah;e;j

ntw;whiuf; fz;Lsk; gijj;Njd;”1

vd;W mth; ghba #o;epiy ,JNtahFk;. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fj;jpy; grpg;gpzp

jtph;j;jiy typAWj;jpajw;fhd fhuzpfSk; ,itNaahFk;.

mJNghyNt ,uhkypq;fhpd; fhyr; rkag; gpd;dzpAk; ,q;F

csq;nfhsj;jf;fJ. mbfshh; fhyj;jpy; tl ,e;jpahtpYk; rka kWkyh;r;rp Vw;gl;;lJ.

mtw;wpy; %d;W ,af;fq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

1. ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd; (1774-1884) gpuk;krkh[k;.

2. jahde;j ru];tjpapd; (1824-1883) Mhpa rkh[k;.

3. tpNtfhde;jhpd; (1863-1902) ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk;.

Mfpa ahTk; ,Wfp ciwe;J NghapUe;j itjPf rkaj;ij nefpo;Tf;Fs;shf;fpa

kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fshFk;. tlf;fpy; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;> jahde;j ru];tjp>

tpNtfhde;jh; MfpNahh; rka rPh;jpUj;jg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;l nghOJ mq;F

Mq;fpyf; fy;tp %yk; xU tif tpopg;Gzh;r;rp efh;g;Gwq;fspy; gutpapUe;jJ

ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,k;%tUs; ,uh[hhuhk; Nkhfd;uhAk;> tpNtfhde;jUk;

Mq;fpyf;fy;tp gapd;wth;fs; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,r;#o;epiyiaf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,uhkypq;f mbfisAk; mth;jk;

gilg;GfisAk; Muhag;Gfpd; Gjpa fUj;Jg; Gyg;ghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F ,lKs.

Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fw;W mjd; %yk; jj;jkJ r%fj;jpy; fisfsha;g; gutpapUe;j

%lg;gof;ftof;fq;fis ePf;f Kad;w rka rPh;jpUj;jthjpfspilNa> mbfshNu

Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy;

“thioab thionad te;j

jpUf;$l;l kugpy; ahd; xUtd;”2

vd;W ,e;jpar; rka kugpypUe;Nj jdJ rPh;jpUj;j fUj;Jf;fhd fsj;jpid

mikj;Jf;nfhz;l ,uhkypq;f mbfspd; jdpj;jd;ik ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

NkYk;> kdpj r%fj;NjhL cz;ikahd md;G nfhz;ltu; mbfshu;. mtu;

MUapu;fsplj;jpy; ehk; md;G nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;ltu;.

Md;GilNahu; jha;f;F xg;ghtu; vd;Wk; jha; jd; kf;fsplj;jpy; Gd;nrhy;

NgRtjpy;iy. ,d;nrhy;Ny NgRths;. mJNghy rd;khu;f;fpfSk; vy;Nyhuplj;Jk;

jhad;G nfhz;L ,d;nrhy;Yld; NgrNtz;Lk;. mq;qdk; NgRgtu;fs; rd;khu;f;fpfs;

vd;Wiuf;fpuhu;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; ghlybfshy; njspayhk;:

“mg;gh ehd; Ntz;Ljy; Nfl;L mUs; Gupjy; Ntz;Lk;






MUapu;f;nfy;yhk; ehd; md;G nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;”3

“Nra; Nghy; cyfj;Japiu vy;yhk;

vz;zpr; Nru;e;J ngw;w

jha; Nghy; ciug;gu; rd;khu;f;fr; rq;fj;jtu;” ;4

,jd;top, kdpj Nkk;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilahf miktJ md;G xd;Nw vd;gijAk;

khngWk; Mw;wiyg;ngw md;Ng mbg;gil vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

J}f;fk; - Jauk; - mr;rk; - Jd;gk; - tpid – khia ,itnay;yhk; xope;J

mlf;fk; - mUs; - md;G – mopTwh clk;G Kjypa gz;Gfs; jkf;F mika

Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpiotij,

“J}f;fKk; JauKk; mr;rKk; ,lKk;

njhiye;jd njhiye;jd vid tpl;Nl”5

vd;Dk; ghlybfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

<ifg; gz;Gk; gpw capu;fsplj;jpy; md;G - ,uf;fk; fhl;LjYk; mlf;fKk;

vspa tho;Tk; vijAk; jhq;Fk; kdg; gf;FtKk; nghWikAk; jdf;F Ntz;Lk;

vd;fpwhu; ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;. rhd;W:

“mUSilahu; vy;yhk; rkur rd;khu;f;fk;

mile;jtNu Mjypdhy; mtUld; $bj;

njUSila mwnewpapy; fspj;J tpisahb

nropj;jpUf;f tho;f vdr; nrg;gpa rw;FUNt”6

NkYk;, jpU%yh;> khzpf;fthrfh;, jhAkhdth; MfpNahhpd; jhf;fKk; Fws;newpr;

nry;thf;Fk; jpUtUl;gpufhrhpd; gilg;Gfspy; guf;ff; fhzKbfpwJ.

ts;syhh; gilg;Gfspy; caphpuf;fk;:

“jhJz; gwit NgJwy; mQ;rp kzpeh Mh;j;j khz;tpidj;Njud;” vd;gJ

Nghd;w nkd;ikahd czh;Tfisr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; gjpT nra;jpUe;jhYk;> Gyhy;

cz;ZjYf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fisg; Gyg;gLj;jtpy;iy. rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy;

kf;fs; kPd;> khkpr czT cl;nfhs;fpw tof;fk; gjpthfpAs;sJ. rkz> ngsj;j

rkaq;fspd; nry;thf;Fj; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gpd;dNu Gyhy; cz;Zk; tof;fj;jpw;F

vjph;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. ts;Sth; “Gyhy; kWj;jy;” vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;ijNa tFj;Js;shh;.

“mtpnrhhpe;J Mapuk; Ntl;lypd; xd;wd;

caph;nrFj;J cz;zhik ed;W” 7

vd;fpd;wJ ts;Stk;. jhAkhdtUk; nfhy;yhikia typAWj;jpAs;shh;.

“nfhy;yh tpujnkd;W nfhz;ltNu ey;Nyhh; kw;W






my;yhjhh; ahNuh mwpNad; guhguNk” 8

vd;fpwhh;. nfhy;yh tpujj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l kf;fNs ey;Nyhh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

kw;wtiuf; nfhbNahh; vd;W nrhy;yTk; kdkpd;wp mtnuy;yhk;; ahNuh mwpNad; vd;W

Fwpj;jpUf;Fk; eak; <z;L vz;zw;ghyJ. ,uhkypq;f mbfshh; jdJ gilg;Gfs;

NjhWk; caphpuf;fj;ij typAWj;jpAs;shh;. rd;khh;f;f nfhs;iffSs; jiyahdJ

caphpuf;fNkahFk;. ,jid ,U tifahfg; gphpj;Jg; ghh;f;f KbfpwJ.

1. Gyhy; czit kWj;jy; (nfhy;yhik)

2. grpg;gpzp jtph;j;jy;

,iwabahh;fs; ,iwaUisg; ngWtjw;Fg; gf;jpAzh;Tf;Nf Kjyplq;

nfhLj;jdh;. Mdhy;> ts;sy; ngUkhNdh [PtfhUz;a xOf;fj;jpw;F

Kjyplq;nfhLj;J> mJNt gf;jpAzh;Tf;F mbg;gil vd;gij tpsf;fpdhh;.

[PtfhUz;aNk Nkhl;r tPl;bd; jpwTNfhy; vd;whh;.

“vj;JizAk; NgjKwh njt;TapUk;

jk; caph;Nghy; vz;zp cs;Ns

xj;Jhpik cilatuha; ctf;fpd;whh;

ahth;mth; cse;jhd; Rj;j

rpj;JUtha; vk;ngUkhd; elk;GhpAk;

,lk;vd ehd; njhpe;Njd; me;j

tpj;jfh;jk; mbf;Nfty; Ghpe;jpl vd;

rpe;ijkpf tpioe;j jhNyh” 9

vd;W jkJ ghf;fspy; caphpuf;fj;ij typAWj;jpa ts;sy; ngUkhd; jdJ ,U

ciueil E}y;fspYk; ([PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiw fz;l thrfk;)

,f;nfhs;ifia mOj;jkhf epWtpAs;shh;.

1. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;

Gz;zpak; vd;gJ [PtfhUz;ak; vd;Wk;> ghtk; vd;gJ [PtfhUz;akpd;ikNa

vd;Wk;> Qhdtop – rd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ [PtfhUz;aNk vd;Wk;> mQ;Qhdtop -

Jd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ [PtfhUz;a xOf;fkpd;ikNa vd;Wk; caphpuf;fj;jpw;F Kjyplk;

nfhLf;fpwhh;. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fj;jpdhy; flTs; mUisg; ngwf;$Lky;yJ> Ntnwe;j

topahYk; rpwpJk; ngwf;$lhJ vd;gij mwpjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,f;nfhs;ifia

typAWj;jpAs;shh;. caphpuf;fk;> caph;f;fUiz vd;gjw;fhd mbg;gilg; nghUis

,t;Tiueil E}ypy; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.

ts;syhh;> rNfhjuh;fSs; xUth; xU Mgj;jhy; Jf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJk;>

Jf;fg;gLthnud;W fz;l kw;nwhU rNfhjuUf;F cUf;fKz;lhtJ rNfhju

chpikahfypy;> xU [Ptd; Jf;fj;ij mDgtpf;ff; fz;lNghJk;> Jf;fg;gLnkd;W






mwpe;jNghJk;> kw;nwhU [PtDf;F cUf;fk; cz;lhtijNa [PtfhUz;akhf

caphpuf;fkhff; nfhs;fpwhh;. ts;syhh;> [PtfhUz;aj;ij gu[PtfhUz;ak;> mgu

[PtfhUz;ak; vd;W ,uz;L tifahf tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. grpapdhy; tUk;

Jd;gj;ijAk; nfhiyapdhy; tUk; Jd;gj;ijAk; ePf;FtJ gu [PtfhUz;ak; vd;Wk;>

,it jtpu kw;witfshy; tUk; Jd;gq;fis khw;WtJ mgu [PtfhUz;ankd;Wk;

$Wfpwhh;. jhfk;> gpzp> ,r;ir> vspik> gak; vd;W Jd;gj;ijAk; nfhiyapdhy;

tUk; Jd;gj;ijAk; jPh;g;gijNa [PtfhUz;aj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,yl;rpakhff; fUJfpwhh;

ts;syhh;.

grpapd; mt];j;ijfisg; gygl tpthpf;fpwhh;. grp vd;fpw neUg;ghdJ Viofs;

Njfj;jpDs; gw;wp vhpfpd;wNghJ Mfhuj;jhy; mtpg;gJjhd; [PtfhUz;ak; vd;Wk;> grp

vd;w tp\f;fhw;whdJ Viofs; mwpthfpa tpsf;if mtpf;fpd;w jUzj;jpy; Mfhuq;

nfhLj;J mtpahky; Vw;WtNj [PtfhUz;ak; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.

‘grpnad;w Gyp’>

‘grpnad;w tp\k;’.

‘grpnad;w Njs;’>

‘grpnad;w ghtp’

vd;W mLf;fLf;fhd cUtfq;fs; %yk; grpf; nfhLikapid tpthpf;fpwhh;.

ts;syhh; fhyj;jpy; mLj;jLj;j nfhba gQ;rq;fshy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; caph;

ePj;jJ fhuzkhfNt rj;jpa jUkr;rhiyia mth; epWtpdhh;. rhjp rka Mrhuq;fs;

tYthf Nt&d;wpapUe;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; [Pth;fisg; grpnad;w mghaj;jpypUe;J ePq;fr;

nra;fpd;w cj;jkh;fs; ve;j [hjpahuhapDk; ve;jr; rkaj;jhuhapDk;> ve;j nra;ifia

cilath;fshapUg;gpDk; Njth;> Kdpth;, rpj;jh;> Nahfh; Kjypa ahtuhapDk;

tzq;fj;jf;f rpwg;Gilath;fs; Mth; vd;w ,uhkypq;f mbfshhpd; Fuy; fyff;

FuyhfNt xypg;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. xUth; Mizg; ngz;zhf;fp nrj;jhiu vOg;gpr;

rpj;Jf;fs; Ghpgtuhf ,Ug;gpDk; gphpnjhU [Ptid nfhd;Wz;;Zk; vz;zKilath;

Mapd;> mtiu Qhdp vdf; $wyhfhJ vd;W vjph;kiw epiyapYk; ,jid

typAWj;Jfpwhh;.

2. kDKiw fz;l thrfk;

nghpa Guhzj;jpYs;s kDePjp fz;l Guhzj;ij xl;b vOe;j top E}Ny

kDKiw fz;l thrfkhFk;. kw;w fijfis tpLj;J ,f;fijia mbfshh; Njh;T

nra;jpUg;gjpypUe;Nj mbfshhpd; cs;shh;e;j Nehf;fj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. kf;fsplk;

kdpj capiuAk; gpw caph;fisAk; xd;nwdf; fUJfpd;w kdg; gf;Ftk;

tuNtz;Lnkd;w ngUk; tpioT mbfshh;f;F ,Ue;jJ. jhd; ngw;w kfidAk; gRtpd;






fd;iwAk; rhpepfh; rkkhf fUjpa kd;ddpd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wtjd; %yk; cyfpw;F

[PtfhUz;a NgUz;ikia tpsf;f Kay;fpwhh;.

Gwhtpd; capiuf; fhf;f jd;Dlypy; ,Ue;J jiria mhpe;J nfhLj;j rpgpAk;

rd;khh;f;fpNa. Mdhy; mjw;fhf mtd; nra;j jpahfk; jd;Dlypy; ,Ue;J rpwpjsT

jirNaapd;wp Ntwd;W. jOtf; nfhk;gpd;wp miye;j nfhbf;Fj; NjhPe;j ghhp Md;k

Nea xUikg;ghl;ilf; filgpbj;jtNd MapDk; mtd; mjd; nghUl;L ,oe;jJ xU

NjNuad;wp Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy. Mdhy; fd;iwapoe;j gRTf;Fj; jd; xNu kfidj;

Njh;f;fhypy; ,l;Lf; nfhd;w kDePjpr; NrhoNd ,th;fSf;nfy;yhk; Nkk;gl;l ghpG+uz

rd;khh;f;fpahfj; jpfo;tij kh.ngh.rp. Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;.10

KbTiu

,uhkypq;f mbfshh; epWtpa rhiy> rig> rq;fk; Mfpa ahtw;Wf;Fk;

mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifahf tpsq;FtJ caphpuf;fNkahFk;. Gyhy; cz;zhjtnuy;yhk;

cwtpdj;jhh; vd;Wk;> cz;ZNthnuy;yhk; Gwtpdj;jhh; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.

nja;tq;fspd; ngauhy; caph;gyp nfhLf;Fk; tof;fj;jpidAk; rhbAs;shh;. MUaph;f;F

vy;yhk; md;G nra;fpd;w caph;fUizapidj; jdJ mUl;ghf;fspy; typAWj;Jfpd;whh;.

grpg;gpzp ePf;fy;> nfhy;yhik Mfpa ,U epiyfspy; caphpuf;fj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;whh;

ts;syhh;. ,iw topghl;Lf;Fg; gf;jpAzh;ittpl caphpuf;fj;Jf;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;j

tifapYk;> caphpuf;ff; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;WNthh; ve;jr; rhjpiar; rhh;e;jth;fshf

,Ue;jhYk;> ve;jr; rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; Nkk;gl;lth;fNs

vd;W $Wk; epiyapYk; ts;syhhpd; jdpj;jd;ikiaAk; mtuJ tho;tpay;

rpe;jidfisAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. jpUtUl;gh> ghly;> 1419.

2. NkyJ> 469.

3. NkyJ> 12.

4. NkyJ> 610.

5. NkyJ> 86.

6. rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;, mUl;ghtpd; mKjk;, g. 21.

7. jpUf;Fws;> Gyhy; kWj;jy;> 52.

8. jhAkhdth;> guhguf;fz;zp> 329.

9. jpUtUl;gh> ghly;> 1616.kh. ngh. rptQhdk;, ts;syhu; fz;l xUikg;ghL, g. 209.

JizE}w; gl;bay;:

1. rptQhdk;. kh. ngh., ts;syhu; fz;l xUikg;ghL, (= nrd;gfh gjpg;gfk;: 2011).

2. rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;, mUl;ghtpd; mKjk;, (rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp gjpg;gfk;,






nrd;id: 2001)

3. jhAkhdth;> guhguf;fz;zp %yKk; ciuAk;> (ckh gjpg;gfk; , nrd;id: 2000).

4. jpUf;Fws;, (1999), ehkf;fy; ftpQu;. (c.M.), (tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk;, nrd;id:

Vohk; gjpg;G 2000).

5. Jiurhkpg;gps;is. xsit. R., jpUtUl;gh %yKk; ciuAk;, (mz;zhkiyg;

gy;fiyf;fofk;: rpjk;guk;: 1990).






mfehD}w;wpy; Ky;iy epykf;fSk; njhopy;fSk;

,uh. ghz;bauh[d;> KONeu Kidth;g;gl;l Ma;thsh;>

,f;fhy ,yf;fpaj; Jiw> jkpopaw;Gyk;> kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

kJiu – 21.

kiyg;gFjpapd; mbthuj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lKk; Ky;iy

epykhFk;. ,q;F tho;e;jth;fs; ,ilah;> Mah; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;. gRf;fisAk;>

MLfisAk; fhLfspy; Nka;j;jdh;> mtiu> Jtiu> Nfo;tuF Nghd;wtw;iwg;

gaphpl;ldh;. Mepiufspd; %yk; fpilj;j ghy;> japh;> Nkhh;> Nghd;wtw;iw may;

epyj;jhh;f;F gz;lkhw;wk; nra;jdh;. Ky;iy epyj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspd; njhopy;fis

Fwpg;gjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ. Ky;iy epy kf;fs; ngah; “Ky;iyahsu;

Nfhtyh; ,ilah;> nrhy;ypatz;lh nghJth; Md;ty;Nyhh;> Flth; ghyh; njhWth;

Nfhtpe;jh;> mz;lh; Nfhghyh; Mah; mKjh; vd;W> ,q;fpit Ky;iy epyj;jth;

ngaNu”1 ,J Ky;iy epy kf;fspd; nauhFk;. Ky;iy epy kfsph; ngah; “Ma;r;rpah;

njhWj;jpah; nghJtpah; Flj;jpah;> tha;j;j ,ilr;rpah; Ky;iyepy kfsph;”2 ,JNt

Ky;iy epy kfsph; ngauhFk;. Ky;iy epyj;jiytd; ngah; “mz;zy; Njhd;wy;

FWk; nghiwehld;> fhdfehld; Ky;iyj; jiy kfd;”3 ,J Ky;iy epyj;jiytdpd;

ngauhFk;. Ky;iy epyj;jiytpg; ngah;> “midait Ky;iyj; jiytpf;F khFk;”4

,J Ky;iy epyj;jiytpg; ngauhFk;. Ky;iyj; jpizapy; tUk; Ntlh;fisf;

Fwpg;gjhf “njhLNjhw; fhdtd; fit nghWj;jd;d”5 vd;w mbapy; mike;Js;sJ.

njhy;fhg;gpauhy; Fwpg;gplg;ngwhj fhdtd;> fhdth; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l

epyj;jtiuf; Fwpf;fhJ ifapy; tpy; cila> fhl;by; thOk; typikahdth;fisf;

Fwpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ. Nfhit tsh;j;j Ky;iy epyj;J kf;fs; Nfhtyh;

vdg;gl;ldh;.“Ky;iy epyj;J kf;fspy; gRf;fis Nka;j;jth; Nfhtyh;”6 vd;Wk;

“ifapNy Nfhiyf; nfhz;bUe;j fhuzj;jhy; ,th;fs; Nfhyhah; vdTk;

miof;fg;ngw;wdh;”7 vd;Wk; Nfhtyh; vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; $Wth;. Nfh vd;why; gR

vd;W nghUs;. gR vdg;gLk; Nfhit Nka;g;gth; Nfhtyh; vdg;gl;ldh;.

Nfhtpid Nka;g;gtiuf; Fwpg;gjhf Nfhtyh; vd;Dk; nrhy;> “Ky;iy tpad;

Gyk; gug;gp> Nfhtyh;> FWk; nghiw kUq;fpd; eWk; g+ mau> gjT Nkay; mUe;J

kjT eil ey; Md;”8 vd;w mbfspy; mike;Js;sJ. jdJ M epiufisf; Foy;

CjpNah> rPo;f;if xyp vOg;gpNah miof;Fk; kf;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf Nfhtyh; vd;Dk;






nrhy;> “fy;yhf; Nfhtyh; CJk;> ty; tha;r; rpW Foy;”9 vd;Wk; “me;jpf; Nfhtyh;

mk;giz ,kpo;,ir”10 vd;w mbfspy; mike;Js;sJ. nfhy;iy vd;gJ Ky;iy

epyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. mf;nfhy;iyapy; thOk; kf;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf

Nfhtyh; vd;Dk; nrhy; “nfhy;iyf; Nfhtyh;” vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ. rq;f ,yf;fpa mbfs; ahTk; Nfhtyh; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy VNjDk;

xUtifapy; Ky;iy epyj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;jpNa Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. njhy;fhg;gpak;

vd;w ,yf;fz E}ypy; mr;nrhy; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. M vd;why; gR vdW nghUs;.

gRf;$l;lk; Mak; vdg;gl;lJ. Mak; vdg;gLk; gRf;$l;lj;ij Xk;gp tsh;g;gth; Mah;

vdg;gl;ldh;. Mad; vd;gjw;F “Mit tsh;f;Fk; ,ilad;”11 vd;Wk; Mah; vd;gjw;F

“,ilah;”12 vd;Wk; nghUs; $Wth;. Mah; vd;Dk; nrhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;> “Mah;

Ntl;Lth; MLcj; jpizg;ngah;> Mtapd; t&ck; fpotUk; csNu”13 vd;w E}w;ghtpy;

Ky;iyepy Mz;kfd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gjhf cs;sJ JzpfSf;Fg; gir ,l;L

ntSf;Fk; ngz; Giyj;jp vdg;gl;lhs;. njhopyhy; ngah; ngw;wij rq;f

,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghf;fs; %ykhf fhz;Nghk;. ,r;nra;jpia> “gir nfhy; nky; tpuy;>

ngUe; Njhs;> Giyj;jp> Jiw tpl;ld;d J}kaph; vfpdk;”14 vd;w mbfspy;

mike;Js;sJ.

Ky;iy epy kf;fs; fhy;eil tsh;g;gpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. Ky;iy epy

kf;fSs; Mz;fs; Mah;> Nfhtyh;> ,ilah;> nghJth; vd miof;fg;ngw;Ws;sdh;.

ngz;fs; Ma;r;rpah;> Nfhtpj;jpah;> ,ilr;rpah;> nghJtpah; vd miof;fg;ngw;Ws;sdh;.

XhpU ,lq;fspy; mz;lh;> g+opah; vDk; nrhw;fSk; Ky;iy epy kf;fisf; Fwpf;fg;

gad;ngw;Ws;sd. Mah;fs; tho;e;j gFjpahd fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j epyg;gFjpfspy;

tpyq;Ffs; ,ay;ghfNt kpFjpahff; fhzg;ngWk;. mt;tpyq;FfSs; kpfg; gad; jUk;

M> vUik> ML> VWfisj; Njh;T nra;J> mjd; ciog;G> Nghd;w epiufis

Nka;f;Fk; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s Mah;fs; J}a Mil mzpe;jhYk; rpwpJ Neuj;jpy;

Milapy; mOf;Nfwp tpl tha;g;Gz;L. vdNt> ,th;fs; khR gbe;j Mil

mzpe;jth;fshfNt fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; Nka;r;rypd; nghUl;L ePz;l gazk;

Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; czTf; fyq;fisAk; gwpiaAk; Rke;j mOj;jpa Njhs;> fhl;bd;

ntk;ik> guw;fy;> Kl;fspypUe;J jk; fhy;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L nrUg;gpid

cilath;fshfTk; epfo;e;Js;sd.

Mah;fs; jk;ikAk; jkJ epiufisAk; nfhba tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J fhf;f

jPf;filf;Nfhyhy; jPia cz;lhf;fp tpwfpid vhpj;J ngUe;jP cUthf;fpAs;sdh;.

mjNdhL rPo;f;if xypiaAk; vOg;gp tpyq;Ffis xl;bAs;sikia> “filNfhy;

rpWjP mila khl;b> jpz;fhy; cwpad; ghidad;> mjsd;> Ez;gy; Jtiy xUjpwk;






eidg;g> jz;Lfhy; Cd;wpa jdpepiy ,ilad;> kbtpL tPis fbJnrd;W ,irg;g>

njwpkwp ghh;f;Fk; FWehp nthP,> Ks;Silf; FWe;J}W ,hpag; NghFk;”15 ,t;tbfs;

tpsk;Gfpd;wd. Mah;fs; kiof;fhyj;jpy; Fsph;r;rpapypUe;J jk;ikf; fhj;Jf;

nfhs;sTk; jPf;filf; Nfhyhy; jPia %l;b Fsph; fha;e;Js;sdh;. Gyp> ehp Nghd;w

nfhba tpyq;Ffs; ,y;yhj gFjpfSf;F Mepiufis Xl;br; nrd;Ws;sdh;.

epiufSf;F kpFe;j ghJfhg;G cilNahuhfTk;> nfhba tpyq;Ffs; te;jtplj;J

mjw;F mQ;rhjth;fshfTk; Mah;fs; jpfo;e;Js;sd. epiufis fl;bg;NghLk; ,lk;

kd;wk;> njhO> fsd; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;ngWfpd;wJ. njhOf;fs; Ks;Ntypapl;l njhlhpf;

fhLfs; #o;e;jjhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. njhOf;fs; NrW epiwe;jdthfTk;> epiufisf;

fl;bg; NghLtjw;Nfw;g kuj;J}z;fisf; nfhz;Lk; mike;Js;sd. epiufs; fOj;jpYk;

fd;Wfs; fhypYk; fapwhy; gpizj;J itf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. mz;ikap;y; gpwe;j

vUikf; fd;Wfs; jd; jhaUfpy; Japy; nfhz;Ls;sd. Mah;fs; ,ir

ehl;lKs;sth;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdh;.

,iriaf; fiy vd;w epiyapy; Gydpd;gj;jpw;fhf kl;Lkpy;yhJ Nka;r;rypy;

<Lgl;l Mepiufis xd;W Nrh;f;Fk; cj;jp KiwahfTk; ifahz;Ls;sikia>

“ntd;Wnfhb vLj;jdd; Nte;jDk;> fd;nwhL> fwitg; Gy;ypdk; GwTnjhW cfs>

Foy;tha; itj;jdh; Nfhtyh;”16 vd;w mbfs; gjpT nra;fpd;wJ. gtsk;> nghd;>

rq;fpdhy; nra;j tisaiyg; ngz;fs; mzpe;Js;sdh;. mf;fhyg; ngz;fs;

tisaiy ,Wf;fkhf mzpe;Js;sdh;. mj;jd;ikahy; ifapy; ntz;jlk; gjpa

ifapy; tisaypy;yh epiyapy; mJ njhpe;Js;sJ. mf;fhl;rpia %q;fpypy; gl;il

chpj;j epiyf;Fr; rq;fg; Gyth;fs; ctikg;gLj;jpdh;. <q;F tis ,Wf;fkhf

mzpe;Js;s jd;ikahy;> fztidg; gphpe;j gpd; jiytp rpwpJ nkypaNt tis

nefpo;e;Js;sjhff; fUjg;ngWfpd;wJ. rq;fpid thshy; mWj;j gpd; file;J

tisay; nra;jth;fs; ‘Ntshg; ghh;g;ghd;’ vd miof;fg;ngw;Ws;sdh;. ,jid>

“Ntshg; ghh;g;ghd; thsue; Jkpj;j> tis fise;J xope;j nfhOe;J”17 vd;w mbfs;

gjpT nra;Js;sd. Mil nea;Aq;fhy; E}y; mw;Wg; NghfhkypUf;f E}ypw;Fg; gir

,l;Ls;sdh;. ,jid> “gir nfhy; nky; tpuy;”18 vDkbAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

rq;fj; jkpoh; tpyq;Ffspd; Njhiyg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp NjhyhfTk; Nflfk;> KuR>

KoT> giw> ig> Ntypd; ciw Nghd;w nghUl;fshfTk; nra;J gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.

“tpyq;Ffspd; Njhiy chpj;j gpd; nea;apy; Njha;j;J vLj;Js;sdh;”19 gpd; mjpYs;s

Cd; Nghd;w fopTg; nghUl;fis ePf;fp ,Uk;Gf; fUtpahy; gad;gL nghUshf

khw;wpAs;s epiyia> “girgL gr;ir nea;Njha;j; jd;d”20 vd;w mfehD}w;wpd; ghly;

mbfs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Njhyhy; nrUg;G cUthf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mbia %Lk;






Njhy; nrUg;G ‘mbGij njhLNjhy;’ vdf; Fwpg;gplg; ngw;Ws;sJ. MLfspd; Njhyhy;

Njhw;gLf;if nra;ag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghzh;fs; Njhspy; Njhw;igiaAk; tPuh;fs;

Ntypw;Fj; NjhYiwAk; ,l;Ls;sdh;. tPuk; kpf;f Vwpd; Njhyhy; KuR tbf;fg;

ngw;Ws;sJ. ,f;fUj;Jf;fs;> “Xlh ey;Vw;W chpit ij,a> MLnfhs; Kurk;”21 vd;w

rq;f ,yf;fpa ghf;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ahidj; je;jj;jhy; fl;by; cUthf;fg;

ngw;Ws;sJ. ntw;wp ngw;w kd;dh; Njhw;w kd;dhpd; gl;lj;J ahidapd; je;jj;ij>

ahid Jd;Gw ntl;b vLj;J mjpy; fl;by; nra;Js;sdh;. NkYk;> Nghhpy; ,we;j

ahidfspd; je;jq;fisf; nfhz;L fl;by; mikf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. me;jj; je;jq;fs;

ahidaplkpUe;J jhdhf tpOe;Js;sd. jr;rd; fl;biy cz;lhf;f cspiag;

gad;gLj;jpAs;shd;> tl;lf; fl;bnyhd;W eLtpy; nghpa ,iy tbtj;ijj;

jhq;fpAs;sJ. fl;bypd; fhy;fs; #Yw;w ngz;fspd; khh;igg; Nghy typa jd;ik

nfhz;Ls;sJ. fl;bypy; Kj;J khiy Nghd;wit njhq;f tplg; ngw;Ws;sd. cauk;

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ngw;Ws;sd. ahidf; nfhk;ghy; NjhpYs;s nfhbQ;rp cUthf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mJ

jhkiu tbtpy; Njh; Kfg;gpy; elg;gLtjhFk;.

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jhw;W Ks;isr; nrUfpAs;sdh;. Njhpy; kzpfs; khiyahff; Nfhh;f;fg;

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vd;w mbfs; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. kdpjd; Njhyhiliag; gad;gLj;jpa fhyj;jpy;

cyh;e;j Njhypd; kPJ jpz;ikahd nghUl;fs; tpOe;jhy; mjpypUe;J XirnaOk;

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vd;gJ XLk; ,iria xOq;F ngw epWj;jp Xh; msNthL rPNuhL xj;j moNfhL






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giwNahirapy; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shd;.

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,lj;jpy; xypf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. NjhYld; flk;gkuk; Kurpidj; jahhpj;jypy;

gad;gLj;jg; ngw;Ws;sJ. Kuir mbf;fb mbf;Fk; nghOJ mjd; fz; fpope;Js;sJ.

xt;nthU ehl;bYk; kd;duhl;rp> kf;fshl;rp vd VNjDk; Xh; Ml;rp eilngw;W

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ePh;epiyfs; mikj;jy;> ePjpia epiyepWj;Jjy; vdg;gy nray;fisj; jd;dfj;Js;

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,df;FwpaPlhfpa MepiufSf;Fj; jPq;F Neh;e;J tplf; $lhJ vd Mepiufis

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fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fkspj;Js;shh;.

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gaph;fis tpyq;Ffs; njhy;iyapdpd;Wk; fhj;jdh;. vdNt ,th;fs; ‘fhtyh;fs;’

vdg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fSila ,t;tUk; ngUe;njhz;bw;F kf;fs; jhk; tpistpj;j

epyj;jpypUe;J te;j tUthapy; xU gq;fpid ed;wpf; fldhf fhzpf;ifahfj; je;jdh;.

ehsiltpy; ,f;fhtyh;fs; ehl;bd; fhtyh;fs; Mapdh;. mJ guk;giu guk;giuahfTk;

njhlh;e;jJ”24 vd rp. ghyRg;gpukzpad; fUj;Jiuj;Js;shh;.






,f;$w;wpy; kUj epyj;jpypUe;J murhl;rp Njhd;wpAs;sJ vd vz;z

,lKs;sJ. ,f;fhuzq;fshy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epyj;jpypUe;J murhl;rp Njhd;wpapUf;Fk;

vdf; fUJtJ rhpnadf; fUjg;ngwtpy;iy. ,df; FOthf tho;e;j kdpjh;fs;

Fwpg;gpl;l rl;l jpl;lq;fisj; jkf;Fs; tFj;J mjd; top nray;gl;l epiyapy;>

tpyq;F> ,aw;ifr; rPw;wkplkpUe;J kf;fisf; fhj;jtd; jiytdhf;fg; ngw;Ws;shd;.

mJNt ,df;FOtpypUe;J khw;wk; ngw;w murKiw Njhd;w top tFj;Js;sJ.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kd;dd;> Nte;jd;> murd;> Nfh> ,iw> fhtyh; vdg;gy

ngah;fshy; Fwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;shd;. mg;ngah;fSs; rpw;rpy NtWghL cs;sij>

“rpw;wurh;> jiyikaurh;> Nguurh; vdj; jkpourh; Kj;jpwg;gl;bUe;jdh;. ,k;

Kj;jpwj;jhUk; KiwNa> FWepyturUk; ngUepyturUk; gy epyturUk; Mth;.

rpw;wurh;f;F kd;dd; vd;Dk; ngaUk;> jiyikaurh;f;F Nte;jd;> Nfh (Nfhd;) vd;Dk;

ngaUk; kughfThpa… Nfh vd;Dk; ngah; Nte;jUf;F kl;Lkd;wp> mtUf;flq;fp mth;

ehl;Ls; xt;nthU gFjpia MSk; mth; jhaj;jhh;f;Fk;> rpw;wurUs; nghpath;f;Fk;

toq;Fk; … Nte;jd; vd;Dk; ngaNuh vd;Wk; jiyikauridNa Fwpf;Fk;”25 vd Qh.

NjtNeag;ghthzh; fl;Liuj;Js;shh;. mhpaiz muR fl;by; vdg;ngw;Ws;sJ. mJ

rpq;f cUtj;jhy; jhq;fg; ngWtjhy; mhpaiz vdg;glyhapw;W. ehl;by; gy

,lq;fspy; mhpaiz mikf;fg; ngw;Ws;sij> “jiyefhpYk; gpw ghb tPLfspYk;

murDf;F mhpaizAz;L. jiyefhpy;> muR tPw;wpUf;Fk; Xyf;f kz;lgj;jpYk;

(Durbar Hall)> mikr;rnuhL FOk; #o;tpid kz;lgj;jpYk;> mwk;$W kz;lgj;jpYk;>

xt;Nthh; mhpaizapUf;Fk;”26 vd;gh;.

ehL> mzp> fspW> ney; Nghd;wd jpiwg;nghUl;fshf mf;fhyj;jpy;

<ag;ngw;Ws;sd. ngUkd;dUf;Fl;gl;l rpw;wurh;fs;> kiyapYs;s> mUtp> mq;Fs;s

nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L tUtijnahj;J gytifr; nry;tq;fis mth;fsplk;

jpiwahfj; jUtjw;fhf> muz;kiz Kd; fhj;jpUe;Js;sdh;. nfhz;fhzq;fpohdpd;

Ch; jpiw nrYj;j te;j rpw;wurh;fshy; #og;ngw;wAs;sd vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpa

ghf;fs; $WfpwJ. Nghhpy; Njhw;w kd;dd; rpiwapy; milf;fg; ngw;Ws;shd;. mtd;

rpiwapypUe;J tpLgl> ntw;wp mile;j kd;dDf;Fj; jpiwg; nghUl;fis ngUkstpy;

ey;fpAs;shd;. gifth;fis mopj;J> mth;fspd; nry;tq;fisf; nfhs;isapl;Lf;

nfhzh;e;jijAk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;W fhl;LfpwJ. ngU kd;dd; gilnaLj;J

tUtjw;F Kd;> gilnaLj;J ghriwapy; jq;fpAs;s gpd; jpiwg;nghUs; nfhLj;J

rpw;wurh; Nghiuj; jLj;Js;sdh;.

ngUkd;dh;fspd; gifth; gpio> gpbf;fhj nray; Ghpe;jpbDk; jpiwg;nghUs;

nfhLj;J mUs; ngw;wjid> “ed;fyk; fspw;nwhL ez;zhh; Ve;jp> te;Jjpiw nfhLj;J






tzq;fpdh; topnkhope;J> nrd;w vd;g Mapd;> Nte;jDk;> epyk;tFe; Jwhm <z;ba

jhidnahL”27 vd;w mbfs; gjpT nra;fpwJ. xU ehspy; vl;Lj;Njh; nra;Ak; ty;yik

cila jr;rh;fshy; Njh; cUthf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; Njh;g;gil

tof;nfhope;J tpl;ld vdj; NjtNeag;ghthzh; nkhope;Js;shh;. ,uz;L Fjpiufs;

g+l;lg;ngw;w Njh;fs; ngUkstpYk; ehd;F Fjpiufs; g+l;lg;ngw;w Njh;fs; FiwthfTk;

gad;ghl;bypUe;Js;sd.

,jid> “ngay;njhlq;fpd;why; thdk; thdpd;> taq;Frpiw md;dj;J epiugiw

fLg;g> ehy;Fcld; g+z;l fhy;etpy; Gutpf;> nfhbQ;rp neLe;Njh; fLk;ghp jtpuhJ”28

vd;w ,t;tbfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Nghhpd; nghUl;Lj; jq;Ftjw;fhf ‘ghriw’

mikj;Js;sdh;. Nghh; tpidapd; nghUl;L jq;fpAs;sjhy; mq;Fs;s tPuh;fs;

,y;yj;jpYs;s kidtp> kf;fisf; Fwpj;J vz;Ztjpy;iy. tPuh;fs; Fsph; kpFe;J

fhzg;ngwpd; fhl;bYs;s kuq;fis ntl;b neUg;Gz;lhf;fp Fsph; fha;e;Js;sdh;.

,jid> “ntQ;rpd Nte;jd; tpad;ngUk; ghriw> ntd;wp> Ntl;ifnahL ek;Kk;

cs;shh;”29 vd;w ,t;tbfs; etpy;fpd;wd. jiytdJ njhiyJ}ug; gazj;jpw;FjTk;

Njiur; nrYj;Jk; Njh;g;ghfd; ‘tytd;’ vd miof;fg; ngw;Ws;shd;. mtd; NfhNtW

fOij> Fjpiu g+l;lg;ngw;w Njh;fis Xl;bAs;shd;.

FjpiufSf;Ff; nfhs;Sld; nea; Nrh;f;fg;ngw;w cztpid mspj;Js;shd;.

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mioj;Jr; nrd;Ws;shd;. ,jid> “ciukjp – thopNah tyt! – vd jd;>

tiukUs; khh;gpd; mspg;gdd; Kaq;fp> kidf;nfhz;L Gf;fdd;”30 Mfpa mbfspd;

top Ghpe;Jnfhs;s ,aYfpd;wJ. jiytDf;Ff; fPo;j; Njh;g;ghfd; gzp Ghpe;jhYk;

khh;Gwj; jOtp ,y;ypw;Fr; nry;Ykstpw;F mth;fSf;fpilNaahd cwT epiy

,Ue;jikia ,t;tplk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

Ky;iy epykf;fspd; njhopyhf jio> gUj;jp. gl;bdhyhd Milia mf;fhy

kf;fs; mzpe;Js;sdh;. gy tz;z MilfSk; MilfSf;Ff; fQ;rpa+l;LjYk;

mfpw;Gifa+l;LjYk; tof;fj;jpypUe;Js;sd. Njhyhy; KuR> KoT Nghd;w

Njhw;fUtpfs; ig> Ntypd; ciw> nrUg;G Kjypad nra;Js;sdh;. Njhypw;F

epw%l;Lk; njhopy;El;gk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. epythp> Rq;fthp> jpiw Mfpad murDf;F

tUtha; <l;bj;je;Js;sd. rpw;wurh;fs; jk; muir epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; xU

topahfj; jpiw mspj;Js;sdh;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;

1. jpthfuk;. E}w;. 297.






2. NkyJ. E}w;. 298.

3. NkyJ. E}w;. 299.

4. NkyJ. E}w;. 308.

5. mfk;. 34 : 3.

6. ,uh. ,uhrNfhghyd;> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> g. 70.

7. M. Kj;Jrhkp> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Mah;> g. 14.

8. mfk;. 14 : 7 – 9.

9. mfk;. 74 : 16 – 17.

10. mfk;. 124 : 14.

11. k.Nrh. tpf;lh;> njhy;fhg;gpar; rpe;jidfs;> g. 213.

12. fofg;Gyth; FOtpdh;> fofj;jkpo; mfuhjp> g. 82.

13. njhy;. E}w;. 967.

14. mfk;. 34 : 11 – 12.

15. mfk;. 274 : 5 – 11.

16. mfk;. 354 : 3 – 5.

17. mfk;. 24 : 1 – 2.

18. mfk;. 34: 11.

19. Njhiyg; gjdpLk; KiwfSs; xd;whf vz;nza; gjdpLk; Kiwia WWW.

Wikipedia.Com Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. kPd; vz;nza; Nghd;w vz;nza; tiffisf;

nfhz;L gjdpLk; Kiw vz;nza; gjdpLk; Kiw vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwfs;

neLehl;fshf ,Ue;J tUk; KiwahFk;.

20. mfk;. 244 : 1.

21. mfk;. 334 : 1 – 2.

22. mfk;. 184 : 17 – 18.

23. K. tsh;kjp> giw> g. 18.

24. rp. ghyRg;gpukzpad;> neQ;rpd; epidTfs;> g. 69.

25. Qh. NjtNeag;ghthzh;> goe;jkpoh; murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;> g. 26.

26. Qh. NjtNeag;ghthzh;> K.E}.> g. 35.

27. mfk;. 124 : 1 – 4.

28. mfk;. 334 : 9 – 12.

29. mfk;. 364 : 10 – 11.

30. mfk;. 384 : 11 – 13.






JizE}w;gl;bay;

Kjd;ikr;rhd;whjhuq;fs;

1. mfehD}W (%yKk;ciuAk;) Gj;jfk;-1>2 >nraghy; ,uh> Kidth;> epa+ nrQ;Rhp

Gf; `T];(gp)ypl;> 41-gp> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id-

600 098> Kjy; gjpg;G> Vg;uy; – 2004.

Jizikr;rhd;whjhuq;fs;

1. jkpo; epfz;Lfs;> njhFjp-1 - Rg;gpukzpad; r.Nt> (g.M)> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;>

rpjk;guk; – 608 001> Kjw;gjpg;G – 2008.

2. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Mah;> Kj;Jrhkp. M> ,uhzp gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id-

600014> Kjw;gjpg;G – 1993.

3. fofj;jkpo; mfuhjp> fofg;Gyth; FOtpdh;. (njh.M)> jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa

irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf;fofk; ypkpnll;> nrd;id-18> gjpide;jhk; gjpg;G

– 1999.

4. njhy;fhg;gpak;> r.Nt. Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M)> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id –

600 108> vl;lhk; gjpg;G – 2006.

5. giw> tsh;kjp. K> mk;Ujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id – 600 116> 2009.

6. neQ;rpd; epidTfs;> ghyRg;gpukzpad;. rp> eWkyh;g; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>1980.

7. goe;jkpoh; murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;> NjtNeag;ghthzh.; Qh> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;>

nrd;id – 600 108>

8. www.wikipedia.com






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thdtpy; vdf; fz;L kfpo;e;J> njd;wy; fhw;wpd; rpyph;g;ig czh;e;J






nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; ftpQh;fs; ,e;j kfpo;tpidf; ftpijahf;fpj; jUfpd;whh;.

ghujpjhrd; khiy Neuj;jpy; Nrhiyapy; ngw;w kfpo;r;rpia>

khiyg;nghOjpy; Nrhiyapd; gf;fk; nrd;Nwd;.

Fsph;e;j njd;wy; te;jJ

te;j njd;wypd; thrk; fko;e;jJ

thrk; te;j trj;jpy; jpUk;gpNdd;

Nrhiy eLtpy; nrhf;Fg; gr;irg;

gl;Lil g+z;L glh;e;J fple;jJ

FYf;nfd;W rphpj;j Ky;iy

kyh;f;nfho fzlNld; kfpo;r;rp fz;Nld;!3

vd;w ghly; thpfs; %yk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;.

,yf;fpaq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; me;je;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; thOfpd;w

kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiag; glk;gpbj;Jf;fhl;Lgit ,aw;if kdpj tho;Tf;F vt;tsT

Kf;fpakhdNjh mJNghy ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ Ntjq;fs;

Kjy; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu ,aw;ifapd; CLUty; ,y;yhjpUe;jjpy;iy4

,t;thwhf vq;Fk; vjpYk; ,aw;ifapd; jhf;fk; ,Ug;gJ njhpfpd;wJ.

jkpopd;gd; ftpijfspy; ,aw;if nra;jpfs;

gok;ngUik kpf;f ek; ghujehL ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; moifAk; nfhz;l

ehlhFk;. fz;izf; ftUk; fhl;rpfshf tpz;iz Kl;b epw;Fk; kiyfs;> ,aw;if

muzhf tpsq;Fk; ,kakiy njhlh;fs;> kiyfspypUe;J ghAk; mUtpfs; kiyia

Kl;bf; fhzg;gLk; Kfpy;fs;> ejpfs;> MWfs;> kuq;fs;> nrb> nfhbfs;> g+f;fs;>

Gy;fs;> tay;ntspfs;> Fsq;fs;> Xilfs;> gwitapdq;fs; vd;W ,aw;ifapd; moif

nrhy;yp nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;. ,aw;if rhh;e;j nra;jpfs; thdpay;> Gtpapay;>

jhtutpay; vd;W tifg;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ftpQh; ,aw;ifiag; ghLtNjhL

epy;yhky; mjd; %yk; r%f fUj;Jf;fis ,af;fpa eaq;fNshLk; vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;.

thdpay;

#hpad;> re;jpud;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;> Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; Nkfk;> kio> thdtpy;> gdp>

,b> kpd;dy; vd thdpypUe;J epfOk; mj;jid epfo;TfSk; thdpaypy; mlq;Fk;.

,jd; Kjd;ik Nfhshf #hpaidf; $wyhk;. thdpy; Njhd;Wk; mofpa fhl;rpfSf;F

msNt fpilahJ. gfypy; fjputd; Njhd;wp ntspr;rj;ijAk;> ntg;gj;ijak;> ,utpy;

epyT Njhd;wp xspiaAk; Fsph;r;rpiaAk; mspf;fpd;wd. kio Neuq;fspy; fhh;Nkfk;

Njhd;Wtjhy; thdk; fUik epwj;Jld; kq;fp fplg;gJk; ,b> kpd;dy;> thdtpy;

Nghd;wit Njhd;WtJk; ,aw;if fhl;rpfshFk;.






thdtpy; Njhd;Wk; nrayhff; ftpQh;> cyfj;ijg; gfw;Nghjpy; fjputdpd;

fLq;fjph;fshy; Rl;Lg; nghRf;Fk; thdNk jhd; ,utpy; Fsph;e;j tl;l epyhit

mDg;gp ,d;gk; toq;Ffpd;wJ5 vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

#hpad; jpdKk; cjpg;gJ ,aw;if. Mdhy; Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdk; ,y;yhky; kf;fs;

jpdKk; ciof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typaWj;jp>

ciog;gtd; Kfk; ghh;f;fNt

xt;nthU ehSk;

XNlhb tUfpwhd; #hpad;6

vd;W mofhf $wpAs;shh;.

Gtpapay;

ehk; thOfpd;w ,e;jg; g+kp xU rpwpa Nfhs; (Plant) #hpaidr; Rw;wp tUk;

xd;gJ Nfhs;fspy; g+kpAk; xd;W. ,e;j g+kp xU caph;f; Nfhskhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jpy; vz;zw;w caphpdq;fs;> jhtuq;fs;> ePh;epiyfs; vd;W gytiffs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. g+kpapd; kpf Kf;fpa ngUikahf cs;sJ ePh; jhd;. Vndd;why; g+kp

70 tpOf;fhL ePuhy; epiwe;jJ.

epyk; vd;gJ tay;> fhL> Njhl;lk;> JuT> nrhj;J Nghd;witfshy; MdJ.

,jidf; ftpQh;>

epyk; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; tay;>

epyk; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; fhL

epyk; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; nrhj;J8

vd;w ftpijapy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

epyk; nghWikf; nfhz;lJ. mJ jd;idj; Njhz;Lth;fSf;Fk; Jd;gk;

nra;ahky; ,d;gk; mspf;fpd;wij>

jd;idj; Njhz;bj; Jd;gQ; nra;Ak;

kf;fs; jk;ik md;Gld;

vd;Wk; jhq;fp ,d;gQ; nra;Ak;

,e;jg; nghpa khepyk;!

mstpy;yhj gaphpd; tiffs;

cs;sj;jpy; ey;y nghWik nfhz;l

cah;e;j ,e;j khepyk;9

vd;w ftpij topahf Gyg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. epyj;jpd; nghWikAzh;itg; Nghy kf;fSk;

nghWikAzh;Tld; nray;gl;L tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;bapUf;fpwhh;.

Nrhiy vd;whNy kuq;fSk; nrb nfhbfSk; epiwe;j Fsph;r;rpahd ,lkhFk;.

Fsj;jpy; Fspj;jy;> njd;wy; fhw;wpd; Rfk;> gwitfspd; xyp> kuq;fspd; epoy;>






rhg;gplfdpfs;> Xilapy; ePh; mUe;J}wy; Nghd;w mDgtq;fs; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; thOk;

kf;fSf;Fj; jhd; fpilf;Fk; ,e;j ,aw;if ,d;gj;ijf; Foe;ijfs; mila

Nrhiyf;Fk; NghNthk; vd;w jiyg;gpy;>

ehk;

$bePe;jpf; Fspg;gjw;Ff;

FsKk; ,Uf;FJ!

Njb te;J fisg;G ePf;fj;

njd;wy; ,Uf;FJ! - ,ir

ghb apd;gk; Cl;L fpd;w

gwit ,Uf;FJ!

nebJ Neuk; Mb kfpo

epoYk; ,Uf;FJ! ehk;

fbj;Jj; jpd;W grpiag; Nghf;ff;

fdpAk; ,Uf;FJ!

Fbj;Jj; jhfk; jzpa Xil

FWf;Nf ,Uf;FJ! ehk;

gbj;Jj; Njw ,aw;if ey;Fk;

ghlk; ,Uf;FJ!10

vd;W Nrhiyapd; ngUikiaf; ftpijahfg; Gide;Js;shh;.

jhtuq;fs;

kuq;fs; Kjy; rpwpa Gy; g+z;Lfs;tiu jhtu tifapy; mlq;Fk;. jhtuq;fs;

#hpa xsp> ePh;> fhw;W Mfpa %d;iwAk; ,aw;ifahfg; ngw;W jq;fSf;F Ntz;ba

Mfhuq;fisj; jhq;fNs jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,e;j mjprakhd epfo;it kf;fs;

nghUl;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. jhtuq;fspd; cyfk; vd;gJ xU jdp cyfk; vd;Nw $wyhk;.

Ntq;flrhkp vd;gth;> “jhtuk; vd;w nrhy;ypy; Gy;> g+L> nrb> nfhb> kuk; vd;git

mlq;Ftjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. gRikahd caphpdj;ijg; nghJthf Mq;fpyj;jpy;

‘Plant’ vd;w nrhy; Fwpf;Fk;”11 vd;fpwhh;. ftpQh; jhtutifapy; mlq;Fk; kuk;> nrb

nfhbfs;> ,iy> Nth;> Gy;> tpij vd xt;nthd;iwg; gw;wpAk; jkJ ftpijapy;

tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

kuq;fis jU vd;Wk; tpUl;rk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. kuq;fs; fhw;W> kio> ntapy;>

gdp Nghd;wtw;iw ngw;Wf; nfhz;L g+> gok;> epoy;> Gjpa jsph;fs; vd toq;fpf;

nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

kuq;fs; jq;fSila xt;nthU mtatq;fisAk; kf;fSf;fhf mspf;fpd;w

fUiz cs;sk; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa kuj;jpd; kPJ ftpQh; md;G






itj;Jf; ftpijfisg;gilj;Js;shh;. kuk; vd;whNy Qhgfj;jpw;F tUtJ fdpfs;

jhd;. kuq;fis kdpjh;fs; mof;fpd;wdh;. vdpDk; kf;fSf;F epoiyAk;>

czTfisAk; mspj;J cjTfpd;wnjd;gij>

nfhk;gDk; fk;gpfs; Nky;

Fsphpiyj; Jzpiag; Nghh;j;Nj

vk;kplk; tUf ntd;wha;

vopw;Fil kuNk! va;jp

ck;Kly; ntl;b Ndhh;f;Fk;

cjtpid epoiy12

vd;w ftpijapy; vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;.

gz;ilf;fhy kf;fs; fhLfspYk; nghe;JfspYk;> kuf;fpisfspYk; tho;e;jdh;.

gpd;G rw;W Kd;Ndw;wk; miile;j epiyapy; kf;fs; fhy;eilahfg; gazk; nra;J

tpl;L ,isg;ghw kuj;jb epoypy; jq;fp ,Ug;gh;.

NkYk; ftpQh; jdJ ftpijfspy; Ntg;gkuk;> mNrhfkuk;> Mykuk;>

fUq;fhypkuk; vd;W gy kuq;fisr; Rl;of;fhl;bAs;shh;.

fUq;fhyp kuj;jpd; Foy; fUtpfs; nra;J ghl;L ,irf;fr; nra;th;. ,jid>

fUq;fhyp Foy; nra;J ghl;birf;ff;

fhLnjU ey;ykuk;!13

vd;w ghlypy; njspTg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;.

kuk;> nrb> nfhbfspy; Nth;> jz;L> ,ir> g+> fha;> fdp Nghd;w ghfq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; NtUk; jz;Lk; ,iyAk; jhtuq;fspd; thof;iff;F Kf;fpa

fhuzkhf miktJ g+. Vndd;why; mjpfkhd jhtuq;fs; jq;fs; kyhpypUe;J

cz;lhFk; tpijapd; %yk; jhd; ,d;ndhU jhtuj;ij cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ.

NkYk; ftpQh; jdJ ftpijapDs; gUtfhyq;fs;> nghOJfs;> Itif

epyq;fs; vd;W gy ,aw;iff; nra;jpffis Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;. ,jpy; ftpQh;

Nfhilf;fhy twl;rpg; gw;wp jdJ ftpijapy; mofhfr; Rl;bf;fhl;bas;shh;.

Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; kioapy;yhky; kiytsk;> epytskpd;wp> mUtp> MW>

Nrhiy> Fsk;> Fl;il vy;yhk; twz;Lf;fhzg;gLk;. ,jidf;ftpQh;>

kiyf; nfhq;if epykq;if thdpd; jq;if!

tse;jq;Fk; jd;dq;fk; kq;fpg; Nghff;

nfhiyf; Nfhil tiyg;gl;lhs;! epiyFiye;jhs;!

FspuUtp Kj;jhu mzp apoe;jhs;!

fiyg;nghd;Nk fiynad;Dk; MWtw;wpf;

fUj;jpoe;j ftpijnadf; fplf;fj; Jd;gr;






rpiyahdhs;! ntbg;Gw;whs;! Nrhiy ahil

rpije;Je;jy; rUfhf cUf yhdhs14

vd;fpwhh;. Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; ntapypd; jhf;fk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ijf; ftpQh;>

kz;zpd; kPJk;

kdpjd; kPJk;

kw;wg; gUtq;fs; Nrh;j;Jitj;j

Nfhgj;ijg;

gpufldk; nra;jJ Nghd;w

Nfhil15

vd;W njhptpj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

KbTiu

,aw;if vd;gJ kdpjDf;Ff; fpilj;j nghf;fp\k;. ,e;j ,aw;ifia

kdpjDk; ftpQUk; ntt;NtW fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; fhz;fpd;whh;fs;. ,aw;ifia urpf;f

kl;LNk kdpjDf;Fj; njhpAk;. Mdhy; ftpQh; mijAk; jhz;b mij ,yf;fpakhfg;

gilj;J mjw;F capNuhl;lKk; mspj;Jr; rKjhaj;jpd; Kd; nfhz;L nry;fpd;whd;.

rq;f ,yf;fpak; njhlq;fp jw;fhy ,yf;fpak; tiu ,aw;ifia Kd;dpWj;jpj; jhd;

mikfpd;wJ.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. n[ae;jp ehfuh[d;> iggps;fijfs;> g.3.

2. jkpoz;zy;>njhy;fhg;gpak; - nghUsjpfhuk;> njhFjp - 1> g.31.

3. ghujpjhrd;> Njd; jkpo;f; ftpijfs; KOtjk;> gf;. 79-80.

4. erPk;jPd;. ghujpjhrd; fhly;fspy; ,aw;if> g.8.

5. n[aNjtd.;t><NuhL jkpod;gd; ftpijfs;. njhFjp-5 g.735.

6. NkyJ> njhFjp - 4> g. 265.

7. NkyJ> njhFjp - 5> g. 740.

8. NkyJ> njhFjp - 1> g. 646.

9. NkyJ> njhFjp - 2> g. 549.

10. NkyJ> njhFjp - 2> g. 567.

11. Ntq;flrhkp> nrbfspd; nraypay; gz;Gfs;> g. 1.

12. n[aNjtd.;t> <NuhL jkpod;gd; ftpijfs;. njhFjp- 2 g. 99.

13. n[aNjtd.;t> njhFjp -1> g. 104








JizE}w;gl;by;

1. n[aNjtd;>t.> (njh.M) 2007 <NuhLjkpod;gd;ftpijfs;

njhFjpfs;-1>2>4>5>

g+k;Gfhh; gjpg;gfk;>

127 g:vz;:63>

gpufhrk;fhiy gpuhl;Ny>

nrd;id- 600 108

2. jkpoz;zh; 2002 njhy;fhg;gpak;

nghUsjjpfhuk; njhFjp>

kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;>

31> rpq;fh; njU>

nrd;id- 600 108.

3. NfhKfp Rg;gpukzpad;. 2003 ghjpjhrd; Njd;jkpo;f;

ftpijfs; (KOtJk;)>

eh;kjh gjpg;gfk;>

ey;yE}y; ntspapl;lhh;fs;>

167> uh[h ghjh; njU>

ghz;b g[hh;>

jpahfuha efh;>

nrd;id- 600 017.

4. jpUNtq;flrhkp.> 2012 nrbfspd; nraypay; gz;Gfs;>

epa+nrQ;rhp Gf;`T];(gp)ypl;>

41-Brpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay;>

v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}h;>

nrd;id- 600 098.

5. erPk;jPd;.> 1973 ghujpjhrd; ghly;fspy; ,aw;if>

kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;>

60> Nkyf;NfhGuj;njU>

kJiu.

6. n[ae;jpehfuh[d; 2012 iggps; fijfs;>

jhkiug;gspNf~d;];(gp)ypl;>

41-Brpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay;>

v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}h;.






ts;Sthpd; Fbikapaypy; ,d;iwa tho;tpay;

fp.r.Gdpjtjp> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw>


flY}H.

Kd;Diu

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gz;nghj;jy; xg;gjhk; xg;G”1

kf;fs; vd;NghH ew;gz;G cilatHfNs. mg;gz;G ,y;yhjtHfis mtHfspd; cly;

cWg;Gfis kl;LNk xg;gpl;Lg;ghHj;J kf;fs; ,dj;jpy; NgRtJ rhpad;W. ts;Stidg;

Nghy; nrhy;ypy; typikiaf; $l;br; nrhy;y mtH ‘Fws;’ kl;LNk. r%fj;jpd; XH

mq;fkhf thOk; kdpjd; ‘r%fk;’ jdf;fhf kl;LNk gilj;Js;sjhf vz;zp thOk;

#oy;> jw;fhyr; R+oypy; ngUfptpl;ld. ‘jhd;’ vd;w xd;W kl;LNk vQ;rpapUf;fpd;wNj

jtpu> gpwH vd;Wk; kw;w caphpdq;fs; vd vtw;wpYk; mtd; Mo;e;J rpe;jpg;gtdhfNth>

nray;gLgtdhfNth ,y;iy. ,g;gbg;gl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; jpUts;Sthpd;;;

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,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

rhjpapy; rhpAk; r%fk;

,aw;if mspj;j kdpj tbtpy; rhjpia clypy; XH cWg;ghfg;

gilf;fg;gltpy;iy. kdpjd; kl;LNk gpwg;G vd;gijr; rhjpahy; gFf;fpd;whd;. Mz;

ngz; vd;w ,U $Wfisj; jhz;b> gpwg;ngLj;jg; gpd;G me;j tbtj;jpw;Fr; rhjpiag;

GFj;Jfpd;whd; mwpthHe;j kdpjd;. mg;NghJk; ghHj;jhy; njhptjpy;iy rhjp.

nrhd;dhy; kl;LNk njhpAk; msTf;F ,Uf;ff;$ba rhjp vd;Dk; xw;iwr; nrhy;yhy;

r%fj;ijr; rPuopf;Fk; rpyH xUGwk; csH. mjdhy; r%fj;jpy; gy nfhLikfs;

epfo;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd. ‘md;G’ vd;w xw;iwr; nrhy;iyj; jhq;fp ,U capHfs;

,izAk; fhjy; cwtpy; rhjp GFtjpdhy;> ‘nfsutf; nfhiyfs;’ rHt rhjhuzkhf

epfo;fpd;wd. MZk;> ngz;Zk; ,e;jg; G+kpapy; thoj; jFjpailatHfNs. tpjp

kPwy;fs; vd;W rhjpiar; nrhy;yp jhd>; kdpjd; vd;w epiyapypUe;J jho;jy; vd;gJ

mtDila mwpahikiaNa fhl;Lfpd;wJ vdyhk;.

“ryk;gw;wpr; rhy;gpy nra;ahHkh rw;w

Fyk;gw;wp tho;Jk;vd; ghH”2






kdpj Fyk; vd;gJ Fw;wkw;w tho;T tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gJNt. mg;gb

epidg;gtH vtUk; tQ;rf epidTld; jfhj nray;fspy; <Lglkhl;lhHfs;.

thAiwtho;j;Jtpy; ciug;gJk; ,JNt. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ngUk;ghYk; r%fj;jpy;

khrw;w gz;Gld; tho;gtNj tho;T vd;w epiyapy; cs;sJ vdyhk;. capiug;

gilf;Fk; Mw;wYk;> mopf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ek;KilaJ my;y.

ifg;Ngrpapy; fiuAk; fhyk;

tpQ;QhdAfk;> fzpdpAfk;> fypAfk; vd;W vy;yhk; NrHe;j ,f;fhyf;

fl;lj;jpNyh> kdpjd; Fw;wk; Ghpgtdhf kl;LNk tho;fpd;whd;. ‘Fw;wk;’ nra;tJ

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mwpfpyhd;.

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ngw;NwhH gps;isfSld; NgRjy;> goFjy; ,d;wp> mtutH jdpj;jdp ifg;NgrpAld;

cyh tUjy;> gps;isfNsh Njitaw;w gy jfty;fisAk;> jPa gof;fq;fisAk;

fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. Mf;fg;G+Htkha; mjpy; gy cs;sij mtHfs; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.

muR jilnra;a Ntz;batw;iw nra;ahj epiyAk; ePl;bf;fNt nra;fpd;wd.

neUg;gpy;yhky; GifahJ vd;gH. xUtH kJNth> Gifj;jiyNah nra;jhy;

fz;bg;ghfj; njhpe;JtpLk;. vdNt kiwthfr; nra;th;. Mdhy; ifg;NgrpNah taJf;F

kPwpa myry; ghHit vy;yhk; gps;sifs; mjpy; ghHg;gJk;> Fw;wr; nray;fspy;

<LgLtJk;> epfo;e;jg;gpd;Nd tUe;j Ntz;baJkhd #oNy epyTfpd;wJ. xt;nthU

kdpjDf;Fs;Sk; mfj;Nj epfOk; epfo;Tfisf; fz;bl fzpdp cs;spl;l ifg;Ngrp

cjtpahapUf;fpwJ. Mf;fj;jpw;F khwhf mopitNa mjpfk; mtHfs; ehLfpd;wdH

vdyhk;.

“mzpmd;Nwh ehZilik rhd;;NwhHf;F m/jpd;Nwy;

gpzpmd;Nwh gPL eil”3

nghpNahHf;F ehzNk moF nra;Ak; Mguzk; MFk;. ehzk; ,y;iyahdhy;

mtHfsJ ngUkpj eil gpwh;f;F Neha; MfptpLk;. mg;gbj;jhd; thoTk; Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thW tho;jy; vd;gJ mtrpakw;wJ vd;w kdepiyapy;

r%fk; cs;sJ.






ngz;fis mopf;Fk; kdq;fs;

ngz;fs; vg;NghJNk r%fj;jpd; ghHitapy; Nghfg;nghUNs. Foe;ijaha;>

Fkhpaha;> fpotpaha; vg;gbapUe;jhYk;> Mzpd; fhkg;grpiaj; jPHj;Jf;nfhs;s>

mtisg; gopj;jPHf;f> tpiykjpg;gpy;yhj ngz;Zf;F $Ljyhf tpiyAaHe;j (,q;Nf

capiutpl cNyhfNk cah;e;jJ) eiffisAk; khl;btpl;L tPjpapy; cyhtur; nra;J>

nrapd; gwpg;G> tajhd %jhl;biaf;nfhd;W eifj;jpUl;L vd;W vt;tsNth

ehs;NjhWk; epfo;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd.

ngz;izf; fhjypg;gjhff; $wp> cld; ,Ue;J Gifg;glk; vLj;J gphpT Vw;gLk;

NghJ mtis tPo;j;j> (Miz tPo;j;j mg;Gifg;glk; gad;glhJ Vnddpy; mtd;

Mz; vj;jidg; ngz;fSlDk; mtd; jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;Gk;> gpd;Gk; thoyhk; mij

,r;r%fk; nghpjha; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy;iy) Gifg;glj;ij tiyjsq;fspy;

ntspapl;Lg; gopjPHj;jy;. XH MZf;F> xU ngz;izg; ghHj;J jdf;F Vw;gl;l fhjy;

czHT mg;ngz;Zf;Fk; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd vjpHg;ghHj;jy;. ,y;iynad;why;

Kfj;jpy; mkpy tPr;R. ,k;Kfj;ijf; fz;Ljhd; fhjy; nfhz;ltdhk;. cz;ikahd

fhjy; czHTld; md;G nfhz;bUe;jhy; jhd; tpUk;gpats;> vg;NghJk; ghHf;f mts;

mofhfNt ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd epidf;f Ntz;lhkh? khwhf mk;Kfj;jpd; moF ,dp

,Uf;fNt $lhJ vd;fpw td; czHT vOjYk;> mts; fOj;jpy; khiyapl;L

thoNtz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpatd; mts; fOj;ij fj;jpahy; gjk;ghHj;J tPo;j;JtJk;>

md;Gnkhop $wp Ms; mutkw;w mtisg; gopj;jPHf;ff; fw;Gf;Nfhl;ghl;il kPwp nfhiy

nra;tJk; vd mtd;Nky; epfOk; td;KiwfSf;F mstpy;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.

khw;Wj;jpwdhspg; ngz;fSk; ghypay; td;Kiwf;F Mshf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. Vndd;why;

mtSk; ngz;Nz.

tsH ,sk; gUtj;jpdUf;F clw;$Wfspdhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis ikakpl;L

mtHfSf;Ff; fy;tpiaf; nfhLf;fyhk;. MdhYk; vg;NghJ vONthk; vd;gNj

ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifaha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

gs;spfspy; khztpfs; G+> nfhYR mzpe;J tu muR jiltpjpj;Js;sJ.

fhuzk; ngz;fspd; G+ thrKk;> nfhYR rj;jKk; Mz;fSf;F ftdr; rpjwy;fis

cz;lhf;Ffpd;wdthk;. ngz;iz vg;NghJk; Nghfg;nghUshfNt ghHf;Fk; vz;zj;jpd;

cr;rNk ,e;eltbf;if vdyhk;. fhuzk; ngz;zplk; MSikj;jpwDk; fk;gPuKk;

,Ug;gij tpl;Ltpl;L mtSf;F myq;fhuq;fSk;> xg;gidfspYk; fhyj;ijf;fopj;J

tPzpy; moptjw;Nf top tif nra;Ak; r%fkhf cs;sJ.

“cyf mstpy; jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhs;Sk; xt;nthU gj;Jg; ngz;fspYk;

ehy;tH ,e;jpahitr; NrHe;jtHfs;. gpugy yhd;nrl; kUj;Jt ,jo; Ma;tpy;

njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ma;tpd;gb> cyf mstpy; 2016-y; jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;l






2>57>324 ngz;fspy; 36.6 rjtPjj;jpdH mjhtJ 94>380 NgH ,e;jpahitr;

NrHe;jtHfs;”4

ek; ehl;by; jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;l ,t;tsT ngz;fSk; jpUkzkhd> ehw;gJ

taijf; fle;jtHfNs. ngz;fs; vt;tsNth Kd;Ndwptpl;ldH vd;W $wpdhYk;

mtHfSf;fhd ,Ug;G vd;gJ vg;NghJk; eype;j epiyapNyNa ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jpUkzk;>

Vw;ghl;Lj;jpUkzk;> Foe;ijj;jpUkzk;> jha;ik> r%fg;nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;>

FLk;g td;ik vdf; fhuzq;fs; ePz;L nfhz;Nljhd; nry;fpd;wd.

jkpofj;jpd; xU khtl;lj;jpy; rl;ltpNuhj fUf;fiyg;G ikaj;jpy; fle;j 20

Mz;Lfspy; 19 Mapuk; ngz; rpRf;fisf; nfhd;W rKjhaj;Jf;Fj; JNuhfk;

,ioj;jjhf Ml;rpaH mwptpf;fpd;whH. rl;ltpNuhj fUf;fiyg;G ikak; ,aq;Fjy;

vd;gNjhL ngz; Foe;ijia fUtpy; cUthFk; NghJk; ‘mkpy tPr;R’ elg;gJjhd;

ngz;Zf;fhd r%f mq;fPfhuk;. ngz;iz ngw;nwLj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; r%f

,opr;nranyd vz;z itf;Fk; epiyiaNa ,J fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

“Fd;wpd; midahUk; Fd;WtH Fd;Wt

Fd;wp mida nrapd;”5

Fd;wpidg; Nghy; caHe;J fk;gPukhf epw;gtHfSk; xU Fd;wpkzp msT ,opthd

nraypy; <Lgl;lhy; jho;e;J kdk; Fd;wpg; Ngha; tpLthHfs;. Mdhy; ngz; capiu

Jr;rnkd tPo;j;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jhYk; ahUk; Fd;wpg;Nghtjpy;iy ,r;r%fj;jpy;.

gpwg;ngLj;jJ tho;tjw;fhfj;jhd;. Mdhy;> jhd; kl;Lk; tho;e;J gpwiu tPo;j;JtJ

my;y. thAiwtho;j;Jit gpd;gw;NwhH Fiwthf cs;sdH.

Mlk;guj;jpy; mbik

,e;j cly; kz;Zf;Fj;jhd; MdhYk;> me;j clYf;Fj;jhd; vj;jid tpjkhd

tpahghu Nehf;fj;Jldhd moFr; rhjdg; nghUl;fSk;> ek;ik mbikahf;fpf;

nfhs;fpd;wd. jiy Kjy; ghjk; tiu ‘tz;z xg;gPl;L xg;gid’ nra;J

tz;zkakhd tho;f;if. cs;sNkh mOf;file;jjha; cs;sJ. Mlk;gukhf

tho;Nthiuf; fz;L> jhKk; mt;thW thoNtz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gJ Fw;wky;y. Mdhy;

mjw;fhdg;nghUis <l;l jfhj topia ehLjy; vd;gJ r%fr; rPuopitNa

cUthf;FfpwJ. jpUl;L> nfhs;is> nfhiy vg;gb nra;ayhk;. nra;jhYk; jtwpy;iy

gpwHgopf;F Mshjy;; mQ;Rjy; vJTk; fpilahJ. gzk; Miria Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

jtW nra;a J}z;LfpwJ. mwj;jpd; ghw;gl;L tho r%fKk; muRk; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jtpu> Fw;wthspfSf;Fj; jz;lid toq;Ftjpy; jhkjKk;> toq;Fk; jz;lidAk;

Fiwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Fw;wthspfs; FiwtJ VJ.

“kUe;njhkw;W Cd;xk;Gk; tho;f;if ngUe;jd;ik






gPlopa te;j ,lj;J”6

rhfhkNy ,Uf;f kUe;J fpilahJ. mg;gb ,Uf;Fk;NghJ capiutpl epiyahd

khdj;ijg; Nghw;whky; tho;f;if Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf xUtH jkJ ngUikiaf;

Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tJ ,opthdr; nrayhFk;. vdNt Mlk;guj;jpw;F mbikahfhky;

tho;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpwiu tijj;J tho;jypy; gydpy;iy.

tpahghuNk tho;f;if

,d;iwa kdpjd; jdpikapYk;> ,Wf;fj;JlDk; thOk; #oy; ngUfpAs;sJ.

gzk; gz;Gs;stdplk; NruNtz;Lk;. gz;gpy;yhjtdplk; NrUk;NghJ. mJ tPzhfpj;jhd;

NghFk;. fhHNkfk; kioiar; Rke;J te;J> mg;gbNa vLj;Jf;nfhz;Lr; nry;tjpdhy;

gadpy;iy. mJ g+kpapy; tpo Ntz;Lk;. mJ Nghyj;jhd; gzk; gilj;jtHfs;

,y;yhNjhHf;F <jy; eyk; gaf;Fk;.

“itj;jhd;tha; rhd;w ngUk;nghUs; m/Jcz;zhd;

nrj;jhd; nraf;fple;jJ ,y;”7

nghUisg; gpwUf;F toq;fhjtid ts;StH nrj;jjw;Fr;rkk; vd;fpwhH. jhd;

itj;jpUg;gijg; gpwUf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if ekf;Fj; Njitahdijj;

jUfpwJ. mjw;F ehk; Kbe;j msT ed;ik nra;a Kbatpy;iyahapDk; jPik

nra;ahkyhtJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yth? Mdhy; ehk; ek; Njitf;fhf trjp

tha;g;Gfisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;L> G+kpf;Fk; Mgj;ij tpistpf;fpd;Nwhk;.

cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ve;jg; nghUisAk; jukhdjhfTk;> ,aw;iff;Fk;

kdpjDf;Fk; Mgj;J ,y;yhjjha; tpistpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ePH Kjy;

tpisnghUs; midj;jpYk; er;R fye;jpUf;Fk; fhykhf cs;sJ.

Ntfkha; gzk; rk;ghjpj;J> Ntfkha; Neha;tha;g;gl;L> Ntfkhf kbjNy

,d;iwa tpahghu Nehf;fk;. ,aw;iff;Fk; mij rhHe;j kw;w caphpdq;fSf;Fk;

Mgj;ijNa tpistpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwd.

coit tPo;j;Jk; tho;T

“neUg;gpDs; JQ;rYk; MFk;> epug;gpDs;

ahJxd;Wk; fz;ghL mhpJ”8

jd;id kl;Lk; Jd;GWj;jf; $ba neUg;gpd; cs;Sk; xUthW J}q;fyhk;. Mdhy; jd;

FLk;gj;jpdiuAk; tUj;Jk; tWikNahL xUf;fhYk; J}q;f ,ayhJ. Gwj;Nj RLk;

neUg;ig tpl mfj;Nj RLk; grp neUg;Ngh kpff;nfhbaJ. grpiag;Nghf;Fk;

czitf;nfhLf;Fk; tptrhaj;jpd; epiyAk; mt;thNw cs;sJ.

“thld; rk;gh> KL KOq;fp> Fs;sf;fhH> etiu> Fopntbr;rhd;> fhH>

md;dkofp> ,Yg;igg;G+> rk;gh> khg;gps;isr; rk;gh> fUq;FWit>






fy;Yz;il> fUld;rk;gh> gdq;fhl;L Flthio> rPuf rk;gh> thrid

rPuf rk;gh> tp\;ZNghfk;> iftiu rk;gh> mWgjhk; FWit> G+q;fhH>

fhl;Lahdk;> Njq;fha;g;G+ rk;gh> fpr;rb rk;gh> nea; fpr;rpyp Nghd;w ekJ

ghuk;ghpa mhprp ufq;fs; vy;yhk; tptrhapfSf;F ,d;W kwe;Njtpl;ld.

tpjtpjkhd G+r;rp> GOf;fs; jhf;Fk; Gjpa ufq;fis mjpf urhad

cuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtHfs; tpistpj;J tUfpwhHfs;. ghuk;ghpa

mhprp ufq;fSf;F ,e;jg; gpur;ridNa ,y;iy. vd;gij epidj;Jg;

ghhf;ff;$l Neukpd;wp mtHfs; tzpfg;gpbf;Fs; Rod;W tUfpd;wdH”9

“ehL KOtJk; xU yl;rk; ghuk;ghpa ney; ufq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd.

jkpofj;jpy; kl;Lk; 10 Mapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ney; ufq;fis ek;

Kd;NdhHfs; gaphpl;L> ghJfhj;J te;Js;sdH. ,e;j ney; ufq;fs;

midj;Jk;> nts;sk;> twl;rp cs;spl;l ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fisAk;> G+r;rpj;

jhf;Fjy;fisAk; jhq;fp epd;W tsuf; $bait. Vuhskhd kUj;Jt

Fzq;fSk; nfhz;lit. urhad cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfspd;

tuT xl;Lnkhj;j ghuk;;ghpa ney;; ufq;fisAk; ek; kz;zpy; ,Ue;Nj

tpul;b tpl;lJ. mjpf kf#y; fpilf;Fk; vd;W Mirfhl;b> tPhpa xl;L

ney; ufq;fs; ek; tptrhapfspd; iffspy; jpzpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; ek;

kz;tsk; mope;jNjhL> kdpjHfspd; cly;eyKk; NrHe;Nj

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; #oypy;jhd; moptpd; tpspk;gpy; ,Ue;j 174

ghuk;ghpa ney; ufq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jg;

ngUikf;F chpatH ney; n[auhkd;”.10

“cotdhH ifk;klq;fpd; ,y;iy: tpiotJ}ck;

tpl;Nlk;vd; gHf;Fk; epiy”11

Ntshsd; Mfpa cotd; cioj;J coit Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iynadpy;

gw;Wfs; midj;ijAk; gw;ww tpl;Nlhk; vd;Dk; JwtpfSf;Fk; Jwtwj;jpy; epiyj;J

epw;f ,ayhJ vd;W ts;StH $WtjpypUe;J cotpd; Nkd;ikia ehk; czHe;J

nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ahNuh gapH itf;f> gzk; ,Ue;jhy; NghJk; czit

thq;fpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W epidj;jy; $lhJ.

“rHf;fiuAk; cg;Gk; fye;J itf;fg;gl;l %l;ilf;Fs; vWk;G GFe;jhy;

mJ cg;igj; jtpHj;Jtpl;Lr; rHf;fiuia kl;Lk; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;.






,JNt vWk;gpd; tho;f;ifKiw. mjhtJ mdhtrpakhdtw;iwg;

Gwe;js;sptpl;L mtrpakhdtw;iwj; jdjhf;fpf;nfhs;Sjy;”12

mJNghyNt kdpjd; tho epidf;f Ntz;Lk;. tptrhaj;ijAk; kz;izAk;>

,aw;ifiaAk; kjpj;J elf;f Ntz;Lk;. vjpHfhyr; r%fj;jpw;F ehk; NrHj;J

itj;jpUg;gJ vd;d? vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L thoNtz;Lk;.

KbTiu

“vw;wpw; FhpaH fatnuhd;W cw;wf;fhy;

tpw;ww;F chpaH tpiue;J”13

fatH jdf;F VNjDk; Jd;gk; te;jhy; mjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s> jk;ikg;

gpwUf;F tpw;gjw;Fk; jahuha; cs;s Fzk; nfhz;ltNu vd;Wiug;gJ thAiwtho;j;J.

mr;#oNy jw;fhyr; r%fj;jpy; epfo;tij Nkw;fz;l $w;Wfspd; top mwpayhk;.

ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf epfOk; nfhLikfs;> r%f Vw;wj; jho;Tfs;> tpahghuk; ngUk;

ghukhf kf;fSf;Fk;> Mlk;guj;jpy; mopAk; MirAk;> Fw;wk; kpFe;j r%fkhfTk;

,Ug;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ,tw;iwf; fisa ts;Sth; thAiw tho;j;Jtpy;

nghUl;ghypy; xU FLk;gk; vDk; rKjhak; gz;ghLld; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J tsUk;

NghJjhd; mr;r%fKk; rpwg;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij Fbikapaypd; thapyhf

$wpapUg;gij ,f;fl;Liuapd; %ykhf vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. jpUf;Fws;: 993> g.433.

2. NkyJ> Fws;: 956> g.417.

3. NkyJ> Fws;: 1014, g.442.

4. fdp> ,e;J jkpo; jpir> ngz; ,d;W> ‘jpUkzq;fSk; jw;nfhiyfSk;’> 9

brk;gH 2018> g.5.

5. jpUf;Fws;: 965> g.421.

6. NkyJ> Fws;: 968> g.422.

7. NkyJ> Fws;: 1001> g.436.

8. NkyJ> Fws;: 1049> g.457.

9. KfkJ `Pird;> ,e;J jkpo;jpir> ‘gQ;rk; Nghf;fpa ney; ufk;’ brk;gH 1>

2018> g.1.

10. Njtjhrd;.tp> ,e;J jkpo; jpir> ‘ney; tpijfs; ghJfhg;ig ,af;fkhf

khw;wpa n[auhkd;’> brk;gH 7> 2018> g.12.

11. jpUf;Fws;: 1036> g.451.

12. NkyJ> Fws;: 1080> g.469.






JizE}w;gl;bay;

1. C. n[aFkhH (gjpg;ghrphpaH) – jpUf;Fws; 6 in 1> mUzh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id

600049> 2014.

ehspjo;

,e;J – jkpo; jpir> 2018.






njhy;fhg;gpa chpg;nghUs; kuGk; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fSk;

nghd;. G+Q;Nrhiy> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw> fpU\;zrhkp mwptpay; fiy

kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapay; fy;Y}hp> flY}H.

Njhw;Wtha;

kdpj ,dtuyhW kpfTk; gue;Jgl;lJ. ,t;tuyhw;wpy; nkhopapd; Njhw;wk;

Fwpj;J Muha;NthNkahdhy; Kjypy; kdpjd; rpy xypf;Fwpg;Gf;fshYk; iriffshYk;

jhd; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhz;bUg;ghd;. mjd;gpwNf xyp tbtq;fisj;

njhlHe;J Ngrp> tha;nkhopia cUthf;fpapUg;ghd;. ,jd;%yk; gbg;gbahf vOj;J

nkhopia cUthf;fp mtw;iw VLfspy; ,yf;fpakhfg; gjpT nra;J vd;Wk; mopahj

vOj;jpyf;fpakhfg; gilj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. vdNt> cyfpy; Njhd;wpa midj;J

tifahd vOj;jpyf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaNk mbg;gilahFk;.

fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L tiu Kd;Ndhf;fpg; ghHf;fpd;w njhd;ikahd nkhop

tuyhw;wpd; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}yhf ekf;Ff; fpilg;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak; MFk;. vOj;J>

nrhy;> nghUs; vd;w %d;W ngUk; gpupTfis cs;slf;fpaJ. mg;gpupTfisj;

njhy;fhg;gpak; mjd; Ke;JE}y;fis xl;bAk;> r%f kughf;fj;jpid xl;bAk;

mike;Js;sNjhL> mf;fhy r%ff; fl;likg;gpidAk; fhl;LfpwJ. mftho;f;if

kuGfisf; $Wfpd;w nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s mfj;jpiz chpg;nghUl;

fUj;jhf;fq;fs; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpidf; fhz;gNj

,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

cupg;nghUs; kuGk; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fSk;

ehl;Lg;Gwf; ftpQdhy; vg;nghOJk; ghly;fis Mf;f KbAk;. ,f;ftpQd; gpw

ftpQHfisg; (Poets) Nghd;W jpl;lkpl;L ve;jg; gpuptpy; vg;gb vg;gbg; ghLtJ vd;W

rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gLtjpy;iy vd;gijAk; mt;tg;NghJ Vw;gLk; ce;Jjyhy;

cs;sj;jpy; tUk; nra;jpfisAk; mt;tg;NghJ ,izj;J (improvision) jw;nrayhf

ve;jtpjkhd rpuKkpd;wpg; ghLtijAk; ,J Fwpf;Fk; epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;W ftpij

cUthf;fk; gw;wp mfj;jpaypq;fdhH Fwpg;gpLthH.1 rq;f ,yf;fpa mff;ftpijfs;

Gytdpd; fw;gidapy; tUgit. mitNghd;W ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fSk; fw;gidapy;

tUgit vdyhk;.

cupg;nghUl;fs; rq;f mff;ftpijapy; gapd;W tUtjhFk;. cupg;nghUnsd;gJ

ghlypd; capHf;fUj;jhf mikfpd;wJ. ,it mf,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbf;fUj;jhf

,lk;ngWfpwJ.2 jpizrhHe;j kf;fspd; xOfyhw;iwf; $WtJ cupg;nghUs; vd;gH.






GzHjy;> gpupjy;> ,Uj;jy;> ,uq;fy;> Cly; ,it eh.thdkhkiyapd; jkpoH ehl;Lg;

ghly;fspy; gapd;W te;Js;s epiyapid ,dpf;fhzyhk;.

cupg;nghUs; kuG

cupg;nghUs; vd;gJ FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;Dk; Ie;J

epykf;fspd; xOf;fj;ij czHj;JtJ MFk;.

“GzHjy; gpupjy; ,Uj;jy; ,uq;fy;

Cly; mtw;wpd; epkpj;jk; vd;wpit

NjUq; fhiyj; jpizf;Fupg; nghUNs”3

vd;W njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpw;F tpsf;fTiuahf “GzHjy; vd;gJ FwpQ;rpf;Fk;> gpupjy;

vd;gJ ghiyf;Fk; ,Uj;jy; vd;gJ Ky;iyf;Fk;> ,uq;fy; vd;gJ nea;jYf;Fk;>

Cly; vd;gJ kUjj;jpw;Fk; cupj;jhtJ ngUk;ghd;ik. rpWghd;ik vy;yhg; nghUSk;

vy;yhj; jpizf;Fk; cupj;jhfTk; nfhs;sg;gLk;”4 vd;W Mrphpah; $wpapUg;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; ghly;fspy; cupg;nghUs; kuG

kdpj czHTfspd; ntspg;ghlhff; fhjy; mikfpd;wJ. goq;fhyj;jpy;

fhjYk;> tPuKk; ,Ufz;fshfg; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; cwtpd;

mbg;gilapy; mikfpd;wJ. ,f;fhjYf;F ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gLk; Njhopiag; Nghd;W

gy ghly;fs; miktjpy;iy. VNjDk; xU rpy ghlNy fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhjyHfs;

NeUf;F NeH re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;L jdJ tpUg;G ntWg;GfisAk;> ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk;

gfpHe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. fhjy; ghly;fs; fhjyHfNs ghLtJ xUtif. fhjyHfs;

my;yhjtHfs; njhopy; nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy; ,t;tifg; ghly;fisg; ghLtJ kw;nwhU

tifahFk;.5

mfkhe;jHfspd; fhjy; tho;tpYk; fw;G tho;tpYk; epfOk; xOf;fkhf Cly;>

GzHjy;> ,Uj;jy;> gpupjy;> ,uq;fy; mikfpd;wJ.

kUjepyj;jpy; Cly;

kUjepy kf;fspd; xOf;fkhf ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk; mikfpd;wJ. ,tw;iw

rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpaiu topnfhz;L jpUts;StH>

‘ClYtif’ vd;w mjpfhuj;ijg; gilj;Js;shH. Clypd; %yk; Mz;fSf;Fk;

ngz;fSf;Fk; $ly; Ntl;if kpFk; vd;gH.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jiytpaHfs; kl;LNk Cly; nfhs;tijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; ngz;fs; Cly;nfhs;tJ kl;Lky;yhky; Mz;fSk; Cly;

nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,e;epiyahdJ fstpy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; nghOJ Fwpaplj;jpw;Ff; Fwpj;j






Neuj;jpy; tutpy;iy vdpy; ,UtUf;Fk; Cly; epfOk; vd;gijf; fPo;f;fz;lthW

mwpayhk;.

Fwpaplj;jpy; Cly;

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; ghly;fSk; Fwpaplj;ijj; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,uTf;Fwp>

gfw;Fwp vd;W Fwpapl milahsj;ijf; fhjyDf;Ff; fhjyp czHj;Jtjhf

ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs; cs;sd. “$l;lKk; mwpNad;> FspHe;j rhiyAk; mwpNad;

milahsk; nrhd;dpahdhy; mq;F te;J NrHe;jpUNtd;”6 vd;W jLkhwpa fhjyDf;Ff;

fhjyp milahsj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhs;. nfz;il nfhz;L J}z; epWj;jpf; nfspW

nfhz;L tisg;gug;gpAs;s jd; tPl;bd; rpwg;igAk;7 NrHj;Jf; $Wfpwhs;. Mb khjj;J>

mkhthir gpd;dpUl;L> milkio Neuj;jpy; Njb miya Ntz;lhk;. njd;idkuk;

milahsk;8 vd;W fhjyp Fwpapl milahsj;ij ciug;gjha; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; xd;W

czHj;JfpwJ.

Fwpaplj;jpw;Ff; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; jiytpahy; tuKbahj rpy Neuq;fspy;

fhj;jpUe;J fhj;jpUe;J jiytd; jpUk;gpg; NghtJz;L. mg;NghJ ,UtupilNa Cly;

epfOk;. ,j;jd;ikiaj; jkpoH ehl;Lg;ghly;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.

fw;Gf;fhyj;jpy; Cly;

fsT tho;f;ifapd; gad; fw;G tho;f;ifahFk;. fw;G tho;f;ifapNy mf

xOf;fkhd Cly; gw;wpg; ngUk;ghYk; kUjepy kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rKjhaj;jpy; jpUkzk; gw;wpa ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs; $Wk; Kiwfs;

ekf;Fj; njupe;jNj. kw;nwhd;W jw;fhyj;jpa r%f khdpltpayhsHfs; rKjhaj;jpy;

jpUkzj;jpd; Njit vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp tiuaWj;Js;sJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.

“ghypdT+f;fk; kfT+f;fk; jdJ ngaiuAk;> nghUisAk; tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; MHtk;.

nghUshjhu xw;Wik ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;wpd; Njit %g;Gj; jd;ikapy; cjTk;

NjhoikAk; Ntz;Lk; vd;w mth> tho;f;ifapy; epfOk; ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk; ntw;wp

Njhy;tpfisAk; gfpHe;J nfhs;s ey;y $l;lhsp Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; Nghd;w

,d;dgpw fhuzq;fSf;fhf kdpjHfs; kzk; Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH”9 vd;W

jpUkzj;jpd; Njitiag; gw;wp mtHfs; $Wfpd;wdH.

,r;nra;jpfis ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; Jiznfhz;L epWtKbAk;.

,y;ywj;ijg; gw;wpa ngz;zpd; vjpHghHg;G epuhirahfpg; NghdJ. fztd;

kidtpf;Fs; rpf;fy;> khkpahH> rf;fsj;jp> guj;ij MfpNahUld; Nghuhl;lk; Nghd;w

fhuzq;fshy; jiytd; jiytp ,UtupilNa Cly; epfo;fpwJ.

jkpoH ehl;Lg;ghlypy; fhjypj;j ,lj;ijj; jpUkzkhd gpwF jiytDk;

jiytpAk; re;jpf;fpd;wdH. mtHfs; gofpa ,lq;fis Rw;wpg;ghHj;J epidTfis

mirNghLfpd;wdH. mit ghoha;f; fplf;fpd;wdNt> vt;tsNth khwptpl;lNj vd;W






epidf;fpd;wdH.10 jk;gjpaH ,UtUk; NrHe;J jpiug;glk; fhzr;nry;tij xU ghly;

njuptpf;fpd;wJ.11 jpiug;glk; ghHf;fr; nry;Yk;NghJ> mg;glj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fiw

nrhy;fpwhd; xUtd;. kidtp mtid epe;jpj;jgb> ‘fUj;Js;s glkhf;Fk; f\;lq;fis

epiwQ;rpUf;Fk; fUq;fhyp Ngr;irf; Nfl;Lf; fyq;f Ntz;lhk; NghNthk;’ vd;W

ciuf;fpwhs;. ,jpy; ,y;yw tho;tpy; fztd; - kidtp ,Utupd; kfpo;r;rp

ntspg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ClYf;Fg; gpd; $ly; epfOk; vd;gJ jkpoH

ehl;Lg;ghly;topg; GydhfpwJ.

kfspH gpwuhy; Vw;gLk; Cly;

jpUkzkhfpg; GFe;j tPL nrd;w ngz;zpw;F Kjy; vjpupahff; fUjg;gLgts;

khkpahH. ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fspYk;> eilKiw tho;f;ifapYk; fpilf;ff;$ba nra;jpfs;

ngUk;ghYk; khkpahH – kUkfs;fspd; kdNtw;Wikfisf; fhl;LtdthfNt cs;sd.

“Ntz;lhj kUkfs; fhy;gl;lhy; Fw;wk; ifg;gl;lhy; Fw;wk;”> “khkpahH cilj;jhy;

kz;Flk;> kUkfs; cilj;jhy; nghd;Flk;” Nghd;w gonkhopfs; khkpahH –

kUkfspilNa cs;s cwTg; gpzf;iff; fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd. kfd;kPJ mJtiu

jdf;fpUe;j md;igg; gfpHe;Jnfhs;s ,d;ndhU ngz; te;Jtpl;lhNs vd;w cstpay;

Nghf;Nf ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;gH. khkpahH nra;j nfhLikahy; kUkfs;> kd;dtiug;

ngw;nwLj;j khkpahHjhd; ‘kiyf;Fuq;fha;’ ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;W jd; khkpahiu

ieahz;b nra;fpwhs;.12

mfj;jpizapy; ‘fhkf;fpoj;jp’ vd;w xU ghj;jpuk; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. mts;

,y;yw tPl;bw;F ntspNa jiytdhy; mDgtpf;fg;gLfpwts;. ,jdhy; jiytd;

jiytp ,UtupilNa Cly; epfOk;. ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpYk; mj;jifa epiy cs;sJ.

ehl;Lg;gwj;jhH mtisr; ‘rpd;dtPL’ vd;ghHfs;. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; kidtpahy;

Kbahj gy fhupaq;fisr; ‘rpd;dtPL’ jiyaiz ke;jpuj;jhy; rhjpj;Jf; nfhs;ths;

vd;ghHfs;. Mdhy; mts; ,y;yw tPl;bw;Fs; Eioa KbahJ. “tg;ghl;b Njlg;Nghap

thLijah ek;kNjrk;”13 vd;W kidtp thLfpwhs;. jtpu> Kjy; kidtp ,Uf;ff;

fztd; kWkzk; Gupe;J nfhs;thd;. mt;thW tUgts; ,y;yw cupik ngw;wtshf

MfptpLfpwhs;. mts; ‘,isajhuk;’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhs;. kWkzj;jpd;

fhuzq;fshtd Kjy; kidtpf;Ff; Foe;ij ngw tha;g;gpy;yhky; Nghjy;> mbf;fb

Neha;tha;g;gLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; fztd; kWkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sthd;.

ve;jtpjkhd fhuzq;fs; ,y;yhkYk; ,uz;lhk; kzk; nra;J nfhs;SjYk; cz;L.

FLk;g cupikapy; ‘rf;fsj;jp’ %j;j kidtpiatpl $Ljy; mjpfhuk; ngw;wtshf

,Ug;ghs;. vdNt> Kjy; kidtpf;Fr; rf;fsj;jpiag; gpbf;fhJ. vd;d ,Ue;jhYk;






jhd; vr;rpy; gLj;jpa gz;lk; jhNd14 rf;fsj;jp mDgtpf;fpwhs; vd;W> ,ayhj xUj;jp

jdf;Fs; rkhjhdk; nrhy;ypf; nfhs;fpwhs;. rf;fsj;jpaplk; ,y;yhky; fztdplk;

Cly; nfhs;Sk; ngz;fSk; cs;sdH. “gj;J khrk; RkRkf;f tpl;Ltpl;L

,isajhuk; fl;bdpNa cd;dg; g+ehfk; jPz;lhNjh’15> ‘gpupe;jhahdh ,wg;gJ epr;rak;’16

vd;W Kjy; kidtp fztDf;Fr; rhgkpLfpd;whs;.

,y;ywj;jpy; fztd; - kidtp ,UtupilNa Cly; tUtjw;Ff;

fhuzkhdtHfs; vd;W ghHf;Fk; nghOJ khkpahH> itg;ghl;b> rf;fsj;jp

MfpNahHfshtH. ,tHfisg; Nghy; guj;ijaHfSk; mikfpd;wdH.

rq;ffhyj;jpy; guj;ijaH xOf;fk; r%f mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wpUe;jdH. “G+g;gpd;

Gwg;ghL <uhW ehs;”17 jtpHj;Jg; guj;ijaH nryit mf;fhyj;jpy;

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdH. rKjha mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wjhfg; guj;ijaH xOf;fk; mike;jhYk;>

“guj;ij topg;gl;l gz;gpdhy; xU jiytd; jd; tPl;bw;Fs; Gf mQ;Rfpwhd;. GFk;

cupikia ,of;fpd;whd;. Nfl;Lg;gf Ntz;ba epiyf;Fj; jho;fpwhd;.18 guj;ijaHfs;

jiytdpd; nghUs; eyf; Fiwtpw;Fk; cly;eyf; Fiwtpw;Fk; fhuzkha; ,Ug;ghHfs;.

,tHfis> guj;ijaH> jhrp> Njtjhrp Nghd;w ngaHfshy; ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpy;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

Cly; vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpaupd; topahf rq;f mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspYk;

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; ghly;fspYk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. guj;ijapw; gpupit ClYf;Fupa

fhuzkhff; fhl;Lfpd;wd rq;f mfj;jpizg; ghly;fs;. guj;ijapw; gpupTf;fhf

kl;Lky;yhky;> kw;w eilKiw epfo;r;rpfSf;fhfTk; Cly; nfhs;sg;gLtij

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; czHj;Jfpd;wd. mfg;ghly;fspy; ngupJk; fhjyp kl;LNk Cly;

nfhs;fpwhs;. kpf mupjhfj; jiytd; CLjy; mfg;nghUspy; Ngrg;gLk;. jiytp

Fwpaplk; gpioj;jNghJk;> jiytpapd; Cliyj; jiytd; Njw;wj; jiytp Cly;

fisahjNghJk; jiytd; CLtJz;L. Mdhy; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; ghly;fspy;

jiytd; jiytp ,UtUNk CLtJ ,ay;ghf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk;

goq;fhye; njhl;L ,d;Wtiu kUjepy kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwAk; gz;ghLk;

rpwe;jpUf;fpwJ. kUjj;jpizapd; cupg;nghUs; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypYk; ngUk;ghz;ikAk;

,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

gpupjy; epkpj;jk;

gpupjYk; gpupjy; epkpj;jKk; ghiy epyj;jpw;F cupaJ vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH.

fsT tho;tpy; <Lgl;Lj; jiytd; nghUsPl;Ljy; nghUl;L jiytpiag; gpupAk; gpupTk;>

fw;G tho;tpy; Xjy;> J}J> gif fhuzkhfg; gpupAk; gpupTk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;>

cld;Nghf;fpd; NghJ FLk;gj;jhiug; gpupe;J nry;Yk; gpupTk; mlq;Fk;.






gpupe;jpUf;Fk; fhyq;fs; epiyahfg; gpupe;jpUg;gjpy;iy. xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; rpy

Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;L tiuaiw cz;L. jiytd; tuitf;fz;L jiytp fhj;jpUg;ghs;.

jiytpapd; neQ;rk; gpupT vd;whNy fyq;fptpLfpwJ. jpUts;stH> ‘nrhy;yhik

cz;Nly; vdf;Fiu kw;Wepd; ty;tuT tho;thHf;Fiu”19 vd;wpUg;ghs; mtH Fwpg;gpLk;

jiytp. ‘fy;yhdhYk; fztd;> vd;gjw;Nfw;g fztd; jd;DlNdNa ,Uf;f tpUk;GtH

kidtpaH.

fztd; ,y;yhky; kidtpahy; rKjhaj;jpy; jdpj;J tho;tJ fbdkhfpwJ.

kw;wtHfspd; Ngr;Rf;Fk; Vr;Rf;Fk; MshFjy;> gpw Mltupd; ghHitf;F mQ;rp

tho;jy;> ey;y fhupaq;fSf;F mtisj; js;spitj;jy; Nghd;w gy nfhLikfSf;F

Mshf;fg;gLths;. mjdhy; me;j epiyik tuf;$lhJ vd;W vz;ZthHfs;.

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; jiytd; xUtd; nghUs; <l;Ltjw;fhfr; nry;fpwhd;.

nrd;w jiytd; tpiuthf te;JtpLthd; vd;W epidj;jhs; jiytp. mts; Nrhsk;

tpijf;Fk;NghJ nrhy;yptpl;Lg; Nghd gpd;dHr; NrhsKk; tpise;Jtpl;lJ. Mdhy;

jiytd; $w;W ngha;ahfp tpl;lNj vd tUe;Jfpwhs;.20 ahH nra;j jPtpidahNyh

jhq;fs; gpupe;J MSf;nfhU Njrkhfpg; Ngha;tpl;Nlhk;21 vd;W gpuptpd; JaH

ntspg;gLtij mwpaKbfpwJ.

gpupe;jpUf;Fk; jiytp jiytidr; NrUk; fhyj;ij vz;zp Vq;Ffpwhs;.22

jiytdpd; gpupthy; epiwFlj;Jj; jz;zPH Nghy; jpuz;bUe;j Nkdp FiwFlj;Jj;

jz;zPuha; miygha;tij epidj;J cUFfpwhs;.23

“jpizg;ghly;fspy; epfOk; gpupT tiffspy; ghiyf;Fupa nghUl;gpupNt ePz;l

fhyj;jpw;Fk; neLe;njhiytpw;Fk; cupajhFk;”24 vd;ghH. Mdhy; ehl;Lg;Gwg;

ghly;fspy; FWfpa fhyq;fNs gpupT epiy mikfpwJ. mjhtJ xU thuk; my;yJ

xUkhjk; vd;w epiyfisf; fhzKbfpwJ.

Xjw;gpupitg; gw;wpAk; xUghly; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit fy;ahzk; nra;Jnfhz;L

gbg;gjw;fhfr; nry;fpwhd; xUtd;. Mdhy; gy Mz;LfshfpAk; mtd; gbg;G

Kbe;jghby;iy. “gj;jLf;F khb NkNy fy;Y}upg;gbg;G gbf;Fk; jd; fztd; gbr;rp

Kbg;ghuh> vOjp Kbg;ghuh vz;zq;fisr; nrhy;Ythuh? vd Vq;Ffpwhhs; mtd;

kidtp.

jiytdpd; gpuptpdhy; thLk; jiytpf;F cwf;fk; tUtjpy;iy. ehl;Lg;Gwg;

ghlypy; Jiukfidf; fhzhky; J}f;fk; Fiwe;jjhfTk;> Vf;fj;jpdhy; capHNghFk;

Jd;gj;ij miltjhfTk; xU jiytp $Wfpwhs;.26 gLj;jhy; gy epidT te;J

thl;LfpwJ xU jiytpf;F. fz;zPH tbj;J jiytdpd; epidthy; rUfha;

cUFtjha; Ntjidg;gLfpwhs; xUj;jp.27 gha;tpupj;Jg; gLj;jhYk; cwf;fk; t;uhky;






jtpf;Fk; jtpg;G> jiytdpd; Kbiaj; jiyf;F itj;Jg; gLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;jhd;

ePq;Fk; vd;fpwhs; xU jiytp.28 ,t;thW jiytdpd; gpupthy; thLk; jiytpf;F

cwf;fk; tUtjpy;iy vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypy; mwpaKbfpwJ.

,uq;fy;

nea;jy; epy cupg;nghUs; ,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk; MFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpa

mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspy; ,uq;fy; ghly;fs; fhzg;gLtijg; Nghy ehl;Lg;gwg;

ghly;fspYk; ,tw;iwf; fhzKbfpwJ. fhjyDk; fhjypAk; $ba gpd;dH VNjDk;

xU fhuzj;jpdhy; fhjyHfs; gpupa Neuplyhk;. CH ciuj;j myuhy; jiytpia

,w;nrwpj;jy;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G njhopy; fhuzkhfr; nry;Yjy;> fhjyHfSf;Fs;

Vw;gLfpd;w Vkhw;wk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; fhjyHfSf;fpilNa gpupT Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

gpupe;jpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; fhjyDk; fhjypAk; thbf;fplf;Fk; kd ,ay;igf; Fwpg;gpLk;

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fis ,uq;fy; ghly;fs; vdyhk;.29

njhy;fhg;gpaH jiytd; gpupAk; fhyj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; $Wfshfr; rpytw;iw

tifg;gLj;jpAs;shH.

“Kd;dpiy ahf;fy; nrhy;topg; gLj;jy;

ed;dak; ciuj;jy; eifedp AwhmJ

me;epiy awpjy; nkypTtpsf; FWj;jy;

jd;dpiy Aiuj;jy; njsptfg; gLj;jy;”30

vdj; jiytDf;nfd rpy jd;ikfisj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Rl;LthH. ,tw;iw ehl;Lg;Gwg;

ghly;fspy; ,uq;fy; epiyapy; ,UghyUf;Fk; nghJtha; mike;jpUg;gij

fhzKbfpwJ.

rq;f mfj;jpizg; ghly;fs; fhjy; xOf;fq;fshf cupg;nghUisr; Rl;LfpwJ.

mjw;nfd;W epyKk; nghOJk; mikj;Nj ghly; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. Ie;jpiz

xOf;fq;fSs; xd;whd ,uq;fy; epkpj;jk; Fwpj;J> K.,uhfitaq;fhH Fwpg;gpLk;

tpsf;fk; Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.

“jiytidg; gpupe;j fpoj;jpf;Ff; flYk; fopAk; fhdYk; fhZe;NjhWk;

Mw;whikiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. Ms; mutk; ,y;yhj flw;fiuapypUe;J jdpikapy;

ehk; epd;W ghHj;j;hy; ek;kplKk; ,t;thw;whik Njhd;wf; fhzyhk;. ,r;#o;epiy

,uq;fiyg; Gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F kpfTk; Vw;wJ. MfNt> ,uq;fYf;Nfw;w epiyf;fsd;

nea;jyhapw;W”31 Nkw;fz;ltw;wpd; %yk; ,uq;fy; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

fhjyhy; $bf; fye;j ,utuJ gpupT xOf;fkhd gpupjYk; gpupjy; epkpj;jKk;

Fwpg;gJ ghiyj; jpizahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; cld;Nghf;ifj; jtpu NtW

gpupTf;fhyq;fspy; mfg;ghly; jiytp jiytNdhL nry;tjpy;iy vd;gJ ‘Ke;ePH






tof;fk; kf^Nthby;iy’32 vd;W Fwpg;gpLthH. rq;f fhyj;jpy; fly;topg; gpupT

epfo;e;Js;sJ. jiytpia tpl;L jiytd; njhopy; nra;tjw;fhf gpupe;J fly;topg;

gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhd; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; gy ghly;fs;

ePHtopg; gpupitj; njuptpg;gdtha; cs;sd. fw;Gf;fhyj;jpy; jiytDk; jiytpAk;

tPl;iltpl;Lr; nrd;W tpisahLtjw;fhfr; nrd;wdH vd;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpah;>

“ahWk; FsDk; fhTk; Mbg;

gjpapfe;J EfHjYk; cupa vd;g”33

vdf; $wpAs;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ePHtopg; gazj;jpd;fz; fhjyp fhjyDlDk;>

kidtp fztDlDk; nry;tJz;L vd;gij ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;top mwpaKbfpwJ.

uq;$d; Nghd;w fly;fle;j ehLfSf;F Mz;fNshL ngz;fSk; nrd;Ws;sdH34

vd;gij ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; %yk; njupe;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

Ie;jpiz vd;gJ Itifahd xOf;fk; vd;gH. ,t;ite;Jk; kf;fs; filgpbj;J

te;jdH. ,jid>

“Nghf;nfy;yhk; ghiy> GzHjy; eWq;FwpQ;rp

Mf;fQ;NrH Cly; mzpkUjk; Nehf;Fq;fhy;

,y;ypUj;jy; Ky;iy ,uq;fy; eWnea;jy;

nrhy;ypUe;j E}ypd; njhif”35

vd;w gok;ghl;lhy; mwpayhk;. ,t;thW rPUk; rpwg;GlDk; tho;e;j ek; Kd;idNahupd;

tho;f;if Kiw rpwg;gplk;ngWfpwJ. ,j;jifa jpz;zpa mbg;gilapy; vt;tsNth

#uhtspAk; ngUkioAk; NgupbAk; jj;jk; KOtypAk; nfhz;L jhf;fpAq;$lj; jkpo;

ehfupfk; vd;Dk; jdpg;ngUq; fl;llk; ,d;Dk; mope;njhope;J rpijahky; epd;W

epyTfpd;wJ vd;gH.36

Ie;jpiz newpahdJ cyfpaypy; epfOk; Fwpg;Gfs; MFk;. Gytdpd;

fw;gidj; jpwj;jpw;F ftp GidAk; jd;ikAk; nfhz;L jdpj;J Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.

Ie;jpizf;Fupa epfo;r;rpfs; ,y;yhky; ,t;Tyfk; ,y;iy vd;gH. cyf tho;f;if

khwpkhwp tUk; gy #oy;fspy; epfo;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghly;fs;

Mf;fg;gl;ld.

,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH jpizkaf;fk; vd;w epiyapy; “jpizkaf;FWjYk;

fbepiy ,yNt”37 vd;W Fwpg;gpLthH. ,jw;F er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH “,/J

,y;ynjdg;glhJ> cyfpaNyahk;. cyfpaypd;Nwy; Mfhag;G+ ehwpw;nwd;wtop mJ

#lf; fUJthUkpd;wp kaq;ff; $wpdhnud;W cyfk; ,ope;jplg;gLjypd; ,JTk;

,ope;jplg;gLk;. ,r;nra;As; tof;fpid ehlf tof;nfd Nkw;$wpdhH. vt;tplj;Jk;

vf;fhyj;Jk; xg;g epfOk; cyfpay; NghyhJ> cs;Nshd; jiytdhf ,y;yJ






GzHj;jy; Kjyhfg; Gide;Jiu tifahy; $Wk; ehlf ,yf;fzk; Nghy

ahjhDnkhNuhtop xU rhuhH khl;L cyfpayhd; epfOk; xOf;fj;jpid vy;yhHf;Fk;

nghJthf;fp> ,lKk; fhyKk; epakpj;J nra;Al; nra;jy; xg;Gik Nehf;fr;

nra;ag;gl;ljhfypd;” vd;W tpsf;fk; $wpdhH vd;gH.38 ,t;thW Ie;jpiz newpahf

Nkw;fz;l tpsf;fk; mikfpd;wJ.

KbTiu

cupg;nghUl;fs; xOf;fj;ij czHj;Jtjhf mikAk;. mit GzHjy;> gpupjy;>

,Uj;jy;> ,uq;fy;> Cly; vd;gjhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUl;fs;

,tw;iwg; gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;L mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspYk;

,f;$Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; $wg;gLk; fhjyDk;> fhjypAk; ngUk;ghYk;

$ypNtiy> cg;gsk;> Njapiyj; Njhl;lk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;gtHfshf

,Ug;gjhy; ,tHfSf;Fupa gz;GfNshL mike;jpUf;fpd;wdH. jiytd;> jiytp

,Utupd; gz;G #oiy ikakhf itj;Nj mikfpd;wJ.

kUj epyj;jpy; coTj; njhopy; nra;Ak; NghJ ,UtUf;Fk; cs;s njhopy;

mDgtj;jpid> fkiy fl;lj; njupahj> njhopy; mDgk; ,y;yh> fhjyid

,bj;Jiuf;Fk; ghly;fs; Cly; gFjpapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. kUjepyk; Cly;

epiyia ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. njhopw;fsq;fNs fhjw;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilf; fskhf

mike;jpUf;fpwJ. mfg;ghly;fspy; fhjyp kl;LNk Cly; nfhs;fpwhs;. kpf mupjhfj;

jiytd; CLjy; fhzg;ngWk;. Mdhy; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; jiytd;> jiytp

,UtUNk CLtij ,ay;ghff; fhzKbfpwJ.

gpupjy; epkpj;jk; vd;gJ fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk;> nghUsPl;Ltjw;Fk; nry;Yk; gpupTfSk;

guj;ijaH gpupTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpupe;jpUf;Fk; fhyq;fs; epiyahfg;

gpupe;jpUg;gjpy;iy. FWfpa fhy ,ilntspNa gpupe;jpUj;jy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,uq;fy; ghly;fs; gpupT epiyapy; mikfpd;wd. gpupe;jpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; fhjyDk;

fhjypAk; thbf;fplf;Fk; kd ,ay;igf; Fwpg;gpLk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; ,uq;fy;

ghly;fshFk;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;> ftpij cUthf;fk;-2> g.107.

2. f.[tfH> jpizf;Nfhl;ghLk; jkpo;f; ftpijapaYk;> g.34.

3. njhy;.E}w;. 960.

4. t.j.,uhkRg;gpukzpak;> (c.M).> njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk; %yKk;

tpsf;fTiuAk;> g.32.

5. R.rf;jpNty;> K.E}.> g.97.

6. eh.thdkhkiy> jkpoH ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;.> g.245.






7. NkyJ> g.245.

8. NkyJ> g. 237.

9. R.rz;KfRe;juk;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fspy; rKjha mikg;G>

gf;. 122> 123.

10. eh.thdkhkiy> K.E}. g.165.

11. NkyJ> g. 193.

12. NkyJ> g. 343.

13. NkyJ> g. 203.

14. NkyJ> g. 321.

15. NkyJ> g. 206.

16. NkyJ> g. 190.

17. njhy;.E}w;. 1133.

18. t.Rg.khzpf;fk;> jkpo;f;fhjy;> g. 107.

19. jpUf;Fws;> 1151.

20. NkyJ> g. 205.

21. NkyJ> g. 152.

22. NkyJ> g. 152.

23. NkyJ> g. 153.

24. jkpoz;zy;> rq;fkuG> g.220.

25. eh.thdkhkiy> K.E}.> gf;> 315-316.

26. NkyJ> g. 153.

27. NkyJ> g. 258.

28. NkyJ> gf;. 114> 194.

29. eh.,sq;Nfh> K.E}.> g. 140.

30. njhy;.E}w;. 1047.

31. eh.,sq;Nfh> K.E}.> gf;. 140-141.

32. njhy;.E}w;. 980.

33. njhy;.E}w;. 1137.

34. eh.thdkhkiy> K.E}.> g. 180.

35. eh.Rg;gnul;bahH> njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; tho;f;if> g. 36.

36. NkyJ.> g. 36.

37. njhy;.nghUs;.mfj;.E}w;. 14.

38. eh.Rg;Gnul;bahH> K.E}.g. 37.






JizE}w;gl;bay;

Kjd;ik Mjhuk;

1. ,uhkRg;gpukzpak;.t.j.> (c.M.) njhy;fhg;gpak;> nghUsjpfhuk; %yKk;

tpsf;f ciuAk;> G+k;GfhH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2008.

2. thdkhkiy.eh.> jkpoH ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;> epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp) ypkpll;>

nrd;id> 1964.

Jizik Mjhuk;

1. mfj;jpaypq;fk;.r.> ftpij cUthf;fk; - 2> kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 1999.

2. ,sq;Nfh.eh.> ehl;Lg;Gwf;fhjy; ghly;fSk; mfg;nghUs; kuGfSk;> fht;ah

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. 2005.

3. rf;jpNty;.R.> ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T> kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> jpUj;jpa

gjpg;G> 1983.

4. rz;KfRe;juk;.R. -(njh.M.).> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; rKjha

mikg;G> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2008.

5. Rg;Gnul;bahH.e.> njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; tho;f;if> godpag;gh gpujH];> nrd;id>

ehd;fhk; gjpg;G> 2002.

6. jkpoz;zy;> rq;fkuG> kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;> kJiu> 2009.

7. khzpf;fk;.t.Rg.> jkpo;f;fhjy;.> = ,e;J gg;spNf\d;];.> nrd;id. 2009.

8. [tfH.f.> jpizf;Nfhl;ghLk; jkpo;f; ftpijapaYk;> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>

2010.






gpugQ;rd; Gid fijfspy; nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL

Nl.ngkpyh> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

jkpo;ehL jpwe;jepiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> nrd;id.

Kd;Diu

,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j kdpjd; jdJ ghJfhg;G

fUjp gy nghUl;fis cUthf;Ffpd;whd;. Nfhlhhp> <l;b> Fbir Nghd;w nghUl;fs;

cUthf;fk; ngw;W xOq;fikT Vw;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa xOq;fiktpy; fUj;jpay;

rhh;e;j kdpjdpd; elj;ij KiwfSk; Ml;gLj;jg;gl;L> ,Wf;fkhd rKjha mikg;G

cUthfpd;wJ. xOq;if kPwpdhy; rKjhaj; jPq;F Vw;gLk; vd;W rpW taJ KjNy

fw;gpf;fg;gl;l kdpjd; rKjha tag;gLfpd;whd; my;yJ gz;ghL tag;gLfpwhd;.

gz;ghl;L tag;gl;ltd; rKjhak; mDkjpf;fhj elj;ijfspy; <LgLjy; jtW vd;w

xU kd epiyiaf; fl;likj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;. gpugQ;rd; jdJ Gidfijfspy;

GJr;Nrhp rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;ilf; fhl;rpgLj;jpAs;shh;. nghUs;rhh; gz;ghl;bid

,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL

khdpltpaYf;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ gz;ghL vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fk; MFk;.

gz;ghL vd;gJ kdpjh;fshy; gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLtJ> fw;Wzug;gLtJ. flnydg;

gue;Jg;gl;lJ. ,g;gz;ghl;ilg; nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL> nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghL vd;w ,U

ngUk; gphpTfshf khdpltpayhsh; gphpj;J Muha;fpd;whh;.

“gz;ghL vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU kf;fl; $l;lk; jkJ r%f tuyhw;W

tsh;r;rpgbahfj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhz;l ngsjPfg; nghUl;fs;

Mj;khh;j;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;> kj eilKiwfs;> r%fg; ngWkhdq;fs;

Mfpatw;wpd; njhFjpahFk;. xU $l;lj;jpdhpd; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp>

cw;gj;jp Kiwik> cw;gj;jp cwTfs;> fy;tp> tpQ;Qhdk;> ,yf;fpak;>

fiyfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; njhFjpahFk;”.1

vd;W Nguhrphpah; fhh;j;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp $Wfpd;whh;.

kf;fspd; elj;ij Kiwfisf; fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghd epiyapy; nray;gLj;Jk;

kpfg;ngUk; mikg;ghf gz;ghL tpsq;FfpwJ. gz;ghL vd;w mikg;gpy; gy $Wfs;

,lk;ngWfpd;wd. gz;ghl;Lf; $W> gz;ghl;Lf; fyit> epWtdk; Nghd;wit

gz;ghl;bd; cl;$Wfs; MFk;.






“khDlr; r%fq;fs; vy;yhk; jhd; thOk; Rw;Wr; #oYf;Fk;>

fhyj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g tho;e;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gbKiwapy; r%fq;fs;

jj;jk; nrhe;j Nehf;fj;jpw;Nfw;g tho;e;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if cyif

tbtikf;fg; gy;NtW je;jpNuhghaq;fisAk;> mZFKiwfisAk;

tsh;njLj;Js;sd. ,aw;if tsq;fisg; gz;ghl;Lg; gilg;GfshfTk;>

fiyg; gilg;GfshfTk; khw;wpf; nfhs;tijNa Goq;F nghUs;rhh;

gz;ghL vd;fpNwh;k;”.2

vd;W Kidth; Nj. Y}h;J Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

“nghUs; rhh; gz;lq;fSk;> jpwikfSk;> FwpaPl;Lr; nra;iffSk;>

ek;gpf;iffSk;> mwpTk;> mjid tpthpf;Fk; KiwfSk; r%f

mikg;gpd; %yf; $WfSk;> r%f kjpg;gPLfSk;jhd; gz;ghl;by;

mlq;fpAs;s Jizf;fUtpfs;”.3

vd;ghh; ghy;rd;.

nghUs;rhh; gz;ghLk; nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghLk;

nghUs;rhh; gz;ghLk;> nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghLk; xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;jJ.

“kdpjd; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs;> Mil> tPL> thfdq;fs; Kjypatw;iwg;

nghUspay; gz;ghl;L %yq;fshfTk; mtd; gpd;gw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs;>

gof;ftof;fq;fs;> rkaf; nfhs;iffs;> fiyj;jd;ikfs;>

kdntz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Md;ktpay; gz;ghl;Lj; jd;ikfshfTk;

fUjyhk;”.4

xt;nthU nghUSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; mjw;nfd;Nw chpa nghUs;rhh;g; gz;ghL

,Uf;Fk;. rhd;whf G+f;fshy; Mfpa khiyapy; G+f;fs;> ehh; mjpy; myq;fhuj;jpw;fhf

itf;fg;gLk; tz;z E}y;fs;> fhfpj ml;ilfs; Nghd;wit nghUs;rhh; gz;ghl;ilr;

Nrh;e;jit vdyhk;. mk;khiyiaj; njhLf;Fk; Kiw> mjd; EZf;fk;> G+f;fl;LNthhpd;

jpwd;> G+f;fl;Ljypy; ifahsg;gLk; gy cj;jpfs;> mjd; gad;ghL Nghd;wit

nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghL MFk;. ,q;qdk; xt;nthU nghUSk; mjw;nfd cs;s

nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghl;bidAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

nghUshjhuk;

xU r%fj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; Ra chpikAk; Rahl;rpAk; njhlh;e;J Ngzg;gl>

fhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; me;ehL nghUshjhuj;jpy; tYthd mbg;giliaf;

nfhz;bUj;jy; mtrpak; MFk;.

xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsj;jpw;Fk;> njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; kf;fspd;

tho;f;ifj; ju Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; tzpfNk mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ. tzpf Kiwia






cs;ehl;L tzpfk; vdTk; gpw ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l tzpfk; vdTk;

gphpj;Jiuf;fyhk;.

tzpfk;

cs;ehl;L tzpfk; may;ehl;L tzpfk;

jkpoh;fs; fly; fle;j ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l tzpfj;jpid ,yf;fpaq;fSk;>

fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; GijnghUs; rhd;WfSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,d;W fpof;fpe;jpaj;

jPTfs; vd;Wk; ,e;NjhNd\paj; jPTfs; vd;Wk; ngaUs;s rhtf ehl;by; tzpfk;

nra;jdh;.

“[hth jPT (atjPgk;) Rkj;uh> fypUe;jd;> yPyntyp> kpd;ldhNah

Kjyhd jPTfSk; fzf;fw;w rpWrpW jPTfSk; Nrh;e;jNj jkpoh; $wpa

rhtfehL”.5

MFk;.

tzpfk;

kf;fs; tho;tpw;F czT Nghd;Nw cil> fyk;> ciwAs;> Ch;jp Kjypa

nghUs;fSk;> nghd;> nts;sp Kjypa nry;tKk; ,d;wpaikahdjhf cs;sd.

nghUshl;rpj; Jiwapy; xU ehl;bd; ey;tho;tpw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil

coTj; njhopy;. mjw;fLj;J ,aw;ifAk; nraw;ifAkhd tpisnghUs;fshy;

nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fs; mLj;jjhf epytop ePh;top elj;jg;ngWk;

tzpfk;.

tzpfk;

epytop tzpfk; ePh;top tzpfk;

ePh; tzpfk;

fly; top fg;gy; %yk; tzpfk; nra;jdh;.

“nghpa flypd; ePh;g;gug;igf; fpopj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; khngUk;

fg;gy;fs; jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ mfehD}w;wpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ”.6

ehl;bd; %d;W gf;fq;fspYk;> fly; #o;e;jgbahy; jkpoh;fs; ,aw;ifahfNt

flw;gpuahzQ; nra;tjpYk;> fg;gypy; nrd;W tzpfk; nra;tjpYk; njhd;W njhl;L

<Lgl;bUe;jhh;fs;. flypy; gy ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W tzpfQ; nra;J te;Js;sdh;.

tzpfk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;L milahskhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.






GJr;Nrhpapy; ePyr;rhak; Njha;j;j Jzp Gfo;ngw;wJ MFk;. ,jid tpahghuk;

nra;jdh;. ntspehl;bw;Fk; nrd;W tzpfk; nra;jdh;.

“vd;d tpahghuk; ,e;j Kiw”

“ePyj;Jzp> fhypfg; Glit mk;khr;rp”

“ey;y Njf nrsf;fpaj;JlNdjhNd cd; kD\h; fly; Nky; Ngha;j;

jpUk;gl;Lk;. fh;j;jiu ey;ygbahf Ntz;bf;nfhs;”7

fg;gypy; tzpfk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;>

“fg;gy; te;jhy; ekf;F yl;Rkp tUfpwJ.

ekJ tpahghuk; jz;zPhpy; md;Nwh?”8

coTj; njhopy;

cyfk; vd;Dk; NjUf;F mr;rhzp Nghd;wth;fs; coth;fs;.

“cOthh; cyfj;jpw; fhzpa m jw;wh

njhOthiu nay;yhk; nghWj;J”.9

gpw njhopy; nra;thiu vy;yhk; jhq;Fgth;fs; coth;fNs. coTj; njhopy; Nghhpd;

epkpj;jk; gpd;dilar; nra;jJ. kf;fs; caph; gpiof;f ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;ij Nehf;fpr;

nrd;wdh;.

“Ntshz;ik xU Nghfk;> Rj;jkhf mope;Nj Nghr;R. nrQ;rp Mj;Jg;

gLifapy; rpj;jpuf;fhy> thyhd;> rpiw kPl;lhd;> kzy;thhp> nrQ;rk;gh>

fUQ;#iu> rPufr; rk;gh> Kj;Jtpsq;fp> kiyKz;ld;> nghw;ghis>

neL%f;fd;> mhpf;fpuhtp> %q;fpy; rk;gh> fj;J}hp thzd;> fhf;ifKj;jd;>

nts;is> Gj;jd;> fUq;FWit> GDFr; rk;gh Nghy gy khjphp ney;

gaph;fis ,d;Nduk; ehw;W tpl;bUf;fZk;. vy;yhk; Nghr;R. [dq;f>

jpUk;g ,tq;f mtq;f CUf;Fg; Nghdh> vg;gb [Ptpf;Fk;? vijj;

jpd;Dk;? Nrhj;Jf;Ff; f\;lk; te;JLk;> Viog;gl;l n[dk;> gQ;rk;>

nghiof;f ehL efuk;D efUk;”10.

kUj;Jtk;

jkpo; kUj;Jtf;fiy rpj;jh;fshy; tsh;e;jJ. Mjyhy; mit rpj;j kUj;Jtk;

vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. fl;bfisAk;> gpsitiaf; fiuf;fTk; xbe;j vYk;ig xl;l

itg;gJk;> Kjpatiu ,isQdhf;FtJk;> E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfs; goik

tha;e;jJ rpj;j kUj;Jtk; MFk;. ,d;gf;Nfzp vd;w ehtypy; kUj;Jtrhiy

,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“NtNuhL> xU nrbiag; gpope;J f\hak; fha;r;rpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;”11.

nerTj; njhopy;






GJr;Nrhpapy; nerTj; njhopy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.

“GJr;Nrhpapy; Gfo;ngw;w ePyr;rhak; Njha;j;j Jzp”.12

gpw njhopy;fs;

fg;gy;fspy; ruf;Ffis Vw;wptpl> ,wf;fptpl Ntiy ,Ue;jd.

“fg;gy; tUfpw ehisapNy.. njhopy; ,Uf;Fk;. fl;L kuq;fspy; nrd;W

%l;ilfis ,wf;fTk;> Vw;wTk;> Jzpfisr; rpg;gk; NghlTk;> mJfis

kbj;J xOq;F ngw itg;gJk;> CUf;Fs; nrd;W fg;gYf;F Ntz;ba

ruf;Ffisr; Nrufk; gz;Zfpw NghJ Jizahf Ntiy nra;fpwJk;

vd;W gy tifahd Ntiyfs; ,Ue;jd”.13

“xU $ilf;fhhp $il epiwa gr;ir nts;shpf;fhia mLf;fpf;nfhz;L

Nfhl;il thrYf;F tpw;gidf;fhfg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jhs;”.14

“xU tNahjpfd;> jtNs jtNs vd;W $tpf;nfhz;L jiyapy; xU

$iliar; Rke;jgb tPjpapy; nrd;whd;”.15

nts;isf;fhur; rpg;gha;fs; gr;irj; jtis jpd;whh;fs;. mjdhy; jtisfSk;

tpw;gidahfpAs;sJ.

czT

kdpjh;fs; caph; tho;tjw;F Ntz;ba mj;jid czTg; nghUl;fSk; ,aw;if

jUfpd;w ed;nfhilahFk;. Mil ,y;yhj kdpjd; miu kdpjd; vd;gijg; Nghy;

cztpy;yhj kdpjDk; capuw;w kdpjd; vd;W $wyhk;. Mjp kdpjDila

Kjw;njhopNy czitj; NjLtjhf mike;jJ. fha; fdpfisAk;> ,iwr;rpiaAk;

grp jPh;f;f czthfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l kdpjNd ehfhpfk; tsu tsu mjidg;

gz;gLj;jpg; gy;NtW czthfg; gFj;J cz;zf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;.

jkpoh;fs; mWitkpf;f czTg; nghUl;fisr; rikg;gjpy; rpwe;jth;fshth;.

epyj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g czT Kiw NtWgLfpd;wJ. NrhW> fQ;rp> $o;> ghy;> Nkhh;

Nghd;witfis czthf cz;ldh;. kuf;fwp czNthL GyhYzTk; nghpJk; tpUk;gp

cz;zg;gl;lJ. gy tifahd kJ tiffisAk; tpUk;gp cz;ldh;.

czitf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;

czT vd;w nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fshf>

“czh> ty;rp> cz;b> Xjdk;> mrdk;> gjk;> ,iu> Mfhuk;> ciw>

Cl;lk;”.16

vdg; gj;Jk; gpq;fye;ijapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ge;jpg;gha;

cl;fhh;e;J czT cz;z ge;jpg;gha; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.






“$lj;jpy; ge;jpg;gha; tphpf;fg;gl;L> ,uz;L thio ,iyfs;

tphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mUfpy; ePh;r; nrhk;Gfs; vjpNu Kf;fhypapy;> nghpa

ghj;jpuq;fspy; ,l;ypfSk;> mitfSf;fhd Jizg; gjhh;j;jq;fSk;

itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

%d;W ,l;ypfisg; Nghl;L> mjpy; Njq;fha;j; JitaYk;> fj;jhpf;fha;f;

nfhj;Rk;> xU %iyapy; ,uz;L chpj;j kiy thiog; goKk;> &gha;

mfyj;Jf;Fr; rf;fiuAk; vd;W ghpkhwptpl;L> gz;bjUf;F ,uz;L

thiog; goq;fSk;> rh;f;fiuAk; ,uz;L nghpa gyhr;RisfSk;>

cyh;e;j jpuhl;ir xU gpbAk;> Nrhw;W cUz;il msTf;F ntz;nza;

cUz;ilAk; ghpkhwpdhs;”.17

uhzpahhpd; czTg; gjhh;j;jq;fs;

“G+e;jp> thiof;fha; kw;Wk; Kl;ilahy; Md nfsthg;G> JUf;f

rikay;fhuh;fisf; nfhz;L jahuhd fhgp vy;yhk; ghpkhwg;gl;lJ. kjpa

czTf;Fg; GyT> Nfhop ,iwr;rpAld; Nrh;j;Jr; nra;ag;gl;l JUf;fr;

rikayhd fwpr;NrhW Ml;Lj; njhilf;fwp tWty;> fj;jphpf;fha;

tjf;fy;> [t;thprpg; ghahrk;> fliyg; gapW til fwp kw;Wk; kPd;

Fok;G> nej;jpypf; fUthLk; kPjp ghfy;fhAk; Nrh;j;J nra;ag;gl;l

fUthl;Lg; gpul;ly;> Ml;biwr;rpAk; gr;irg; gl;lhzp> ghjhk; gUg;G>

Ke;jphpg; gUg;G ,Jfis milj;Jg; nghhpf;fg;gl;l Nghsp> ,Q;rpj;

Jitay;> ehuj;jq;fha; CWfha;> Mid mb mg;gsk; ,Jfs; Vw;ghL

gz;zp itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ”.18

gyfhuq;fs;

“mhprpg; gpl;L mjw;fhd rh;f;fiu> ciy mg;gk;> mjw;fhd

Njq;fha;g;ghy;> ,b Mg;gk;> mjw;fhd Njq;fha;f;fPwy;> rh;f;fiu kw;Wk;

Mtpd; ghy; kw;Wk; njhl;Lf;nfhs;s tj;jy; Fok;G> Njq;fha;j;

Jitay;> khk;gok; gpopay;> Ngad;gok; Njdpy; Jitj;jJ fhugil

,dpg;Gg; Nghsp”.19

“,dpg;Gj; Njq;Foy;> mg;gk;> gzpahuk;”20

“Rfpad;”21

“Vfg;gl;l rpj;uhd;dq;fs; Njq;fha;g; G+Tk; nea;Ak; Nrh;j;J nra;j

,dpg;Gf; fl;b> nea;apy; nghhpj;j fhu Ke;jphpg; gaWfs;> nty;yKk;>

gUg;Gk; Nrh;j;Jr; nra;j ,dpg;gil> kpsF til> Njq;fha;r; rhjk;>

vYkpr;ir rhjk;> rh;f;fiu [Puhtpy; Cw itj;j kiyg;goj; Jz;Lfs;”.22






ghdfk;

Nfhilapd; c\;zj;ijj; jtph;f;f ghdfk; mUe;jpdh;.

“nts;shpg; goj;jpy; nty;yr; rh;f;fiuiag; Nghl;L> ghid [yj;jpy;

fiuj;Jg; ghdfk;”.23

“gid nty;yk;> Rf;F> vYkpr;ir Nrh;j;J nra;ag;gl;l ghdfk;”24

“ghy; fythj gpnuQ;r; fNg”25

“ghdfk;> gidnty;yk;> vYkpr;ir> tpshNth;> nts;shp tpij vy;yhk;

Nrh;e;J ,dpj;Jf; fple;jJ”26

“fUg;gl;b Rf;Fg; ghdfk;”27

“\h;gj;”28

“rPdhf; fy;fz;Lk;> gid nty;yKk;> nfhQ;rk; Fq;Fkg;G+> nfhQ;rk;

fpuhk;Gj; J}s;> nfhQ;rk; Vyk;> ,uz;L ,iog;G ,ioj;j fL;f;fha;

krpay;> Jsp fw;G+uk; Mfpait Nghl;L Rz;lf; fha;r;rpa gRk;ghy;>

ghahrkhfpg; Ngha;g; gUf kpFe;j Urpahf ,Ue;jJ”.29

“,sePh;”30

Mil

Mjp kdpjd; tpyq;FfsplkpUe;Jk; gpw caphpfsplkpUe;Jk; jd;id NtWgLj;jp

mwpa ,ayhj fhyj;jpNyNa Mil cLj;jj; njhlq;fptpl;lhd;. kio> ntg;gk;> Fsph;

Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J jd;idf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s jioahy; Md cil> kuThp>

Njhyhil Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfspy; xd;whf

Mil jpfo;fpd;wJ.

Miliaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;

Mil my;yJ ciliaf; Fwpf;f rq;f ,yf;fpak; gy;NtW nrhw;fisf;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,it Mil jahhpg;G> mzpAk; tpjk;> cilapd; jd;ikfs;

Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpadthf cs;sd.

“cil> jio> Jfpy;> fypq;fk;> mWit> rpjhh;> Mil> cLf;if> fr;R>

<uzp> jhid> Nghh;it> fhofk;> fr;rk;> fr;ir> tk;G> kb> gl;L> rPiu>

glk;> glhk;> G+q;fiu> ePyk;> cj;jhPak;> fk;gyk;> frtk;> J}R> koit>

rpjty;> thh;> nka;g;ig> Jfpd;kb> nka;k;kiw> nka;ahg;G> thypJ>

ntspJ> Gl;lfk;> E}y;> gf;FLf;if”31

Nghd;wd.






khDlk; nty;Yk; ehtypy; ,];yhkpa murpapd; Mil Fwpf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.

“murp> fz;fs; kl;Lk; njhpa Kfk; kiwj;jpUe;jhs;. clk;ig ed;F

Nghh;j;jpa mq;fpAk;> mjd; Nky; nghw;rhpif Nta;e;j fUk;gl;L Nky;

MilAk; Nghj;jpapUe;jhs;”32.

vd Mde;juq;fg;gps;is mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhh;.

mzpfyd;fs;

jkpo; kf;fs; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; kyh;fisAk; nrb> nfhbfisAk; Mguzkhf

mzpe;jpUe;jdh;. fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y cNyhfq;fshy; Md mzpfyd;fis

mzpe;jdh;.

Kj;J> gtsk;> rq;F> nts;sp> jq;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; mzpfyd;fs; nra;J

mzpe;jdh;. me;j mzpfyd;fisg; G+z;> ,io> fyk; vd;W gy ngah;fshy;

mioj;jdh;.

neLey;thilapy; kfsph; rq;F tisaiy mzpe;jpUe;j nra;jp ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

,jid>

“nts;sp ts;sp tPq;f ,iwg; gizj;Njhs;”34

vd;w thpahdJ Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

fOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; mzpfshf Kj;Jkhiy> nghd;dhp> khiy Nghd;wit

$wg;gLfpd;wd. fhpfhy; tstd; ghbdpf;F Kj;Jf;fNshL nghUe;jpa nghd;dhy; Mfpa

khiyiaf; nfhLj;jhd; vd nghUeuhw;Wg;gil (161-162) $Wfpd;wJ.

kfsph; tisay;fs; md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu mzpe;J tUfpd;wdh;. tisaypy;

rq;fpdhy; Mfpa tisaiyg; ghz;bkhNjtp mzpe;jpUe;jhs;. ,jid>

“nghye;njhb jpd;w kaph;thh; Kd;if

tisnahL fbif E}y;ahj;J”35

vd;w thpfs; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; mzpfyd;fis tpUk;gpdh;. jq;f mzpfSk;> nts;sp

mzpfSk;> rq;F mzpfSk; ,Ue;jd. njha;afk;> Gy;yfk;> tyk;Ghp Nghd;wtw;iwAk;

fhJf;Fg; G+q;Fiy> fOj;Jf;F khiy> khh;Gf;Ff; fw;fs; gjpj;j khh;gzp>

Njhs;thisfs;> Nkfiy> njhbfs;> rpyk;Gfs;> nfhYR Nghd;wtw;iwg; ngz;fs;

mzpe;jdh;. Fz;lyk; Mz;fspd; Kf;fpa mzpahfpaJ.

jdp kdpjDf;F mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; milahsj;ijAk; cz;L gz;Zgit

MilfSk; Mguzq;fSkhFk;. ,it kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk;> nghUshjhu tsk;>

gz;ghL> fiyj;jpwd; Mfpatw;iw ntspf;fhl;Lk; Kfkhf mikfpd;wd.

gpugQ;rd; ehty;fspy; mzpfyd;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.






“ituk; gjpj;j fizahopfs; ,uz;L> fhjpy; mzpAk; fh;z #hpiffs;

ehY> ifapy; mzpAk; fq;fd tisay;fs; MW ,Ue;jd”36

jpUr;rp murp ,jid Mde;juq;fg;gps;isapd; kidtpaplk; nfhLj;jhh;. Jiu

Ja;kh GJr;Nrhpia tpl;L fpsk;Gk;nghJk; uq;fg;gps;is.

“kufjk; ,ioj;j fz;bifiag; ghprhf”37 mspj;jhh;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fs;

kdpj nraw;ghl;by; Ch;jpfspd; gad;ghL ,d;wpaikahjJ. nghUl;fis

Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk;> kf;fs; ,lk;ngah;e;J

nry;tjw;Fk; Ch;jpfs; cjtpd.

Ch;jpfs;

,aw;if Ch;jpfs; nraw;if Ch;jpfs;

vd ,U tifg;gLfpd;wd. jq;fs; ,Ug;gplq;fspy; itj;jpUe;j tpyq;Ffis

Ch;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ ,aw;if Ch;jpfs; vdg;gl;ld.

gpugQ;rdpd; fhe;j tz;b vd;w rpWfijapy; khLfis tz;bapy; fl;b

Ch;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jpdijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

“tz;b khLfis mtpo;j;J itf;Nfhy; itj;J jz;zPh;

fhl;bdhh;fs;”38

vd $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

nraw;if Ch;jpfs;

epy Ch;jpfs; ePh; Ch;jpfs;

kdpjd; jd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf Kaw;rpahYk;>

mwpTj; jpwdhYk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;git nraw;if Ch;jpfs; vdg;gLk;. epytop

rhjdq;fshf fhh;> uapy; Nghd;w Ch;jpfs; mwpaf; fpilf;fpd;wd.

ePh; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fshf> fl;Lkuk;> glF> fg;gy; Nghd;wit

mwpag;gLfpd;wd.

“Ja;kh glfpy; Vwp mkh;e;jhh;”

“glF efuj; njhlq;fpaJ. fg;giy mZfp> Ja;kh mjpy;

Vwpf;nfhs;Sk;kl;Lk; top mDg;g te;jth;fs; fiuapNyNa epd;W

nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs; fg;gy; gha; vLj;J Xlj; njhlq;fpw;W”39






gy;yf;F

cah; mjpfhhpfs; gy;yf;fpy; mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ldh;. kdpjh;fs; gy;yf;Fj;

J}f;fpfshf ,Ue;jdh;.

“gy;yf;F Nky; vOe;jJ. Kd;gf;fj;J J}f;fpfs; ,Uthpy; Kjy;td; VO

kiyahd; jhq;F vd;W $tpdhd;. mLj;jpUe;j ,uz;lhktd; tujuhrh

jhq;F vd;W Fuy; nfhLj;jhd;. gpd;dhy; ,Ue;j ,Uthpy; xUtd;

fpU\;zrhkp jhq;F vd;W fj;jpdhd;. ehyhktd; uhk%h;j;jp jhq;F vd;W

KZKZj;jhd;”40

tpy; tz;bfs;

“fhis G+l;ba... tpy;tz;bfs;...”41

mf;fhyj;jpy; GJr;Nrhpapy; ,Ue;Js;sd.

irf;fps;

gpuhd;rpypUe;J tutiof;fg;gl;l “irf;fpis”42 kf;fs; ngUikAld;

gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.

GJr;Nrhp tPjpfs;

“ngz;fs; vLf;Fk; tfpL khjphp NeuhfTk;> Neh;j;jpahfTk;

mike;jpUe;jd GJr;Nrhpg; gl;lzj;J tPjpfs;”43

tPLfs;

“xOq;fhd gy; thpir khjphp mike;jpUe;jd tPLfs;”44

tPl;bd; jiuapYk;> Rth;fspYk; ngz;fs; khf;Nfhyq;fspl;L moFwr;

nra;Js;sdh;.

“jiuapYk; Rth;fspYk; tiuag;gl;bUe;j khf;Nfhyq;fis top mfy

urpj;Jg; ghh;j;jhs;. Njh; xd;W fpsk;gj; jahuhfp epd;wpUg;gJ Nghd;w

Nfhyk;. G+f;fs; kpFe;j fhdfk; vd;w Njhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; G+f;fhl;Lf;

Nfhyk;. gr;irf; fpsp xd;W gok; nfhj;JtJ khjphp xU Nfhyk;.

Gypia kwtd; xUtd; Ntl;ilahLtJ Nghd;w xU Nfhyk; vd gy

jug;gl;l Nfhyq;fs; tiuag;gl;bUe;jd”.45

miwfs;

“k];yPd;> nts;is rptg;Gj; Jzpfshy; G+ NtiyAld; njhq;ftplg;gl;L

myq;fhukha; ,Ue;j miwf;Fs;. .”46

“gzg;ngl;b miw...”47

“rikay; cs;Sf;Fs;”48






“#ld;> rhk;gpuhzpg; GifahYk;> gd;dPh;j; njspg;ghdhYk; kzj;jJ”49

miwfs; trjpf;Nfw;g jdpahf xJf;fg;gl;L cgNahfpj;Js;sdh;.

rhkhd;fs;

cl;fhh;e;J czT cz;z ge;jpg;gha; ,Ue;Js;sJ.

“ge;jpg;gha;”50

“ePh;r;nrhk;Gfs;”51

“Kf;fhyp”52

“mLg;G”53

“Nuop tpsf;F”54

“yhe;jh; tpsf;F”55

“MSauf; fbfhuk;”56

,t;thwhf GJr;Nrhp kf;fspd; nghUs; rhh; gz;ghl;bid gpugQ;rdpd; fijfspd;

thapyhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

rhd;nwz; tpsf;fq;fs;

1. Nguh. fhh;j;jpNfR rptjk;gp> jkpo;r; rKjhaKk; gz;ghl;bd; kPs; fz;Lgpbg;Gk;>

g.2.

2. Nj. Y}h;J. ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; rpy mbg;gilfs;> g.357.

3. f.g.mwthzd;> jkpoh; Nky; epfo;e;j gz;ghl;Lg; gilnaLg;Gfs;> g.54.

4. lhf;lh; m.f.ngUkhs;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; rpe;jidfs;> g.200.

5. Nk.J.uhRf;Fkhh;. uh.tre;jhs; (g.M.) kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp njhFg;G E}y;fs;

(njhFg;G 3)> g.166.

6. GypA+h;Nfrpfd;> mfehD}W> g.246.

7. gpugQ;rd;> thdk; trg;gLk;> g.264.

8. NkyJ> g.249.

9. Fws;> 1032.

10. gpugQ;rd;> khDlk; nty;Yk;> g.243.

11. gpugQ;rd;> ,d;gf;Nfzp> g.24.

12. gpugQ;rd;> thdk; trg;gLk;> g.58

13. NkyJ> g.268.


15. NkyJ> g.304.

16. Nr.ekrpthak;> jkpoh; czT> g.29.







18. NkyJ> gf;.255-256.

19. NkyJ> g.265.


21. NkyJ> g.19.


23. NkyJ> g.180.

24. NkyJ> g.299.



27. gpugQ;rd;> fz;zPuhy; fhg;Nghk;> g.192.




31. Nf.gftjp> jkpoh; Milfs;> gf;.20-21.

32. gpugQ;rd;> khDlk; nty;Yk;> g. 256-257.


34. r.nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> rq;f ,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L> gh.t.33.

35. Kidth; Nkhfd;> K.$.E}.gh.t. 141-142.


37. NkyJ> g.398.

38. gpugQ;rd;> jghy;fhuh; ngz;lhl;b (rp.njh.)> g.192.



41. gpugQ;rd;>khDlk; nty;Yk;> g.86.

42. gpugQ;rd;> mg;ghtpd; Nt\;b (rp.njh.)> g.13.


44. NkyJ.> g.19.



47. NkyJ> g.516.


49. NkyJ.> g.387.

50. NkyJ.> g.173.






ngz;zpaKk;> ngz;zpa vOj;jhsh;fspd; gilg;ghSikAk;

,u.kzpfz;ld;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

vd;.gp.Mh;. fiy (k) mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> ej;jk;> jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;.

jw;fhy ,yf;fpak; ngz;fis cah;j;Jk; tpjkhfNt gy ftpQh;fshy;

vOjg;gLfpd;wd vdTk;> ngz;fs; ,r;rKjhaj;jpy; Mz;fSf;F epfuhfj; jpfoTk;>

ngz;zbikj; jd;ikapypUe;J ePq;fTk;> mjw;fhd Kaw;rpiaAk; nra;tijf;

fhzyhfpwJ. ngz;fspd; KO vjph;ghh;g;G vJntdpy;> tpLjiy> chpik> Rarpe;jid>

fy;tp> nrhj;J Nghd;witfshFk;. 20k; E}w;whz;Lf; ftpQuhd ghujp fhztpUk;gpa

GJikg;ngz;fisg; Nghy; ,e;ehl;by; cyh tuTk;> vjph;fhy cyfk; ngz;fspd;

thf;fpdpNyNa ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> fy;tpj;Jiw> mwptpay; Jiw> murpay;

Jiw> tzpftpay; Jiw> Muha;r;rpay; Jiw> kUj;Jtj;Jiw> rl;lj;Jiw>

fhty;j;Jiw Nghd;w gzpfspy; Vuhskhd ngz;fs; fhy;gjpf;f vz;ZtijAk;>

Kd;ida mbikj;jdKk;> gpuptpidiaAk; cilj;njwpAk; tpjkhfj; jw;fhy

ngz;fs; Kidfpd;wdh; vd;gijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; mwpa cs;Nshk;.

ngz;zpak; - nghUs;:

Mq;fpyj;jpYs;s ‘Feminism’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahfg; ‘ngz;zpak;’ vd;Dk;;

nrhy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ‘ngkpdprk;’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj; jkpopy; ngz;zpak;>

ngz;zpiy thjk;> ngz;zpiy Vw;G> kfsphpay;> ngz;zyf; nfhs;if vd;W gy

nrhw;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. (,uh.nuq;fk;khs; kw;Wk; rp.thRfp> ‘ngz;zpak;’

mZFKiwfSk;> ,yf;fpag; gz;ghLk;> g.7) vd;W ngkpdprk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy

nrhw;fs; ,Ug;gijg; gpNukh Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;fspd; vy;yhr; nrhw;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L> mtw;iw

ePf;f Kay;tjhFk;. mjd; %yk; cyfstpy; murpaypYk;> gz;ghl;bYk;>

nghUshjhuj;jpYk;> Md;kPfj;jpYk; ngUj;j khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. (NkyJ>

g.132) vd;fpwhh; rhh;yl; gQ;R.

mlf;fk;> nghWik> jpahfk;> gueyk;> ,uf;fk;> moF> xg;GuT> njhz;L

Kjypad mike;j xd;Nw ngz;ik vdg;gLk;. kz;> ePh;> fhw;W> xsp> Kjypad

Nrh;e;J xU tpij kuk; MtJ Nghy> mlf;fk; Kjypa Fzq;fs; Nrh;e;jJ jhd;

ngz;ik Mfpd;wd vdTk;> rpW rpW kioj;Jspfs; fye;J gue;j ePh; epiy vd ngah;

ngWjy; NghyTk;> rpW rpW fw;fs; fye;J kiy vd;Dk; ngah; ngWjy; NghyTk;>

mlf;fk; Kjypa Fzq;fs; xd;wp> mit ngz;ik vd ngah; ngw;wd vdyhk;.

ngz;zpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; :






ngz;ikf;F vd njhy;fhg;gpah; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shh;. mit>

‘mr;rKk; ehzKk; klDk; Ke;JWjy;

epr;rKk; ngz;ghw; Fhpa vd;g”. (njhy;.fsT.96)

vd;w E}w;ghtpy;> mr;rk;> ehzk;> Ngijik ,k;%d;Wk; ehs; NjhWk; Kd;dpiyahjy;

ngz;bw;F ,ay;G vdTk;>

“fhkj; jpizapw; fz;epd;W t&ck;

ehZk; klDk; ngz;ika Mfypd;

Fwpg;gpDk; ,lj;jpDk; my;yJ Ntl;if

newpg;glthuh mts;tapd; Md”. (njhy;.fsT.1054)

vd;w E}w;ghtpy;> ehzKk;> ,sik gz;ghfpa mlf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk;> klKk;

ngz;ikf;Nf chpaJ vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;>

“fhkk; nrhy;yh ehl;lk; ,d;ikapd;

VKw ,uz;Lk; csvd nkhopg”. (njhy;.fsT.1055)

vd;w thpapYk;> xU ngz;zpd; fhk Ntl;ifia mtsJ fz;fNs nrhy;yptpLk;.

mq;qdk; Fwpg;Gzh;j;jhj fz;fNs ,y;iyahjyhy;> mtSf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghf Kd;G

$wpa ehzKk;> klKk; cs;sJ vd;fpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.

kfspUf;F ,aw;ifahf mike;Js;s gz;Gfs; mr;rk;> ehzk;> klk;> gaph;g;G

vd;W ,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ,yf;fz E}y;fspy;

ngz;zpa fUj;Jf;fis ikakhf nfhz;L> jw;fhy ftpQuhd ghyghujp $WtJ>

gz;ghl;Lf; fl;LghLfisg; ngz;zpdj;jpd; kPJ jpzpg;gjhfNt ngz;zpak;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jg;gz;ghl;L mlf;FKiwia> KO Ntfj;Jld;; Neubahf

cilj;njwpf;fpd;wJ. ,ij> ftpQh; ghyghujp ‘rpy ngha;fSk;> rpy cz;ikfSk;’

vd;w ftpij E}ypy; ntspg;gLfpwhh;.

mr;rk;

klk;

ehzk;

gaph;g;G

Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; epw;Fk;

vdf;F vjw;F?

vd;w Nfs;tp vOg;gp> ngz;ikf;fhd gz;Gfisj; jdJ ftpijapd; %yk;

cilj;njwpfpd;whh;.

‘ngz;’ vd;gJ ngUikkpf;f jd;ik cilaJ vd;W ts;Stuhy;

nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.






“gz;lwpNad; $w;jpwd; gjid ,dpawpe;Njd;

ngz;lifahy; Ngukh;f; fl;L”. (Fws;.1083)

vd;w Fwspy;> vkd; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtij Kd;Ng ehd; mwpe;jjpy;iy> mij

,g;nghOJ mwpe;Jnfhz;Nld;. mJ ngz; jd;ikAld; Nghh; nra;Ak; fz;fis

cilaJ vd;Wk;>

“jw;fhj;Jj; jw;nfhz;lhd; Ngzpj; jifrhd;w

nrhw;fhj;Jr; Nrhh;tpyhs; ngz; “. (Fws;.56)

vd;w Fwspy;> fw;gpy; jtwhky;> jd;idf; fhj;J> jk; GfioAk; fhg;ghw;wp>

ve;NeuKk; Nrhh;T ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gtNs rpwe;j ngz; vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.

ghujpahh; - ngz;zpak; :

mr;rk;> klk;> ehzk;> gaph;g;Gg; Mfpa ehd;Fk; ngz;fSf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba

,aw;ifg; gz;Gfs; vd kfhftp ghujpahh; jk; ghlypy; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhh;.

“ehzKk; mr;rKk; eha;fl;F Ntz;Lkhk;

Qhd ey;ywk; tPu> Rje;jpuk;

NgZew;Fbg; ngz;zpd; Fzq;fshk;

ngz;ikj; nja;tj;jpd; Ngr;Rf;fs; Nfl;bNuh”. (ghujp.ghly;.1868)

vd;Wk;> epyj;jpd; jd;ik gaph;f;F csjhFk;. Fyj;jpd; jd;ik ngz;zpd; fw;G

,ay;ghFk; vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;>

“epkpu;e;j ed;dilNeh;nfhz;l ghu;itAk;

epyj;jpy; ahu;f;FkQ; rhj newpfSk;

jpkpu;e;j Qhdr; nrUf;F kpUg;gjhy;

nrk;ik khju; jpwk;Gtjpy;iyahk;”. (ghujp.ghly;.1871)

vd;w thpapy;> ghujpahh; ngz;zpw;Nf chpaJ vd;W $Wtjpy;> ngz;fs; epkpu;e;j

eilNahLk;> Neuhd ghh;itNahLk;> epyj;jpy; vtUf;Fk; mQ;rhkYk;> jpkpUld;

fhzg;gLk; ngz;fisAk;> mfe;ijAld; fhzg;gLk; ngz;fisAk;> Neh;ikAld;

fhzg;gLk; ngz;fisAk; ey;y Fbapy; gpwe;Njhh; vd;fpwhh;.

jpU.tp.fh - ngz;zpak; :

nghWikf;Fg; nghUshfpa ngz;izf; fpwp];J vd;Wk;> fhe;jp vd;Wk;

jpU.tp.fh Nghw;Wfpd;whh;. ngz;fs; jq;fSf;fhf thohky;> gpwUf;fhf ngUk;ghYk;

tho;fpd;wdh; vdTk;> ,j;jifa Fzk; mth;fsplk; ,aw;ifahf mike;jJ vd;fpwhh;.

NkYk;> ngz; moif ,iwik moF vdTk;> muf;fj; jd;ikia cila Mz;fis

xopf;fg; ngz; jd;ik Njit vd;Wk;> ngz;zpay;G ngwhJ flTs; epiy ngwy;

,ayhJ vd;fpwhh;. Qhdepiyapy; vtUk; ngz;ikahFk; xU epiyAz;L. mjhtJ






mOf;fhW – mth – ntFsp Kjypad fope;J> nghWik – mUs; - Kjypad gbAk;

xU epiyNa ngz; vd;fpwhh;. mj;Jld; ngz;ik vd;W nrhy;tjpy; fy;tpiaf;

fiykfs; vd;Wk;> jpUitj; jpUkfs; vd;Wk;> Qhdj;ijg; giu vd;Wk; ek; ehl;lhh;

nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ngz;iz fd;dp> tdNjtij vd;W tho;j;JtJk;> gy;Yaph;fisj;

jhq;Fk; ehl;ilj; jha; vd;Wk;> vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf tpsq;Fk; flTisAk;

ngz;zhfNt nghpJk; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh; vd;W jdJ ‘ngz;zpd; ngUik’ vd;w E}ypy;

jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; $wpAs;shh;.

,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaKk; - ngz;zpaKk; :

fp.gp 2k; E}w;whz;by; ngz;zpaj;ij ikakpl;L> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy

vd;Dk; rkzf;fhg;gpak; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;>

jiyikg; ghj;jpukhd fz;zfpiaf; fw;Gf;furpahf ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.

,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Jizg;ghj;jpukhd khjtpiaj; Njtjhrp vd;W gbj;jth;fSk;>

gbf;fhjth;fSk; $wptUfpd;wdh; vd;w fUj;jpw;F Kuz;ghlhf> khjtpiaf;

NfhtyDf;fhfNt gilf;fg;gl;l fw;Gf;furp vd;W $w tpiofpd;Nwd;.

kzpNkfiy vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiyikg; ghj;jpukhd kzpNkfiyia>

cjazd; vd;Dk; kd;dd; fhjy; nfhs;s tpiofpd;whd;. mjw;F kzpNkfiy ,lk;

juhJ> Jwtwk; Nkw;f;nfhs;fpd;whs;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> jdJ jhahd khjhtpia

kf;fs; $Wk; Njtjhrp vd;w thh;j;ijf;F ,lk; juhJ> jhd; Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;L

,iwj;jd;ik mile;jJ ngz;zpd; ngUikf;Fg; giwrhw;Wk; tpjkhf> kzpNkfiy

vd;Dk; ghj;jpuk; mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ vdyhk;.

ngz;ik newp:

ngz;ikf;Ff; fhty; fhf;f Mz; Njitapy;iy vd;gij ts;Sth; gpd;tUkhW

$Wfpwhh;.

“rpiwf;fhf;Fk; fhg;G vtd; nra;Ak; kfsph;

epiwfhf;Fk; fhg;Ng jiy”. (Fws;.57)

vd;w thpapy;> ngz;fis Mz;fs; tPl;by; itj;J fhty; Kjyhdtw;why; fhf;Fk;

fhtyhy; vd;d gaidr; nra;Ak;? nghJthfg; ngz;fs; jk; neQ;irf; fw;G newpapy;

epWj;jpf; fhf;Fk; fhtNy jiyr; rpwe;jJ vd;Wiuf;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. ,ijg;Nghd;Nw

mt;itahUk; gpd;tUkhW>

ijaw; nrhy; NfNsy; vd;gJk;> ‘jhapw; rpwe;jnjhU NfhtpYk;

,y;iy”(nfhd;iw Nte;jd;.38)> ‘md;idAk;; gpjhTk; Kd;dwp nja;tk;” (nfhd;iw

Nte;jd;.1)> vd;W ngz;ikiag; Nghw;wf;$bajhFk;. ,jpy; ijaw; vd;Dk; nrhy;

kidtpiaf; Fwpg;gJ. ijaw; nrhy; NfNsy; vd;gijg; Gwtho;f;iff;fhd

fhhpaq;fspy; eP cd; mwptpd; Jizf;nfhz;L nray;gL vd;gjhFk;. kidf;F murp






kidahl;b! mjdhy;> FLk;gf; fhupaq;fspy; kidahisf; Fw;wk; xd;Wk; nrhy;y

Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhh;. Jwitf; fz;bf;Fk; NghJ ngz;zpdj;ij ntWf;Fk;

Ngijikiaf; fbe;J> ,y;ykwky;yJ ey;ywkd;W vd;gJk;> nky;;ypdy;yhs; Njhs;Nrh;

vd;Wk; tho;tpaiyf; rpe;jpj;Jf; $wpAs;shh;. cz;b RUq;Fjy; ngz;bh;f;F moF>

kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy;> fhty; jhNd ghitah;f;F moF vd;Wk; mt;itahh; jdJ

E}y;fspy; $wpAs;shh;.

ngz;zpd; chpik:

chpik vd;gJ vy;yhUf;Fk; nghJthdJ. mjhtJ> thdj;jpy; Nkfk; jto;tJ

NghyTk;> flypy; miy vOtJ NghyTk;> gwitfs; mofpa rpwif tPrpg; gwg;gJ

NghyTk;> ngz; jdJ cs;sj;jpy; vOk;> tpUk;Gk; top elf;Fk; chpik cilatshf

Ntz;Lk;. mt;Thpikiar; rpiwg;gLj;Jjy; ngUk; ghtk;. ngz; mbik czh;Tld;

fhzg;gl;lhy;> mtw;wpy; tapw;wpy; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; chpikAk; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ngz;Zhpik gpLq;fg;gl;l ehLk;> chpik ,oe;j ehlhf fUjg;gLk;. ngz;Zhpikiaf;

Fiyg;gijg; Nghd;w mwpahik Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy. ngz;Zhpikiaf; nfLj;jy;>

gpd;tUk; re;jjpapd; cah;epiyiaf; nfLg;gjhFk;. vf;fhuzj;jpYk; ngz;Zhpikf;Ff;

NfL tpiotpj;jy; $lhJ@ $lhJ: vd;W jpU.tp.f jdJ ngz;zpd; ngUik vd;w

E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,ijg; Nghd;Nw ghujpahUk; ngz;Zhpikiag; Ngr

jtwpajpy;iy>

“khjh; jk;ik ,opT nra;Ak;

klikiaf; nfhSj;JNthk;

ita tho;T jd;dpy; ve;j

tifapDk; ekf;FNs

jhjh; vd;w epiyik khwp

Mz;fNshL ngz;fSk;

rhpepfh; rkhdkhf

tho;tk; ,e;j ehl;bNy!”. (tpLjiy)

vd;w ftpijapd; %yk; ghujpahh;> ngz;fspd; chpikiaj; jLf;Fk; Nrhk;Ngwpfisj;

jPapypl;L vhpg;Nghk; vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;> MZk; ngz;;Zk; rkj;Jtk; vd;Dk; Nehf;NfhL

‘rhp> epfh;> rkhdk;’ vd;w %d;W nrhw;fspd; top> ngz;zpd; chpikia

epiyehl;Lfpd;whh; ghujpahh;. NkYk;> vy;yhtw;wpYk; Kjd;ikg; ngw;W tpsq;Fk;

ngz;zpw;F chpik toq;f Ntz;Lkh? Ntz;lhth? vd;Dk; Muha;r;rpAk;> ,t;Tyfpy;

rpy ,lq;fspy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ.

chpik vd;gJ xUth; nfhLg;gJkd;W@ kw;nwhUth; thq;FtJkd;W. m/J

vthplj;Jk; vy;yhtplj;Jk; ,ay;gha; mike;J fplg;gJ. rpyh; jkf;Fs;s td;ikahy;






gpwh; chpikia kwpj;Jk;> gwpj;Jk; tUfpd;wdh;. xUth; chpikf;F kw;nwhUth; NfL

#o;tjpDk; nfhba ghtk; gphpnjhd;W ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W njhpatpy;iy. chpikahtJ

midj;J caph;fSf;Fk; flTshy; mspf;fg;gl;l xU ngUk; ,aw;iff; nfhilahFk;.

jd;idg; NghyNt caph;fSk; vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLkpd;wp cyfpy; tho Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNj flTspd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mt;tUs; Nehf;fj;jpw;F khWgl;L gpwh; chpikiaj;

jLg;gth;> flTsplk; cz;ikapy; cWjp cilatuhf fUjg;glkhl;lhh;. vt;Taph;

chpikf;Fk; vth; NfL epfo;j;jyhfhJ vd;gJ nghJ mwkhFk;. ,t;twk; ePq;fpa Mz;

kfd; ngz;fspd; chpikiag; gy ,lq;fspy; kwpj;Jk;> gwpj;Jk; tUfpd;wdh;. ,aw;if

epajpf;F Kuz; epd;W> ngz;Zhpikiaf; fbe;J> ngz;Zf;F vt;tstpy; chpik

toq;fyhk;: vt;tstpy; toq;fy; $lhJ: vd;Dk; Muha;r;rpia tpLj;J ngz;zpw;F

Mzpw;F epfuhd chpikiag; ngz;Zf;Fk; toq;fNtz;Lk; vd jpU.tp.f Rl;Lfpwhh;.

,jidg;; Nghd;W> ftpQh; jpyfghkh vd;gth;> jk; ftpijapd; %yk;>

,f;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; chpikfs; gwpNghtijAk;> gwpf;fg;gLtijAk;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;.

“fz;zfp mjph;e;jhs;

ghz;baDf; nfjpuhf

efuNk eufkhdJ

ghQ;rhyp mjph;e;jhs;

JhpNahjDf; nfjpuhf

tk;rNk Jtk;rkhdJ”. (jpyfghkh.63)

vd;w thp> ‘neQ;rjph;e;jNjdk;kh’ vd;Dk; ftpijapy;> fz;zfpahy; kJiu vupe;J

mope;jijAk;> ghQ;rhypahy; nfsut tk;rNk mope;jijAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhh;;.

ngz;zpd; Nfhgk; kw;Wk; rhgk; kJiu mopaTk;> tk;rk; mopaTk; fhuzkhfpaJ

vd;fpwhh; ftpQh;.

ngz;zpd; flik:

,y;ywj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L fztidg; Nghw;Wjy;> kf;fis tsh;j;jy;>

fhj;jy;> tpUe;J Xk;Gjy;> ,y;ywj;ij elj;jpr; nry;yy; Nghd;w midj;Jk;

ngz;fSf;Nf chpajhf ,Ue;jd. ,jid> fw;Gk; fhkKk;> ey;y xOf;fKk;>

ngz;ikj; jd;ik nghUe;jpa nghWikg; gz;Gk;> epiwAilikAk;> tpUe;J Nghw;Wk;

kdeyKk;> Rw;wj;jpdiuj; jOTk; tof;fhWk; gpwTk; jiykfSf;Fhpa jiyaha

gz;Gfs; MFk;.

,jid> ,y;yw tho;tpy; ,Uf;Fk; ngz;zpd; gq;F ngUk;gq;fhf ,Ue;jJ.

NkYk;> ,y;ywj;jpw;Fg; ngz; tpsf;Fg; Nghd;wts; (eh.k.f.103-1) vd;Wk;> kidahs;

,y;yhj tPL ghohdJ (eh.k.f.99-4) vd;Wk; $Wtjhy; mwpayhk;. ,y;ywj;jpd;






ngUikAk;> rpWikAk; ngz;fisg; nghWj;J mikAk; vd;gJ ehd;kzpf;fbif %yk;

mwpag;gLfpwJ.

Mzhjpf;fk;:

ngz;fis ,y;ywj;jpw;F kl;Lk; vd;W xJf;fpapUe;jdh;. rkaq;fspd;

nry;thf;Fk;> mayth;fspd; Ml;rpAk;> MZhpikr; rKjhaj;jpd; ,Wf;fKk;> NkYk;

NkYk; tYthfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ngz;fSf;F ehzj;ij typAWj;jpAk; (eh.k.f.85-1)>

fztd; top epw;f typAWj;jpAk; (eh.k.f.37-3) MZhpikr; rKjhaj;ij

epiyehl;Ltjw;fhd topKiwfshf mike;jd. fw;nghOf;fj;jpid tw;GWj;jp

,y;ywj;NjhL ngz;fs; epWj;jpitf;fg;gl;ldh;. NkYk;> fw;Gila ngz;fs; jd;

fztid kl;LNk nja;tkhf tzq;fNtz;LNk jtpug; gpw nja;tq;fis tzq;f

$lhJ (eh.k.f.89.4) vd;gJ Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhaj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf mike;jpUe;jd.

jpUkzk;:

MZk;> ngz;Zk; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F cfe;j ,yf;fzkhf

njhy;fhg;gpah; 10 gz;Gfisf; $wpAs;shh;. mit>

“gpwg;Ng Fbik Mz;ik Mz;NlhL

cUTepWj;j fhkthapy;

epiwNa mUNs czu;nthL jpUntd

KiwAwf; fpse;j xg;gpdJ tifNa”. (njhy;.E}w;.1219)

vd;w thpapy;> Fyg;gpwg;G> xOf;fk;> gz;ghL> Ms;tpidAilik> taJ> tbtk;>

tdg;G> fhk xOf;fj;jpw;Fhpa cs;sf; fpsh;r;rp> rhy;G> mUSilik> cs;sf;

Fwpg;ig mwpe;njhOFk; Ez;zwpT> nja;tg;nghypT Mfpa midj;jpYk;

xj;jth;fshfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,e;E}w;gh jUk; nghUshFk;.

jpUkzk; Mtjw;F Kd;G ,sk;ngz;fs; xUtifr; rpyk;G mzpe;J ,Ug;gh;.

jpUkzk; Kbthdg; gpwFk>; jpUkz tho;tpw;F Kd;dUk;> xU ed;dhspy; mr;rpW

rpyk;gpid ePf;Fk; tpoh kzkfs; ,y;yj;jpy; eilngWk;. ,jid rpyk;gfop Nehd;G

vd;gh;. ,t;tpoh taJ Kjph;e;j ,y;yj;jurpah; rpyh; xd;whff;$br; nra;j rlq;fhFk;.

,r;rlq;Ffspd; %yk; ngw;Nwhh; jk; kfs; kztho;tpw;Fhpa jFjpiag; ngw;Wtpl;lhs;

vd;gij cyfpw;F czh;j;jpdh;. ,jid>

“Ek;;kidr; rpyk;G fop,a mahpDk;

vk;kid tJit ek;kzq; fopnfdr;”. (Iq;.399)

vd;w thp> Iq;FWE}W njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ.

Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhaj;jpy;> KOikahf Mz;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tho;e;jhYk;>

ghJfhg;G epr;rakpd;ikia>

FLk;gk; Jwe;j






rpj;jhh;j;jd;

Gj;jdhf khwpdhd;

ek;gp te;j

aNrhjh

vd;d Mdhs; ?

vd;w Nfs;tpia Kd;nkhopfpd;whh; ftpQh; ghyghujp. jpUkz ge;jj;jpy; ,izAk;

NghJ> Gul;rpfukhdg; ngz;zpag; gilg;ghsh;fSk;> rKjhaf; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F

Ml;gLk; #oy; Vw;gl;L tpLfpwJ. ftpQh; jhkiu ‘njhiye;J NghNdd;” vd;w

ftpijapy; jdJ kztho;T gw;wpg; gjpTr; nra;fpd;whh;.

vd;kztho;tpy;

ehd; njhiye;J NghNdd;

Mdhy; ahUk; vd;idj; Njltpy;iy>

vd;w ftpijapd; %yk; ngz;fspd; jpUkzk; mth;fsJ tho;tpy; ngUk;

Vkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jptpLfpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

tujl;riz:

jpUkzj;jpw;F tujl;rizf; nfhLf;f Kbahky;> vj;jidf; fhyk; tiug;

ngz;fs; Kjph;fd;dpah;fsha; tyk; tUfpd;wdh; vd;W vz;zp> r%fj;jpd; kPJ Nfhgk;

nfhz;L> vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; xd;W Nrh;e;J ,f;nfhLikf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;rp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; ftpQh;. ,jid>

“,e;j

tujl;riz tpy;iy

tisg;gJ ahh;?

uhkh;fSf;F ,d;W uj;jkpy;iy

[dfNdh ghtk;

rha;T ehw;fhypapy;

,dp

ehNk xbg;gNj

epahak;

vq;Nf

rPijfNs nfhQ;rk;

NrUq;fNsd;”.

ftpQh; ituKj;J vd;w ftpij thpfspy;> njhd;kf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpj;

jdJ cs;sf; FKwiy ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sijf; fhz KbfpwJ.

,y;yw khz;G:






,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; MZk;> ngz;Zk; ,ize;jJ FLk;g

tho;f;if vd;whYk;> ,y;ywj;jpy; ngz; vd;gtspd; gq;Nfw;G kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd

xd;whFk;. fztd;> kf;fs;> Rw;wk; Nghd;Nwhiu cgrhpg;gJk; ,y;yhspd; gz;ghFk;.

“mWRit czitf; fztDf;F Cl;Ljy; ,y;yhspd; flik”.

(ehyb.1)

“,y;yf; fpoj;jp ,y;yhj tPL nfhLq;fhL”. (ehyb.361)

,y;ywj;jpy; ngz; ey;ytshffTk;> flikj; jtwhjtshfTk; ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,y;ywf; flikapid czh;e;J mjd; top xOf Ntz;Lk; vd;gij>

ehybahh; gy ghly;fspy; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. jkpohpd; gz;ghl;bidg; giwrhw;Wtdthf

ehybahh; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

,y;ywNk ey;ywk;> Mz;ik vd;w tPuKk;> ngz;ik vd;w nghWikAk;

,ize;J tho;tNj ,y;ywk;. ,y;ywj;jpy; ngz;ikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mspg;gij

ehybahhpy; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ngz; epidj;jhy; vJTk; elf;Fk;. ,Uk;Gj; jd;ik

nfhz;l MltiuAk; kaphpio kq;if mlf;fptpLths; vd;gij>

“,Uk;Gj; njhliuAk;> vhpj;Jr; nry;Yk;

Mlth; kdnkDk; kjahiz Xh;

kq;if ,l;l kaphpio mjDf;F

mlq;fp epd;wpLk; Iankhd;W ,y;iy”. (Mrpa.N[hjp:gh.46-49)

vd;W ngz;ikiag; Nghw;wpajhy; jhd;> kq;ifauha;g; gpwf;f khjtk; nra;jply;

Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is.

tho;f;ifj;Jiz:

,dpa tho;f;ifj; Jiz vd;W $Wtjw;Fg; gjpyhfj;jhd;> ts;Stg;

ngUe;jif tho;f;ifj; Jiz eyk; vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. tho;tpd; ,dpa

Jizapy; vt;tsNth rpwg;Gfs; cs;sd vd;gijf; $whky; $wNt ,t;tpjk; eyk;

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ngUikg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. ,e;j tho;f;ifj;Jiz> ,y;ywj;Jf;F

Ntz;ba midj;J ew;Fzq;fisAk; nfhz;ltshfj; jpfo;e;J> jd;id kze;J

nfhz;ltDila fztdpd; tUtha;f;Fj; jf;f tho;f;ifia elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW elj;jpdhy; jhd; ,y;tho;f;if ,dpa tho;f;ifahf> Vw;wkpF tho;f;ifahf

mike;J ,dpik epyTk; vd;gij czh;j;Jfpwhh;.

“kidj;jf;f khz;Gilas; Mfpj;jw; nfhz;lhd;

tsj;jf;fhs; tho;f;ifj; Jiz”. (Fws;.51)

kidj;jf;f khz;G vd;gJ> ,y;ywj;ij ,dpJ elj;Jk; cah; gz;GfSk;

nray;fSk; kl;Lkd;wp> tUk; tpUe;jpdiur; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; cgrhpj;Jg;

Nghw;WtJkhFk;.






ey;y kidtp miktJ vd;gJ> ,iwtd; nfhLj;j xg;gw;w tuk; vd;W

$Wthh;fs;. ,y;ywj;jhd; xUtd; rpwg;Gw;Wj; jpfo> gpw nry;tq;fshy; ve;jtpjg;

gaDk; ,y;iy. ey;y kidtpia> cah; gz;ghLs;s kidtpia> xUtd; ngw;Wr;

rpwg;gNj cah;thFk; vd;W ts;Sth; Rl;bAs;shh;.

gps;isg; NgW:

fw;Gila kfspuhy; kl;LNk ,y;yj;ijg; nghyptpf;Fk;> kidia khz;Gwr;

nra;Ak; ed;kf;fisg; ngw;Wj;ju ,aYk; vd;gJ ts;Sth; fUj;jhFk;. ,jid>

“kq;fyk; vd;g kidkhl;rp kw;W mjd;

ed;fyk; ed;kf;fl; NgW”. (Fws;.60)

vd;W ts;Sth; $Wfpwhh;. NkYk;>

“<d;w nghOjpw; nghpJtf;Fk; jd;kfidr;

rhd;Nwhd; vdf;Nfl;l jha;”. (Fws;.69)

vd;w Fwspy;> jd; kfidg; gpwh; rhd;Nwhd; vd;W nrhy;yf; Nfl;l jha;> jhd;

mtidg; ngw;w fhyj;Jf; nfhz;l kfpo;ittpl kpFjpahf kfpo;ths;. NkYk;>

“,k;ik cyfj;J ,irNahL tpsq;fp

kWik cyfKk; kWtpd;wp va;Jk;

nrWeUk; tpioAk; nraph; jPh;f; fhl;rp

rpWth;g; gae;j nrk;kNyhh;”. (mfk;.66:1-4)

vd;w thpapy;> jpUkz tho;tpy; Kjd;ikahdJ> kf;fl;NgW ngWtNj vd;gJ

ngz;fspd; vz;zkhFk;. xU ngz; jha;ikapy; jhd; KOikailfpwhs; vd;gJ kuG

top rpe;jidahFk;. ,k;ikg; GfOk;> kWik ,d;gKk; Foe;ijahy; kl;LNk fpl;Lk;

vd kf;fs; ek;Gtij mfehD}w;W top mwpag;gLfpwJ.

gpwd;kid ehlhik:

jpUkzkhd ngz;fis Ntw;nwhU Mltd; tpUk;Gtij td;ikahf

jpUts;Sth; fz;bf;Fk; tpjkhf>

“mwd;tiuahd; my;y nrapDk; gpwd;tiuahs;

ngz;ik eathik ed;W”. (Fws;.150)

xUtd; mwtopapdpd;Wk; khwpg; gy jPikfs; nra;thdhapDk;> gpwd; kidahisf;

nfLj;jhd; vd;w> jPa gop thuhkyhtJ ele;J nfhs;thdhf vd;W mwk; $WfpwJ.

,jdhy; jPa nray;fs;> ngha;> fsT> nfhiy Kjyhd midj;jpDk;> gpwd; kid

eaf;Fk; jPr;nraNy kpff; nfhbaJ vd;W $wpatwhk;. vdNt> ,y;ywj;jhDf;F

xOf;fk; vd;gJ gpwh; kidtpaiu tpUk;ghj ew;Fz tho;f;ifNa vd;W ts;Sth;

$wpAs;shh;.






rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; gpwd;kid eaj;jy; vd;w gz;ghdJ mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ.

gpwh; kid eathik gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; ehybahhpy; mjpfk; cs;sd.

“gpwd; kid eaj;jy; ghk;gpd; jiyia ehtpdhy; ef;Fjy;”. (ehyb.87)

“gpwd; kid eag;gth;f;F vg;NghJk; mr;rNk”. (ehyb.83)

vd;w ehybahhpd; fUj;Jf;fs; %yk;> gpwd; kid eag;gjhy; Fbg; gop cz;lhjy;>

if> fhy; Fiwjy;> mr;rk; jUjy; Nghd;wg; ghtr; nray;fs; Vw;gLk; vd;W ehybahh;

$Wfpd;wJ. rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s kf;fisg; gpwd;kid Nehf;Fjy; $lhJ> xUtDf;F

xUj;jp vd;w jkpohpd; cah;e;j gz;ghl;bidg; giwrhw;Wtjhf ngz;zpak;

mike;Js;sJ vd ehybahh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkYk;;>

“mwk;Gfo; Nfz;ik ngUik,e; ehd;Fk;

gpwd;jhuk; er;Rthh;r; Nruh gpwe;jhuk;

er;Rthh;r; NrUk; gifgop ghtd;vd;W

mr;rj;Njh gpe;ehw; nghUs;”. (ehyb.82)

vd;w thpapy;> jUkk;> fPh;j;jp> rpNefk;> Nkk;ghL Mfpa ,e;j ehd;Fg; nghUSk;

gpwd;kidahis tpUk;Gfpwth;fisr; Nrukhl;lh@ gifAk; epge;jidAk; ghtKk;>

mr;rKk; Mfpa ,e;j ehd;F nghUSk; gpwd; jhuj;ij tpUk;Gfpwth;fisr; NrUk;.

xUjhu kzKiw:

xUtd; - xUj;jp kzKiwahdJ ehfhpf tsh;r;rp epiyapd; xU fl;lj;jpy;

Njhd;wpaJ MFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; mjpff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;

ngz;fSk;> Mz;fSk; xOf;fk; jtWk; epfo;r;rpfSk; ele;jd. NkYk;>

,y;yj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Nl fw;gpidf; nfLj;j ngz;fSk; ,Ue;Js;sdh;. ,t;thW

xOFgth;fis>

“fztDf;Ff; $w;W fw;G nfLk; kidtp”. (eh.k.f.83.4)

vd;W tpsk;gp ehfdhh; tir ghbAs;shh;. Mz;kfd; kidtpia ,oe;jhy;> mtd;

vt;tsT tajhd fpotdhapUg;gpDk;> Xhpsq; fl;lofpia kze;J ,dpJ thoyhk;!

,sk; ngz;nzhUj;jp fztid ,oe;jhNyh> mts; nkhl;ilabj;J> cz;b nfLj;J>

cyifj; Jwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;! vd;d mepahak;! tpjp vd;why; ,Ughyhh;f;Fkd;Nwh

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;? xUtd; gy ngz;fis kze;J nfhs;Sk; chpik

ngw;wpUf;fpwhd;! mepahak;! mepahak;! xUj;jp xUtNdhL tho;jNy mwnthOf;fk;.

mt;thNw xUtDk; xUj;jpAld; tho;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ‘xUtd; gy ngz;fis

kzf;fyhk;’ vd;Dk; tpjp> ngz;Zyif ,opTgLj;JtjhFk;. ngz;> jtwp ele;jhy;

jz;lid! Mz;> jtwp ele;jhNyh jz;lidapy;iy! ,/J mePjp! jz;lid

,Ughyhh;f;Fk; tpjpg;gJ ePjpahFk;.






Mz; - ngz;:

‘gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs; nra;tJk; ghhpdpy; ngz;fs; elj;j te;Njhk;”

vd;W ghujpahh; Koq;Ffpd;wdh;. ‘Mz;fNshL ngz;fSk; rhpepfh;” vd epWgpf;Fk;

tifapy; gy Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;L tUfpd;wdh;.

‘ngz;fis tw;GWj;;jpf; fl;bf;nfhLf;Fk; tof;fj;ijj; js;sp kpjpj;jpLNthk;”

vd;gJ ,d;iwa ngz;Zyfg; Ngr;R. ‘tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns ngz;izg; G+l;b itg;Nghk;”

vd;gth;fs; tpe;ijahd kdpjh;fshfptpl;ldh;. mth;fSf;F ,e;j ehl;bNy Ntiy

,y;iy vdTk;>

‘fw;G> fw;ngd;W nrhy;y te;jhh;> ,e;j fl;rpf;Fk; m/J nghJtpy; itg;Nghk;”

vd;whh; ghujpahh;. ‘fw;ngd;Dk; jpz;ik” vd;whh; jpUts;Sth;. fw;G vd;why;

fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;Nw nghUs;. cyf Qhdj;ij> FLk;gf; fiyia> murpay; -

r%f nghUshjhuf; fiyfisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; KjypadTk;> ngz;fspd; Fzk;>

kdk;> nray;fs; NtW@ Mz;fspd; Fzk;> kdk; nray;fs; NtW vd;gh;.

ngz;fs; ,sfpa kdk;@ md;gpy; khwhjpUg;gJ@ Jd;gq;fisg; nghWikAld;

rfpj;Jf;nfhs;tJ@ mtrukw;w jd;ik - ,tw;iwnay;yhk; ngz; jd;iknad;Nw

$wyhk;.

MZk;> ngz;Zk; xd;Nw vd;gijg; gw;wp ts;syhh; $Wk; cz;ikfs; kpfr;

rpwe;jit vd;gNjhL>

‘ngz;zpDs; MZk; MzpDs; ngz;Zk;

mz;Zw tFj;j mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp!

ngz;ZUtj;jpy; Mz;jd;ikfSk;> Mz; cUtj;Js; ngz;jd;ikfSk;

xd;Wgl;bUf;Fk;gb nra;j mUl; ngUk; Nrhjp vdTk;>

“ngz;zpay; kdKk; Mz;,ay; mwpTk;

mz;Zw tFj;j mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp!

Mz; ngz; ,UghyhhplKk;> ngz;jd;ikahd ,sfpa kdKk;> Mz;

jd;ikahd njspe;j cWjpahd mwpTk; xd;Wgl;bUf;Fk;gb nra;j mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp

vdTk;>

“jdpj;jdp tbtDk; jf;fMz; ngz;nray;

midj;Jw tFj;j mUl;ngUk; NrhjpNa!

xt;nthU Mz; ngz;fsplKk; rpwe;j Mz; jd;ikfs;> ngz; jd;ikfs;

midj;Jk; mike;jpUf;Fk;gb nra;j mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp ts;Sth; Mthh;.






,t;thW> Mz; ngz;fs; ,UthplKk;> ,U jd;ikahd Fzq;fSk;

cz;nld;Nw $Wfpd;whh;. ,jdhy; ,U ghyhUk; rkj;JtKld; thoj;

jFjpAilath;fs; vd;gNj ts;syhh; cs;sk;. Mifahy;>

‘ghlff;fhy; kle;ijaUk; ike;jUk; rd;khh;f;fg;

gad;ngw ey;mUs; mspj;jguk; guNd”.

vd;W ts;syhh; Gfo;fpd;whh;. ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; rd;khh;f;fj;jpy; njhz;lhw;wpg;

gad; ngwj;jf;f jFjpAilath;fs; vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;> ts;syhhpd; tha;nkhopahdJ>

ngz;fSf;F cly; cWjp Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Nahfg; gapw;rp> Njfg; gapw;rp Kjypd

Ntz;Lk;. ngz; fy;tp> Mz;fy;tp vd;w gphptpidapd;wpg; nghJf;fy;tp gapy Ntz;Lk;.

,UtUk; $l;Lf;fy;tp gapy;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;Wk;> MZk; ngz;Zk; rkkhdth;fs;@

,UtUf;Fk; rk chpik cz;L@ Mw;wypYk; mwptpYk; ,Uth;fSk; xj;jth;fs;jhk;

vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;.

xU ngz;iz xUtDf;F kzk; Ngrp Kbj;Jtpl;lhy; NghJk;@ jpUkzk;

Kbe;Jtpl;ljhfNt nfhs;tJ gz;ila tof;fk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. (rhkp

rpjk;gudhhpd;> ts;syhh; $Wk; tho;f;if newp. gf;.158-160)

cld;fl;il VWjy;:

cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; gz;ilj; jkpo; ehl;bYk; cz;L. cz;ikapNyNa

fhjyd; gphpTf;F Mw;whky; fztDld; Nrh;e;J kbtJ cld;fl;il VWjy;. ,J

ngz;fs; jhkhfNt kzk; tpUk;gpr; nra;Ak; nray;. ,J ehsiltpy; khwp> caph;tplr;

rk;kjpf;fhj ngz;fisAk;> gyte;jkhf gpbj;Jf; fztDld; Nrh;j;Jitj;Jf;

nfhSj;jpAs;sdh;.

,t;thW cld;fl;il Vw;Wk; epiyiag; ngz;fSk;> r%f rPh;jpUj;jf;fhuh;fSk;

vjph;g;Gj; njhptpj;jdh;. mt;ntjph;g;gpd; fhuzkhf cld;fl;il Vw;Wk; tof;fj;ij

%lek;gpf;if cs;sth;fs; iftplyhdhh;fs;. 04-brk;gh;-1829k; Mz;L Kjd;Kjypy;

cld;fl;il Vw;Wk; nfhLikiar; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xopj;jth; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;

vd;gth; Mthh;. NkYk;> 1803k; Mz;L nrd;idapd; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l tpy;ypak;

ngz;bq; gpuG vd;gtNuhL cWJizahf ,Ue;J cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fj;ij

xopj;jdh;.

,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; vd;gth;> Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ijAk;> ngz; rpRf;

nfhiyiaAk; fLikahf vjph;j;jth; Mthh;. NkYk;> tpjitfs; kWkzk;>

ngz;fy;tp> ngz;fSf;fhd nrhj;Jhpikg; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Mjhpj;Js;shh;.

,e;jpahtpd; xUikg;ghl;bw;Fr; rhjpKiw ngUk; jilf;fy;yhf ,Ug;gij czh;e;jhh;.

mjdhy;> kdpj Fyj;jpd; rkj;Jtj;jpy; ,th; mirahj ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jhh;. gpd;

fyg;Gj; jpUkzj;ijAk; Mjhpj;jhh;. mjd; tpisthf jhNk xU K];yPk;






Foe;ijiaj; jj;njLj;J tsh;j;J te;Js;shh;. ,th; ngz;fspd; tpLjiyf;Ff; Fuy;

nfhLj;jNjhL> ngz;fSf;F vd jdpg; gs;spiaAk; mikj;jth; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhiag; Nghy;> ek; ehl;by; r%f rPh;jpUj;jj; Jiwapy;

cioj;j nghpath;fs; gyh; cs;sdh;. mtw;Ws;> nghpahh;> lhf;lh;.Kj;Jyl;Rkp

mk;ikahh;> ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> rp.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;ah;> it.K.Nfhijehafp mk;khs;>

Uf;Fkzp ,yl;Rkpgjp> mk;G[j;jk;khs; Nghd;Nwhh;fs; ngz;zbikf;Ff; Fuy;

nfhLj;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

rp.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;ah; vd;gthpd; kfs; ,sikapNyNa tpjitf;Nfhyk;

nfhz;lhs; vd;gjhy;> ,th; gk;gha;f; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;> Njrj; jiyth;fs;

Kd;dpiyapy; jdJ kfSf;F kWkzk; nra;Jitj;jhh;. ,jd; %yk; ,tUf;F

Vw;gl;l njhy;iyfs; gy ,Ue;jd. ,thpd; r%fj;jhh;fs; ,tiu vjph;j;J

Fiw$wyhdhh;fs;. NkYk;> r%fj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fpitg;gjhfTk; gyh;

gaKWj;jpdhh;fs;. ,th; vjw;Fk; mQ;rhky;> cWjpAld; ,Ue;J jdJ kfSf;F

kWkzk; nra;Jitj;J> kfpo;NthL ,Ue;jhh; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,ij Nghd;Nw>

ts;syhUk; tpjitia xopf;Fk; tpjkhf gpd;tUkhW> ‘ifk;ikiaj; jtph;j;J

kq;fyk; mspj;j fUizNa!’ vd;gJ ts;syhhpd; thf;fhFk;. ifk;ikahtij –

mjhtJ tpjitahtij xopj;J> kq;fyj;ijf; nfhLg;gij ,uf;fk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

NkYk;> ‘fztd; ,we;jgpd; ngz;fSf;Fj; jhyp thq;ff;$lhJ’ vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.

mjhtJ> tpjitf; Nfhyk; nfhs;tijNa jLj;Js;shh; ts;syhh;. (rhkp rpjk;gudhhpd;>

ts;syhh; $Wk; tho;f;if newp. gf;.162-164)

kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;Njhh;:

fztid ,oe;j ,sk;ngz;fs; tpjitahf tho;tjhy;> ghJfhg;G ,y;yhky;

gy;NtW Jd;gq;fSf;F Mshf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; r%f

xOf;fNfLk; milaf;$Lk; vd;gjhy;> ,j;Jd;gq;fs; jPu Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> ngz;fs;

kWjpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;tJ vj;jPq;Fk;> vg;gopAk; Vw;glhky; jd;idf;

fhj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W fPo;fhZk; gy ftpQh;fs; Fuy; nfhLj;Js;sdh;.

ghujpjhrd;:

Jiztp ,we;jgpd; NtW Jiz NjLk; Mz;fisg; Nghy;> Jizth;

,we;jg;gpd;dh; NtW Jizia ehLk; chpikiag; ngz;fSk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.

mjhtJ> fztid ,oe;j ngz;fSf;F kWkzk; nra;tjw;F chpik mspf;f

Ntz;Lk;. jil tpjpf;Fk; nghOJ tpUg;gk; cila ngz;fshy; tpjpkPwy; fl;lhak;

Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; ghujpjhrd; $wpAs;shh;.

Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh;:

‘ifk;ngz; ,y;iynadpy; %iy fhf;Fk; nfhLik ,y;iy’ mjhtJ>






fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; kWkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhy;> tPl;bd; %iyapy;

mkh;e;jpUf;f Ntz;ba nfhLik ePq;Fk; vd;gjhy;> ,th; kWkzk; Mjhpg;G fUj;jpid

Kd;nkhope;Js;shh;.

m.Fkug;gd;:

‘ifk;ngz; Jah; ePf;fpf; fhjy; kzk; nra;Jitj;J igk;nghd;didahh; ,lh;

mfw;wy; vf;fhyk; vd;W new;Fg;ig’ vd;Wiuf;fpd;whh;.

Nj.gh.ngUkhs;:

nts;shil mzpe;J> $e;jiy kopj;J tpl;lhy; tpjitapd; cs;Szh;Tfs;

ahTk; kiwe;JtpLtjpy;iy vd;whh;.

ngz;ikAk; - fw;Gk;:

ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;Dk; E}ypy;> ngz;fspd; fw;Gg; gw;wp rpwg;ghf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz;fs; jd; fztid my;yhj NtW nja;tq;fis tzq;fpaJ

,y;iy vdTk;> ey;y ,ay;Gila ngz;fs; ehzj;jpd; vy;iyapNyNa epw;ghh;fs;

vdTk;> ew;gz;Gilats; fw;G xOf;fj;jpypUe;J rpwpJk; jtwkhl;lhs; vdTk;>

gz;Gila kidtp ,y;yhj tPL ghohfpg; Ngha;tpLk; vd;W tpsk;gpehfdhh; vd;gth;

gpd;tUk; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

“……ghnohf;Fk;

gz;Gilahh; ,y;yh kid” (eh.k.f.101)

vd;w thpapy;> ,y;ywj;jpw;F xsp tPRk; tpsf;F kidtp Mths; vdTk;> ngz;ikf;F

moF ehzKk;> fw;gpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjw;fhf> jd; neQ;ir xU topg;gLj;jp

fw;Gilatshf jpfo;ths; vd;Wiuf;fpwhh;.

ngz; - fy;tp:

ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;gjw;F> Mz;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jpLk; midj;J trjpfisAk;>

tha;g;GfisAk; mNj mstpy; ngz;fSf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;tNj ngz; fy;tp

vdg;gLk;. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp toq;fg;glhky;> tPl;bd; midj;Jg;

gzpfisr; nra;aTk;> tPl;il tpl;L ntspNa nry;yhj mstpw;F> tPl;bNyNa

,Uf;fTk; nra;Js;sdh;. ,e;epiyj; jw;NghJ khwp> ngz;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndwp>

ngz;fs; ,y;yh JiwfNs ,y;iy vd;w mstpw;Fg; ngz;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndwp

te;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;.

Neh;nfhz;l ghh;;itAk; ahUf;Fk; mQ;rhj Qhdr; nrUf;Fk; cila Gul;rpg;

ngz;iz milahsk; fhl;bath; ghujpahh;.

“Vl;ilAk; ngz;fs; njhLtJ jPik vd;W

vz;zpapUe;jth; kha;e;Jtpl;lhh;

tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns ngz;izg; G+l;bitg;Nghk; vd;w






tpe;ij kdpjh; jiy ftpo;e;jhh;”. (Fk;kpg;ghl;L.gh.106)

vd;W ghujpahh;> ngz;fs; Gj;jfj;jpidj; njhLtJ jPik vd;W epidj;jth;fis>

,f;fhy ngz;fs; jiyf;Fdpit Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf ngz;fs; ,y;yhj;; JiwfNs

,y;iy vd;Dk; mstpw;F cah;e;j epiyiaAk;> ghujp fz;l fdtpid

epidthf;fpAk; tUfpd;wdh;.

[t`h;yhy; NeU:

Kd;dhy; ,e;jpa gpujkh; gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; $w;Wg;gb>

“Xh; MZf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tpahy;>

mtUf;F kl;LNk gad;@ Mdhy;>

Xh; ngz;Zf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tp

mtuJ FLk;gNk fy;tp ngw;wjw;F rkk; MfpwJ”.

vdTk;> ngz;fs; FLk;g tho;f;ifia eyKwr; nra;aTk;> Foe;ijfspd; mwpT

tsh;r;rpf;F rpwe;j mbj;jsj;ij mikj;jplTk;> mf;fk; gf;fj;jpdhpd;

vOj;jwptpd;ikiag; Nghf;fplTk;> rpW FLk;g newpiag; gug;gplTk;> r%f

tpspg;Gzh;itg; ngUf;fplTk;> r%jha eyj;jpl;lq;fis ntw;wpilar; nra;aTk;> ngz;

fy;tp kpfTk; mtrpakhfpwJ vd;fpwhh;. (Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d; vd;gthpd;> tsh;e;J tUk;

,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; fy;tp gf;.391)

fhe;jpabfs;:

,e;jpah Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghpJk; njhz;lhw;wpa kfhj;kh fhe;jp mth;fSk;>

ngz; fy;tpiag; gw;wp cah;e;j vz;zj;Jld; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. “ngz;fSf;Fk;

Mz;fSf;F ,izahd fy;tpia toq;fpl Ntz;Lk;@ Kbe;jhy; mth;fSf;F rpwg;ghd

$Ljy; fy;tpia mspj;jply; eyk;” vdTk;> ‘ngz;Zf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tpapd;

gad; mtsJ mLj;j jiyKiwiaAk; nrd;wilAk;” vd;W $wpAs;shh;.

(Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d; vd;gthpd;> tsh;e;J tUk; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; fy;tp gf;.391)

Nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FO:

fy;tpapy; ngUk; khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf Nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FO

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fy;tpf;FOTk; ngz;fspd; fy;tpiag; gw;wp nghpJk; NgrpAs;sJ.

kdpj ts Mw;wypd; KOikahd tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fspd; kdpjj;

juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk;> rpW tajpNyNa Foe;ijfsplk; ey;nyhOf;fj;ij tsh;j;jplTk;

Mz;fspd; fy;tpia tpl> ngz; fy;tpNa Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;W ,f;fy;tpf;FO>

ngz; fy;tpiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. (Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d; vd;gthpd;> tsh;e;J tUk;

,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; fy;tp gf;.391)






‘ve;jf; Foe;ijAk; ey;y Foe;ijjhd; kz;zpy; gpwf;ifapNy@ mth;

ey;ytuhtJk>; nfl;ltuhtJk; md;id tsh;g;gpdpNy’ vd;W ftpQh; $WtJ Nghy>

Foe;ijfis ey;y Foe;ijfshf cUthf;fp> jiyrpwe;j Fbkfdhf;FtJ

fy;tpawpT ngw;w ngz;fshy; jhk; ,aYk;. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd r%ff;

nfhLikfis vjph;f;Fk; Mw;wYk;> JzpTk; fy;tpawpT ngw;w ngz;fSf;F

Vw;gLfpwJ. ngz; fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig czh;e;j muR> ngz; fy;tpf;F Mf;fKk;

Cf;fKk; mspf;fpwJ.

ngz; fy;tp> ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wp vy;NyhUk; mwpAk;gb $wp> ngz;

tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;l nghpahh;> ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk;> mth;fs; Kaw;rpapdhNyNa

KbAk; vd;W $wpdhh;. ghNte;jh; gbj;j ngz;fs; cs;s FLk;gk; “mts; thj;jpr;rp>

miwtPL fofk;> jto;e;jJ rq;fj; jkpo;r; Rit” vd;W Nghw;Wthh;.

ghujpahh; ngz;fs; gw;wpf; $whjf; fUj;Jf;fNs ,y;iy vdyhk;. mtw;Ws;>

mLg;G+Jk; ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp vjw;F? vd;W $wpa %lh;fs; kj;jpapy;> ngz;fis

mwpTk;> tPuKk; kpf;fth;fs; vd;W $Wk; tpjkhf>

“mwpT nfhz;l kdpj caph;fis

mbikahf;f Kay;gth; gpj;juhk;!” (GJikg;ngz;.3)

vd;w ftpij thpapd; %yk;> mbikg;gl;l> mwptPdk; epiwe;j ngz; kf;fs; tapw;wpy;

vg;gb tPuh;fs; gpwf;f KbAk;? vdNt> mwpTk; tPuKk; epiwe;j ngz;fs; jhk;>

Mz;ik kpf;f kf;fisAk; <d;W ju KbAk; vd;fpwhh; ghujp. NkYk;> ngz;zpd;

mwpit tsh;g;gJ mtrpak; vd;gijg; gpd;tUkhW typAWj;Jfpwhh;.

“ngz;Zf;F Qhdj;ij itj;jhd; - Gtp

Ngzp tsh;j;jpLk; <rd;

kz;Zf; Fs;Ns rpy %lh;-ey;y

khjh; mwpitf; nfLj;jhh;”.

‘fz;fs; ,uz;bdpy; xd;iwf;-Fj;jpf;

fhl;rp nfLj;jpl yhNkh?

ngz;fs; mwpit tsh;j;jhy;-itak;

Ngjik mw;wpLk; fhzPh;”. (KuRg; ghl;L 9>10)

vd;w ftpijapy;> MZk; ngz;Zk; rkkhf thohtpl;lhy;> tPl;by; mikjp ,uhJ>

tho;f;ifAk; rpwf;fhJ vdTk;> ngz; fy;tpiaAk; ghujp cah;thf fUJtijf;

fhzKbfpwJ.






gonkhopAk; - ngz;zpaKk;:

ngz;fisf; Fwpj;J> gy;NtW gonkhopfs; ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpy; $wg;gLtij

mwpaKbfpwJ. gonkhopfs; %yk; ngz;fisg; Nghw;WtijAk;> ,fo;tijAk;

fz;$lhf fhzKbfpd;wJ.

jhiag;Nghy; gps;is> E}iyg; Nghy; Nriy.

mlf;fNk ngz;Zf;F moF.

mlq;fhg; ngz; rhjpahy;> mj;ijf;Fk;> ekf;Fk; nghy;yhg;G.

ngz; rphpr;rhy; Nghr;R> Gifapiy tphpr;rhy; Nghr;R.

fy;yhdhYk; fztd;> Gy;yhdhYk; GUrd;.

vd;w gonkhopfspd; %yk;> ngz;fspd; jd;ikfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> fztd;>

khkpahhpilNa ngz;fs; gLk; Jd;gq;fis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tpjkhf ,g;gonkhopfs;

mike;Js;sJ. mj;Jld;> Mz;fSf;Fg; ngz;fs; mbikg;gl;bUg;gijAk;

,g;gonkhopfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. mbikahfpa ngz;zpd; epiyiag; gpd;tUk;

gonkhopfs; %yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

mbj;jhYk;> cijj;jhYk; mg;gd; mg;gNd.

vd;w gonkhopapy;> Mz; Kiwaw;wtdhfj; jpfo;e;jhYk;> vd;iwf;Fk;

cah;e;jtdhfNt kjpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. ,j;jifa mg;ghit vjph;j;Jg; gps;isfSk;

NgRtjpy;iy@ kidtpAk; NgRtjpy;iy vd;w epiyAk;>

khkpahh; cilj;jhy; kz;Flk;> mijNa

kUkfs; cilj;jhy; nghd;Flk;.

cuYf;F xU gf;fk; ,b> kj;jsj;jpw;F ,uz;L gf;fKk; ,b.

vd;w gonkhopfspd; %yk; khkpahh;> jd; kUkfisj; jz;bf;Fk; tpjkhf

cs;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ. NkYk;> xU ngz; kj;jsk; Nghy; fzthplKk;>

khkpahhplKk; ,bgl;Lf; fplg;gjpd; %yk; ngz;fspd; Jaiu mwpaKbfpwJ.

njhFg;Giu:

‘ngz;fs; ,e;ehl;bd; fz;fs;” vd;gij czh;j;Jk; tpjkhf ngz;fs;

mbikj;jd;ikapypUe;J ePq;fp tUtijAk;> jk; vz;zq;fspd; nraYf;F Vw;g

ele;Jnfhs;sTk;> ,jw;F cWJizahf gy ftpQh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;nkhope;J> ngz;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; tyk; tutpUk;Gtijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapd;

%yk; mwpag;gLfpd;Nwhk;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. ,uh.nuq;fk;khs; kw;Wk; rp.thRfp> ‘ngz;zpak;’ mZFKiwfSk;>

,yf;fpag; gz;ghLk;> g.7

2. NkyJ> g.132.






3. njhy;fhg;gpak;.fsT. 96.

4. NkyJ.1054.

5. NkyJ.1055.

6. rpy ngha;fSk;> rpy cz;ikfSk;> ghyghujp.

7. jpUf;Fws;.1083.

8. jpUf;Fws;.56.

9. ghujpahh;.ghly;.1868.

10. ghujpahh; ghly;.1871.

11. ngz;zpd; ngUik’ vd;w E}ypy; jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh.;

12. mt;itahh;.nfhd;iw Nte;jd;.38>1.

13. jpyfghkh.neQ;rjph;e;jNjdk;kh.63.

14. tpsk;gp ehfdhh;.ehd;kzpf;fbif.103-1.

15. NkyJ.99-4.

16. NkyJ.85-1.

17. NkyJ.37-3.

18. njhy;fhg;gpak;-1219.

19. Iq;FUE}W-399.

20. ghyghujp. njhiye;J NghNdd;.

21. ituKj;J.ftpijfs.;

22. rkz Kdpth;fs;.ehybahh;.1>361.

23. ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is-MrpaN[hjp.gh.46-49.

24. mfehD}W.66:1-4.

25. rkz Kdpth;fs;.ehybahh;. 87>83>82.

26. tpsk;;gp ehfdhh;.ehz;kzpf;fbif. 83.4.

27. rhkp rpjk;gudhhpd;> ts;syhh; $Wk; tho;f;if newp. gf;.158-160.

28. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;.Fk;kpg;ghl;L.106.

29. Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d; vd;gthpd;> tsh;e;J tUk; ,e;jpa

rKjhaj;jpy; fy;tp gf;.391.

30. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;.GJikg;ngz;.3.

JizE}w;gl;bay;

1. jpUf;Fws; (ciu tpsf;fk;)

[p.tujuh[d;>

godpag;gh gpujh;];

Vrpad; mr;rfk;

2. ehybahh; %yKk; ciuAk;

rhujh gjpg;gfk;>

[p.b.rhe;jp mLf;fk;>






nrd;id – 600 014.

5-k; gjpg;G 2007.

2/3 = fpU\;zhGuk; njU>

uhag;Ngl;il>

nrd;id – 600 014.

3. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;>

jkpoNty; r.nka;ag;gd;>

khzpf;fthrfh; Mg;nrl; gpupz;lh;];>

nrd;id - 600 021.

6-k; gjpg;G 2008.

4. ghujpjhrd; ghly;fs;>

Nguh.njh.gukrptd;>

ePA+ nrd;Rhp Gf; `T];> (gp.ypkpnll;)

41.gp rpl;Nfh ,d;l];bhpay; v];Nll;>

mk;gj;J}h;>

nrd;id – 600 098.

5. ngz;zpd; ngUik>

jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;>

rhujh gjpg;gfk;>

6/16 Njhg;G Ntq;flhryk; njU>

jpUty;ypf;Nfzp>

nrd;id – 600 005.

3-k; gjpg;G 2008.

6. ghujpAk; n\y;ypAk;>

njh.K.rp uFehjd;>


41- gp rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay;

v];Nll;>

mk;gj;J}h;>

nrd;id – 600 098.

7. ts;syhh; $Wk; tho;f;if newp>

rhkp rpjk;gudhh;>

kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;>

31> rpq;fh; njU>

ghhpKid>

nrd;id – 600 108.

1-k; gjpg;G 2003.

8. ,dpa ePjp E}y;fs;>

ftpQh;.gj;kNjtd;>

fw;gfk; Gj;jfhyak;>

4/2 Re;juk; njU>

jpahfuha efh;>

nrd;id – 600 017.

gjpg;G – 2017.

9. kdpj Nea fiy ,yf;fpak;>

rq;if Ntyd;>

ghit gg;spNfrd;];>

142> [hdp [hd; fhd; rhiy>

uhag;Ngl;il>

nrd;id – 600 014.

1-k; gjpg;G brk;gh; 2004.

10. gz;Kf Nehf;fpy; ngz;zpag;

gjpTfs;>

rp.thRfp> rp.mNahj;jp>


41- gp rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay;

v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}h;>

nrd;id – 600 098.

1-k; gjpg;G nrg;lk;gh; 2007.






11. tsh;e;J tUk; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy;

fy;tp>

Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d;>

,uhk; gjpg;gfk;>

gpshl; G1> = mghh;l;nkz;l;];>

vz;.10.ghujpahh; njU>

fhNthp efh;>

rhypfpuhkk;>

nrd;id – 600 093.

3-k; gjpg;G 2011.

12. ngz;zpak; mZFKiwfSk;>

,yf;fpag; gz;ghLk;>

,uh.nuq;fk;khs; kw;Wk; rp.thRfp>

mwpTg; gjpg;gfk;>

nrd;id – 600 014.

gjpg;G -1 tUlk;-2005.






njhy;fhg;gpaupd; vOj;jpay; newp

,uh.kzpfz;ld>;

KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH>

fhQ;rpkh KdptH gl;lNkw;gbg;G ikak;>

GJr;Nrup>

khDl tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJk;> mbg;gilahdJkhff;

fUjg;gLtJ nkhopNaahFk;. me;epiyapy; jkpopy; kf;fspd; tho;tpay; kw;Wk;

nkhopapaYf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; newpapy; epd;W vOjg;gLk;

vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd newpfisAk; E}w;ghtop gl;baypLfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fk;

tpjhkhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wd.mtw;wpy; vOj;jpay; newpfshtd

1. nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;.

2. nkhop ,il vOj;Jf;fs;.

3. cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;.

4. Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;.

5. nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs;.

6. rhHg;ngOj;Jf;fs; .

7. msngil vOj;Jf;fs; .

8. vOj;jpd; KbG.

9. nrhw;GzHr;rp tpjpfs;.

10. manyOj;Jf; fythik

nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;:

gd;dpnuz;L capH vOj;Jf;fs; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. capHnka; my;yhj

jdpnka;fs; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tuh. f>j>e>g>k vd;Dk; Ie;J nka;fSk; gd;dpnuz;L

capH vOj;JfSld; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. r> vd;Dk; nka; m>I>Xs> ,itfisj;

jtpu Vida Xd;gJ capHfSlDk; Kjypy; tUk;. c>C>x>X Mfpa ehd;F

capHfisj;jtpu kw;w vl;L capHfSld; t vd;Dk; nka; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;.

Q vd;Dk; nka; M>v>x vd;Dk; %d;W capfSld; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. a

vd;Dk; nka; M fhuj;Jld; kl;Lk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. ,tw;wpy; nkhop Kjypy;

capH vOj;Jf;fSk;> capHnka;naOj;JfSk; tUk;. Ma;jKk;> nka;Ak;

q>l>z>u>y>o>s>w>d vd;Dk; capHnka;naOj;JfSk; nkhopKjypy; tuhJ.

nkhop ,il vOj;Jfs;:

nkhop ,il vOj;Jfs; vd;gjid njhy;fhg;gpaH jdpahf Fwpg;gplhky;

vOj;jjpfhu E}d;kugpy; nka;k;kaf;f Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.






nka;k;kaf;fk;:

njhy;fhg;gpaH nkhopapil epw;Fk; vOj;Jfshf nka;k;kaf;fj;ij Rl;LfpwhH.

,tw;wpy; kaf;fk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Ff; $Ljy; vd;gJ nghUs;. ve;nje;j

nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ve;nje;j nka;naOj;Jf;fNshL NrHe;J tUk; vd;gijf; $WtJ

nka;k;kaf;fkhFk;. ,J cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;> Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; vd

,uz;lhfg; gFf;fpwhH. ,jid

mk;% thWk; toq;fpad; kUq;fpd;

nka;k;kaq; Fldpiy njupAq; fhiy. (njhy;.v.22)

vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;:

nka;e;epiyr; Rl;bd; vy;yh ntOj;Jk;

jk;Kd; jhk;t&ck; uo myq;filNa.(njhy;.v.30)

,tw;wpy; nka;fs; jk;nkhL jhk; kaq;Fk; kaf;fk; cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;

vdg;gLk;. u>o vd;Dk; ,uz;L nka;fSk; jtpu Vida gjpdhW nka;fSk; jk;NkhL

jhk; kaq;Fk;. ,tw;Ws; f>r>j>g vd;gd cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fj;jpw;Nf cupad. v.fh.

fhf;if-f;f;.

Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;:

lwys ntd;Dk; Gs;sp Kd;dHf;

frg ntd;Dk; %ntOj;Jj; Jupa. (njhy;.v.23)

xU nka;naOj;J gpw nka;naOj;NjhL kaq;FtJ Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;

vd;gH. f>r>j>g jtpHj;j Vida gjpdhd;F nka;fSk; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fjpw;F

cupad. ,tw;wpd; %yk; nkhopapd; ,ilapy; Ma;jKk; nka;Ak; capHnka;ANk tUk;.

jdpAapH nkhopapilapy; tuhJ. NkYk; capUs; Fwpy; kl;Lk; msngilf; Fwpahf

tUk; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.

nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs;:

Xs jtpHj;j Vida gjpndhd;Wk; capHfSk; nkhop ,Wjpapy; tUk;. f>t

Mfpa nka;fSld; XsTk; ,Wjpapy; tUk;. v vd;w capH jhNd <whFk;. X vd;w

capH efu nka;Ald; kl;Lk; ,ize;J <whFk;. Q fuk; V>X vd;w capHfSld;

<whFtjpy;iy e>t vd;Dk; nka;fSld; c>C vd;w capHfs; <w;wpy; tUtjpy;iy>

r vd;w nka; c vd;w capUld; ,ize;J ,uz;L nrhw;fspy; ,Wjpapy; tUk;. j

vd;w nka; cfuj;Jld; ,ize;J xU nrhy;ypy; tUk;. Q>z>e>k>d>a>u>y>t>o>s

vd;Dk; gjpndhU nka;fSk; nkhopf;F <whFk;. e fuk; ,U nrhy;ypYk;> Q fhuk;

xU nrhy;ypYk;> t fuk; ehd;F nrhy;ypYk; <whFk;.

rhHg;ngOj;Jf;fs;:






jhNd jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; Mw;wy; ,d;wp gpwtw;iw rhHe;J tUtJ

rhHg;ngOj;Jf;fs; MFk;.

rhHe;J tuy; kugpd; %d;wyq;filNa

mitjhk;

Fw;wpaypfuk; Fw;wpaYfuk; Ma;jk; vd;w

Kg;ghw; Gs;spAk; vOj;Njhud;d.

vd;W Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ma;jk; vd;w %d;wpid kl;Lk; njhy;fhg;gpaH

rhHg;ngOj;Jf;fshff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

msngil vOj;Jf;fs; :

Fd;wpir> nkhoptapd; epd;wpir epiwf;Fk;

nel;nlOj;jpk;gH xj;j Fw;nwOj;Nj.

vd;W nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ mjid epiwT nra;a nel;nlOj;jpd; gpd;dhf

mtw;wpd; ,dk; xj;j Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; tUk; vd;W msngilg; gw;wpf; $WfpwhH.

vOj;jpd; KbG $wy;:

nkhop KjnyOj;J> ,ilnaOj;J> ,Wjp vOj;J vd;W $Wk; njhy;fhg;gpaH

jhk; $wpa vOj;Jfspd; Kbghf Muha;e;J fz;ljpy; jkpo; nkhopapy; %d;W khj;jpiu

msG ngWk; vOj;Jf;fs; ,y;iy vd;fpwhH.

%tsgpirj;jy; XnuOj;jpd;Nw.

vd;w E}w;ghit Kd;dpUj;Jk; njhy;fhg;gpaH. NkYk; ePz;l khj;jpiuAila msngil

vOj;Jg;ngw Ntz;bd; ,uz;lsGila nebiyAk;> XusGila FwpiyAk; $l;b

vOjNtz;Lk; vd;W Kd;NdhH $Wtjhfj; njhy;fhg;gpaH $WfpwhH.

ePl;lk; Ntz;bd; mt;tsGil

$l;b naO cjy; vd;kdhH GytH.

nrhw;GzHr;rp tpjpfs;:

njhy;fhg;gpa vOj;jjpfhuj;jpd; Kjy; %d;W ,ay;fs; jtpu Vida MW

,ay;fs; vOj;Jf;fs; GzUk; tpjj;ij Gzupay; gw;wpa nra;jpfshf tptupf;fpwhH.

capH kw;Wk; nka; vOj;J tbtpyhd nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik kw;Wk; my;topapy; GzUk;

ghq;fpid Gzupapay;> njhifkuG> cUgpay;>capH kaq;fpay;> Gs;sp kaq;fpay;>

Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay; vd;W nrhw;fs; GzUk; tpjj;ij Muhe;Js;shH. nghJikapy;

nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s vOj;NjhL GzHnkhop <w;Wk;> tUnkhop KjnyOj;Jk;

Fwpj;JtUfpstpNahL ,izAk; Kiw Gzupay; tpjpfshf tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

manyOj;Jf; fythik:

xU nkhopapy;> mjw;nfd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vOj;njhL NtnwhU nkhopf;Fupa

vOj;ijf; fye;J vOjf; $lhJ vd;gJ nkhopfspd; nghJ kughFk;. XH






maw;nrhy;Yf;F Vw;w nrhy; mjidf; nfhs;s tpUk;GthH nkhopapy; ,y;iy

vdpDk;>Vw;wnrhy;iy Mf;fpf; nfhs;s Kbahj mupa nrhy;yhf ,Ue;J mr;nrhy;iy

vLj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;why;> mg;nghUis tpsf;fpf; $w ,ayhepiyapy; Vw;wr;

nrhy;iy nfhs;s tpUg;Gk; nkhopkuGf;Fj; jFkhW nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

nkhopf;fhg;ghsupd; flikahFk;.,e;epiyapy; jkpo;nkhopapy; vr;nrhy;ypYk;

vt;tplj;Jk; gpwnkhopnaOj;Jk; vOj;JKiwAk; tUjy; $lhJ. vd;gij typAUj;Jk;

tpjkhf njhy;fhg;gpaH ehd;F tifahd nrhy;tiffisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ

tlnrhy; vd;gij

“tlnrhw; fpstp tlntOj;Jj; njhuP,

vOj;NjhL GzHe;j nrhy;yhFk;Nk."

vd;fpwhH.tlnrhy; jkpOf;F Ntw;Wr; nrhy;yhfTk;> Ntw;nwOj;Jr; nrhy;yhfTk;

njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;Nj ,Ue;jik GydhfpwJ. jdpj;J ,aq;f Mw;wy; ty;y jkpo;

nkhopapy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,d;wpaikahjJk;> nkhopngaHff KbahjJ khapd;

mr;nrhy;iy fl;lhak; vLj;jhy Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epiyapy; kfg;NgW thahjtH xU

Foe;ijia kfthff; nfhs;Sk; NghJ jk; FLk;gj;Jf; Foe;ij vd;gij Kw;wpYk;

fhf;Fk; tifapy; mf;Foe;ijapd; Kd;idj; njhlHig tpyf;fpj; jk; FLk;gj;jpw;F

jFngaH #l;bj; jk; Fbik cWg;ghfNt tsHj;J tUjy; Nghy; maw; nrhy;iyj;

jk;nkhopf;Fj; jff; nfhz;L Ms Ntz;Lk; ,jid “vOj;J XuP," ‘vOj;njhL

GzHe;j nrhy;yhFk;Nk| vd;fpwhH.

gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jopopy; vOj NeUq;fhy; nkhopkuigg; NgZfpd;wtifapy;

ehd;F epiyfis nkhopfhg;ghsH Kd;nkhopfpd;wdH. mit

1. tlntOj;J ePf;fy;.

2. tlnkhop tpahfuzk; tpyf;fy;.

3. jw;rkk;.

4. jw;gtk;.

jkpo; nkhopapy; nrhy; Kjy; tuh vOj;Jf;fis Kjypw;nfhz;l gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs;

jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjg;ngwpd; mtw;wpd; KjnyOj;J ePf;fg; ngWk; (v.fh.upf;\gk;-

,lgk;) my;yJ khw;wg; ngWk;(v.fh.`up-mup) NkYk; mjd;Kd; XH capHf;Fwpy;

NrHf;fg;ngWk;(v.fh.uhkd; - ,uhkd;) manyOj;J ,Wjp nfhz;l nrhy;yhapd; capH

vOj;Jf;fs; NrHf;fg; ngWk; (v.fh.khyh -khiy)nka;k;kafj;ij ,ilapy; nfhz;l

nrhy;yhapd; mJ jkpOf;Nfw;wthW khw;wg; ngWk;.(v.fh. f;N\f;gpaH - Nrf;fRg;gpaH).

jw;rkk;:

tlnkhopf;Fk; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; nghJthd vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L mikAk;

nrhw;fis jw;rkk; vd;gH. v.fh. fhuzk;> Fq;Fkk;>mkyk;>fkyk;.






jw;gtk;:

tlnkhopr; rpwg;ngOj;jhYk; nghJTk; rpwg;Gkhfpa ,Utif vOj;jhYk;

jkpopy; rpije;J tUk; tl nrhw;fisj; jw;gtk; vd;gH. v.fh. Rfp>Nghfp>(rpwg;G) mud;>

mud; (nghJTk; rpwg;Gk;)

tpahfuzk;:

xU thf;fpaj;jpd; gFjpathd nrhw;fis Ntwhf;fp kw;iwg; gFjpNahLs;s

njhlHgpidj; njspthff; fhl;LtJ tpahfuzk; MFk;.XHg;G> vspik> Iak; jPHj;jy;

vd;gd nrhw;nwhluikjpia Muha;e;jwpe;J tOtpy;yhj nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd;

njhlHigAk; vspa Kiwapy; Iakf; $WjyhFk;.

Nkw;$wg; gl;lahTk; nkhopkuigg; NgZfpd;wtifapy; njhy;fhg;gpaH nkhop

Kjy;> ,il> ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fshf gFj;J $wpajpd; %yk; jopo; nkhopapy;

KjypYk;> ,WjpapYk; ,d;d ,d;d vOj;Jfs; jhk; tUk; vd;w tiuaiwAk;>

nkhopfspd; ,ilapy; ,d;d vOj;Jf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; ,d;d vOj;J tUk; ,d;d vOj;J

tuhJ vd;w tiuaiwAk;> gpwnkhopr; rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fisj; jkpopy; ,ad;w Jizf;

nfhz;L jkpo; tuptbTfshfTk;> jkpo; Xyp kugpw;Nfw;gTk; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. vd;gd

Nghd;wit vOj;jpay; newpfshf Rl;lg;ngWfpd;wd.

ghHit E}y;fs;:

1. ,sk;g+uzk;> njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk; > jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.2003.

2. er;rpdhHf;fpdpak;> njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk;> jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.2003.

3. NfhghiyaH jp.Nt> jopo; ,yf;fzg; Ngufuhjp vOj;J (njhFjp.1>2>)> jkpo;kz;

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. 2003






ehybahhpy; mwnewpf;$Wfs;

F.kjpaurp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>


flY}h;.

Kd;Diu

jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; mw ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhykhff;

fsg;gpuh;fhyk; Fwpf;fg;ngWfpwJ. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F vd mit miof;fg;ngWk;.

,jpy; gjpndhd;W mw ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;tw ,yf;fpaq;fs; vy;yhk;

kf;fspd; tho;tpidr; nrk;ikg;gLj;j cjTk; ,yf;fpaq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

tpz;zsT cah;e;J kdpjd; tho tpUk;Gfpwhd;. tpz;Zyf tho;it

,k;kz;ZyfpYk; ngwyhk;. mj;jifa tho;tpid miltjw;F mtd; Nkw;nfhs;s

Ntz;ba tho;f;if KiwapidAk; rKjha xOf;fq;fisAk; vLj;Jf;$Wk; mw

,yf;fpakhf ehybahh; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ. jpUf;Fws; ,uz;L mbfshy;

MfpaJ. ehybahh; ehd;F mbfshy; MfpaJ. ,e;j mb fzf;if itj;Jf; nfhz;L

,uz;L E}iyAk; xUq;Nf Nghw;Wk; gonkhop xd;W cz;L.

“MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;F cWjp

ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F cWjp” vd;gjhFk;.

jdpkdpjg; gz;Gfs; xUkdpjid rpwg;ghf nrayhw;Wtjw;Fk; jd;idg; gw;wpa

kjpg;gPl;il nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd ek;kpf;if ,yf;fzkhFk;. r%fj;jpy; mikjpAk;

kfpo;r;rpAk; epytNtz;Lnkdpy; xt;nthU jdpkdpjDk; jdf;nfd;W epy

flikfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; xOf;fq;fisAk; tpjpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

xUjdpkdpjd; gpwhplk; ve;jnje;jg; gz;Gfis vjph;ghh;f;fpd;whNdh me;jg; gz;Gfisj;

jhDk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy; xt;nthU kdpjDk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba

mwg;gz;Gfis ehybahhpd; thapyhf tpsf;f Kw;gLtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

mwk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs;

kdpj ,dk; tiuaWj;Jf; nfhz;l xOf;f newpNa mwk; vdg;gl;lJ. me;j

mwkhdJ jdp kdpj tho;tpYk; r%f tho;tpYk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

typAWj;JtNj mw ,yf;fpaq;fspd; flikahf mike;jJ. rpe;jid, nray;, nrhy;,

jpahdk;, czh;T, <LghL vd midj;J epiyfspYk; mwk; caph;ehbahf

tpsq;FfpwJ. kdpj tho;tpy; nra;fpd;w ew;fhhpaq;fs; mwq;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld.






ek; Kd;Ndhh; mwk; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;Fj; je;Js;s tpsf;fj;NjhL vjpf;];

(Ethics) vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr;nrhy;ypw;Fj; jug;gLk; nghUs; tpsf;fk; kpfTk;

nghUe;Jtjhf cs;sJ. ey;y my;yJ jPa nray;fs; %yk; jhNd ntspg;gLk;

kf;fSila elj;ijiag; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; fiyia ‘vjpf;];’ vd;gjhFk;. ,ijj;

jkpopy; mwtpay; vdyhk;.

vjpf;]; vd;Dk; nrhy; fpNuf;f nkhopr;nrhy;yhFk;. Kjd;Kjypy; ,r;nrhy;

gofpg;Nghd elj;ij, tof;fk;, kuG vd;Dk; nghUs;fisNa czh;j;jp te;jJ. gpd;dh;

elj;ij vd;Dk; nghUNs Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. xOf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; Moral vd;Dk;

Mq;fpyr;nrhy;Yk; gof;f tof;fk; vd;Dk; nghUisNa Fwpj;jJ. ,jdhy; kdpj

elj;ij Fwpg;gpl;l xU rKjhaj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; tof;fkhff; nfhs;Sk; KbitNa

xOf;fkhff; (Morality) nfhz;ldh; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. ,jdhy; jdp kdpj elj;ij

ngUk;ghNyhuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nghOJ xOf;fnkDk; gz;ghf kyh;e;jJ. tho;f;if

newpahf khz;Gw;wJ vdyhk;.

ehybahh; $Wk; mwf;fUj;Jf;fs;

1. nry;tk; epiyahik

2. ,sik epiyahik

3. ahf;if epiyahik

4. nghiwAilik

5. mwd; typAWj;jy;

6. xOf;fk;

7. rpdkpd;ik

8. fy;tp

9. <if

10. jw;ngUik Ntz;lhk;

11. el;ghuha;jy;

12. gpwd;kid eathik

nry;tk; epiyaw;wJ

Kd;G jk; ,y;yj;jpy; kidtp tpUg;gj;Jld; Cl;l mWRit czit kWgpb

Njitapd;wp cz;Zk; msTf;Fr; rpyh; tskhf tho;e;jpUg;gh; gpd;dh;, me;epiy

khwptpl mtNu, Vioahfp kw;nwhUth; tPl;L thapiy mile;J, jkf;Ff; Fbf;f $o;

jUkhW ahrpg;gh;. vdNt, cyfpy; xUth; ngWfpd;w nry;tk; epiyahdJ my;y.

nry;tk; jd;id <l;bathplk; epiyj;J epy;yhky; tz;br; rf;fuk; Nghy; gyhplKk;

Rod;W nry;yf;$baJ.vdNt kf;fs; epyj;ij Vw;G+l;b coTj;njhopy; nra;jy; %yk;






ey;topapay; cw;gj;jp nra;j nry;tj;ijAk; czitAk; gyUf;F gfph;e;j nfhLj;Jj;

jhKk; Ja;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij,

“mWRit Az;b mky;epjpy;yhs; Cl;l

kWrpif ePf;fpAz;lhUk; twpQuha;r;

nrd;wpug;gh; xhplj;Jg; $o;vdpd; nry;tk; xd;

Wz;lhf itf;fw;ghw; wd;W”1

vd;W ehybahh; ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ.

vkd; kf;fspd; capiuf; fth;e;J nry;yr; rpdj;Jld; vd;Wk; tUthd;. vdNt

kf;fspd; tho;f;if ve;j xU ehspYk; Kbayhk;. Mjyhy;, kf;fs; ,d;W jk;kplk;

cs;s nry;tk; epiyaw;wJ vd cah;e;J jk;khy; ,ad;w msT mwr;nray;fis

tpiue;J nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,iwtd; cyf kf;fs; xt;nthUtUk; vt;tsT ehs;fs;

tho Ntz;Lk; vd tFj;Js;shd;. mf;fhyj;jpw;F mg;ghy; ahuhYk; jg;gp tho

KbahJ. ,d;W nry;tk; ngw;wpUg;gth; kWehNs jkJ ,y;yj;jpy; rhTg;giw

Koq;fyhk; vd czh;e;J ,d;Nw mr;nry;tj;ij ViofSf;Ff; nfhLj;J cjt

Ntz;Lk;.

,sik epiyahik

$d; tise;J, jiy eLq;fp, jbapid Cd;wp elf;fpwhs; Kjpats; xUj;jp.

,tSk; ,sikapy; fz;Nlhh; tpaf;Fk; nja;tg; ngz;zhf ,Ue;jpUg;ghs;. moFk;,

,sikAk; epiyj;J epy;yhjJ vd;gijidf; fhl;LfpwJ.

“jhohj; jsuhj; jiyeLq;fhj; jz;L Xd;wh

tPoh ,wf;Fk; ,ts;kl;Lk; fho;,yh

kk;kunfhs; khe;jh;f;F mzq;fhLk; jd;dfr; Nfhy;

mk;kidf; Nfhy; Mfpa Qhd;W”2

vd;w ghlypd; top mwpayhk;.

fLq;fhw;W mbf;Fk;NghJ Kjph;e;j goq;fy; cjph;fpd;wd. gpQ;RfSk; cjph;e;J

gpLjy; cz;L.$w;Wtd; Kjpatiu kl;Lky;yhJ ,isQiuAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJz;L.

mjdhy; ehk; ,isQh; gpd;dhy; mwk; nra;J nfhs;syhk; vd;W fhyk; jho;j;j

Ntz;lhk;. vdNt ,g;NghNj mwk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij,

“kw;Wthk; ey;tpid ahk;,isNahk; vd;dhJ

ifj;Jz;lhk; Ngho;Nj futhJ mwk;nra;k;kpd;

Kw;wp apue;j fdpnahopaj jPtspahy;

ew;fha; cjph;jYk; cz;L”3

tpsf;FfpwJ. vdNt ,sikapNyNa mwk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.






ahf;ifepiyahik

gpwg;G cz;nld;why; ,wg;Gk; cz;L. gpwe;jth; ahtUk; ,we;J jhd; Mf

Ntz;Lk;. ,ij ahuhYk; jtph;f;f ,ayhjJ. xU ehs; fope;jJ vd;why; tho;ehspy;

xU gFjp Fiwe;jJ vd;W nghUs;. epiyahik vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ts;StUk;

capiug; gwitf;F xg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;fpwhh;. Kl;ilf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fU chpa fhyk;

te;j NghJ Kl;il jdpj;J fpilf;Fk;. ,J Nghd;w cwT jhd; clk;Gf;Fk;

capUf;Fk; ,ilNa ,Uf;fpwJ. nry;tk;, ,sik, ahf;if Mfpatw;wpd;

epiyahikia cah;e;J nra;Ak; mwj;jpd; gad; kpfg;nghpaJ. kpfr; rpwpa Myk;

tpij tsh;e;J kukhfpg; nghpa epoiyj; jUk;. mJNghy jFjpAilath;fFr; nra;Ak;

mwKk; msthy; rpwpajhapDk; mjd; gad; thdj;ij tplg; nghpajhfp tsh;e;J

epw;fpwJ.

kioePhpy; Njhd;Wk; ePh;f;Fkpop Nghd;W Njhd;wp clNd kiwAk; jd;ikf;

nfhz;lJ ,t;Tly;. ,t;Tz;ikia cah;e;J jk; ,sikg;gUtj;jpNyNa mwq;fs; gy

nra;J mwnewpapy; epd;W tPLNgW ngw KaYjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid

“ahf;ifia ahg;Gilj;jha; ngw;wth;jhk; ngw;w

ahf;ifah thagad; nfhs;f”4

vd;w thpahdJ $WfpwJ.

tPl;by; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ Nfl;Fk; kzg;giwapd; xypahdJ ePq;fp

rhTg;giwapd; xypAk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nfl;Fk;. MfNt kdpjd; ,e;j clk;G epiyahdJ

vd;W vz;zhky; thOk; fhyj;jpy; gpwUf;F ey;yJ nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kdjpy;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

nghiwAilik

ed;F fw;W mwpa Ntz;baij mwpe;J mlf;fk; cilatuha;, gag;gl

Ntz;bajw;Fg; gae;J, ek;ik ,fo;gth;fisAk; jPik nra;gtiuAk; nghWj;Jf;

nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; jkf;F jFe;jthW chpa nray;fis cyfk; kfpOkhW

nra;J, mjdhy; milaj;jFk; gaidg; ngw;W ,dpikNahL tho;gthpd; tho;f;ifapy;

Jd;gk; vd;gNj ,y;iy vd;gij,

“NgijNahb ahJk; ciuaw;f Ngij

Ciug;gpw; rpije; Jiuf;Fk; tifahd

tOf;fpf; fopjNy ed;W”5

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; mwptpy;yhjtd; Kiw jtwpj; jtwhfg; NgrpdhYk; mtDld;

Ngrhky; Kbe;jtiuapy; mtidtpl;L eP tpyfp ,Ug;gNj cdf;F ed;ikiaj; jUk;.

“epiwAilik ePh;ikAilik njhilNa






nghiwAilik ngha;ik Gyhw;fz;”6

vd;w nghiwAilikapd; khz;ig Vyhjp ciuf;fpwJ.

mwd; typAWj;jy;

gpwUf;F cjtp nta;tjhy; kdkhdJ ,jkhd ,d;gj;ij mDgtpf;fpwJ.

kdpj Fyj;jpDila khz;Gfspy; rpwe;jtw;wpy; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ gpwh; kPJ ,uf;fk;

nfhs;tJ MFk;. ,d;iwa #oypy; midj;J Fzq;fSk; RUq;fpf; nfhz;Nl

tUfpd;wd. Gfo; ghuhl;Lf;fhf vd;W ,y;yhky; kdg;G+h;tkhd cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;

vd;w Mh;tk; tuNtz;Lk;. mopa $ba cliyf; nfhz;L mopahjr; nray;fisr;

nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij;>

“mUk; ngwy; ahf;ifiag; ngw;wgaj;jhy;

ngUk; gaDk; Mw;wNtnfhs;f-fUk;GCh;e;j

rhWNghy rhyTk; gpd;cjtpkw;W mjd;

NfhJNghy; NghFk; clk;G”7

vd;fpwJ ehybahh;. clk;ghy; gaDila mwr;nray;fis nra;J Kbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ.

xOf;fk;

rhd;Nwhh;fs; ahNuDk; ekJ ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jhy; mth;fisg; ghh;j;jJk;

khpahijapd; epkpj;jkhf ek; ,Uf;ifia tpl;L vOtJk; mth;fis tuNtw;gjw;fhf

vjpNu nry;tJk; kw;Wk; mth;fSf;F tpil nfhLg;gjw;fhf mth;fNshL nry;YjYk;

Mfpa ,e;ew;gz;Gfis ew;Fbapd;fz; gpwe;jth;fs; filgpbf;fpd;wd. ,g;gz;Gfis

gpd;gw;whjth;fsplk; ve;jtpj xOf;fj;ijAk; fhz ,ayhJ vd;gij

“,Uf;if voYk; vjph;nryTk; Vid

tpLg;g copjNyh bd;d-Fbg;gpwe;jhh;

Fd;wh xOf;fkhff; nfhz;lhh; fatNuhL

xd;wh czuw;ghw; wd;W”8

,g;ghly; jUk; tpsf;fkhFk;.

fhpfhyd; kd;dd; $l jd;id ehb te;jth;fis tuNtw;W cgrhpj;J

topaDg;Gk; Kiwapid nghUeh; Mw;Wg;gil gjpT nra;Js;shh;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fSk; jkJ tho;tpay; xOf;fj;jpd; Nkd;ikiaNa ed;F czh;j;jpAs;sij

mwpa KbfpwJ.

rpdkpd;ik

nghWik xUtid typik cilatdhf Mf;FfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;.

MNuhf;fpakhd kdpj cwTfs; tho;tpy; ntw;wpf;fhd mbj;jsk;. jk;NkhL xg;G






,y;yhj gz;gw;w rpwpNahh; fLQ;nrhw;fshy; jpl;Lk; NghJ cah;e;Njhh; Nth;j;Jg;

gjpYf;F ntFskhl;lhh;. Mdhy; fPNohh; nrtpkLj;jfLk; nrhy;iy kdj;jpy;

mirg;Nghl;L epidj;Jg; ghh;j;J Chpy; cs;s gyUk; Nfl;Fk;gb nrhy;ypr; Rth;

Kjypatw;wpy; mbj;J Nkhjp Js;spf; Fjpj;Jj; J}zpd; NkYk; Kl;Lth; vd;gij

“Neh;j;Jepfh; my;yhh; ePh; my;ynrhy;ypf;fhy;

Nth;j;JntFshh; tpOkpNahh; Xh;j;Jmjid

xs;sj;jhd; cs;sp ciuj;J cuha; Ch;Nfl;g

Js;sp J}z;Kl;Lkhhl; fPo;”9

vd;W ehybahh; $Wfpd;wJ.

fy;tp

xU kdpjid mofhff; fhl;lf;$baJ fy;tpNa MFk;. Gw moFfs; my;y.

mfj;ij eLepiyikf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk; fy;tp moNf moNf MFk;.

‘fy;tpfiu ,y; fw;gth; ehs; rpy’10

vd;w thpfSf;Nfw;g thof;$ba ehl;fspNy ey;ydtw;iwj; njhpTr; nra;J fw;wy;

gpwe;j gpwg;gpw;Fg; gaDilajhf mikAk;. jhd; kfpo;r;rp miltjw;Ff; fhuzkhd

fy;tpahy; cyfKk; ,d;GWtijf; fz;L fw;wwpe;j mwpQh; Nkd;NkYk; mf;fy;tpia

tpUk;Gth; vd;gij ts;Sth;,

“jhk;,d; GWtJcyF,d; Gwf;fz;L

fhKWth; fw;wwpe; jhh;”11

vd;fpwhh;. ,aw;f;ifahfNt xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fk; mwpthw;wy; epiwe;J

fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU kdpjd; ngWfpd;w cyf mDgtq;fspypUe;J mwpAk; Mw;wiyg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhd;. mij NkYk; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s fy;tp cjTfpwJ.

“gpr;irGf;F MapDk; fw;wy; kpf ,dpNj

ey;rigapy; iff;nfhLj;jy; rhyTk; Kd;,dpNj”12

vd fw;wypd; ,dpikia rpwg;ig ,dpaitehw;gJ Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kf;fshfg;

gpwe;Njhh; midtUk; ,t;Tyfj;J ,aw;ifapid cs;sthW czh;e;J njspe;J

jk;Kila kdj;ijg; gz;gLj;jp cliyAk; capiuAk; xd;Wgl;L tho;thq;F

tho;tjw;Ff; fy;tp mwpT ,d;wpaikahjJ Ntz;lg;gLfpwJ.

fy;tp vd;gJ rpy epfo;r;rpfisAk; nghUs;fisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;

mwptJ khj;jpuk; md;W. Cf;fKk; kfpo;r;rpAk; tpisj;J cs;sj;ijg; gz;gLj;jp

cah;e;j vz;zq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;J cah;newpapy; nrYj;JtNj cz;ikahd

fy;tpahFk; vd;W $Wk; ehl;lhh; Iah mth;fspd; fUj;J ek; rpe;jidiaj;






J}z;lty;yjhFk;. (Nguh.gp.tpUj;jhryk; rpe;jidr;Rlh;. gf;-52,53)13 jdpkdpjdpd;

kdj;jpy; mikjp jto Ntz;Lkhdhy; fy;tp mtrpakhFk;.

<if

,ug;ghh;f;nfd;W <jy;; <jy; mth; Ntz;LtJ <jy;. mth; Nfl;gjw;F

Kd;ghfNt mth; Kff;Fwpg;G mwpe;J vt;tifg; gaDk; fUjhJ <tNj <if.

,j;jifa gz;Gfs; xUq;F Nrh;e;jNj <if mwkhFk;. tho;tpay; mwq;fs; gy

,Ue;jhYk; twpath;fSf;F nfhLf;Fk; rpwe;j gz;Ng <ifahFk;. vt;tpj vjph;g;ghh;g;Gk;

jpUk;gg;ngWk; jz;ikAk; mw;wJ <if. jha; ,oe;jgps;is, kidtpia ,oe;j

jiytd;, tha; Ngr Kbahj Cikfs;, thzpfk; nra;J jd;nghUis ,oe;jth;fs;,

czT cz;gjw;Nf MjuT ,y;yhjth;fs,; ghh;itaw;wth;fs; ,th;fNs <jYf;F

chpath;fshf mw,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;bUg;gpDk; ek;Kila Kd;Ndhh;fs;

vt;tpjg;ghFghLkpd;wp midj;J caph;fSf;Fk; <if nra;j nra;jpfs;

,yf;fpaq;fspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzkhfr; nrhd;dhy; gyk; epiwe;j ghhpapd; nry;tq;fis %Nte;jh;fSk;

Nrh;e;J Nghh; nra;J nty;yf; fUjpdhYk; KbahJ. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gg; nghUe;jpa

ghhp, rpwpa ahio kPl;b ,irg;ghb tUk; ghzh;fSf;F ehl;ilAk; Fd;iwAk; Nrh;j;J

ghprhfj; je;jhd; vd;gij,

‘tpiuxyp $e;jy; Ek; tpwypah; gpd;tu

MbdPh; ghbdPh; nrypNd’14

vd;w GwehD}W ghly; mbfs; thapyhf mwpayhk;.

jk;kplk; nghUs; ,y;yhj NghJk; jk;ik ehb ,ue;J Nfl;gth;fSf;F

,y;iynad;W $whky; jk;khy; ,ad;w msT nghUs; cilath; Nghd;W nghpJk;

kfpo;e;J nfhilj;jd;ik nfhz;l <iff;Fzk; cilatiu thDyfj;Njth;fSk;

Nghw;Wth;.

<if vd;gjw;F ,z;lq;nfhb, fw;gfkuk;, fhil, nfhil, nghd;, Kfpy;,

tz;ik, ,y;yhik, <jy;, nfhLj;jy; vd;W nghUs; jUfpwJ nka;ag;gd; jkpo;

mfuhjp.(g.168)15

CUf;Fs;Ns Xh; cah;e;j ,lj;jpy; vy;NyhUk; te;J gad; ngw;Wr; nry;YkhW

fha;j;Jf; FYq;Fk; gaDila gidkuk; Nghd;wth;fs; gyUk; tpUk;gp te;J gad;

ngWk;gb gpwh;f;F cjtp tho;fpd;w nghpNahh;fs; Mth;. mg;gb ,y;yhJ kpfg; nghpa

msT nry;tr;rpwg;gpUe;Jk; gpwUf;F cjtp thohjth;fs; xUtUf;Fk; gad;glhJ

CUf;F ntspNa RLfhl;by; ,Uf;Fk; ntw;Wg;gidkuk; Nghd;wth;fshth;. vdNt

nry;tk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gyUf;Fk; gad;gLk;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij






“eLT+Us; Ntjpif Rw;wf;Nfhl; Gf;f

gLgid ad;dh; gyh;er;r tho;thh;

FbnfhOj;jf; fz;Zq; nfhLj;Jz;zh khf;fs;

,Lfhl;Ld; xw;iwg; gid”16

vd;w ehybahh; ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,f;fUj;jpw;F Vw;g ts;Sth; gpwUf;F cjtp

nra;tdplj;jpy; nry;tk; cz;lhFkhdhy; m/J Chpd; eLNt cs;s gad; kpf;f

kuj;jhy; gok; gOj;jJ Nghd;wjhFk; vd;W,

‘gad;kuk; cs;Sh;g; gOj;jw;why; nry;tk;

eaDil ahd;fz; gbd;’17

vd;W Fws; top mwpTWj;Jfpwhh;.

jw;ngUik Ntz;lhk;

gzpTk; mlf;fKk; nghpNahUf;F chpa ngUikfs;. gzpTilik xd;wpw;F

chpik cilauha; mlq;fp ,Uf;Fk; mlf;fKilik. jd;idg; gw;wp gpwh; jhd;

ey;ytpjkhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. jhNd jd;idg; gw;wp ngUikg; Ngrpf;

nfhs;sf;$lhJ. vkf;F epfuhdth; vtUk; ,y;iy vd;W jkf;Fj; jhNk ngUik

Ngrpf; nfhs;tJ rpwg;G md;W. mwd; mwpAk; rhd;Nwhh; gyh; xUth; jk; mUik

mwpe;J nghpajhfg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gyuhy; Nghw;wg; ngWgtNu nghpNahh;

vd;gij,

“vk;ik mwpe;jpyph; vk;Nghy;thh; ,y;vd;W

jk;ikj; jhNk nfhs;tJNfhs; md;Wjk;ik

mhpauhNehf;fpmwd; mwpAk; rhd;Nwhh;

nghpahuhf; nfhs;tJNfhs;”18

vd;fpwJ ehybahh;.

el;ghuha;jy;

ek; tho;f;ifapd; cah;Tf;Fk; jho;Tf;Fk; fhuzkhf mikaf; $bath;fs;

ez;gh;fs;. vj;jifa el;igg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk;. ahUila el;ig ePf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

tho;T rpwf;f top $WfpwJ ehybahh;. ahidia xj;jth; el;gpid ePf;Ff. ehiag;

Nghd;wth; el;gpidg; Nghw;Wf vd;Dk; ez;giuj; Njh;e;njLf;f top $WfpwJ.

ahid jpdk; jdf;F czT nfhLf;Fk; ghfd; VNjDk; xUehs; jtW

nra;apd; mtidNa mopj;JtpLk;. vt;tsT cah;e;j kdpjDk; VNjDk; jtW nra;af;

$Lk;. Mjyhy; xUtd; jhd; nra;j cjtpapid cs;sj;jpy; nfhz;L jPq;F

nra;jhYk; nghUl;gLj;jhj xUtidNa jd; ez;gdhff; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

cjtpfs; gy nra;jhYk; xUNghJk; nra;j jPq;fpidNa fUj;jpw;nfhz;L fhyk;






ghh;j;J mopg;gtd; ahid Nghd;wtd;. vdNt ahid Nghd;wtd; el;gpid ePf;f

Ntz;Lk;. xUNtis cztpl;lhYk; mijNa epidj;jpUf;Fk; eha; me;j ed;wpia

kwthJ. me;j ehia Nty; nfhz;L vwpe;jhYk; thiyf; Fioj;Jf; nfhz;L epw;Fk;.

mg;gbg;gl;lthpd; el;gpidNa Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W thybahh; $WfpwJ.

“ahid ahidath; ez;nghhP, ehaidahh;

Nfz;ik nfoP,f; nfhsy; Ntz;Lk; ahid

mwpe;jwpe;Jk; ghfidNa nfhy;Yk; vwpe;jNty;

nka;ajh thy;Fiof;Fk; eha;”19

%tif kuq;fis ctikahf;fp %tif kf;fspd; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

ehybahh; ghly; eaKilaJ. gz;gpyhkf;fs; ehs;NjhWk; ePh; gha;r;rg; gad;jUk;

fKf kuj;ij xg;gh;. ,ilg;gl;lth; tpl;Ltpl;L ePh;gha;r;rg; gad;jUk; njd;id kuj;ij

xg;gh;. tpijapl;l ehspy; ePh; gl;ljd;wp jhNd tsh;e;J gad;jUk; gidkuk; xg;gh;

vd;W ctikahf fPo;tUk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.

“filahahh; el;gpw; fKfidahh; Vid

,ilahahh; njq;fpd; midah; jiyahahh;

vz;zUk; ngz;izNghd;W ,l;lQhd;W ,l;lNj

njhd;ik Ailahh; njhlh;G”20

gpwd;kid eathik

xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;gNj jkpoh; gz;ghL. gpwh; kid eag;gJ jkpo;

gz;ghl;Lf;F khWgl;lJ. gpwh;kid eag;gjhy; tUk; mr;rk; nghpaJ. Mjyhy; ey;Nyh;

gpwh; kidtpia tpUk;gkhl;lhh;. gpwh; kidtpia tpUk;Gthhplk; mwk;, Gfo;, el;G,

ngUik ,e;ehd;Dk; te;J NruhJ. gif, gop, ghtk;, mr;rk; Mfpa ehd;Fk;

Nrh;tdthFk; vd;gij,

“mwk;Gfo; Nfz;ik ngUikapw; ehd;Dk;

gpwd;jhuk; er;Rthh;r; Nruh gpwd;jhuk;

er;Rthh;r; NrUk; gifgop ghtk;nkd;

wr;rj;Njh be;ehw; nghUs;”21

ehybahh; ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. mwj;jpd; vy;iyj;jhz;b jtWfisr; nra;jhYk;

nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; khw;whd; chpikf;F cl;gl;l xUj;jpapd; ngz;ikia tpUk;Gjy;

ngUk; ghtkhFk;.

KbTiu

mw,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehybahh; kpfTk; Nkd;ikahd rpe;jidfisAk;

fUj;Jf;fisAk; nfhz;l E}yhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ehybahh; jdp kdpjd; vg;gb






mwj;NjhL tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; rpwe;j eilr;rpwg;gpidAila

,f;fl;Liuapy; kdpj tho;tpw;F Ntz;ba ePjpfSk; rpwe;j newpahf;fk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ey;y FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;ghh;fs;. mg;gbahd ,y;ywj;jpw;F toptFf;f$ba

kdpjdpd; xOf;fk;, nry;tk; epiyahik, ,sikepiyahik, fy;tp, el;G, xOf;fk;

Mfpa mwgz;Gfis xU kdpjDf;F vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyghLfis

rpwe;j Kiwapy; vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. mwk; nghUe;jpa tho;Nt ,d;gk; jUk;. ,aw;if

jd;epiyapy; khwhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; kdpjd; mwepiy jtwhky; tho

Ntz;Lk;. ,ijNa gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. ehyb-gh-1

2. ehyb-gh-14

3. ehyb-gh-19

4. ehyb-gh-28

5 ehyb-gh-71

6 Vyhjp-gh-5

7 ehyb-gh-34

8 ehyb-gh-143

9. ehyb-gh-64

10. ehyb-gh-135

11. jpUf;Fws;-Fws;-399

12. ,dpaitehw;gJ-gh-1

13. rpe;jidr;Rlh;-gf;-52,53

14. Gwk;-gh-109

15. jkpo; mfuhjp-g-168

16. ehyb-gh-96

17. jpUf;Fws;-Fws;-216

18. ehyb-gh-165

19.ehyb-gh-213

20.ehyb-gh-216

21.ehyb-gh-82

JizE}w;gl;bay;

1. r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;. gjpndz;fPof;;fzf;F E}y;fs;. nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk; nrd;id.

2. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;. fof ntspaPL nrd;id.

3. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; %yKk; njspTiuAk;- th;j;jkhd gjpg;gfk; nrd;id.






4. Nguh.gp.tpUj;jhryk; rpe;jhkzpr;Rlh;. gf;-52, 53.

5. jpUf;Fws;. ypNahGf; b];bhp gpA+l;lh;];. nrd;id.






GwehD}w;wpy; kwg;ngz;fs;

k.kyh;> cjtpg;Nguhrphh;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mjpakhd; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> rPdpthrhefh;> Cj;jq;fiu.

njhlf;fk;

jkpohpd; tho;f;if tPuKk; fhjYk; epuk;gg;ngw;wJ vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpag;

ghly;fs; giwrhw;Wtjha; mike;Js;sJ. mj;jifa rq;f E}y;fspy; gjpndz;

Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; gjpndl;lDs; vl;Lj;njhifAs; FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz>

Iq;FWE}W> fypj;njhif> mfehD}W> kw;Wk; ghpghlYk; mfg;nghUs; rhh;e;J

mike;Js;sd. mijg;Nghyg; gj;Jg;ghl;Ls; Ky;iyg;ghl;L> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L>

gl;bdg;ghiy> neLey;thil KjypadTk; mfk; njhlh;ghditNa. ,jpypUe;J

gjpndl;L E}y;fSs; nrk;ghjp mfKk; GwKk; cs;sJ vd;gJ njspT.

mf E}yhdJ vg;gb jiytd;> jiytp ,UthpilNa Vw;gLfpd;w

cs;sf;fpsh;r;rp> clw;fpsh;r;rp mjw;F cWJizaha; ,Uf;fpd;w> Njhopah; $l;lk;>

FLk;g mikg;G> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> fw;gid> ctik ,itnay;yhk; ,ize;J

mWRit Cl;LtJ Nghd;W GwE}y;fs; murpay;> rKjhak;> fy;tp> ehfhpfk;> gz;ghL>

fiy> tPuk;> nfhil> Mil> mzp> gof;f tof;fk;> thzpfk;> ngz;fspd; epiy>

mth;fspd; tPuk;> tPuj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; Kjypait gw;wpAk; tphpthf

vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ.

mj;jifa GwE}y;fSs; xd;whd GwehD}w;wpypUe;J ngz;fspd; tPu

czh;itAk; murDk; ngz;ikf;F cah;T nfhLj;J Nghw;wpa tpjj;ijAk; Muha;tNj

,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhf mike;Js;sJ.

thSk; khh;Gk;

ngz;fs; Nkd;ikiag; Nghh;itahf;fp cs;Ns tPuj;ij mlf;fp ,Uj;jiyg;

GwehD}W ghly;fs; njspthf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

Nghh; vd;W te;jhYk; kuzk; vd;W te;jhYk; Xh; Mz; kfd; ngwNtz;baJ

xd;W tPuj;jpd; tpisr;ryhd ntw;wp ,y;iyNay; tPukuzk;. tho;e;jhYk; tPo;e;jhYk;

tPuj;ij ikakpl;ljhf mikaNtz;Lk;. ,JNt tPuj; jkpoDf;F kl;Lky;y

tPuj;jkpor;rpf;Fk; tho;f;if newpahf ,Ue;jJ.

xU kwj;jkpod; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; gifth; thshy; ntl;Lz;L ,we;Jtpl;lhd;.

mtd; ,we;j nra;jpiag; Nghhpdpd;W Chpy; te;Njhh; kwj;jkpodpd; jhaplk; “epd;

kfd; giftNuhL Nghhpl;L GwKJFfhl;b khz;lhd;” vd;W $wpdh;. mJ Nfl;l jha;






neUg;gpypl;l GOg;Nghyj; Jbj;J jd; fz;fisj; jPnao Nehf;fpf; nfhz;Nl jdJ

fhy;fisg; Nghh;f;fsk; Nehf;fp nry;y Mizapl;lhs;. mt;tajhd %jhl;b vd; kfd;

gifth;f;Fg; GwKJFfhl;b ,we;jhd; vd;why; mtd; tha; itj;Jz;l vd; khh;ig

mwpj;njwpNtd; vd;W tQ;rpdk; $wpf;nfhz;Nl thnshL gpzq;fisg; Gul;bg; ghh;j;J

ctif mile;jhs;.

Nghhpdhy; mikjp fpilf;fhJ vd;w fUj;J xUGwKk;> jd;epiyAk;>

vy;iyAk; tphptile;jhy; ngUikAk; GfOk; caUk; vd;w epiyAk;

gz;ilf;fhye;njhl;Nl ,Ue;JthpDk;> ngz;fSk; ,jw;F khwhdth;fsha; xU NghJk;

epy;yhky; Nghh; mwj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. kwf;Fbiar; Nrh;e;j nfhf;fpd; rpwF Nghd;w

ntz;ikahd eiuj;j $e;jiyAila kwf;Fy Kjpatspd; kfd; jd;Nky; gha;e;j

fspw;wpidf; nfhd;W mtDk; ,we;Jgl;L tPo;e;jhd; vd;w nra;jpiaf; Nfl;l jha;

mtid <d;w nghOjpidf; fhl;bYk; ngU kfpo;r;rpaile;jhs;. ,jid jpUts;StUk;

"<d;w nghOjpd; nghpJctf;Fk; jd;kfidr;

rhd;Nwhd; vdf;Nfl;l jha;" - (Fws;.69)

vd;W $WtjpypUe;J ngz;fs; tPukpf;ftuhf ,Ue;jpUg;gJ mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

,ijNghyNt GwehD}w;wpYk; tPungz; xUj;jp jd; tPuj;ij mts; fz;zPh; thd;

kioapDk; kpFjp vd;gij>

"kPd; cz; nfhf;fpd; J}tp md;d

thy; eiuf; $e;jy;> KjpNahs; rpWtd;

fspW vwpe;J gl;ldd; vd;Dk; ctif

<d;w Qhd;wpDk; nghpNj"- (Gwk;- 277)

vDk; ghly; Rl;LfpwJ.

,NjNghy; fhf;if ghbdpahh; er;nrs;isahUk; Kfj;jpYk; kh;gpYk; mk;gpd;Gz;

gl;L ,we;j kfidf; fz;L kfpo;e;j jhapd; epiyia tpthpj;Js;shh;. mit>

"euk;ngoe; Jywpa epuk;gh nkd;Nwhs;>

Kshp kUq;fpd;> KjpNahs; rpWtd;

Gil mope;J> khwpdd; vd;Wgyh; $w

KiymWj; jpLntd; ahnddr; rpid,f;

Nfhz;l thnahL gLgpzk;. (Gwk;. 278)

NkYk; kw;nwhUjha; jd; kfd; Nghh;fsj;jpy; ,we;jhd; vd;w nra;jp mwpe;J

Nghh;fsk; Nehf;fpr; nrd;whs;. mq;Nf tPo;e;J fplf;Fk; tPuhpilNa mts; kfd;

rpwg;Gwg; nghUjjd; gadhf cly; rpijf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ fz;L rpwg;Gila mtd;ghy;

cs;sk; fiue;jhs;. md;gpd; Kjph;tpy; tw;wp thba mts; khh;gpy; ghy; Rue;jJ.






fly;fpsh;e; jd;d fl;^h; ehg;gz;

nte;Jtha; kbj;J Nty;jiyg; ngahp>

NjhL cifj;J vOj&c> Jwe;j vwp Qhl;gpd;> (Gwk;.295)

vd xsitahh; $Wfpd;whh;.

%jpd; kfsph;

khrhj;jpah; vd;w ngz; Gyth; Nghh;fhyr; #oypy; kwf;Fyg; ngz;zpd;

tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;wpUe;jhh;. mg;NghJ kwg;ngz;zpd; tPl;bw;F mUfpy; nrUg;giw

Koq;fpa rj;jk; Nfl;lJ. mijf; Nfl;lTld; me;j kwg;ngz; Xbr;nrd;W tPjpapy;

tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;j ghy; kdk; khwhj gps;isia mioj;J mtdJ jiyapy;

vz;iza; jltpf; FLkpahf;fp ,ilapy; Mil mzptpj;Jf; ifapy; xU Ntiyf;

nfhLj;J Kjy; ehs; ele;j Nghhpy; gifth;fisj; jk; ehl;bd; Mepiufisf;

fth;e;jth;fNshL epd; je;ij Nghhpl;L tPu kuzk; mile;jhh;. mJ Nghf mjd; Kjy;

ehs; jikaDk; Kd;dhs; ngUq;fsp;W jidf;nfhd;W jhDk; ,we;Jtpl;lhh;.

mj;jifa rpwg;Gila FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtd; eP vd;W $wp mtidg; Nghh;f;fsk;

Gwg;glr; nra;jhs; xU jha;.

xUthpd; tho;tpy; vQ;rp epw;gJ Gfo;jhd;. jhd; kha;e;jhYk; jd; Gfo; epiyf;f

tho;tNj tho;T vd;gijg; GwehD}W Kjd;ikahfg; Nghw;wp epw;fpd;wJ. kwf;Fbapy;

gpwe;j Mz;fSf;Nf my;yhky; ngz;fSf;Fk; tPuk; cz;L vd;gij xNu kfd;

vd;Wk; ghuhky;> rpWFoe;ij vd;Wk; ghuhky; nrUKfk; mDg;Gk; JzpTs;sk; nfhz;l

,g;ngz;zpd; rpe;jidia Xf;$h; khrhj;jpahh; $Wk; ghly; ,Njh

nfLf rpe;ij fbjpt JzpNt

%jpd; kfsp uhj wFNk

Nkdh Sw;w nrUtpw; fptts; jd;id

ahid nawpe;J fsj;njhope; jdNd

neUeYw;w nrUtpw; fpts; nfhOed; - (Gwk; -279)

,t;thW nray;gl kwg;ngz;zpd; rpe;ijiaAk; JzpitAk; ,g;ghly; top

ca;j;Jzu Kbfpd;wJ.

rpWgps;isahf ,Ue;jNghJ ghy; cz;zhky; kWj;J Nfhy; nfhz;L Xr;rpa

kfd;> ,e;epiyapy; giftUld; Nghh;Ghpe;J ahidia tPo;j;jp> jd;khh;gpd; kPJ

ijj;Js;s mk;gpidf; fz;L vg;NghJ gha;e;jJ? Vd; Nflak; fPNo tpOe;J fplf;f

mjd;Nky; fple;j kfdpd; tPu ciuiaf; fz;L ngUkpjk; nfhs;Sk; tPuj;jhapd;

epiyia>

cd;dpyd; vd;Dk; Gz;xd;W mk;G

khd; cis md;d FLkpj;






Njhy;kpirf; fple;j Gy;mz NyhNd (Gwk; -310)

caphpDk; Nkyhf murdhy; kjpf;fg;gl;l jd; kfd;> ed;wp fldhf ,d;Dk; jd;

capiuj; jUtjw;Fhpa fhyk; tutpy;iyNa vd;W JzpT nfhz;l ngz; xUj;jp

ghLtjhf xsit ghba ghly;>

nts;is nts; ahl;Lr; nrr;ir Nghyj;

jd; Xh; md;d ,isah; ,Ug;g>

gyh; kPJ ePl;ba kz;il vd; rpWtid (Gwk;.286)

xU ngz; jd; fztd; Nghh;fsj;jpy; Nghhpl;L ,we;jhd; vd;w nra;jp

Nfl;lTld; me;j ngz; Nghh;fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W tPug;Nghh; Ghpe;J tPo;e;jpUg;ghdhf

vd;W vz;zp Nghh;fsj;jpy; mtdJ cliy Gul;bg;Gul;b ghh;j;J khh;gpy; Gz; gl;L

,we;jpUg;gij mwpe;J Nghh;fsj;jpy; FUjp tbAk; jdJ fztdpd; cliy khh;NghL

jOtp kfpo;e;j ngz;zpd; czh;it fohj;jiyahh; ghba ghly;>

kz; nfhs thpe;j ite; Ejp kUg;gpd;

mz;zy; ey; Vw ,uz;L cld; kLj;J>

ntd;wjd; gr;ir rPthJ Nghh;j;j - (Gwk;.288)

eLfy; topghl;by; nghJik

ew;Fbapy; gpwe;j ,seq;if xUj;jp ehs;NjhWk; jtwhky; eLfy; topghl;il

nghJik Nehf;fpy; epfo;j;Jjiy> ms;Sh; ed;Ky;iyahh; ghlypy; Gyg;gLfpwJ.

tpUe;J vjph; ngWfjpy; ahNd> vd;idAk;

X .....Nte;jndhL

ehLjU tpUg;gif va;Jf vdNt (Gwk; 306)

tpUe;jpdh;fis vjph;nfhz;L tuNtw;W cgrhpf;Fk; ,dpa ,y;ywk; jdf;Fk;>

gifntd;W> Gfo; ngw;W ehL fhf;f thOk; ew;NgW jd; fztDf;Fk; ehlhSk;

Nte;jDf;Fk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf cah;e;j cs;sk; nfhz;l kwf;Fbg;

ngz;zpd; tPuTzh;T GydhfpwJ.

xsitAk; mjpaDk;

ngz;Gj;jp vd;gJ mwpahikia tpsf;FtJ md;W. gpd;dhy; elg;gij Kd;Ng

czh;e;J $WtjhFk;. mjdhy; jhd; ek;ehl;L gonkhopAk; "ngz;Gj;jp gpd;Gj;jp"

vd;W ngz;ikiag; ghuhl;baJ. mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd. mjpad; mt;itiag; ghuhl;ba tpjq;fs;

,j;jifadthFk;.

mjpakhd; jUkGhpiaj; jiyefuhf;fp Ml;rp Ghpe;J te;jhd;. Xsitapd;

Gyik eyj;ij mjpakhDk;> mjpakhdpd; ts;sy; jd;ikia mt;itahUk;

mwpe;jpUe;jd. xsitahiuj; jd; muz;kidf;F tutioj;Jg; gy fhyk; jd;NdhL






,Uj;jp itj;J mthpd; jkpo;g;Gyikiag; gUf epidj;j mjpadpd; vz;zk; mwpahj

xsitahh; ghprpy; ju fhyk; ePbj;jij vz;zp tUe;jp thapy; fhtydplk; cd;

murd; jd;Dila juj;ijAk; vd;Dila jFjpiaAk; kwe;jdthf cs;shd;.

kpfg;nghpa ts;sy; jd;ik cila nghpNahh; ,Ug;gjhy; ,e;j cyfkhdJ

mope;Jtpltpy;iy. mjpadplk; nrhy;Yq;fs; ehq;fs; vj;jpirr; nrd;whYk; vq;fSf;F

czT fpilf;Fk;. vdf;F tpilj;ju fhy ePl;bj;jhy; jFjpahd nray; md;W vd;W

gakpd;wpf; $wpdhh;.

"thapNyhNa! thapNyhNa!

ts;spNahh; nrtpKjy; taq;Fnkhop tpj;jpj;jhk;" (Gwk;-206)

,t;thW rq;f fhy kfsph; midtUk; tPuKilath;fsfs cs;sdh; vd;gij mwpa

KbfpwJ.

KbTiu

Mz;fSf;F moF tPuk; vd;w fUj;ij Nghy ngz;fSk; tPuj;ij

caph;%r;rhff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpa ghd;ikia mwpa ,aYfpwJ. ,yf;fpaq;fs;

ngz;fisr; rpwg;gpj;jij NghyNt jw;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; fy;tp nry;tq;fspy;

rpwe;jth;fshfTk; tPuj;jpy; rpwe;jth;fshfTk; ,Ug;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ngz;fs;

mwptpd; ,Ug;;gplk;> Mw;wypd; ciwtplk;> rpe;jidapd; Cw;W> ,t;thW vy;yhk;

rhd;Nwhh;;fs; Gfo;tJ ngz;fspd; rpwg;Gfis czh;e;Nj vd;gJ ,f;fl;Liuapy;

njspthFk;.

JizE}w;gl;bay;

1. ghpkzk;.m.kh - GwehD}W>

epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T];>

nrd;id – 600 098.

2. tujuhrd;.K - jpUf;Fws;>

irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;G fofk;>

kWgjpg;G- 204.






fhyk; NjhWk; kfspupd; gzpfs;

Kidth;. t.khypf; cjtpg;NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw> rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp>

jpUney;Ntyp.

Kd;Diu

fw;wwpUe;j kf;fspilNa kfspH Fwpj;j xUtif tpopg;GzHT> ngz;fs; Fwpj;j

r%f czHT Mfpad mz;ika Mz;Lfspy; tYg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd. ngz;fSf;F

Mz;fSk;> r%fKk; Ja;f;Fk; cupikfs; midj;Jk; fpilf;f top nra;Ak; rKjhak;

khw;wq;fs;> kfspH tpLjiy Mfpatw;iwg; gilg;ghspfs; jq;fs; gilg;Gfspy; gjpT

nra;fpd;wdH. kfspH tho;e;j tuyhW> mtHfSf;Fr; rKjhaj;jpy; mspf;fg;gl;l

kjpg;G> mtHfsplk; rKjhak; vjpHghHj;j flikfs;> mtHfSf;F mspj;j cupikfs;>

FLk;g mikg;gpDs; mtHfs; tfpj;j epiy Nghd;wit khwptUfpd;wd. Muk;gfhyk;

Kjy; ,f;fhyk; tiu khwptUk; r%fr; #oYf;F Vw;g ngz;fs; jq;fSila

gzpfis khw;wpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kfspupd; gzpfs;

fPo;f;fz;lthW gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. Mjpfhy kfspupd; gzpfs;

2. rq;ffhy kfspupd; gzpfs;

3. ,ilf;fhy kfspupd; gzpfs;

4. Rje;jpufhy kfspupd; gzpfs;

5. ,f;fhy kfspupd; gzpfs;

Mjpfhykfspupd; gzpfs;

“epkpHe;j ed;dil

NeHnfhz;l ghHit

epyj;jpy; ahUf;Fk; mQ;rhneQ;rk;

epkpHe;j Qhdr; nrUf;F"

vd;gJ kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujp GJikg; ngz;Zf;Fupa ,yf;fzkhfr; nrhd;d

Fzq;fs;. ,it cz;ikapy; GJikg; ngz;Zf;F cz;lhd Fzq;fs; ,y;iy.

fpl;ljl;l xU kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; jd; Fyj;ijf; fl;bf; fhg;ghw;wp

te;jts; ekf;nfy;yhk; nfhs;Nsh nfhs;S ghl;bahd %jhija kDf;\p. mts;

,g;gbj;jhd; epkpHe;J ele;J> Neuhfg; ghHj;J> Jzpe;J> jpkpuhfr; Rw;wpf;

nfhz;bUe;jhs;. mts;jhd; Mjpfhyg; ngz;> mJ jha; jiyik ngw;wpUe;j fhyk;.

mJjhd; Guhjhd fhyk;.






me;jg; Guhjdg; nghJTilikf; fhyj;jpNy mts; nghUs; cw;gj;jpapd;

mjpfhupahf Miztpl mjpfk; ciof;Fk; tho;tpay; jpwd;fisf; nfhz;ltshf

,Ue;jhs;. Mjpfhyg; ngz; jdf;Fk; jd; gps;isfSf;Fk; Njitahd irt> mirt

czTfisj; jhNd Ntl;ilahbf; nfhz;lhs;. czTj; NjitfSf;F ngz;

RarhHghfj;jhd; ,Ue;jhs;." (rhypdp ,se;jpiuad;.> 2006:80)

“ngz;fSf;Nfh jq;fs; gps;is Fl;bfspd; grpj;j tapWf;F vijf;

nfhz;lhtJ epug;g Ntz;ba epHge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. mjdhy; GJg;GJ czT tiffis

Muha;r;rp nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhHfs;". “mg;NghJ jhd; Edpg;Gy; gok; mtHfs;

fz;zpy; gl;lJ" mjid fy;yhy; ,bf;Fk; NghJ nghbahfptpl;lJ. mjid vLj;J

thapy; NghlTk; UrpahfTk;> Gj;JzHr;rp jUtjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jid

Foe;ijfSf;Fg; Gfl;Lk; NghJ Foe;ijfs; tsHtijf; ftdpj;jhHfs; jha;khHfs;.

gpd; ,jpy; “jz;zPH fye;J neUg;Gg; gf;fj;jpy; itj;jhy; nflhky;> ,Wfpg; Ngha;

Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jf; ftdpg;ghy; cUthdJjhd; rikaw;fiy" (rhypdp

,se;jpiuad; 2008.> 80>81>82) MFk;.

,ijnay;yhk; tpl ,e;j jhdpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ik vd;dntd;why; mijj;

jw;nrayhf kz;zpy; Nghl;lhYk; xU GJr;nrbahf Kisj;J epiwa jhdpakhfg;

ngUfp epd;wJ. ,ijg; ghHj;J jhdpaj;ij kz;zpy; Gijj;jdH. mJ tsHe;J

nrbahf Kisj;J jiyepiwa jhdpak; Rke;J epw;gijj; ghHj;J ngz;fs; ,jpy;

Kk;Kukhf ,wq;fpdH. ,JNt gapH rhFgb vd;w Gjpa cj;jp cUthf fhuzkhf

,Ue;jJ (NkyJ g-82). mLj;jg;gbahf Ntshz;ik vd;fpw kpfg; ngupa cw;gj;jpj;

Jiw cUthapw;W.

fhl;LkhL> ML> vUik> fhl;Lf;Nfhop> thj;J Nghd;w gpuhzpfs; ngz;fisj;

njhlHe;J mtHfsJ Fiff;Fs; te;jd. mg;NghJ gpuhzpfspd;ghy; kdpjf;Foe;ij

xj;Jg;Nghf mtw;iw tapw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;j Muk;gpj;jhs;. ,JNt fhy;eilfspd;

tsHr;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ. ,g;gbahf fhl;Ltpyq;if nry;yg; gpuhzpahf;fp tPl;L

tpyq;fhf khw;wpaJ Kjy; gapH tsHg;GKiw cUthdJ tiu vy;yhNk ngz;fs;

Kd;dpd;W nra;Ak; fhykhf ,Ue;jJ Guhjdg; nghJTilikg; ngz;zpd; fhyk;.

,jdhy;jhd; “me;j ehs; Kjy; ,e;ehs; tiu ve;j epyj;jpd; %yg;gj;jpuj;ijAk;

jha;g;gj;jpuk;" (rhypdp ,se;jpiuad; 2006.> 83) vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdH vd;fpwhH rhypdp

,se;jpiuad;.

ngz;fspd; %is tbtikg;gpy; mtHfSf;F xNu rkaj;jpy; gy Ntiyfisr;

nra;a KbfpwJ. xNu Ntisapy; rk;ke;jk; rk;ke;jkpy;yhj ntt;NtW jfty;

gupkhw;wq;fis ,izj;J Nahrpf;f mtshy; KbfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthfj;jhd;






mtshy;> “ehupy; cilAk;> rpy;Yfspy; cspAk;> kpUfj; Njhspy; thiuAk;> ,iyapy;

,Lg;G kiwg;Gj; JzpiaAk; fhZk; jpwid mtSf;Fs; Vw;gLj;jpaJ

vd;fpwhH"(NkyJ g-89). ,e;jg; gy;nghUs; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwNd mtisr; rKjhaj;jpy;

caHj;jpaJ. me;jf; fhyg; ngz;fs; caHthfNt ,Ue;jdH.

khDltpayhsH ~f;Nshj; nytp];jpuh];| “jpUkzk; vd;w rlq;F te;j gpwNf

ngz; mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhs;. ehNlhbaha; tho;e;j kf;fs; epiyahd tho;T fz;L

jkf;nfd epyj;ijAk;> nghUs;fisAk; nrhe;jg;gLj;j njhlq;fpa fhyk; Kjy; ngz;

,uz;lhe;ju epiyia mile;J tpl;lhs;" (NkyJ g-91) $WfpwhH. ngz; ,y;yj;jpy;

Kjd;ikahdts;> mtSf;fpUe;j clyikg;G NtWghLfs; ,dtpUj;jpAk; ,d;ndhUtH

Jiz ehbepw;Fk; epiyf;Fj; js;spaJ. xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;w kdf;fl;Lg;ghL

kf;fspilNa epiy ngwNt> Mz; ngz;zpw;F mtSila ,ayhikf; fhyj;jpy;

cw;w Jizahdhd;.

Mz; mspj;j nghUshjhu Mjutpd; JizAlNdNa ngz; jd; tho;f;ifia

elj;Jk;NghJ ,y;yj;ij epiyg;gLj;Jk; gzpiaj; jhNd Kd;epd;W nra;aj;

njhlq;fpdhs;. ,dtpUj;jp nra;Ak; Mw;wy; ngz;zpw;Nf mike;jpUe;jikahy;

Foe;ijfisg; ngw;W mtHfisg; ghJfhj;J tsHf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; jhdhfNt

mtSf;F mike;Jtpl;lJ. mj;Jld; ,y;yj;jpw;F Ntz;ba cztpidr; Nrfupj;J

mij rikf;Fk; gzpiaAk; mtNs Nkw;nfhz;lhs;. ,t;thwhf kfspupd; gzpapy;

khw;wk; epfoj; njhlq;fpaJ.

Mjpfhy kfspupd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfshd> Ntshz;ik> fhy;eil tsHg;G> rikay;

fiy vd ,e;j %d;Wk; gpd;ehspy; khngUk; Jiwahf tsHr;rpailaf; fhuzkhf

,Ue;jJ.

rq;ffhy kfspupd; gzpfs;

rq;f ,yf;fpak; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bd; fsQ;rpak; MFk;. ghl;Lk;> njhifAk; vdg;

Nghw;wg;ngWk; jkpoH tho;f;ifia mfk;> Gwk; vdg; gpupj;jdH. jiytDk; jiytpAk;

$b tho;e;J FLk;gj;jpd; Njitfis g+Hj;jp nra;jdH. eilKiw tho;tpy; kfspH

jk; cly;eyj;jpw;Fk; epyr;#oYf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; ,ad;w njhopy;fisr;

nra;Js;sdH. Ie;jpizfSf;Fk; Vw;wthW jk; gzpfisr; nra;Js;sdH. FwpQ;rp

epyj;J Kf;fpa tpisnghUs; jpiz MFk;. ,e;epyg; ngz;buhd nfhbr;rpaH fhty;

njhopiyr; nra;jdH. guz; kPJ ,Ue;J jpidg;Gdk; fhj;jiy gpd;tUk; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L

rhd;whf $WfpwJ.

“Ja;jiy thq;fpa GzpWjPH ngUq;Fuy;






es;Nfhd; rpWjpizg; gLGs; Xg;gp

vy;gl tUjpaH vdeP tpLj;jypd;" (FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L 37-39)

vd;w fgpyupd; ghly; topahf guz; mikj;J jpidg;Gdk; fhj;jiy kfspH gzpahff;

nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.

Ky;iyepyg; ngz;fs; Ma;r;rpaH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH. fhy;eilfis

tsHg;gjpy; MaH kfspH ngUk; ftdk; nrYj;jpdH. ML khLfspd; kpFe;J

fpilf;Fk;. ghy;> japH> NkhH> ntz;nza;> nea; Kjyhdtw;iw czthf

cl;nfhs;tNjhL gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; tpw;gidAk; nra;jdH. xUj;jp nea;apd;

tpiyahff; fl;bg; gRg;nghd; nfhs;shJ vUik> gR> ehF Mfpatw;iwNa ngw;Wr;

nrd;wjhf ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

“Gypf;Fuy; kj;jk; xypg;g thq;fp

Ciwail jPe;japH fyf;fp Eiunjupe;J

GfHtha;f; Foprp g+Q;Rkl; buP,

ehz;NkhH khWed;kh Nkzpr;

nea;tpiyf; fl;bg; gRk; nghd;nfhs;shs;

vUik ey;yhs; fUehF nghWck;

kbtha;f; NfhtyH Fbtapw; Nrg;gpd;" (ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil gh 155-165)

vd;w tupfspd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

ehdpyj;jpy; tsk; epiwe;j epyk; kUjk;> Mw;WePUk;> ngha;if ePUk; kUj

epyj;ij tskilar; nra;fpd;wd. ,e;epyj;jpy; thOk; ngz;fs; filr;rpaH vd;Wk;

coj;jpaH vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,tHfspd; Kjd;ikj; njhopy;

Ntshz;ikahf ,Ue;jJ. cOJ tpistpf;Fk; cotHf;Fj; Jizahf kfspH

gy;NtW gzpfisr; nra;jdH. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> kJiuf; fhQ;rp> kiygLflhk;

Nghd;w E}y;fs; kUj epy ,ay;igf; $Wfpd;wd. cotHfs; khLfs; g+l;ba VHfisf;

nfhz;L epyj;ij cOjdH. kfspH ney;eLKd; jk; fhy;fshy; Nrw;iw kpjpg;gH> gpd;

ney; ehw;Wfis eLtH> fisfisg; gwpg;gH> mWtil nra;J jiyapy; Rke;J te;J

fsj;jpy; NrHg;gH. ney;ybj;j gpd;G Kwj;jhy; J}w;wp vLg;gH. ,t;thW coj;jpaupd;

gzpia ~ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil| $WfpwJ. taypy; fisfshf Kisj;j nea;jy;>

Mk;gy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; iffshy; fise;j fhl;rpia GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; $WfpwJ.

(g.160)

taiy gyKiw cOJ njhspahf;Fk; flik cotHfisr; rhHe;jpUe;jJ.

njhspapd; NkL gs;sq;fisr; rkd; nra;J ehw;W eLk; Ntiyia coj;jpaH

nra;jij ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ.






“igQ;rha; nfhd;w kz;gL kUg;gpd;

fhHVW nghUj fz;mfd; nrWtpd;

cohm Ed;njhsp eputpa tpidQH

KbehW mfj;jpa neLePHr; nrW" (ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil gh 209-212)

flYk; fly;rhHe;j gFjpAkhfpa nea;jy; epyj;jpy; eilngWk; njhopy;fspy;

kPd;gpbj;jy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpidg; ngWfpwJ. nea;jy; epyj;jpy;> thOk; kfspiug;

guj;jpaH> Eisr;rpaH vd;W Fwpg;gpLtH. MltHfs; flypy; gpbj;J te;j kPd;fis

tPjpfspy; gujt kfspH tpiy $wp tpw;Ws;sdH. kPdpw;F khw;whf ney; ngw;W

cs;sdH vd;gij Iq;FWE}W kw;Wk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

“rpd;kPd; nrhupe;J gy;ney; ngwhck;

ahzH Cuepd; ghzkfs;" (Iq;FWE}W gh 36)

“kPd; nfhLj;J ney;Fit,

kpir mk;gpapd; kdikWf;Fw;J" (GwehD}W gh 343)

vd;w ghly;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

vQ;rpAs;s kPid cg;gpl;L flw;fiu kzypy; cyHj;jpdH gujt kfspH

cyUk; kPid cz;ztUk; gwitfisf; flw;fiu epoypy; jq;fp tpul;bf; fhty;

nra;jdH. ghiy epyk; vd;W jdpahd epyk; ,y;iy gpw epyk; jd; tsk; ,d;wp

twl;rp kpFe;J fhl;rp jUNkahdhy; mJ ghiy vdg;gLk;. ghiy epyg; ngz;bH

Vida epykf;fisg; Nghy rpwg;ghd njhopypy; <Lgltha;g;gpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,e;epy

kfspH tho;f;iff;fhf fbdkhd njhopy; <Lgl;ldH. ,tHfs; vWk;Gfs; nfhz;L te;J

Nrkpf;Fk; czitj; Njhz;b vLj;J rikj;jdH.

Ie;jpizfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gzp nra;j kfspH

rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk; gpw njhopy; nra;Ak; kfspUk; ,Ue;Js;sdH.

fs;spidf; fha;r;rp tpw;Fk; ngz;fis mupaw;ngz;bH vdTk; mupayhl;baH vdTk;

mfehD}W ghly; (245:9) $WfpwJ. Mil ntSf;Fk; ngz;fs; Giyj;jpau vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ldH. ,j;njhopypy; jkf;Fj; Jizahf jk; Gjy;tiuAk;

<LgLj;jpAs;sdH vd;w nra;jpia mfehD}w;Wg; Mfpa ghly; tupfs; (34> 387 )

czHj;Jfpd;wdH.

gUj;jp kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpo;ehl;by; tpise;J tUfpd;wJ

mg;gUj;jpiaf; nfhz;L %jhl;baUk; ifk;ngz;bUk; E}y; E}w;Fk; gzpia

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdH. mjdhy; mg;ngz;biug; gUj;jpg; ngz;bH vd;wdH ,jid

“gUj;jpg; ngz;bd; gDty; md;d" (GwehD}W 125:1)






vDk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; $WfpwJ. ,g;gUj;jpg; ngz;bH Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j E}y;

Ew;Fk; gzpapid ,iwadhH mfg;nghUSiu fPo;fz;lthW $WfpwJ.

“Ez;zpa gytha gQ;R Edpfshy;

iftd; kfUtj; jdJ ifkhd;gpdhy;

Xupiog; gLj;jyhk; cyfj;J E}y;

E}w;wy; vd;gJ" (g 26)

fy;tpapYk; Mz;fSf;F ,izahfr; rq;fg; ngz; GytHfs; vOj;Jg;

gzpiag; nra;Js;sdH vd;gij ~kfLc Kd;dpiy| vd;w nrhy;ypd; topahf mwpa

KbfpwJ. tupahy; mwpayhk;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ehw;gj;ije;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ngz;

GytHfs; tho;e;Js;sdH vd;gij r.tpranyl;Rkp (ngz;nzOj;J fsKk;> murpaYk;

g-16) vd;w E}ypy; Mjhug;g+Htkhf $wpAs;shH. (g.16)

ms;shH ed;Ky;iyahH> Mjpke;jpahH xf;$H khrhj;jpahH> xsitahH> fhf;if

ghbdpahH> er;nrs;isahH> ef;fz;izahH> ghupkfspH> g+q;fz;jpiuahH> nts;sp

tPjpahH> Nghd;w ngz;ghw; GytHfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH.

cyf elg;Gfisg; gpwUf;F vLj;Jf; $Wk; mwptpy; rpwe;j rhd;NwhHfshfr;

rq;fg; ngz;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdH. mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpf;Fk;> njhz;ilkhDf;Fk;

kdNtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. njhz;ilkhd;> mjpakhd; Nky; gilnaLf;f NghH

Maj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhd;. me;jg; Nghiu elf;f tplhky; xsitahH jLj;J

epWj;jpdhH vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpak; top mwpaKbfpwJ.

“,t;Nt gPyp azpe;J khiy #l;bf;

fz;bu Nzhd;fho; jpUj;jpnea; azpe;J” (Gwk; 951:2)

vd;w tupapd; %yk; xsitahH xU ngz; J}juhfr; nrd;W NghH eilngwhky;

epWj;jpaJ cyf tuyhw;wpy; xU iky; fy;yhf jpfo;fpwJ.

rq;ffhyj;jpy; Mly;> ghly; fiyfspy; kfspH rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sdH.

tpohf;fhyq;fspy; kfspH fapw;wpd; Nky; epd;W MbAs;sdH vd;gijf; fgpyH

jd;Dila FwpQ;rpg; ghl;by; “rhWnfhs;... fwq;f MLkfs;" (FwpQ;rp 192) vd;W

$wpAs;shH. kd;dupd; muz;kidfspy; Mly; kfspHfs; ,Ue;Js;sdH. fupfhyd;

GytHfSf;F tpUe;J itj;j NghJ Mlw;ngz;fs; MbAs;sdH vd;gij

nghUeuhw;Wg;gilapy; NtWgy;..... tpwypaH ghzp J}q;f" (ngh.M. 108) vd;w tupapd;

%yk; njupaKbfpwJ.

~Jzq;if $j;J| vd;Dk; xUtif Mliy njUf;fspy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk;

NrHe;J eldkhbAs;sdH. ,jpy; murUk; fye;J nfhz;lhH vd;gij ~KbT tpad;

kWfpy; Jzq;f| (k.fh.327) vd kJiuf; fhQ;rp $WfpwJ. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapYk;






Nka; kfspH jk; Njhis mirj;J ntw;wpf;fsj;ijg; ghbj; Jzq;iff; $j;jhba

nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,irghLk; kfspUk; mjw;Nfw;g Mly; nfhs;Sk; kfspUk; ,Ue;Js;sdH

vd;gij ef;fPuH fPo;f;fz;lthW $WfpwhH.

“Mly; kfspH ghly; nfhsg; GzHkhH....

fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpaho; gz;ZKiw epWg;gg;" (neLey; 67-70)

vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; Mly;> ghly; gzpiar; rq;ffhy kfspH Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH

vd;gijAk; njupe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

FwpghHf;Fk; gof;fk; rq;ffhy kf;fspilNa ,Ue;jJ. jiytpapDila

fhkNeha;f;Ff; fhuzk; mwpahj jiytpapd; jha; Rw;wj;jhNuhL fl;Ltpr;rpia

mioj;Jf; Fwp Nfl;ghs;. fl;Ltpr;rpahH nja;tf;Fwp nrhy;YjYk; cz;L

jiytpapDila jha; nrk;ikAk; KJikAk; cila ngz;bNuhL Kw;wj;jpy;

ney;iyg; gug;gpf; fl;L itj;Jf; jiytpia vjpupy; epWj;jpf; Fwp Nfl;ghs; ,jid

“ey;Yjy; gue;j griy fz;l md;id" (ew;wpid 288) vDk; ghly; tup

czHj;JfpwJ.

rq;ffhy kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gltpUf;Fk; epfo;Tfis Kd;djhfNt

mwptjw;F KJngz;biuf; nfhz;L tpupr;rpf; Nfl;gH vd;gij njhy;fhg;gpak;

“gilapaq;F mgtk; ghf;fj;J tpupr;rp" (njhy; 104) vd;W $WfpwJ. fl;Ltpr;rp

“mftd; kfs;" vd;w ngaUld; FWe;njhif ghlypy; tUfpwhs; “mftd; kfNs

mftd; kfNs" (FW.23) vDk; ghly; top mwpayhk;.

rq;ffhy kfspH ehlfj;jpy; ebj;J rd;khdk; ngw;wij ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil

fPo;fz;lthW $WfpwJ.

“ehlf kfspH MLfsj;J mLj;j

tprp tPq;F ,d;dak; fLg;NrupNjhWk;" (ng.gh.55> 56)

tpohf;fspy; nghJkfspUk; Mly; epfo;j;Jtijj; njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;jdH.

Mlw;fiyapidf; fw;W njhopyhf epfo;j;jp tUtha; ngw;wdH. mjid “tpoT ML

kfspnuhL" vd mfehD}W (176 15:18) $WfpwJ. muz;kid kfspUs; rpyH Vty;

ngz;buhf ,Ue;J gpwUf;Fg; gzpfs; nra;Js;sdH vd;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Vtw;gzp

nra;NthH" vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. Vty; kfspH kd;dDf;Fg; nghw;fyj;jpy; kJit

Cl;LtH> ghl;lhYk;> $j;jhYk; kd;dH mitia kfpo;r;rp nra;Ak; ~,d;dif kfspH|

,Ue;jijg; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk; $WfpwJ.

ngupa CHfs;> efuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; mq;fhbfs; %yk; thzpfk; ele;jd.

fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdk;> kJiu Kjypa ngupa efuq;fspy; ehsq;fhb> my;yq;fhbfspy;






tpw;gid kfspHfs; ,Ue;Js;sdH vd;w Fwpg;GfSk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

g+f;fis tpw;Fk; kfspH “g+tpid kfspH" vdg;gl;ldH. ew;wpid> mfehD}W

kJiuf;fhQ;rp> GwehD}W Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; xt;nthU epyg;gFjpapYk; tho;e;j kfspH jj;jk; njhopy;fisj;

jq;fs; jpiz rhHe;j gzpfshf nra;Js;sdH vd;gij vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;bd;

%yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. jpiz rhHe;j gzpfs; kl;Lky;yhJ gpw gzpfs; gytw;iwAk;

,k;kfspH nra;J te;Js;sdH. rq;ffhy rKjhaj;jpy; MltNuhL ,izj;J kjpf;Fk;

epiyapy; ,tHfSila gzpfs; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gjd; %yk; MltNuhL xg;g

kjpf;Fk; epiyia kfspH ngw;wpUe;jdH vd;gij ca;j;Jzu Kbfpd;wJ.

,ilf;fhy kfspupd; gzpfs;

,ilf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; kfspupd; gzpfs; vt;thW ,Ue;jd vd vd;gij

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; top mwpa KbfpwJ. tuyhw;W MrpupaHfspd; $w;Wg;gb

ngz;fspd; gzpiaf; $Wk;NghJ gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; kfspHfs; nerTj; njhopy;> E}y;

E}w;wy;> g+f;fis tpw;wy;> ghy; tpw;wy; Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;Js;sdH.

eldf;fiyfspYk; ,irf;fiyfspYk; ngz;fs; ngUk; gq;F tfpj;jdH. Fwpg;ghf

Njtubahs;> $j;jp> jspr;NrH ngz;bH eldj;Jiwapy; kpfr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sdH.

gpw;fhyg; ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; nghJ kw;Wk; murpay; tho;tpy; ngupanjhU gq;fpidg;

ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. ngz;fs; ngUkstpy; kjpg;G kpf;f kidtpauhfj; jpfo;tijNa

tpUk;gpdhHfs;. ,tHfs; jk;Kila gzpfs;> nray;fs; Mfpatw;wpf;Fj; jkJ

fztiuNa rhHe;jpUe;jhHfs;.

nghUspy;yhjtHfs;> kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpatHfs; Fbirj; njhopypYk; gpw

njhopypYk; <Lgl;lhHfs;. Vo;ik epiyapy; ,Ue;j ngz;fs; $yp Ntiy nra;jhHfs;.

gha;Kiljy; nerT> japH> NkhH tpw;wy;> cg;G kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs; tpw;wy; Nghd;w

gzpfisr; nra;jdH.

ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; “ngz;fis NfhtpYf;F ~nghl;Lf;fl;b| mHg;gzpf;Fk;

tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ" vd;gij MrpupaH lhf;lH Nf>jpahfuh[d; (~ngz;zpay;| vd;w

E}ypy; g.54) $wpAs;shH. Njtjhrp Kiw tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. mg;ngz;fs;

,iwgzpf;Fj; jk;ik mHg;gzpj;J nfhz;ldH. ngz;fs; mbikfshf tpw;fg;gl;L

nry;te;jHfspd; ,y;yq;fspy; gzpahsHfshfTk; gzpr; nra;Js;sdH.

gpw;fhyr; NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; mbikfshf Nfhtpypy; gzpfs; nra;J

te;jdH. “taY}H Nfhtpypy; gzpfs; nra;jdH vd;Wk; Nfhtpypy; jpUg;gjpfk;

ghLtjw;Fk;> ,iwtDf;F ntz;rhkuk; tPRtjw;Fk; ngz;fs; mbikfshf






thq;fg;gl;ldH" vdTk; mwpfpNwhk; (NkyJ g 55). gpw;fhyr; NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs;

tptrhaf; $ypfshfg; gzpr; nra;Js;sdH.

ehaf;fH fhyj;jpy; rKjhaj;jpd; mbj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;j kfspH Ntshz;ikNahL

neUq;fpa njhlHGila gzpfis tptrha Ntiyfspy; Mz;fNshL ,ize;J>

ghLgl;ljha;g; gs;S E}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd. Ntshz;ikj; njhopNyhL tPl;bypUf;Fk;

nghOJ uhl;ilapd; %yk; E}y; E}w;wjhfTk;> fha;fwpfs; gapupl;ljhfTk;>

kPd;gpbj;jhfTk; Nfhop tsHj;jhfTk;> jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd rl;b> ghidfisj;

jahH nra;jjhfTk; jpUkiyKUfd; gs;S njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

“my;yp gPw;wy; tPl;ilAk;

njw;Wg; gy;yp ew;w uhl;ilAk;

md;daps; gLf;Fk; ghk;igAk; ngha;if

,ilapy; mLf;Fk; Nrk;ikAk;....

ez;l mtpr;r rl;bAk;”

vd;W ehaf;fH fhyk; ,yf;fpaKk;> tuyhWk; vd;w E}ypy; (g 164) m.uhkrhkp

Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;LfpwhH. NkYk; guj;ijikg; gzpapYk; ngz;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. ,tHfs;

cliy %yjdkhf nfhz;L tho;tNjhL r%f epfo;Tfspy; gq;F nfhz;Ls;sdH.

mg;Jy; u]hf; vd;w ghurPfg; gazp Fwpg;gpl;lthW ngz;fs; guj;jik

njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. ,tHfSf;nfdj; jdpr; rpwg;Gupikfs; jug;gl;ld. (NkyJ. g

59) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

ngz;fs; Nfhtpypy; jpde;NjhWk; g+i[ Neuq;fspy; ,iwtd; Kd;

Mbg;ghbdhHfs;. tpohf; fhyq;fspy; Nfhtpy; rg;guj;jpd; Kd; flTs; rpiyfisr;

Rke;J nry;Yk; nghWg;Gk; mtHfSilajhapUe;jJ. ,j;jifag; gzpg;ngz;fSf;F

Cjpak; Nfhtpypd; gzj;jpypUe;J jug;gl;lJ. ,tHfSf;F ~NjtuhaH| vd;w ngaUk;

,Ue;jJ.

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; gy;ytHfs;> gpw;fhyg; ghz;baHfs;> gpw;fhyr; NrhoHfs;>

gpw;fhyg; gy;ytHfs;> ehaf;fHfs; Nghd;NwhH jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rpg;Gupe;jhy; me;je;j

murHfspd; fhyj;jpw;Fk; Vw;wthW kfspH gzpGupe;Js;shH.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; kfspupd; gzpfs;

Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; kfspH gyH Rje;jpu Nts;tpapy; <Lgl;lij mwpa

KbfpwJ. mtHfspy; Fwpg;glj;jf;ftHfs; md;dpngrd;l;> rNfhjup epNtjpjh> gz;bj

ukhgha;> rNuh[pdp ehAL> Uf;kzpNjtp mUz;Nly;> khHf;nul; frpd;];> f];J}upgh

fhe;jp> fkyhNeU tp[anyl;Rkp gz;bl;> Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b> rhtpj;jpupgha; g+Ny>






Nkupfpdl; thyh [hjt;> nrse;jpuk; ,uhkr;re;jpud; ,yl;Rkp vd;Nkdd;> rushNjtp

Nghd;NwhH tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;Ls;sdH.

jkpofj;ijr; NrHe;j mQ;riyak;khs; vd;w ngz;kzp fhe;jpabfis Neupy;

re;jpj;J ~nts;isaNd ntspNaW| vd;w ,af;fj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;lhH. jd;Dila

mdy; gwf;Fk; Ngr;rhy; nrd;id cl;gl gy efuq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W ,af;fj;jpd;

tsHr;rpf;F cjtpdhH. FLk;gr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk FbapUe;j tPl;ilAk; tpw;W

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhfr; nryT nra;jhH. ,tiug; NghyNt ~mk;G[j;jk;khs;|

vd;w ngz;kzpAk; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J jk;ik tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L ehl;bd;

Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf ghLgl;lhH. ,tH ghujpapd; ghly;fisg; ghb njUKidg;

gpur;rhuj;jpy; <Lgl;L tpLjiyAzHit kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthf;fpdhH. ,Wjpapy;

rpiw nrd;whH. jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lkpd;wp ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J $l ,e;jpa

tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;l kfspUk; cs;sdH.

jw;fhy kfspupd; gzpfs;

Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; ,d;W ngz;fs; ,y;yhj JiwfNs ,y;iy vdyhk;.

,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy; cyfpy; ngz;fs; rhjidahsHfshfp tUfpwhHfs; Kfk;

njupe;j ngz;kzpfis tpl Kfk; njupahj ngz;kzpfs; gyH ,e;jg; nghUshjhu

tsHr;rpapy; fzprkhfg; gq;fhw;wpAs;sdH. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; xt;nthUj;JiwapYk;

kfspupd; tsHr;rpia fPo;fhZk; gl;baypy; lhf;lH gp.re;jpuNrfH> lhf;lH

v];.godpr;rhkp MfpNahH ngz; ,ay; fy;tp vd;w E}ypy; jUfpd;wdH.

1. Mz;Lf;F 1.25 NgH kUj;JtH gl;lk; ngWfpd;wdH. ,jpy; 50 rjtpfpjk; ngz;

kUj;JtHfs; MthHfs;.

2. Mz;Lf;F 50 rjtpfpjk; ,sq;fiy gl;lk; ngWgtHfs; ngz;fs; cs;sdH.

3. ,e;jpahtpy; fzpdpj; Jiwapy; 21 rjtpfpjk; ngz;fs; cs;sdH.

4. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gj;Jiwapy; 25 rjtpfpjk; ngz;fs; cs;sdH>

5. 638 yl;rk; NgH cWg;gpdHfshf cs;s gQ;rhaj;jpy; 77210 NgH rpwg;G gQ;rhaj;Jg;

ngz; jiytHfs; cs;sdH.

6. xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;l Jiwapy; Ntiy nra;gtHfspy; 18 rjtpfpjk; ngz;fs;

cs;sdH.

7. tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF 13 ngz;fs; khepyq;fspy; Kjy;tuhfpAs;sdH.

8. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s 21 caHePjp kd;wq;fspy; cs;s 647 ePjpgjpfspy; 19 ngz;fs;

cs;sdH. (ngz; ,ay; fy;tp g 163) Nkw;$wpa gl;baypd; %yk; midj;Jj;

Jiwfspy; ngz;fs; gzpGupfpd;wdH vd;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.






Jiwapy;yh epWtdq;fshd gapHnjhopy; 29.6% ngz;fSk;> tptrhaf; $ypfs;

50.4% ngz;fSk;> Njhl;lk; kw;Wk; fhl;Lj; njhopypy; 2.5% ngz;fSk;> Ruq;fk;

fy;Yilj;jy; njhopypy; 0.4% ngz;fSk; Fbirj; njhopypy; 4.3% ngz;fSk;>

njhopw;rhiyfspy; 2.8% ngz;fSk; gpw njhopypy; 7.1% ngz;fSk; gzpahsHfshf

gzpGupfpd;whHfs; (NkyJ g 164).

gbj;jtH> gbf;fhjtH vd;w ghugl;rk; ,y;yhky; mtH mtH jFjpf;F Vw;g

,d;iwaf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; midj;Jg; gzpfspYk; kfspH cs;sdH.

KbTiu

Mjpfhyj;jpy; ngz;Nz vy;yhg; gzpfisAk; nra;Js;shs;. Mz;fSf;Fk;

ngz;fSf;Fk; r%fg; ghFghLfs; ngUksT ,Ue;jjhf njupatpy;iy. ehNlhbahf

tho;e;j kf;fs; epiyahd tho;Tfz;L jkf;nfd epyj;ijAk; nghUisAk; mikj;Jf;

nfhz;L jpUkzk; vd;w rlq;F cUthfp> xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;w kdf;fl;Lg;ghL

kf;fspilNa epiyngwNt Mz; ngz;fSf;F cw;w Jizahdhs;. NkYk; njhlf;f

fhyq;fspy; ,df;FOf;fspilNaAk;> ehl;L kf;fspilNaAk; eilngw;w ,iltplhg;

NghUk; jk; jdpj;jd;ikia epiyehl;Lk; MHtKk; ntspAyfpy; Vw;gl;l vjpHg;GfSk;

MZf;Fj; jd; Mw;wiy tsHj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;ij cz;lhf;fpaJ.

mj;Jld; Mz; FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhuj; NjitfisAk; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. ngz;

Foe;ijfisg; ngw;W mtHfis tsHf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; jhdhfNt mike;jjhy;

ngz;fs; gzpapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp tptrhak;> fhy;eil tsHg;G

rikaw;fiy vd;w %d;W ngUk; Jiwfs; cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtHfSk;

Mjpfhyg; ngz;fs; MthHfs;.

rq;ffhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; gyg;gzpfisr; nra;Js;sdH. ,jw;F rq;ffhy

,yf;fpakhd ghl;Lk; njhifAk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ngz;fs; mtHfs; epyk;

rhHe;Jk; mftho;T rhHe;Jk; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH. me;j me;j epy kfspH

jq;fs; epyq;fspy; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis kw;w epy kfspUf;F nfhLj;J mq;F

cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUs;fis thq;fpAs;sdH. ,itNa gz;lkhw;W Kiw vd;w

kpfg;ngupa tzpfj;Jiw cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ rq;ffhy kfspH MZf;F

,izahf XusT kjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. rq;ffhyj;jpy; ehw;gj;ije;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

ngz;GytHfs; ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLk; fUj;J kpfTk; Mr;rupak; mspg;gjhfTk; fy;tp

fw;w kfspH ,Ue;Js;sdH vd;gijAk; cWjp nra;fpwJ. rq;ffhyj;jpy; midj;J

gzpfspYk; ngz;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdH.






,ilf;fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; gy;ytHfs;> gpw;fhyg; ghz;baH> gpw;fhyr; NrhoH>

ehaf;fH vd Ml;rp khw khw kfspupd; tho;tpYk; gy khw;wk; epfoj; njhlq;fpaJ.

kjj;jpd; ngauhy; kfspUf;F gy tpjpKiwfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ilf;fhy kfspH

ngUk;ghYk; NjtH mbahHfs; vd;w ngaupy; Nfhtpypy; gzpiaAk;> guj;ijaH vd;w

ngaupy; guj;jik njhopiyAk; Nkw;nfhz;ldH. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; ngUk;

mstpy; ve;jj; JiwapYk; tsHr;rpg; ngw;wjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

Rje;jpuf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; njhlf;fkhf ngz;fSk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l gzpfis

Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH. ,jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs; jkpofj;ijr; NrHe;j mQ;riyak;khs;.

mk;G[j;jk;khs;. Uf;FkzpNjtp> MthHfs;. cg;Grj;jpahfpufk;> nts;isaNd

ntspNaW Nghd;w ,af;fq;fspy; kfspH gq;F ngw;Ws;sdH. ,e;j Rje;jpu

Kd;Ndhbfspd; %yk; mtHfs; mikj;Jj; je;j mbj;jskhd ,af;fq;fNs ,d;W

ngz;zpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F Jiz Gupfpd;wJ.

19Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu kfspH Nkk;ghl;by; ke;jkhd Nghf;F ,Ue;jJ. gy

jiytHfspd; Kaw;rpahy; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L kfspH ,d;W midj;J

JiwfspYk; fhy;gjpj;Js;sdH. ,jid ,d;iwa ehty; ,yf;fpaKk; $w

jtwtpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf ngz; vOj;jhsHfs; jq;fs; gilg;Gfspy; kfspupd;

rpf;fy;fis vLj;Jf;$wp mjw;fhd jPHTfisg; gjpT nra;aTk; jaq;Ftjpy;iy.

JizE}w;gl;bay;

1. lhf;lh; e.Rg;gpukz;ad;> rq;ffhy tho;tpay;> epA+nrQ;Rhp Gf;`T];> nrd;id-600098.

2. Kidth; e.,uhzp> rq;f ,yf;fpaj; njhFg;G newp> epA+nrQ;Rhp Gf;`T];>

nrd;id-600098.

3. Qhdp> jkpo; tho;tpay; jlKk; jpirAk;> fht;ah Gj;jf epiyak;> nrd;id-600024.






FkuFUguh; ghh;itapy; - Kaw;rpAk; gapw;rpAk;

KidtH.rP.khypdp> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

fpU\;zrhkp kfspH mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapay; fy;Y}hp>

flY}H.

Kd;Diu

‘Kaw;rp ’ vd;w nrhy; ntWk; vOj;Jf;fspd; $l;likg;G md;W. cjhuzkhf ‘K’

vd;w nrhy;ypidf; nfhz;L gpwf;Fk; NeHkiw nrhw;fisg; gw;wp ghHg;Nghk;.

Kd;NdW

Ks;

%r;R

Kid

%ytH

vd;W gl;baiy ePl;lyhk.; Mdhy; mjd; jhj;ghpak; vd;d? ‘K’ vd;w vOj;J Kjypy;

tUtjhy; kl;Lkd;W. mjd; nray; tbtj;ijAk; kdf;fz;zpy; fhZk;NghJ

midj;jpw;Fk; Kjd;ikahdjhfj; njhpAk;. v.fh. Ks; tbj;jpd; Kid Kd;Ndwp

Kjd;ikahdjhfj; njhpfpwJ. ,J xU fhuzg;ngaH. rhp mw;nfd;d ,g;NghJ? –

vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwJ my;yth? mj;jifa K-%-Kaw;rp gw;wpa xU Njly; ,Njh!

Kay; Mik fij njhpAk; mjpy; Kay; Vd; Njhw;wJ? mjDila myl;rpaj;jpdhy;

Md Kayhikahy; jhd;. Kad;why; KbAk;. ,J ek; md;whl tho;tpy; gonkhop

tbtpYk; ,lk; ngWk;.

“vWk;G Cu fy;Yk; NjAk;”

“mbNky; mb mbr;rh mk;kpAk; efUk;”

vd;W njhlupy; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Kaw;rpapidg; gw;wp gjptpl;Ls;sdH.

ts;StUk; “Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;” vd;w rj;jpa thf;fpidg; giw rhw;wp

epw;fpwhH. ehk; vz;zpaij mila kdk; my;yJ cly; jpz;ikahf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. kpff; fLikahdg; Nghuhl;lkhdr; #oypy; kdij miygha tplhky;

tplhKaw;rpNahL Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;. filrp nrhl;L ,uj;jk; ,Uf;Fk; tiuAk; ehk;

Kaw;rp nra;J ghHj;jy; ed;whk;. ,Wjpahf %r;Rg;gphpag; NghfpwJ vd;W njhpe;Jk;

ehk; Rk;kh ,Uj;jy; $lhJ mg;NghJk; VjhtJ Kaw;rp nra;J capHf;fhf;Fk;

kUe;Njh! my;yJ VNjh xH capH fhf;Fk; nraypy; Kay Ntz;Lk;. mJ ntw;wpiaj;

juty;yJ. rpy Neuq;fspy; ed;ik jUk; nray;fs; Kbtjw;Ff; fhyk; flg;gpDk;






mjidf; iftplhky; ,Wjp tiu Kaw;rp nra;J Kbg;gJ mwpAilahH nrayhFk;.

FkuFUguuh;>

“cWjp gag;g gilNghfh VDk;

,Wtiu fhWk; Kay;g - ,Wk; capHf;Fk;

MAs; kUe;njhOf;fy; jP jd;why; my;ydNghy;

MtdTk; cz;Lrpy. ” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-48)

vd;w nra;Aspd; top tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

elg;gJ elf;fl;Lk; vy;yhk; tpjpapd; gad; vd;W tho; ehis rypj;Jf;nfhz;L

rpyH ,Ug;gH. Mdhy; rhd;NwhHfs; mj;jifa nraiyr; nra;akhl;lhHfs;. Vnddpy;>

tpjpia Nrhjpf;f vz;zp ed;whf vhpAk; tpsf;F xd;iwf; fhw;W tPRk; jpirapy;

itj;J tpl;L vhptJk;> miztJk;> tpjpapd; nray; vd;W mwptw;w epiyapy;

rpe;jpf;ff; $lhJ. NkYk; ekf;F fpilf;f Ntz;baJ fpilf;fhky; ,Uf;fhJ. fpilf;f

$lhjJ vg;NghJk; fpilf;fhJ vd;W tpahf;fpahdk; NgRtJk; rhd;NwhH kw;Wk;

mwpTilNahH kuG md;W. mtHfs; vg;NghJk; Co;tpidahy; tuf;$ba ed;ikfs;

Kaw;rp nra;ahky; ,Ue;jhy; iftpl;Lg;NghfhJ vd;w vz;zk; itg;gjpy;iy. ,jid>

“KayhJ itj;J Kaw;wpd;ikahNy

cayhfh Co;j;jpwj;j vd;dhH – kayhAk;

Cw;whkpy; J}tpsf;fk; Cod;ik fhz;Lnkd;W

Vw;whH vhpfhy; Kfj;J” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-49)

vd;w FkuFUguhpd; nra;As; mbfs; czHj;jpw;W.

Kaw;rp jUk; $yp

“nja;tj;jhd; MfhJ vdpDk; Kaw;rpjd;

nka;tUj;jf; $yp jUk;" (Fws;-619)

vd;Dk; FwspypUe;J> tpjp trj;jhy; xU fhhpak; if$ltpy;iy vdpDk; ehk;

mjw;fhfg; gl;l nka; tUj;jk; tPzhfhJ. Kaw;rpapd; ew;gaid mile;Nj jPUNthk;.

Kaw;rpNa ekf;F ngWk; $ypahfptpLk;. Kaw;rpapd; ngUik vd;dntd;why; mJ xU

fhhpaj;jpy; ntw;wp ngWk; top> mJ KbahJ NghapDk; ehk; nra;j Kaw;rp ek;Kila

kdk;> cly;> ,uz;bd; gyj;ij caHj;Jk;. mJNt nghpa yhgk;. ve;j ey;y

Kaw;rpAk; ek;Kila Md;k rf;jpia tsHf;fpwJ. vz;zpa fUj;J gad;

ngwtpy;iyahapDk;> Md;k rf;jpia tsHj;j gad; cz;L. mJNt ngUk; gad;.

tpjpapd; Nghf;if fz;L kaq;f Ntz;lhk;! vd;fpwhH ts;StH. ,J:

1. nghUs; NjLk; Kaw;rp>

2. kdij mlf;Fk; Kaw;rp vd midj;J tif Kaw;rpf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.

,jidf; fPijapy; fz;zDk;>






“flikiar; nra;! gyid vjpHghuhNj”

vd;w Nehf;fpy; njhlH Kaw;rpia typAWj;JfpwhH.

NkYk;>

“cd; [Ptjhfk; vJNth

mjd; gpd;Nd nry;

kw;witj; njhlUk;......” - khHj;jh irdplh

vd;w ntspehl;L jj;Jt QhdpAk; Kaw;rpNa tho;f;ifia topelj;Jk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;

Moq;fhy; gl;l epiyapy; $wpAs;shh;;. vq;NfNah Nfl;l ,f;fUj;J> ,q;F

nghUj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. vz;zpaJ vz;zpahq;F va;j Ntz;Lnkdpy; vz;zpatH

jpz;zpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ts;Sthpd; thf;F. ,q;F jpz;zpa vd;w

nrhy; - cWjp – njhlHKaw;rp – tplhKaw;rp vd;W mjd; ePl;rpiaf; $wyhk;.

FkuFUguUk; tpjpia nty;Yk; Mw;wy; “Kaw;rp” – vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fz;L

vd;fpwhH. NrhHtpy;yhj Kaw;rpiaj; njhlHe;J gw;wpf; nfhz;lhy; Kd;tpidapd;

typikia mopf;fpd;w typik cz;L vd;fpwhH. cyfk; mwpe;j goikahdg; Guhzf;

fijahd> tpidapd; Njhw;wkhfpa Kidiaj;jpd;W ,akdpd; capiuAk; vLj;j

khHf;fz;NlaNd ,jw;Fr; rhd;whthd;. vdNt Kaw;rp nra;jhy; fLikahd tpjpiaAk;

nty;yKbAk; vd;gijf; fPo;f;fz;l nra;As; thapyhf mwpayhk;.

“ciyah Kaw;rpfis fidfzh Copd;

typrpe;Jk; td;ikAk; cz;Nl – cyfwpag;

ghy; Kid jpd;W kwtp capHFbj;j

fhy; KidNa NghYq;fhp” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-50)

Kaw;rp ntw;wp ngw fhyk;> ,lk;> Jiz ,it midj;Jk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. xU

tpidiar; rhpahf Kbf;f vz;ZNthh;> vr;nraiyAk; nra;tjw;Fr; rhpahd fhyj;ij

czHe;jpUj;jy;> nraiy ntw;wpAld; Kbg;gjw;Fr; rhpahd ,lj;ijj; NjHT nra;jy;>

nraypd; xt;nthU ghfj;ijAk; ftdkhf Muha;jy;> nrayhy; tpisAk; gaid

mwpjy;> mjd;gpd; Muha;e;J njsptila Ntz;batw;iw Muha;e;J njspT ngWjy;>

nraiy Kbf;fj; Jizahf ,Ug;gtHfspd; typikia mwpe;jpUj;jy;> vdg; gy

tpA+fq;fis tFj;J> jhk; vz;zpagb tpid Kbf;f vz;ZNthhpd; nray;fshff;

nfhs;thh;. ,jidNa FkuFUguH>

“fhyk; mwpjhq; fplkwpe;J nra;tpidapd;

%yk; mwpe;J tpistwpe;J – NkYk;jhk;

#o;td #o;e;J Jizik typnjhpe;J

Ms;tpid Msg;gLk;” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-51)






vd;Dk; nra;Aspd; topahf epWtpAs;shh;. ,jd; %yk; ntw;wpapd; tpA+fq;fis

vspikahf tFj;jspj;Js;shH.

,jid ek; Kd;NdhHfs; md;whl tho;tpy; “gUtj;Nj gapH nra;” vd;w xw;iw

mbahy; fhyj;jpd; gaid vLj;J ,ak;gpAs;sdH. ,J Nghd;w gonkhopfspd;

thapyhf jj;Jtq;fis vspjhf Ghpa itj;Js;sdH. xU nraiyf; ifapy;

vLj;Jf;nfhz;L nra;a Kd;tUk; NghJ gytifahd ,lHghLfs; ek;ik jhf;Fk;.

mjw;nfy;yhk; ehk; mire;J tplf;$lhJ. ehk; nfhz;l ,yf;fpy; Kad;W nfhz;Nl

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ehk; vg;NghJk; vLj;J nfhz;l xU fhhpaj;jpy; grpAlDk;>

jdpj;Jk;> tpopj;Jk;; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk.;

FkuFUguH ngUkhd; $Wifapy;- xUth; jhk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nraiyj;

jpwk;gl Kbf;Fk; ty;yik nfhz;ltHfshfTk;> clyhy; Vw;gLk; NrhHitf;

ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s khl;lhHjth;fshfTk;> NkYk; grpiaj; Jd;gkha; fUjp mjd;

Nky; ftdk; nfhs;s khl;lhHfs;. cwf;fk; nfhs;s khl;lhHfs;. jdf;F ahH Jd;gk;

nra;jhYk; mtw;iw xU nghUl;lhf epidf;f khl;lhHfs;. fhyj;jpd; mUikapidAk;

ghHf;f khl;lhHfs;. flikia Kbf;f fUjpatHfs; mjidNa fz;zhff;

nfhz;bUg;gH. Jd;gq;fisf; fz;L gpd;thq;f khl;lhHfs; vd;W Kaw;rp mjw;fhdg;

gapw;rp Kiw cj;jpfisg; gjptpl;Ls;shH. rhd;W:

“nka;tUj;jk; ghuhH grpNehf;fhH fz;JQ;rhH

vt;nttH jPikAk; Nkw;nfhs;shH – nrt;tp

mUikAk; ghuhH mtkjpg;Gq; nfhs;shH

fUkNk fz;zhap dhH” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-52)

,r;R+oiyj; jhd; gpd;dhspy; te;j tpNtfhde;jUk; ,uj;jpdr; RUf;fkhf:

grpj;jpU

jdpj;jpU

tpopj;jpU

vd;W $WfpwhH. ,jd; %yk; ,k;%d;Wk; ek;Kila %r;R – fhw;W Nghy;

ek;ikj; njhlHe;jhy; ek;Kila ,yf;fpid vspjhf vl;btplyhk;. NkYk; gjtp vd;w

fdpiag; gwpf;f Njitapy;iy> mJ jhNd gOj;J kbapy; tpOk;.

Kaw;rp – gapw;rp

xU nraiyr; nra;tJ Kaw;rp vdpy; mr;nray; ntw;wpngw gapw;rp Ntz;Lk;.

rhd;whf> kfhghujj;jpy; kdij gpirAk; xU epfo;T> Vfiytd;; JNuhzhr;rhhpahhplk;

tpy;tpj;ijf; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. mjw;fhf mtd; tpltpy;iy njhlH

Ntl;ifapdhy; Kaw;rp nra;J mtiuNa jd; FUthf vz;zpf;nfhz;L jd; mUfpy;






,Ue;J fw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ Nghd;w vz;zij cUthf;fp ek;gpf;ifNahL gapw;rp nra;J

mHr;RdDf;F epfuhdhd;. vdNt ,jpypUe;J Kaw;rpAk; - gapw;rpAk; xd;Wf;Fs;

xd;WNghy; njhpAk;. Mdhy;; xd;W ,y;iynadpy; kw;nwhd;W ,y;iy.

ve;j xU nraYk; Kaw;rp nra;jTld; fpl;lhJ. mr;nraiy Nehf;fp rPuhd

Kiwapy; gapw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ mjDs; ,Uf;Fk; #l;rkq;fisg; Ghpe;J ntw;wp ngw

KbAk;. xU tpisahl;L tPud; ntw;wp nfhs;s Kaw;rp Ntz;Lk;. ,J kWf;f Kbahj

cz;ik. Mdhy; mtd; tpisahLtjw;F Kd;Gk;> tpisahl;bd; ,ilapilNaAk;>

cliyAk; kdijAk; GJg;gpf;f Kiwahdg; gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;L tpisahbdhy;>

ftdr; rpjwy; ,d;wp vz;zpa ,yf;if vspjhf milayhk;. ek; ehl;bd;

vy;iyg;gil tPud; xUtd; gdpkiyg; gFjpapy; gzpahw;w jFe;j gapw;rpngw;W gpwFg;

Nghhpl Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,t; tpjp vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; nghUe;jhJ. rpy

Neuq;;fspy; vjpHghuhj jhf;Fjiyr; re;jpf;Fk; Ntisapy; “ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk;

MAjk;” vd;gJ Nghy vg;gbahtJ Kaw;rp nra;J ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk;. me;j

,lj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;L gapw;rp nra;j gpd;G jhf;fyhk; vd;W vz;ZtJ capUf;F

,Wjpahfp tpLk;.

vy;yhtw;wpf;Fk; Nkyhf ,lk; - nghUs; - Vty; vd;gij kdjpy;

gjpaitj;Jf;nfhz;Lg; gazpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,j;jUzj;jpy; jhd; FkuFUguhpd;>

“grpNehf;fhH”

“fz;JQ;rhH”

“fUkNk fz;zhapdhH”

vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp ek;ik cs; Nehf;fp ,Oj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. Nkw;$wpa nray; epfo

gaw;rp Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czHj;JfpwJ. Vnddpy; ,r;nrhy;yhl;rpapd; cl;nghUs;

Gwj;Nj epfOk; epfo;ty;y> kdjpd; mfj;Nj epfo;tJ. ve;j xU ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jhYk;>

me;j ,yf;ifr; Rw;wpAs;s mfg;Gw fhuzpfis Muha;e;J> mjd; gpd; jd;

typAzHe;J Kaw;rpAk;> gapw;rpAk; nra;jhy; ntw;wp vd;w nrhy; ek; tpuy;

mirtpw;fhff; fhj;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt> fhhpaj;jpy; ftdNkhL Kay Ntz;Lk; vd;w

kiwnghUs; nghjpe;Js;sJ. vdNt ,iwtd; NjtHfs;> KdptHfs;> rpj;jHfs;>

Qhdpfs;> kfhd;fs;> rhd;NwhHfs;> GytHfs; vd midtUk; Kaw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ

tUk; ,d;dy;fisj; jFe;j gapw;rp %yk; Nrhh;TwhJ tplhKaw;rp nra;J ntw;wp ngw

top$Wfpd;wdH.

Kaw;rp rpwpnjdpDk; - gapw;rpapdhy; gad; nghpjhff; fpl;Lk;

“ rpWKaw;rp nra;jhq; FWgad; nfhs;sg;






ngWnkdpy; jho;tNuh jhohh; - mwdy;y

vz;ika thapDq; iftpl; lhpnjdpDk;

xz;ikapy; jPh;e;njhOf yhh; ” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-69)

vd;w FkuFUguhpd; nra;As; mbfs; - rpW Kaw;rpapdhy; fpl;Lk; nghpa gad; Fwpj;J

tpsf;fp epw;fpwJ>

nra;;tjw;F vspaitahf ,Ug;gpDk; mwkw;w nray;fis xJf;fpAk;>

nra;tjw;F mhpjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mwtopapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpg; Nghfhky;> gadilfpd;w

rhd;Nwhh;fs; Fiwe;j msT Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L mj;jifa Kaw;rpapdhy;

mjpfkhd gaidg; ngw KbAkhdhy; mj;jF Kaw;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;sg; gpd;thq;f

khl;lhh;fs;.

ek; md;whltho;tpy; epfOk; gy; NtW epfo;Tfs; thapyhf rpW Kaw;rpapd;

nghpa gad; Fwpj;J czuyhk;. rhd;whf> xspjUk; tpsf;F Jhz;Ljy; vd;Dk;

Kaw;rpapd; %yk; ePz;l Neuk; Rlh; tpl;L ntspr;rk; jUk;. mJNghy;

,uhkhazj;jpy;> ,uhkgpuhDf;F mzpy; cjtpaJ Nghy rpW Kaw;rpapdhy; fpl;Lk;

nghpa gad; Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.

FkuFUguhpd; tho;tpYk; mtH Ie;J taJ tiu NgrhjpUe;j NghJ tpjpia

nehe;J nfhz;buhky; mtuJ ngw;NwhHfs; jq;fspd; topghL flTshd jpUr;nre;J}H

KUfdplk; njhlH gpuhj;jid nra;jdH mjdhy; Ngr;R te;jJ. ,jd; %yk; rpW

Kaw;rpapd; nghpa gad; Fwpj;J czuyhk;. mjd; gpd;;G FkuFUguhpd; Kaw;rpdhYk;

KUf ngUkhdpd; mUshSk; jpUr;nre;J}H KUfd; kPJ mj;jyj;jpNyNa fe;jH

fypntz;gh ,aw;wpdhH. mjd;gpd; kJiuapy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; jiyikapy;

kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; vd;Dk; E}iy muq;Nfw;wk; nra;ifapy; me;E}ypy; ,lk;

ngw;w tUifg; gUtj;jpd; xd;gjhk; ghlyhd. “njhLf;Fk; flTl; gok;ghly;” -

vd;Dk; ghliyg; ghbaNghJ kPdhl;rpak;ik rpW ngz; Foe;ijahfj; Njhd;wp>

jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fOj;jpy; ,Ue;j kzpkhiyiaf; fow;wp> FkuFUguhpd; fOj;jpy;

mzptpj;J kiwe;jhs;. kPdhl;rpapd; mUs; ngw;W kPdhl;rpak;ikFwk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik

,ul;ilkzpkhiy kJiuf; fyk;gfk;> vd ,d;Dk; gy E}y;fs; ,aw;wpa ngUik

mtuJ Kaw;rpahy; jhd; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.

KbTiu

FkuFUguh; jk; tho;ehspy; ey;Kaw;rpahy; mwj;jpypUe;J tOthky; njhlh;e;J

,iwg;gzp thayhfj; jkpo;j;njhz;L nra;jikia ahUk; Nghw;whky; ,Uf;f

KbahJ. Kad;why; KbahjJ cz;Nlh? Kaw;rp – gapw;rp = caHr;rp. ,e;j

ghijapy; cz;ikNahL cioj;jhy; midthpd; tho;tpYk; ntw;wp epr;rak;.






JizE}y; gl;bay;

1. Fku FUguh;> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> %yKk; ciuAk;> fjph; KUF (c.M) (rhujh

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id: 2007)

2. jpUf;Fws;> (1999)> ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> (c.M) (th;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id:

vohk; gjpg;G 2000)






,yf;fpa jpwdha;Tf; nfhs;if

Kidth;. nr.tpy;rd;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>

muR fy;tpapay; fy;Y}hp> xuj;jehL.

Kd;Diu

,yf;fpak; Xh; ,y;yk; vd;why;; mjw;Fhpa Kfthp ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;j jpwdha;T

vdyhk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; juk;> ghLnghUs; gw;wpa epiw> Fiwfisf; fz;Lzh;e;J

Fiwfisf; fisAk;> fUtpNa jpwdha;T> Fiwfs; cs;s ,yf;fpaj;ij “Cd

,yf;fpak;” vd;gh;. ,e;jg; ngah; khw Ntz;Lkhdhy; td;Kfj;jd;ikAld; jpwdha;T

nra;tJ kl;LNk rpwe;jtop. jkpopy; gy;NtW JiwfspYk; ciueil E}y;fs;

Njhd;wpd. NkYk; Nky;ehl;lhhpd; $l;Lwthy; Nkiy nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa tiffSk;

jkpopy; Gfj; njhlq;fpd. mtw;Ws; xd;Nw ehty;. E}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd; vl;fhh;

Myd; Ngh mnkhpf;fhtpy; rpWfij vOjj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mth; tpijj;j tpj;J

ed;whf tsh;e;J cyfk; KOtJk; gue;J ,d;W Mykukhf tphpe;Js;sJ. ehl;Lg;Gw

,yf;fpaKk;> gaz ,yf;fpaKk; jkpo;nkhop tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpaJ. fzpdp top

fw;wy;;;> fw;gpj;jy; ,d;W Ntfkhf gutp tUfpd;w njhopy;El;gkhFk;.

Nehf;fq;fs;

1. jpwdha;tpd; Njhw;wk; tiffs; Nghd;wtw;wpid mwpe;J nfhs;tPH;fs;.

2. fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jypy; jpwdha;tpd; Njhw;wk; tiffs fzpg;nghwp> ,izaj;jpd;

gad;fis mwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;j mwpe;J nfhs;tPH;fs;.

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T

Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gth; xU nghUspy;; rpe;jpj;J vOjp ,Ug;ghh;.

mjidg; gbg;gth;;;; xU tifahf mwpe;J nfhs;thh;. ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspiaAk;

mth; gilj;j ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; jpwdha;thsh;fs; gbg;gth;fSf;F kpfTk; neUf;fj;jpy;

nfhz;L tUfpd;whh;fs;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; gioa

ciufs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mtw;iw ek;khy; KOikahf mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; muq;Nfw;W fhijr; nra;jpfs; GhpahkNy Ngha;

,Uf;Fk;. jpUf;Fwspy; mt;tsT Ez;ikahd nra;jpfs; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; gj;Jg;Ngh;

mjw;F ciu vOjp ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;. njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;F Ie;J

ciuahrphpah;fs; ciu vOjp ,Uf;fpd;;whh;fs;. vdNt ciuahrphpah;fs; xU E}Yf;F

ciu vOjp ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fSk; jpwdha;thsh;fNs Mth;.






1. jpwdha;Tf; fiy

Nkiy ehLfspy; fpNuf;f nkhop Nghd;wtw;wpy; jpwdha;Tf; fiy vd;gJ xU

jdpf; fiyahfg; gd;ndLq; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng tsh;e;Js;sJ. jkpopy;;

jdpf;fiyahf tsutpy;iyNa jtpu ciuahrphpahpd; ciufspy; jpwdha;Tf;

$Wfis epiwaf; fhzyhk;. jpwdha;Tf; fiy njhlh;ghfg; gy E}y;fs; ,d;W

jkpopy; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.

K. tujruhrd; : ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rp

m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; : ,yf;fpaf; fiy

jh. V. Qhd%h;j;jp : ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;

njh.K.rp.uFehjd; : ,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;

f.ghyre;jpud; : ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T

jkpotd; : jkpo;f; ftpijAk; nkhopjy;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Nfhl;ghLk;

n[aNkhfd;;; : etPdj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa

mwpKfk;;

2. jpwdha;tpd; Njhw;wk;

,yf;fpak; vt;tsT goikahdNjh mt;tsT goikahdjhFk; mjd;

jpwdha;Tk;> ahuhtJ xUth; xU ghliyNah> ciueiliaNah gilj;jpUg;gpd;

mjidf; fw;w xUth; mJ rpwe;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;jJ vd;Nwh> kl;lkhdJ vd;Nwh $Wk;nghOJ

jpdwha;T mq;Nf Njhd;wptpLfpwJ. MfNt> jpwdha;T vd;W $wpdhy; ‘KbT $wy;’

mjDs; mlq;fpapUj;jy; fz;$L. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsd;> Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ij ed;F

fw;Wj; jdJ $h;e;j mwptpdhYk;> mf; fiyia mDgtpf;fj; jdf;Fs; jdpg;gl;l

czh;tpdhYk;> ed;F Muha;e;J> mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; Fiw> epiwTfis kjpg;gpl;L> mJ

rpwe;jJ vd;Nwh kl;lkhdJ vd;Nwh $Wgtdhthd;. ,j;jpwdha;T vd;w nrhy;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; gad;gLk;NghJ> FiwT-epiwT $Wk; E}y;fis kl;Lk; Fwpf;fhky;

,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpf; $Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> mJgw;wp ntWk; Muha;r;rp nra;Ak;

E}y;fisAk;> mjd; NgUiufisAk; cl;nfhz;L Fwpf;fpwJ. vdNt> jpwdha;T

nra;Ak; E}Yf;Fk;> vjidg; gw;wp ,j; jpwdha;T epfo;fpwNjh me;j ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;

cs;s NtWghL vd;dntd;W mwpa Ntz;Lk;. tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp Muha;e;J mjd;

rpwe;j gz;Gfisf; $WtJ ,yf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij Muha;tJ

jpwdha;T vdg;gLk;.

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tk; Xh; ,yf;fpakhfyhk;. xU E}iyj; jpwdha;T nra;ag;

GFe;j E}y; mk; %yE}iy ehk; fw;fj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. %yE}iyg; gw;wp mwpa

ek;ik mJ J}z;bdhYk; J}z;lhtpl;lhYk; eLTepiy gpwohky; vOjg;gl;bUe;jhy;






mj; jpwdha;thsd; fUj;ijf; $Wfpd;wikahy; mJTk; Xh; ,yf;fpankd;Nw $Wjy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fUj;ijg; goe;jkpoh; ed;F czh;e;jpapUe;jdh;.

3. ,d;iwa jpwdha;tpd; epiy

,d;W jkpo;nkhopapy; Njhd;wpAs;s jpwdha;T E}y;fisg; ghh;j;Jtpl;lhy;>

goe;jkpod; KiwNa kpfr; rpwe;;;;;;;;;;;jJ vd;w vz;zk;$lj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ‘E}y;

kjpg;Giufs;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy;; gj;jphpf;iffspYk;> thndhypapYk; ntsptUk;

jpwdha;Tfisf; fhz;fpw jkpod; vth;;jhd; tpag;;;;;gilahky; ,Uf;f KbAk;?

ngUk;ghYk; E}iyg; gbahkNy jpwdha;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. E}y; vOjpj; jpwdha;Tf;F

mDg;gpath;f;Nf ,t;tDgtk; njhpAk;. xUNtis mjid xU jpwdha;thsh;

gbj;Jtpl;lhYk;> mth; Ma;T> xNu Gfo;khiyahf ,Uf;Fk;> my;yJ xNu xg;ghhpahf

,Uf;Fk;. Kjy; tifiar; Nrh;e;jth;> ed;F mr;rpaw;wk;; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ mofhd

Gj;jfrhiyf;Fk; iff;Fk; mzpfyk; vd;w KiwapYk; ,jidtplr; rpwe;j xU E}y;

Njhd;w KbahJ’ vd;Wk; ‘tpkh;rdk;’ nra;thh;. ,uz;lhtJ tifahh; ‘Vd; ,e;E}y;

Njhd;wpw;W vd;W njhpatpy;iy’ vd;ghh;.

,t;thW $Wtjdhy; jpwdha;T E}Ny Njhd;w Ntz;lhk; vd;W $Wtjhf

ahUk; epidj;Jtpl Ntz;lhk;> jpwdha;T E}y;fs; ,y;iynad;why;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; ,yf;fpa cyfpd;

rpwe;j Xh; cWg;G ,y;iy vd;Nw $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkiyehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu

,f;FiwghL NtW tifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mq;Fj; Njhd;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fisf;

fhl;bYk; jpwdha;T E}y;fs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. jpwdha;T E}Yf;Fk; xU jpwdha;T

E}y; Njhd;Wk; epiy$l mq;Nf rhjhuzk;.

4. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; gad;:

jpwdha;tpdhy; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G tuyhw;wpw;Fk; gad;fs;

cz;lhfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; fPo;f;fhZk; gad;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd.

1. rpwe;j fiyg;gilg;Gj;; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs; cUthfpd;wd.

3. Gjpa ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilf;fg; gilg;ghspfs; J}z;lg;gLfpd;wdh;.

4. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

5. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T tuyhW cUthfpwJ.

6. ,yf;fpag; gpiofs;> ,yf;fzg; gpiofs; ePq;Ffpd;wd.

7. r%f tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

8. fiyapd; rpwg;Gk; mjidf; fw;Nghh;f;F cz;lhFk; kfpo;Tk; r%f tsh;r;rpf;F

cjTfpd;wd.

9. fiy> fiyf;fhf kl;Lkd;W. fiy r%fj;jpw;fhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij

ntspg;gLj;jy;.






10. jdpkdpjhpd;; MSik> jdp ,yf;fpar; rpwg;G Kjypad mwpe;J

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

5. jpwdha;thshpd; jFjpfs;:

,d;iwa epiyapy; vz;zw;w ,yf;fpa kyh;fs; kyh;fpd;wd. Clfq;fspd;

topNa mjpf mstpy; kf;fspilNa kzk; gug;Gfpd;wd. ‘E}y; tpkh;rdk;’ gw;wpNa

jdpgj;jphpiffs; njhlq;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. E}yfk;> cq;fs; E}yfk;;> Gj;jfk; NgRJ>

E}y; tpkh;rdk; Nghd;w rpw;wpjo;fs; E}y; tpkhprdj;jpw;fhf ntsp tUfpd;wd. jpdkzp

Nghd;w ehspjo;fs; E}y; tpkhprdq;fis vOjp tUfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; ntq;fl;rhkp>

mNrhfkpj;jpud;> m.khh;f;];> ngh. NtYr;rhkp> gh.kjpthzd;> j.KUNfrghz;bad;>

f.gQ;rhq;fk;> uh[;nfsjkd; KjypNahh; ey;y jpwdha;thsh;fshfTk; tpkh;rdk;

nra;gth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. jpwdha;thsh;fspilNa mika Ntz;ba jFjpfs;

fPo;f;fz;lthW jug;gLfpd;wd.

1. jpwdha;thsh;> gy E}y;fisf; fw;wwpe;jtuhfTk;> gOj;jg; Gyik

cilatuhfTk;> GjpJ Gjpjha;g; gapd;W ,d;GWk; ,ay;GilatuhfTk;

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tphpe;J gue;Jgl;l E}ywpT mtUf;F kpfTk;

,d;wpaikahjJ.

2. xU nkhop E}y;fspy; kl;Lkd;wpg; gynkhop E}y;fspYk; ,yf;fpa mDgtk;

ngw;wtuha; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. mg;NghJjhd; ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfisj;

jpwk;gl ntspapl KbAk;.

3. ftpij> ehlfk;> Gjpdk;;;;;; Nghd;w ve;;jj; Jiwiag; gw;wpj; jpwdha;T

nra;fpd;whNuh me;jj; Jiw rhh;e;j kw;Wk; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila gy

E}y;fisAk;> fiy EZf;fr; nra;jpfisAk; ed;F njhpe;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

4. jhd; Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gd;Kiw gapd;W mjd;

caph;g;ghd gFjpiaj; njs;sj; njspa czh;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

5. E}ypd; epiyahd gFjpfs; vit> epiyapy;yhj gFjpfs; vit vd;gijg;

gFj;jwpa Ntz;Lk;.

6. ,yf;fpak; gilj;jth; rpy fiy EZf;fq;fshYk;> mwf;Nfhl;ghLfshYk;

,af;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mtw;iwj; jpwdha;thsh;; njhpe;J njspa Ntz;Lk;.

7. fhy nts;sj;ijf; fle;J xU E}y; tho;tjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fis>

E}yhrphpahpd; gilg;ghw;wiy kw;wth;fSk; fz;L kfpOk; tifapy; ntspf;

nfhzu Ntz;Lk;.

8. E}yhrphpahpd; jdpr; rpwg;gpidAk;> cs;sj;J czh;TfisAk;> fw;gidj;

jpwidAk; fz;lwpa Kida Ntz;Lk;.






9. tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaNah> Fwpg;gpl;l r%fr; #oiyNah ikakhff; nfhz;L

gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mg;gpd;dzpia my;yJ #oiyj; jpwdha;thsd; ed;F

Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

10. khdpltpaypd; fle;j fhy tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp mwpT njspT kpf;ftuhfTk;>

mUs; xOf;fk; G+z;ltuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,it Nghd;wd jpwdha;thsUf;Fhpa ,d;wpaikah jFjpfshff;;;; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

6. jpwdha;thsUf;Fhpa gzpfs;:

“,yf;fpaj;ij ed;F Ghpe;J mDgtpf;Fk; ,ay;ig tsh;g;gNj ,yf;fpaj;

jpwdha;tpd; ,d;wpaikahg; gzpahFk;” vd;W jpwdha;Tg; gzp Fwpj;J b.v];.vypal;

vd;ghh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,d;wpaikahg; gzpapidf;

fhZk;NghJ ciuahrphpah;fspd; gzp jpwdha;Tg; gzpNa vd mwpayhk;.

1. jpwdha;thsh;fs; nra;Js;s gzpfisf; fPo;tUkhW gFj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.

2. %yE}w; nghUisj; njspthff; fhl;Ljy;.

3. nrhy;yhl;rp> nrhw;nwhlh;fspd; rpwg;ghd nghUis ed;F tpsf;fpf; fhl;ly;.

4. E}y; fUj;Jfisj; njhlf;fj;jpy; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;Yjy;.

5. gpioahd fUj;Jfisj; jf;fr; rhd;Wld; kWj;jy;.

6. Fwpg;gpl;l E}w;nghUspd; gpd;dzpapy; ekf;Fj; njhpahtz;zk; kiwe;J fplf;Fk;

mhpa nra;jpfis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

7. %yE}ypy; ,ilr;nrUfy; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iwf; fise;J vwpa Kw;gLjy;.

8. fhg;gpak; Nghd;w ,yf;fpa tifapy; tUk; fijf; Nfhg;igAk;> gy;tif

kdpjhpd; gy;tifg; gl;l gz;GfisAk; nray;KiwfisAk; fhtpaf;

fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;F Vw;w tz;zk;gLj;jpf; fhl;ly;.

9. E}ypd; Nghf;fpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit ,it vd;Wk;> nghUj;jkw;wit ,it

vd;Wk; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy;.

10. ctik> cUtfk;> cs;Siw> ,iwr;rp Nghd;wtw;iw eaKld; tphpj;Jf;

fhl;Ljy;.

11. %yE}ypy; kiwe;Jtpl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; nra;As;fisf; fz;lwpe;J $Wjy;.

12. ,ir> ehlfk; Nghd;w Jiwfisg; gw;wpa mhpa fiyr; nry;tq;fis

Mq;fhq;Nf nfhz;L te;J ntspg;gLj;jy;.

Nkw;fz;l gzpfs; jpwdha;thsuJ gzpfshfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

jpwdha;tpd; tiffs;

1. tuyhw;W Kiwj; jpwdha;T

2. gilg;Gtopj; jpwdha;T

3. kuGtopj; jpwdha;T






4. tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T

5. mofpay; jpwdha;T

6. tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T

7. %yg;ghlj;;;;; jpwdha;T

8. gFg;GKiwj;jpwdha;T

9. xg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T

10. kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T

vdg; gy gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fpd;wdh;.

1.tuyhw;W Kiwj; jpwdha;T

,j;jpwdha;tpid ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. 1. ehl;L tuyhw;wpid mwpjy; 2.

Mrphpah; tuyhw;wpid mwpjy;

,yf;fpak; Xh; fhyf; fz;zhb. ,yf;fpaj;jpid KOikahfr; Ritf;f

Ntz;Lkhdhy;;;;;;;;;;; me;j ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa fhy tuyhw;iw mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gilg;ghsp VNjh #o;epiyf; fhuzpfshNyNa xU gilg;gpidg; gilg;ghd;. vdNt

mtd; tho;e;j fhy #oiy mwpa Ntz;Lk;. Mrphpah; jd; cs;s czh;r;rpfisAk;>

fpsh;r;rpfisAk; gilg;gpyf;fpaj;jpy; tbj;jhy;> mtdJ tho;tpid Muha;e;J mwpjy;

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. tpLjiy fhy kf;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk; czh;itAk;

mwpe;jhy;jhd; ghujpapd; ghly;fis ehk; KOikahf Ritf;f KbAk;. xU

fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhak; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lduh ,y;iyah vd;gijAk;

mwpa Ntz;Lkhdhy; tuyhw;wwpT ekf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

2.gilg;G topj; jpwdha;T

xU ,yf;fpaj;jpid me;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbg;gil mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;Nl

Muha;tJ gilg;G topj; jpwdha;thFk;. fk;gh;> thy;kPfp Nghd;w ngUk; Gyth;fspd;

rpwe;j gilg;Gfis MuhAk;NghJ xt;nthUthpd; gilg;gpYk; mike;Js;s mbg;gil

mikg;gpidAk;> Nehf;fpidAk;> Nghf;fpidAk; mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbahdhy;;;;;;;;;;; jhd;

mg;gilg;gpd; jd;ikapid ehk; czuKbAk;. ,j;jpwdha;T gilg;ghspapd; gilg;Gf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpd;wJ. Mrphpah; ,e;j Nehf;fpy; gilg;gpid mZfp khzth;fSf;F

fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3.kuG topj; jpwdha;T

Kd;Ndhh;fshy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz kuGfis mbg;ilahf

itj;Jf;nfhz;L xU gilg;gpid Muha;tJ kuG topj; jpwdha;thFk;. rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fs; gpw;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fisj;; jpwdhAk;NghJ KiwNa njhy;fhg;gpak;>

ed;D}y; ,yf;fz tpjpfis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nghUe;jp tUk; jd;ik

gw;wp jpwdha;tJ kuG topj; jpwdha;thFk;. xt;nthU fhyq;fspYk; xt;nthU






tifahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; kyh;e;jd. rka tsh;;;r;rpapy; kf;fs; mjpf Mh;tk;

nfhs;Sk;NghJ gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd. fijfspYk; fw;gidfspYk;

fspj;jpUf;Fk;NghJ Guhz ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpwe;jd. kWkyh;r;rp> fhyq;fspy; Gul;rpg;

gilg;Gfs; kyh;e;jd. fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; tpjpfisAk; kPwp ,d;W GJf;ftpijfs;

Gwg;gl;ld. fl;Lg;ghl;il typAWj;jp ,j;jpwdha;T miktjhy; ,J kpFjpahfg;

Nghw;wg; gLtjpy;iy.

4.tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T

,yf;fpak; vt;thW mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,yf;fpak; tFf;Fk;

newpKiwfis msTNfhyhff; nfhz;L miktNj tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;thFk;. xU

,yf;fpak; ,d;d tifapy;jhd; mika Ntz;Lk;. ,d;d tifahd fiy

EZf;fq;fisj;jhd; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;;Lk;. ,d;d Nghf;fpy;jhd; mjd; eil mika

Ntz;Lk; vd;gd gilg;ghspia tpjpg;gLj;jp mjd;top elj;jpr; nry;tNj ,j;jpwdha;T

Kiw. ,k;Kiwg;gb ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;Lk;> Muhag;gl;Lk; te;jhy; xU

nkhopapd; xOq;fikg;G Fiwahky; ghJfhf;f KbAk;. ekJ rq;f ,yf;fpag;

ghly;fs; ,t;tifiar; rhh;;e;jit. gilg;ghsp cUthtjpy;iy. khwhf

cUthf;fg;gLfpwhh;. Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy ,t;tifapy; vOe;j E}yhFk;.

5. moF (m) KUfpay; Kiwj; jpwdha;T

,yf;fpaj;;; jpwdha;tpy; ,JNt Neubj; jpwdha;T vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpwdha;T

Kiwapid mwpQh;fs; nfhs;ifapy; jpwdha;T vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdh;. xU

,yf;fpaj;jpd; nrhw;Rit> nghUl;Rit> mzpeyk;> czh;r;rp> fw;gid tbtk; Kjypa

moF mikg;Gfis MuhAk; KiwNa KUfpay; Kiwj; jpwdha;thFk;.

6.tpsf;f Kiwj; jpwdha;T

xU gilg;gpd; gilg;ghsidAk;> mtdJ gilg;gpy; mike;Js;s gy;NtW

tifahd $WfisAk; tpsf;fkhd Kiwapy;;; Ma;T nra;jy;; tpsf;;fKiwj;

jpwdha;thFk;. ,d;W ,t;tifj;;;; jpwdha;Nt nghpJk;; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpwdha;T

Kiwapy; gilg;ghspapd;; gilg;G tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gilg;gpd;;;; gy gFjpfSk;;;>

mikg;GfSk; gFj;Jf;; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. RUq;fr; nrhd;dhy; gilg;gthpd; gilg;Gf;;;;;;;;;

fUt+yj;ij jpwe;J fhl;;bg;;;; gbg;gth;fSf;Fg; gy nra;jpfSk; ed;F njhpAk;gbahf

tpsf;FtNj tpsf;;;;;f Kiwj;;jpwdha;thshpd;;;;;;;;;;;;; flikahFk;. Mrphpah;;;;; ,t;tifj;

jpwdha;tpid Nkw;nfhz;L ghlg;nghUs;; Fwpj;j $Ljy;;; jfty;fis khzth;fSf;F

toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

7.%yg;ghlj; jpwdha;T

xU Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;gpy; ghlNtWghLfs; kpFjpahd epiyapy; mtw;wpid

Muha;e;J ,d;d fUj;Jfs; gilg;ghsdhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W fz;lwptJ






%yg;ghlj; jpwdha;thFk;. E}iy kw;nwhUth; gb vLg;gjhYk;> gy;NtW gjpg;Gfs;

ntsptUk; NghJk; Vw;gLk; mr;Rg; gpiofshYk;> rka> fho;g;Gzh;r;rpfshYk; ghl

NtWghLfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,jdhy; gbg;gth;fSf;F Fog;gk; Vw;gLk;.

,f;Fog;gj;ij jtph;f;f ,j;jpwdha;T gad;gLk;. kNdhd;kzpak; vOjpa Re;juk;

gps;is tho;j;Jg; ghlyhf “ePuhLk; vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliy vOjpdhh;. mJNt

jkpo;jha; tho;j;jhfTk;; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. %y E}yhrphpah;; “jputpl ey; jpUehLk;”

vd vOjpaJ ,d;W “jpuhtpl ey; jpUehLk;” vd mr;rplg;ngw;W ghlg;gLfpwJ.

8.gFg;G Kiwj; jpwdha;T

E}ypd; xt;nthU $wpidAk; gFj;J MuhAk; KiwNa gFg;G Kiwj; jpwdha;T

MFk;. mjpfhuj;jpw;F gj;J gj;J ghly;fshf jpUts;Sth; ghbdhh;. ,J Xh;

xOq;fhd Kiwitg;G. rpe;jhkzp ,yk;gfq;fshfTk;> fk;guhkhazk; glyq;fshfTk;

gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifa mikg;gpidAk; njhlh;gpidAk; Muha;jNy gFg;G

Kiwj; jpwdha;thFk;.

9.xg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T

,jidj; jkpopy; jPH;g;G ciuf;Fk; jpwdha;T my;yJ KbTepiy $Wk;

jpwdha;T vd miof;fpd;wdh;. ,U NtW ,yf;fpaq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L xg;gpl;L

Muha;jy; ,j;jpwdha;T Kiw MFk;. xw;Wik Ntw;Wikf;fhd gl;;bayplyhNk xopa

,t;tpyf;fpak;; jhd; rpwe;jJ vd fUj;J $Wjy; $lhJ. xU fhyj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l

,yf;fpag; Nghf;Ffis kw;nwhU fhyj;jpd; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;NfhL xg;gpl;L Muhayhk;.

topE}y; my;yJ nkhopngah;g;G E}iy %y E}Yld; xg;gplyhk;. jpwdha;T nra;Ak;

,U E}y;fSf;fpilNaAk; xU nghJj;jd;ik ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. Njrpa czh;tpid

kf;fspilNa gug;Gtjw;Fk; ,k;Kiwj; jpwdha;T gad;gLk;.

10.kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T

rpwe;j gilg;Gfs; Fwpj;J ,U jpwdha;thsh;fspilNa NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs;

Njhd;wpdhYk; mt;NtWghLfspilNaAk; rpwg;ghd $Wfs; gw;wpAk;> mjd; kjpg;gPL

gw;wpAk; mbg;gilahd xw;Wik ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. xU gilg;ig

cz;ikahfNt kjpg;gpLtjw;F tpUg;G ntWg;gw;w eLepiyahd Muha;r;rp kdg;ghd;ik

mtrpakhFk;. xU gilg;igg; gyUk; ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;fs; vd;gjw;fhf MrphpaUk;

ghuhl;lf;$lhJ. gyUk; J}w;Wfpwhh;fs; vd;gjw;fhf MrphpaUk; Fiw nrhy;yf;

$lhJ. xU gilg;ig Ritf;Fk; thrfh; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; mij

rpwe;jjhfff; nfhs;syhk;. rpy gilg;Gfis ed;F GyikAilNahh; kl;LNk

mZfKbAk;. vdNt mg;gilg;G juk; ;jho;e;jjhfhJ. xU ,yf;fpak; jUk; ,d;gk;

jFjpAilajhfTk;> juKilajhfTk; mikAkhdhy; mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij rpwe;j

,yf;fpakhff; nfhs;syhk;. Mrphpah;fSf;F ,yf;fpaj;jpid jpwdhAk; Gyik kpf






mtrpak;. xt;nthU ,yf;fpa tiffSf;Fk;;; xt;nthU tifahd ,yf;fpaj;

jpwdha;T Kiw gad;gLk;. Mrphpah; tpsf;Fk; nra;jpapid khzth;fSf;F

tpsf;fkhfr; nrhy;y ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tg; gapw;rp MrphpaUf;Fg; gad;gLk;.

gy;NtW nkhopfspy; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; GJik

Nehf;NfhL md;whlk; ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;GfisAk;> mwpe;J

rpwe;jtw;iw khzth;;;;;;;;;;;;;fl;F ciuf;f Ntz;Lk;. vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;F mwpTf; fz;

jpwf;Fk; Qhd #hpah;fshfpa Mrphpah;fs; ey;y jpwdha;thsh;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrhw;fSf;fhf jtpf;Fk; Gytd; ntw;wp ngWtjpy;iy. jkpo; jpwdha;T nrk;ik

ngw;W nrOikahd E}y;fs; jkpopy; kyu Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fhpa mbj;jsj;ij

Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fs; kdjpNy tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;. ew;wkpo; gapw;wYf;F

JiztUtNj ,t; ,yf;fpaj;;j jpwdha;Tf; fiy MFk;.

njhFg;Giu

,yf;fpak; ,y;yk; vd;why; mjw;Fhpa Kfthp ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;j jpwdha;T

vdyhk;. ,yf;fpak; vt;tsT goikahdNjh mt;tsT goikahdJ jpwdha;T.

,yf;fpak; kdpjDf;Fj; jUk; ,d;gq;fs; mstw;wtdthFk;. kfpo;r;rpaspg;gNjhL

kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; mwpt+l;LtJk; ed;ndwp Gfl;LtJkhfTk; ehty; tpsq;FfpwJ.

fhye;NjhWk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tbtq;fs; khwpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. rpWfij

,yf;fpak; cyfj;jpy; Njhd;wp tsh;e;J xU E}w;whz;Lfshfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy;

Kjd;Kjyhf tq;fhs nkhopapy; rpWfij ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpaJ. ,d;W Foe;ij

,yf;fpak; jdpj;njhU ,yf;fpakhf jpfo;fpwJ. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk;

kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs; gz;ghLfs; ek;gpf;iffisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

gaz,yf;fpaKk; ,yf;fpaj;ij rpwg;G nra;fpwJ. ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;F mr;R

Clfq;fSk; gpw njhlh;G Clfq;fSk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.

ghpe;Jiu E}y;fs;

1. milf;fyrhkp (1997) ,yf;fpatuyhW> ehy;epiy gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.

2. fzgjp.tp. (1999) ew;wkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs>; rhe;jh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.

3. NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.(1991) ige;;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> rFe;jyh gjpg;gfk;>

NtY}h;.

4. Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp (2000) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy;> mdpr;rk; ntspaPL> fhe;jpfpuhkk;.

5. Mh;. vl;tpd; n[ah> jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; GJikfs;. nuj;jpdh gjpg;gfk;>

fd;dpahFkhp.






jkpo; tsu;j;j irtk;

Kidtu;. kh. tPuKUfd;> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

jkpo;ehL kj;jpag;gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpUth&u;- 610005.

Kd;Diu

nkhop> ,dk;> rkak; Mfpad kf;fs; rKjhaj;jpid ,af;Fk; fhuzpfs;;.

,itfs; kf;fis ,af;FtNjhld;wp ,it midj;Jk; xd;wpizAk;NghJ xU

rKjhaj;ij typik kpf;fjhf khw;WfpwJ. xU rKjhaj;jpd; cz;ik kjpg;Gfs;

(Real Social values) mjd; nghUshjhu tsikapdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,Ue;jnghOjpYk; mJ kf;fSf;Fs;shd cwit epiygLj;Jk; my;yJ xw;Wik

Vw;glr; nra;Ak; g+uzf; fhuzpahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. r%fk; vt;tsTjhd; nghUshjhu

typikAk; tsikAk; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; kf;fis vspjpy; mZFk; fhuzpfshf

nkhopAk;> kjKNk jpfo;fpd;wd. fhuzk; ,itNa mjpf czu;r;rp Cl;lf;$ba

mk;rq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; kjk; czu;Trhu; r%fj;ijf; fl;likf;fpwJ.

mwpT> czu;T ,uz;Lk; fye;j epiyapy; nkhop rhue;jr; r%fk;

fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,jidj; jkpo;ehl;bw;Fg; nghUj;jpg; ghu;j;jhy; ‘jkpo;nfO %tu; fhf;Fk; nkhop

ngau;Njvk;| (mfk;. 31:14) vd;w jkpo; Fbfs; thOk; vy;iyia nkhoptopf;

fl;likj;jJ Kjy;epiy. rq;fr; rhd;Wfis itj;J muha;e;jhy; mjd; jiyikAk;

nghJikAk; czu;Tfspd; topapy; fl;likf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,j;jhf;fj;ij

mbg;gilfhff; nfhz;Nl> maytu;fspd; tUifapdhy; rPu;NfL mile;JjpUe;jj;

jkpofj;ijg; gf;jpf;fhyk; Gjpa ghijf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wJ. ,jw;Fj; jkpo; vLj;j

tbt khw;wk; Kjw;fhuzkhFk;.

mt;tbtkhw;wk; jkpNohL rkak; ,ize;J Gjpa jkpofj;ij cUthf;fp

ntw;wpfz;ljhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpo; jd;idr; rkaj;jkpohf khw;wpf;nfhz;L

ntw;wpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ. Kj;jkpOk; xUNru mope;Jnfhz;bUe;jr; #oypy; jkpo; jd;idr;

rkaj; jkpohf> Fwpg;ghfr; irtj; jkpohf khw;wpf;nfhz;L jkpofj;jpy;

ntw;wpfz;lNjhL jkpo;nkhop ,d;wsTk; capu;g;Gld; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;gij

,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu epWTfpwJ.

Xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; Gjpa rpj;jhe;jj;Jld; ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

mit kf;fsplj;jpy; jq;fspd; rpj;jhe;jq;fspd;%yk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp

ntw;wpailfpwd;wd. mjd;fhuzkhf mt;tpaf;fj;jpd; ,Ug;G xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;

tiuapy; jf;fitf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpwe;j ,yf;fpa tsik> nrwpthd ,yf;fz






tud;Kiw> ePz;lnjhU ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;r;rp midj;Jk; nfhz;l jkpo;nkhop ,e;jpa

nkhopfspy; jdpr;rpwg;ghdnjhU ,lj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sNjuL> kuGrhu; nray;ghLfspy;

caupag; gz;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,JNt jkpou;fisAk; jdpj;jd;ik

cs;stu;fshf milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ. jkpofk; jtpu;j;J ,e;jpahtpd; gpw gFjpiar;

rhu;e;j kf;fspilNa ,Ue;JtUk; njsptw;w kuGfs;> Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;

Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu NtW cau;thd tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fpilahJ1. vd;w

thdkhkiyatu;fspd; $w;wpidf;nfhz;L kw;w ,e;jpa nkhopfNshL xg;gpl;L

mwpaKbAk;. fhyk;fhykhfj; jkpofj;Jld; ,ize;jpUe;j jpuhtplf; FLk;gq;fspd;

Gtpf;FwpaPL nkhoptopf; fl;likf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. nkhopapd; jd;ik mjd; ,yf;fzk;

Mfpatw;iwf;nfhz;L mk;nkhop Goq;Fk; rKjhak;> Njrk;> mtw;wpd; gz;ghL

Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ikfisAk; tuyhw;iwAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;2 vd;fpwhu;

`k;Nghy;l;.

tuyhw;wpy; jkpo;nkhopapd; gq;fspg;G xU Njrj;jpid tiuaiw nra;Ak;

mstpw;F mjd; ,iwahz;ikj; jpfo;e;Js;sJ. jkpo; kf;fs; jhk; Ngrpa nkhopAld;

,ize;J tho;e;jdu;. jkpou; NtW> jkpo;nkhop NtW vdg; gpupf;f KbahjsT

mk;nkhopahdJ kf;fspd; tho;NthL ,ize;jpUe;jJ3 vd;fpwhu; Nf.Nf.gps;is.

jkpofj;jpy; ,t;Tzu;T rq;f fhyk; njhlq;fp %Nte;ju;fspd; Ml;rptiuapy;

tsu;e;jte;j czu;thFk;. %Nte;ju;fspd; Mjutpdhy; jkpo; gue;j jsj;jpy; epiyj;J

epd;wNjhL> ehfuPf milahsj;ij cyfpw;F toq;fpaJ. jkpoupd; tho;T> Ngrpa

nkhop> tho;e;j epyk; ,;k;%d;wpw;Fk; ,ay;ghdj; njhlu;nghd;W jkpo; ehfuPfj;jpd;

mbg;gilj; jj;Jtkhf mike;jpUe;jJ4 vd;fpwhu; Nf.Nf.gps;is. rq;ffhyj;

jkpofj;jpy; nkhopNa kf;fs; r%fj;ij xd;wpizf;Fk; Kjw;fhuzpahfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

rq;ffhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpou;fs; xU nrt;tpay; jd;ikAld; nkhopia tsu;j;Js;sdu;5

vdf; fkpy; Rtygpy; $WtijAk; ,izj;Jg;ghu;f;f KbAk;. ;nkhopiag; Nghw;wpaj;

jkpou;fs; flTl;nfhs;ifiaAk; tpl;Ltpltpy;iy. fLikahd %l ek;gpf;iffisg;

NgrhJ flTisAk; mtu;Nky; nfhz;l ek;gpf;ifiaAk; fiy ,yf;fpaj;NjhL

,izj;J tho;e;jdu;. Xt;nthU #oypYk; jkJ gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;Gfis cau;

mq;fPfhuj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;w cs;Szu;NthL vLj;jpak;gpAs;sdu;. (cjh)

1. jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf;$Wk; nghUl;L Mupa murd;

gpufjj;jDf;F FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;w mfE}iyf; fgpyu; gilj;jhu;.

2. Faf;nfhz;lhd; vd;gtd; Mupak; ed;W jkpo; jPJ vd mbf;fbf;

$wpte;jhd;. mjidg; gyu; fLikahff; fz;bj;Jk; mtd; jpUe;jtpy;iy. xU ehs;

ef;fPuuplk; gyu; nrd;W $w mtUk; ,jidf; fz;bj;jhu;. mtNdh mt;thW

$Wtijj; njhlu;e;J nra;jNjhL> jkpo; tlnkhopiatpl cau;Tilanjd ep&gpf;f






KbAkh? vdf; Nfs;tp vOg;g> mjw;F ef;fPuu; ep&gpf;f KbAk; vdf;$wp jkpopy; mwk;

ghb mtid kha;j;jhH6 vd;fpwJ rk];fpUj Mjpf;fk; vd;w E}y;.

Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; nghJg; ghu;it nrYj;jpa rq;ffhy Njr czu;tpd;

ntspg;ghlhFk;. mit jkpOf;F Mjuthdr; #oy;fspy; epfo;e;j epfo;TfshFk;.

mf;fhyj;jpy; gue;j kdg;ghd;ikAld; $ba nghJg;gz;Gfs; epiwe;jpUe;j jkpofk;

mjid ,yf;fpaq;fspd; top ntspg;gLj;jpAJ. gioaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; vkf;Ff;

fhl;Lk; ehfuPfk; thdpd;W jpBnud;W tOf;fp tpOe;jjd;W> ahJk; CNu ahtUk;

Nfspu;| vd;w nghJ Nehf;fhdJ fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhupd; fw;gidapy; gpwe;jjd;W. Fy

kuGfs; jdpj;jdpahf FWfpa tuk;Gf;Fs; tho;e;j epiy Nghd gpd;G muRfSk; Njr

czu;Tk; cau;e;jNghJ mf;$w;W gue;j kdg;ghd;ikapdhy; Vw;gl;bUf;f KbAk;7 vd;W

ifyhrgjp $w;iw Mjhukhff; nfhs;syhk;. ,J maytu;fs; jkpo; vy;iyfis

Mf;fpukpg;G nra;tjw;F Kd;G jkpofj;jpy;Ys;s; nghJg; gz;G vd mwpayhk;.

jkpou;fs; vy;iyia kl;Lky;yhJ jkpo; nkhopiaAk; gue;j kdg;ghd;ikAld;

fhj;Jte;Js;sdu;. ,k; kdg;ghd;ik kf;fshy; kl;Lk; vOg;gg;gl;ljd;W. kd;dd;

capu;j;Nj kyu;jiy cyfk; vd;w jiyikg; gz;ig Nghw;Wk; Gytu;fshYk;

kf;fshYk; ,ize;J cUthdJ. kd;dDk; kf;fs; top ele;jhd; vd;gjw;F md;iwa

jkpo;r; r%fk; cjhuzk;. mk;kd;dpd; Kd;dpiyapy; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs;

gilf;fg;gl;ld. kd;dd; flTshfNt khw;wg;gl;L> Nghw;wg;gl;l #oypy;> flTspd;

Kd;dpiyapy; ,yf;fpak; gilg;gJ tof;fkhapw;W. jkpo;f; Fykugpd; Kjy;

jiytdhd jpupGuk; vupj;j tpuprilf; flTs; jiytdhf ,Uf;f mtd; Kd;dpiyapy;

jkpo;nkhopapd; gilg;Gfs; ,aw;wg;gl;L mq;fPfhuj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

mt;tifapy; jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis ,aw;Wk; rq;fj;jpd; jiytdhf

rptngUkhDk;> jiykfdhf KUff; flTSk; ,Ue;J elj;jp te;Js;sdu; vd;w

nra;jp ehk; tuyhw;wpy; mwpe;j fijr; nra;jpahFk;. ,jd; njhlu;r;rpNa rkankhop

jkpofj;jpy; cUthf mbg;gilahdJ. ,J gf;jpf;fhyj;jpy; cau; newpahf kf;fs;

NgRk; nkhopAld; ,izj;J mq;fPfupj;J irt newp vdg; ngUikgLj;jg;gl;lJ. rptk;

- rptd; - irtk; - nrk;ik - nre;jkpo; vd;gjw;nfy;yhk; Xu; ,izg;;G epyTtij

Ma;T Nehf;fpy; mwpa KbAk;. mt;tpizg;G xU rpy E}w;whz;lstpy; epfo;e;jjd;W>

gyE}w;whz;Lj; njhlu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.

jkpofj;jpy; Ntw;wpdj;jtu;spd; muR Vw;gl;lg;gpd;G (,Uz;lfhyk;) rq;ffhy

kuGfs; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;ld. kf;fspd; mwpTrhu; nrhj;Jf;fs; gpwnkhopapduhy;

kilkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ld. rkzj;jpd; gpuhfpUjKk;> ngsj;jj;jpd; ghypAk; gz;ghl;L

kuGfspy; mjpfhuj;jpd; topapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd. me;epaupd; mjpfhur;

#oypdhy; khWjy;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lj; jkpof kf;fSf;F mJNt gofpg;Ngha;tpl;lJ.






Gwr;rkaNk midj;Jkhf epd;w epiyapy;; gf;jpf;fhyk; mfr; rkaj;jpd;top khw;wk;

nra;;a Kw;gl;lJ. fj;jpapd;wp> ,uj;jkpd;wp khWjy;fisf; fisa Kw;gl;ljd;

tpisthf czu;r;rpa+l;lf;$ba rkanewp NgrpathW jho;e;jpUe;jj; jkpio

kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;a Kad;W ntw;wpfz;ldu;.

jkpo; newpahsu;fs; czu;r;rpa+l;Lk; rkaj;ij Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpajd;

gpd;dzpapy; E}w;whz;Lfhy cz;ikfs; ,Ue;jd. jkpOyfpy; nky;yg; GFe;J> Ml;rpg;

gPlj;ijf; ftu;e;Jnfhz;l tlnkhopahdJj; jkpio ,uz;lhk; nkhopahf khw;wp

itj;jpUe;jNjhL> midj;Jj;jsj;jpYk; mJNt Ml;rpnra;jJ. jkpofj;jpy; muR

kw;Wk; muRrhH mikg;Gfs; gf;jpf; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G md;dpa nkhopfSf;F

midj;Jj; jsj;jpYk; mq;fpfhuk; toq;fpapUe;jd8 vd;fpwhu; g.fpU\;zd;. kf;fs;

nkhopahd jkpo; %lek;gpf;ifahYk;> Gupjy; ,y;yhj kj newpfshYk;

tof;nfhope;Jnfhz;bUe;j epiyapy; mjpypUe;J tpLgl Kad;Wnfhz;bUe;jr; #oypy;

jpuhtplj;ijg; gpuhf;fpUjKk; ghypAk; gilnaLg;gpd; fhuzkhf trkhf;fpf;nfhz;L>

jkpo; kl;Lky;yhJ Mupaj;ijAk; xLf;fpaJ. rw;Nwuf;Fiwa %d;W E}w;whz;Lfs;

jkpou;fs; mbikj;jisapypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpj;jdu;. mk;Kaw;rp gf;jpf;fhyj;jpy;

ntw;wpngw;wJ. gf;jpf; fhy irt newpahsu;fs; kf;fis vspjpy; mZFk; tz;zk;

czu;r;rpa+l;lf;$bar; rka tbtj;NjhL jkpo; vOr;rpiar; nra;jdu;.

mr;rkatbtj;jpy; itjPfk; rhuhj rptd; vdg; ngau;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l jpupGuk;

vupj;j tpuprilf; flTNs Kjd;ikahdhu;.

murpypUe;J Mz;bfisAk; khw;wp itj;jpUe;j rkz ngsj;jr; rkaq;fis

tPo;j;Jtjw;F mtu;fspd; topNa irtnewpahsu;fSf;Fk; Njitg;gl;lJ. mt;thW

irtnewp jdf;fhdj; jd;tag;gLj;Jk; nray;fis ntw;wpfukhf;fpaJ. rptd; jkpo;

fhf;Fk; nja;tkhf khw;wg;gl;L njd;dhLila nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhu;. rptd; vd;w

jkpo;fhf;Fk; nja;tj;jpd; Jiznfhz;L mf;FwpaPl;LlNd rkz> ngsj;jk; kl;Lkd;wp

tl nkhopahsu;fisAk; Gwe;js;sNtz;bar; #oy;fis gf;jpf;fhy ,af;fk; rpwpJ

rpwpjhf cUthf;fpf; fl;likj;jJ.

r%fg; ghuk;gupaj;ijf; fhf;f KaYk; midj;J ,dKk; nkhopia

Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;Lg; NghuhLfpd;wd. ePz;l tuyhw;iwg; ngw;W tpsq;Fk; xt;nthU

rKjhaKk; jdJ kugpidAk; goikapidAk; vspjpy; tpl;LtpLtjpy;iy. jkpo;r;

r%fKk; mj;jifa jsj;jpNy nray;gl;lf; fhuzj;jpdhy; nkhopapd; kPJ

,aw;ifahfNt gw;Wzu;T Vw;glf; fhuzkhapw;W. mg;gw;Wzu;T ehsiltpy; mjPjg;

gw;whf khwp nkhopapy; nja;tj;jd;ikia Vw;wpf;$w fhuzkhapw;W9 vdf; ifyhrgjp

$Wtij xg;gpl;L mwpaKbAk;. mj;nja;t czu;Nt jkpo;nkhop kPz;Lk; jd;dpiy

milaTk; khngUk; gf;jpnkhopahf khwTk; fhuzkhdJ.






mt;ntw;wpapd; gpd;dhy; xUrpy GidTfs; ,Uf;fr; nra;jd. jkpo;nkhop

nja;tnkhop vdf; fUjpaJ> jkpo;nkhopiaf; flTs; gilj;jhu; vdf;$wpaJ.

mg;GidTfs; flTSk; nkhopAk; ,izf;fg;ngw;w fw;gid tho;f;ifiaj; jkpou;fs;

Nghw;Wk;gbr; nra;jd. ,jdhy; ,iwtDk; ,iwj;jkpOk; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;J

gpupf;f Kbahj mstpy; xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;J> mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhLj;Jg;;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s top nra;jd10 vd Rkjp uhkrhkp mtu;fs; $Wtij xg;gpl;Lg;ghu;f;f

KbAk;. ,j;jifag; gupkhw;wj;jpd; tpisthfj; jkpoupd; njhd;ikj; jiytd; jpupGuk;

vupj;j tpuprilf; flTs; rptd; vd;w ngaupy; gpw;fhyr; rka ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

Kjd;ikf; flTshf rpj;jupf;fg;gl;lNjhL> mtNu jkpohfTk; fhl;lg;ngw;whu;. ,jd;

%yk; nkhopiag; Nghw;Wk; kdepiyia midj;J jug;G kf;fsplKk; vspjhf

cUthf;Fk; Nghf;F mlq;fpapUe;jJ. ,t;Tzu;Nt gy;fpg; ngUfpj; jkpopdj;jpd;

$l;Lzu;thfg; gpujpgypj;jJ.

,f;$l;Lzu;tpd; ntw;wpahy; irt newpahsu;fs; Kjy; Ntiyahf ,Uz;lfhy

muRfshy; jilnra;ag;gl;ltw;iwg; nghJikahf;fpdu;. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhdJ

,irtbtq;fshFk;. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpo; czu;itj; jpl;lkpl;L

ntspf;nfhzu;e;jdu;. gf;jpAzu;tpy; jkpioAk; ,iriaAk; xd;whf;fpdu;.

njd;dhLila rptdhf irt newpapd; flTisf; $Wfpd;wNghNj ,irj; jkpioAk;

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rq;ff; fhyj;jjpw;Fg; gpwF gf;jpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; jkpo; czu;T ngUik NgRk;

tpjkhf ntspg;gl;lJ. gf;jpf;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G murpd; nkhopfshf gpuhf;fpUjk;> ghyp>

rk];fpUjk; Nghd;wit mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy; mt;tplj;ij jf;fitf;fNtz;b

kf;fsplj;jpy; jkpo;g; ngUikiag; NgrNtz;baf; fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ. ntWk; ngUik

Ngrpdhy; nkhop mupaiz VwhJ vd;gjhy; jd;Ndwpy;yhj; jiytdhf tpsq;fpa

rptngUkhdpd; nkhop jkpo; vdg; ngUik NgrNtz;baf; fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ.

mNjhly;yhky; rka ,yf;fpaq;fspd; %yk; r%f kuGfs;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsk;>

nkhopapd; njhd;ik Mfpatw;iw xg;gPl;L Nehf;fpy; NgrpaJ11 vd f.rptj;jk;gp $w;wpd;

top mwpaKbAk;. gf;jp ,af;fk; nkhopia midj;Jj; jsj;jpYk; ,aq;fitj;jJ.

Fwpg;ghf ,irnts;sk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ngUfpaJ. jkpo;nkhop ,irf;Fupa

nkhopahdNjhL ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,irf; $Wfs; ntspg;gl;ld. rkaf; fhyj;jpy;jhd;

jkpopy; ,irnts;sk; ghaj;njhlq;fpaJ12 vd;W fpU~;zd; Fwpg;gpLtJk; Nkw;$wpa

fUj;jpw;Fj; JizahFk ;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jkpou;fs; ngUikf;Fupa

xd;whff; fUJk; epiyAk; Vw;gl;lJ. %d;W E}w;whz;Lf; fhyq;fspy; (6> 7> 8) Vw;gl;l

rka kWkyu;r;rpapd; jhf;fk; ,d;Wtiu jkpo; tho;tjw;Fupar; rf;jpiaf;

nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ. nkhopf;F ,yf;fpak; mtrpak;> rkaj;jpw;F nkhop mtrpak; vd;gij






czu;e;jjhy; gf;jpf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; rkaj;jNjhL nkhopia ,izj;J ,U

epiyfisAk; rkkhf;fp fhf;fr;nra;jd.

gf;jpf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopf;F irtj;ij kpQ;rpa njhz;bid Ntnwe;j kjg;

gpupTk; nra;atpy;iy. jkpo; czu;it nja;t czu;thf khw;wpaJ irt newpapd;

Kjy; khw;wkhFk;. njd;dhl;bd; flTshfg; Nghw;wg;gl;l rptid ghLtjw;F

tlnkhopahsu;fSk; cld;gl;l fhyk; ,Jjhd;. ngUntw;wp fz;LtUk; irtnewpNahL

jq;fisj; J}aj; jkpou;fshfj; jkpopdk; rhuhjtu;fSk; nrhy;yj; Jtq;fpa fhyKk;

,JNt. mJtiuapy; Ntw;Wikg; Ngrpatu;fs; gpd;dhspy; njd;nkhop tlnkhop vd

epiykhw;wpf;nfhz;L ,uz;ilAk; xg;gpl;Lk; cwTgLj;jpAk; fhl;Lk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ13

vdf; g.fpU~;zd; $Wtjd;%yk; mwpaKbAk;. gf;jp ,af;fj;ij topelj;jpa

Qhdrk;ge;ju; cs;spl;l %tu;fs; Gwr;rka E}y;fisAk; gpuhf;fpUjf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;

vjpu;j;jNghjpYk; rpy rkaq;fspy; NtjNts;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs; mlq;fpa tlnkhop

E}y;fis xJf;ftpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa itztj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tlfiy -

njd;fiyg; Nghuhl;llk; itztu;fs; rhu;e;jpUe;jj; jkpo; - rk];fpUjk; Mfpa

,UnkhopfSf;Fs; Vw;gl;lf; fUj;J Nkhjy;fs; vdf;fUj ,lKz;L. Muk;gf; fhyj;

njd;fiy itztj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopr; rhu;ghsu;fshf ,Ue;jtu;fs; tlnkhopapYk;

ed;Fg; Gyikg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;fs;14 vd;W ,uh.jz;lhAjk; $Wfpwhu;. mtu;fspy; rpyu;

ehy; tUzg; Ngjj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tlnkhopahsu;fSld; Nru;e;J jhKk; cau;Fbg;

gpwg;G vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L tlfiy itztg; gpuptpid Vw;gLj;jpdhu;fs; vd;gJ

tuyhW. mJNt gpd;dhspy; tsu;e;J> epiyj;jnjhU gpstpid nfhz;Lte;jJ;15

,r;#oiyr; Rl;bf;fhl;b ntWg;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu; njd;fiyiar; rhu;e;j

kzths khKdpfs;. NkYk; nkhopiag; gw;wpa tpthjq;fisAk; itztj;jpy;

Kd;itf;fpd;whu;. jkpo; tlnkhopf;F mbg;gilahFk; vdf; $WtNjhly;yhky;

tlnkhopf;F Kw;gl;lJ vdg; nghUs;gLk; tpjj;jpy; mf];jpaKk; mehjp16 vd;w

fUj;ijAk; mtu; gjpaitf;f Kidfpd;whu;.

,j;jifag; gpsTfs;> fUj;JUthf;fq;fs; irtj;jpy; ,y;iy. cjhuzj;jpw;F

fu;ehlfj;jpd; tPu irtKk;> Me;jpuhtpd; irt newpAk; jkpofj;jpd; irt

newpapypUe;J rw;W NtWgl;lhYk; tlnkhopapd; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

NkYk; jkpo;ehl;bd; irt newpfisNa jq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wjhfj; jpUj;jpaikj;Jf;

nfhz;ld17 vd;gij Kidtu; rpj;jypq;ifahtpd; tPuirtk; vd;w E}ypd; top mwpa

KbfpwJ. jkpofj;ijg; NghyNt kw;w gFjpiar; rhue;j irt newpahsu;fs; rhjp

kWg;gpidr; nra;jijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. jkpofj;jpd; 63 ehad;khu;fs; 9

njhifabahu;fspd; tuyhW> mjidj;jhd; kiwKfkhfr; nrhy;fpwJ. irt

newpahsu;fs; rhjpNtw;Wikg; Ngrpa tlnkhopAld; rkhjhdg; Nghf;ifNa






filgpbj;jjw;F gpd;dzp murpay; ,Uf;fr; nra;jJ. xUfhyj;jpy; tlnkhop murpd;

MjuTngw;w nkhopahf ,Ue;jNghJ mJ jd; ,Ug;gpidj; jf;f

itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jkpio ePr;rnkhop> fhl;Lkpuhz;bfspd; nkhop vdf;$wp

xJf;fpaNjhly;yhky; tlnkhop Njtnkhop> mjd;topr; nrd;why; flTis

milaKbak; vd;W czu;T uPjpahf Ml;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. ,g;gb gy Mz;Lfhyk;

czu;T uPjpahf kf;fisr; rpe;jpf;f tplhky;; jkpofj;jpd; mjpfhur; #oiyj; jd;

fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUe;j epiyapid rkz> ngsj;jk; rhu;e;j Ml;rpahsu;fs; te;jgpwF

Gwe;js;spdu;. tlehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j rkzg; ngsj;j kjq;fs; mq;Nf

tlnkhopahsu;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ghFghLfisAk;> mtu;fshy; filgpbf;fg;gl;lr;

rhjPaj; J}z;ly;fisAk; Kd;Ng mwpe;jpUe;j fhuzj;jpdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; mk;nkhopia

mq;fPfupf;f kWj;jNjhL fLikahf vjpu;f;fTk; nra;jdu;. njd;dhl;by; tlnkhop

kw;Wk; cau;rhjpapdu; vjpu;g;G vd;gJ tlehl;by; epfo;e;jgpwFjhd; njd;dhl;by;

epfo;fpwJ18 vd;gij Fu;Na mtu;fspd; fUj;Jtop xg;gplKbfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; kf;fspd;

czu;tpy; fye;Jtpl;l tlnkhop - itjPf newpfis Neubahfg; gifj;Jf;nfhs;shky;

mtu;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhz;L gf;jpapaf;fk; rkz ngsj;j kjq;fSf;F vjpuhdg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lJ.

itjPf newpahsu;fSk; rkz-ngsj;j kjq;fs; mfd;why; ,oe;j mjpfhuj;ij

kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;w KbAk; vd;w Nfhzj;jpy; jkpo; newpahsu;fNshL ,ize;J Nghuhl

Kide;jdu;. rkak; fye;j jkpo; newp cUthtjw;F mg;NghJ Vw;gl;lr; rkurk;

fhuzkhFk;.

mJtiuj; jkpio xg;gpl;L> jd;id kl;Lk; cau;T gLj;jp Ngrpte;j epiykhwp

tlnkhopahdJ ruprkkhfg; ghu;f;Fk; epiy ,f;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ19 vd;fpwhu ;

g.fpU~;zd;. ,e;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyj;jpid czu;e;jpUe;j irtnewpahsu;fs;

gf;jpf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopapd; ngUik Fd;whky;; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;lNjhL>

tlnkhopahsu;fs; filgpbj;j rhjPa NtWghLfs;> ngz;fspd; jho;Tepiyfs;> fy;tp

fw;gjpy; ,Uf;Fk; Ngjq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ehRf;fhf mfw;w Kw;gl;ldu;.

fy;tp midtUf;Fk; nghJ vd;w fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jNjhL> fw;wtu;fs;

midtUk; rigNawp ghly; Gidayhk; vd;w nghJik kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; kjr; rhu;G nfhz;litfshf ,Ue;jhYk; nkhopfhf;Fk;

,yf;fpaq;fshf mit muq;Nfwpd. gf;jpf;fhyk; ,irf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jJ.

jpUQhdrk;ge;juhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l ,t;tpaf;fk; ,ir gug;gp jkpopid

thoitj;jNjhly;yhky; rhjPa Ngjq;fis mopj;njhopj;jJ. Jg;GuT> nrg;gdpLjy;

vspikahd Kiwapy; G+ir Kiwfisf; ifahSjy;> kf;fSf;Fg; Gupahj nkhopapy;

nrhy;yg;gLk; ke;jpuq;fis mfw;wp vspa jkpopy; mofpaj; jkpo;g;ghf;fis mg;gu;






Nghd;wtu;fs; ghlitj;jdu;20 vd;fpwhu; jkpoz;zy;. NkYk; fPohd kf;fs; vd xJf;fp

itf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fq;fs;> ,irf;$Wfs;> nrhy;tbtq;fs; Nghd;wit

gf;jpg; ghly;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld21 vd tpsf;Ffpwhu; g.fpU\;zd;. ,j;jifar;

nray;ghLfshy; irt newp ,e;jpahtpy; Ntnwq;Fk; ,y;yhj tifapy; jkpofj;jpy;

czu;Tld; fye;J kpf Ntfkhf tsu;e;Jj; jkpio thoitj;jJ.

KbTiu

gf;jpapaf;fk; czu;tpdhy; fl;likikf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;. mwptpdhy;

fl;likf;fg;gl;ljy;y. vdNtjhd; irtnewpahdJ kjr;rhak; g+rpf;nfhz;L ,d;Wk;

jkpio tsu;f;fpwJ. mt;tifapy; fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. 9 Mk;

E}w;whz;L tiuapy; tho;e;j 63 ehad;khu;fs; 9 njhifabahu;fSk; nra;j

kWkyu;r;rpahdJ jkpo;fhj;j mupar; nrayhFk;. Kg;Guk; vupj;j tpuprilf; flTs;|

vd;w FwpaPl;il Kd;dpWj;jp. irt newp vdf;nfhz;L ,tu;fs; nra;j msg;gwpar;

Nrit> jkpio kPz;Lk; mupaiz Vwr;nra;jJ. jkpo; irtnewpahsu;fs; Neubahfr;

rkz ngsj;ju;fSlDk;> kiwKfkhf itjPfj;jhUlDk; MAjk; Ve;jhky; Nghupl;L;

nkhopfhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; tho;ehl;fis ,oe;J> fLk; Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;J

jkpofj;jpy; jkpo; kWkyu;r;rpia cz;lhf;fpdu;. mtu;fs; md;W nra;j

mk;kWkyu;r;rpapd;; tPupakhdJ jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fs; ,e;j E}w;whz;by; nra;j

kWkyu;r;rpiaf; fhl;bYk; E}W klq;F tPupak; nfhz;lJ. xU E}w;whz;bNyNa

fyfyj;Jg; NghFk; #oYf;F te;Jtpl;l jpuhtpl ,af;ff; Nfhl;ghLfistpl

rw;Nwwf;Fiwa 3 E}w;whz;Lfs; Nghuhbajd; tpisthfg; ngw;w ntw;wp ,d;Wtiu

ePu;j;Jg;Nghfhky; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. jkpou;fshy; jkpou;fSf;fhf

cUthd mg;Gul;rp ve;j kjj;jpw;Fk; Nrit nra;tjw;F Vw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy> khwhfj;

jkpo; r%fj;jpd; cau; jdpr; nrk;nkhopia md;iwar; #oy;fSf;F Vw;wthW czu;T

uPjpahff; fhf;f Vw;gl;l nkhop fhf;Fk; Gul;rpfu ,af;fk; vd Nkw;fz;l fUj;Jf;fspd;

top gf;jpf;fhy ntw;wpiaf; $wKbAk;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. thdkhkiy. eh.> goq;fijfSk; gonkhopfSk;. gf;.10.>1984.

2. Humpolt., The Language Activity. p. 28., 1972.

3. gps;is. Nf.Nf.> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;.> gf;.129.>2000.

4. gps;is. Nf.Nf.>K.E}.gf;.129.

5. Kamil.Swalabil., The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India., p.2.,

1973.

6. rk];fpUj Mjpf;fk;.> ngupahu; jpwe;j ntspg; gy;fiyf;foFk;.> gf;. 17.>1985.

7. gz;ilaj; jkpou;fspd; tho;Tk; gz;ghLk;.> gf;.39.1998.






8. fpU\;zd;. g> jkpo;E}y;fspy; jkpo; ,dk; jkpo;nkhop jkpo;ehL.> gf;.132.1984.

9. ifyhrgjp.f.> gz;ilj; jkpou; tho;Tk; gz;ghLk;.> gf;..119.1998.

10. Sumathy Ramaswamy., The Passions of the Tongue; Language Devotion in tamil

India., p.33.1998.

11. rptj;jk;gp.>fh.> gz;ilj; jkpo;r; r%fk; tuyhw;Wg; Gupjiy Nehf;fp.>

gf;.87.1998.

12. fpU\;zd;> g. jkpo;E}y;fspy; jkpo; ,dk; jkpo;nkhop jkpo;ehL.> gf;.135.1984.

13. fpU\;zd;> g. Ke;E}y;.> gf;.140.

14. jz;lhAjk;.,uh.> Mya topghLk; nkhopAk;.> gf;.46.1985.

15. Mr;rhu;a`pUjak;.>E}w;gh.40).

16. Mr;rhu;a`pUjak; - E}w;gh.40> 41.

17. rpj;jypq;ifah.b.gp.> tPuirtk;.> gf;.27.1998.

18. Ghurye.G.S., Cast and Race in India., p.72.1976.

19. fpU\;zd;. g.> gz;ilj; jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo;nkhop jkpopdk; jkpo;ehL.>

gf;.140.1984.

20. jkpoz;zy;.> jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW.> gf;.229.1992.

21. fpU\;;zd;. g. gz;ilj; jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo;nkhop jkpopdk; jkpo;ehL.>

gf;.135.1984.






,df;FOr; r%fKk; th;f;fr; rKjhaKk;

Kidth;. e. ntz;zpyh> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw>


flY}H.

Kd;Diu

jkpo;r;rKfj;jpy; Itif epyk; rhh;e;j ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;ijf; fle;J th;f;f

rKjhak; Njhd;wpaJ. cz;Nghu; cONthu; vdg; gy;NtW th;f;fg; gbepiyfs;

tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;fpy; mike;J tpl;ljidr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

rKjhaj;ijf; fl;likj;Jf; fliyAk;> Mw;iwAk; ntd;W MSik nrYj;jpdh;

vd;gijr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk;> gz;ilj;jkpoh;fs; tpz;Nfhs;fisAk;

mtw;wpd; epiykhw;wq;fisAk;> gUtkhw;wq;fisAk;> fz;lwpe;jdh;. Ntshz;ik>

thzpgk;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdh;;. Nghu;> Mly;> ghly;> Xtpak;>

fl;llk;> miz> Gidnjg;gk;> Xlk;> ehtha;>fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> ghidtidjy;> nerT>

cOf;fUtpfs;> Nghu;fUtpfs; gilj;jy; Nghd;W gy;NtW fiyfisAk; fw;Wj;

NjHe;jdH vd;gijAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; njs;sj; njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

kdpj rKjha tuyhW xt;nthU rKjhaj;jpYk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l

fhyj;jpy; muR vd;gJ ,Ue;jjpy;iy vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

goq;Fbf; FOf;fSf;Fk;> Fy mikg;GfSk; ,Ue;J kf;fs; $l;lq;fis

newpg;gLj;jp topfhl;bd. mit rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; topfhl;bahfTk;> tho;tpay;

newpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpjpfisAk;> cwTfisAk;> xOfyhWfisAk;> gz;GfisAk;

gilj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. muR Njhd;wpa gpwF mit mwnewpfshfTk;> gof;f

tof;fq;fshfTk;> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g khwp tUfpd;wd. ciog;G> Neu;ik> mwk;> tha;ik>

cz;ik> ,d;dh nra;ahik> xg;GuT Nghd;w gz;Gfs; vy;yhk; cUg;ngw;Wj;

njhlu;e;J tUfpd;wd.

,Uk;G fz;Lgpbg;Gk;> Ntshz;ikAk; mjd; gz;ghLk; ehfupfj;ijAk; tu;f;fr;

rKjhaj;ijAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. me;j cz;ikiag; gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fs;

rhd;Wf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; Ntshz;ikAk; iftpidj; njhopy;fSk;

thzpgKk; ifNfhu;j;;J ,ize;J tsu;e;jd.

,df;FOf;fSk; - jiyikfSk;

njhlf;ffhy kdpjd; xd;Wg;gl;l> epiyahd r%f mikg;gpidg;

ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. ehNlhbfshf kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; tho;tpaiy njhlq;fpdh.;

tho;f;iff;nfd;Wk;> jk; czu;r;rpfSf;nfd;Wk; tiuaiwapy;yhky; tho;e;;jdu;.

mtu;fs; Kiwg;gl tho;ifia tFj;Jf; nfhy;tjw;F fhyq;fs; Mfpd. fhy






tsh;r;rpapy; kdpjapdk; gz;ghl;L ehfuPf epiyia mile;j fhyj;ijAk;>

,df;FONthL xd;Wg;gl;L cz;L tho;e;j cau;g;gz;Gila tho;tpaiyAk; tho;e;jdu;.

gz;ilf;fhyr; rKfj;jpy; %yjdj;ij xNu ,lj;jpy; Ftpf;ftpy;iy.

midtUf;Fk; fpl;Lk;tifapy; mike;jJ. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; Nkd;ikg;

gLj;jg; gl;ldu;. fy;tpapy; ngz;fs; rpwe;jpUe;jdu;. jpizf;Fbfs; jk; jk;

nghWg;Gfis ,ay;ghf Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Mltu;f;F tpidNa capu; vd;gjw;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jdu;. jk; gpwtp gad; ,JNt vd;W vz;zpdu;. xUtu;

kw;nwhUtiu mbikg;;gLj;Jk; epiyapy;iy. ,jdhy;Fbfs; xOf;f newpfNshL

tho;e;jdu;. Kd;NdhiuAk; nkhopiaAk; epyg;gug;igAk;> xd;Wg;gl;l gz;ghl;ilAk;>

tuyhw;iwAk;; cila kdpju;fNs ,df;FOthFk;. xU kdpjd; etPd ehfuPf

epiyia mile;j xUtd; jd; thoplk;> jhk; rhu;e;j rKjhak; Nghd;w

tof;;FfisNa Kd;dpWj;Jthd;.

rKjhaj;jpd; mikg;G> gz;ghl;L mikg;Gfs;> kdpju;fs; thOk; ,lq;fs;

Mfpatw;wpd; njhFg;ghf ,df;FO mikfpwJ. ,f;FOtpdu; xU KO fl;likg;gpid

cila r%fg; gz;ghl;L tho;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ> ,r;r%fj;ij elj;jpr;nry;Yk;

tifapy; FOj;jiyikfs; mikfpd;wd.

tpidNa Mltu;f;F capu; vd;Dk; nghUz;ikf;Fapzq;f> FOj;jiyikfs;

nghUsPl;Lk; tof;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ld. Ie;jpizf;Fb khe;ju;fspd; tho;tpay;

NjitfSf;F jiyikfNs nghUsPl;Lk; nghWg;ig ngw;Ws;sd. mt;thW mikAk;

jiyikfspd; gz;Gfis rq;f,yf;fpaq;fs; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

,dFOr; rKfq;fs; jq;fsJ tsu;r;rpapy; ,lg;ngau;T> njhopy; Kiw>

cwTKiwf; fsg;G> Nkhjy;fs; Mfpatw;whYk;> fhy khWjy;fspdhYk;;> rpy jdpj;j

milahsq;fisf; iff;nfhz;L gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. rpy ,df;FOf;fs; jkJ gok;

jdpj;Jtq;fis ,of;fpd;wd. rpy jkJ jdpj;Jtq;fisg; gpwtw;Wldhd fyg;gpdhy;

JzpTld; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. Mf> ,g;gb rpy muR> rkak;> fhy khw;wk; Nghd;wtw;why;

jphpG epiyf;F cs;shfpd;wd. rpy ,t;thwhd jhf;Fjypdpd;Wk; jd; jdpj;Jtj;ij

tplhky; gpd;gw;Wk; ,df;FOr; rKfq;fspilNa Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs; gz;ghl;Lg;

gbkyu;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisAk;> murpay;> rKf> rkar; #oy;fspd;

jhf;fj;ijAk; etPd cyif Nehf;fpa kdpj mwptpd; tpupthf;fj;ijAk; ,t;thwhd

#oy;fspYk; milahsj;ijf; fhf;Fk; ,df;FOj; jd;ikapd; jdpj;Jtg;

gz;igAk;fhl;LtdthFk;.

vdNt> ,df;FO r%fk; jkpof tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilajhFk;.

gbg;gbahf kdpj Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijia tFj;jspj;jjpy; ,df;FOf;fs;






rpwg;GngWfpd;wd. ,df;FOf;fSk; jiyikfSk; epiwthd tho;tpaiy

fl;likj;Js;sdu;.

,df;FOr; rKjhak;

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ngWtJ cw;gj;jpr; nra;ifapd; ,ay;ghd Nghf;fhFk;. ,t;thW guk;giuahfg;ngw;w

gz;Gfspd; KOikiag; ghuk;gupak; vd;gu;. xU nghUisr; #o;e;jpUe;J ghjpf;fpd;w

jd;ikiar; #o;epiy vd;gu;. ,J> ,aw;ifr; #o;epiy> nraw;ifr; #o;epiy> r%ff;

#o;epiy> cstpay; #o;epiy vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. khu;f;rpaf; nfhs;if

nghUshjhu #o;epiyf;F Kjd;ik nfhLf;fpwJ. ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> #o;epiyf;Fk;

,ilg;gl;l xU gpur;ridahd ,dk; vd;gij mwpQu; fUJtu;. ghuk;gupaj;jpd; %yk;

top topahff; nfhz;L nry;yg;glf;$ba Gydhff; $ba nghJthd clw;$w;W

mikg;Gg; gz;Gfis cila kdpjf; FONt ,dk; vdg;gLk;. kdpjd; jd;Dila

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mila cUthf;fpa nghUs; rhu;e;j> nghUs; rhuhj tpidj;jpl;lq;fs;

Mfpait gz;ghL vdg;ngWk;. kdpjd; jd; Mo;e;j tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;s cUthf;fpa njhopy;Jiw> nghUshjhuk;> murpay;> gy;NtW tpidj;jpl;lq;fs;

Kjypatw;wpd; KOikNa ehfupfkhFk;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. gf;jtj;ryghujp. 2005-289-90.

2. jl;rzh%u;j;jp.m- fhtpah ,jo.;

3. r%ftpay;. Nky;epiy Kjyhkhz;L. 152.

4. mfk;. 75






5. mfk;. 103

6. FWe;. 93

7. FWe;.100

8. ew;. 4

9. ew;. 33

10. ew;. 114

11. fyp. 45

12. fyp. 102

13. fyp. 108

14. mfk;. 117

15. mfk;. 204

16. mfk;. 269

17. ew;. 240

18. mfk;. 54

19. ew;. 367

20. FWe;. 293

21. mfk;. 36

22. rpyk;G. eh. nry;tuhR. gf;: 69-70

23. irdhpd; jkpopyf;fz ed;nfhil. g. 36

JizE}w;gl;bay;

1. rq;f ,yf;fpak; c.Nt.rh. ciu fof ntspaPL> nrd;id.

2. rq;f ,yf;fpak; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; ciu. fof ntspaPL> nrd;id.

3. rpyk;G eh.nty;tuhR Ma;Tf;fl;Liu GJr;Nrhp nkhopGyk; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;.

yh];Ngl;il> GJr;Nrhp.






rpyk;gpy; gjpe;j rkzk;

,uh. aNrhjh> KidtHgl;lMa;thsH>

jkpoha;Tj;Jiw> gp\g; `PgH fy;Y}hp>

jpUr;rp.

Kd;Diu

jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fhg;gpakhfTk;> mePjpf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLtjpy; Gul;rpf;

fhg;gpakhfTk;> kf;fspd; vspa tho;f;if Kiwia tpsf;Ftjpy; Fbkf;fs;

fhg;gpakhfTk; tpsq;FtJ rpyg;gjpfhukhFk;. ngz;zpd; ngUikapidAk;> gpwHkid

ehLk; Mz;kfdhy; ehl;bw;Fk;> tPl;bw;Fk; Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;fisAk; rpj;jhpf;Fk;

,f;fhg;gpak; Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpapd; tho;f;if KiwapidAk; gythW Muha;fpwJ.

,jpy; rkz rkak; rhHe;j nfhs;iffs;> topghLfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;>

ek;gpf;iffs;> njhlHghd gy jfty;fSk; ,jpy; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jF rkzr;

nra;jpfs; rpyk;gpy; gjpe;j tpjj;ij ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf Muhayhk;.

rkzk;

kf;fs; thOk; tho;f;if newpNa rkzkhFk;. ,J jiyKiw jiyKiwahf

,e;jpa kf;fshy; Nghw;wpf; fhf;fg;gl;L> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;w xU

Gjpa r%f mikg;gpw;F mbj;jskhf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. “rkz rkaj;jpw;F i[d

kjk;> MUfj kjk;> epfz;l kjk;> mNefhe;j thjkjk;> rpahj;thj kjk; vd;Dk;>

ngaHfSk; cs;sd. rkzk; vd;gJ ‘r;ukz’ vd;Dk; ghfjr; nry;ypypUe;J

Njhd;wpaJ vd;gH. (j.uNk\;> eLehl;Lr; rkzf; Nfhapy;fs;> g.9) “rk];fpUj ‘r;ukz’

jkpopy; ‘rkz’” MfpwJ vd;gJ fhQ;rpg; nghpatH re;jpuNrfNue;jpu ruRtjpapd;

fUj;jhFk; (nja;tj;jpd; Fuy; njhFjp 2> g.39). mjhtJ vy;yh capHfisAk;>

epiyikfisAk; rkkhff; fUjp kjpg;gtd;> jd; Kaw;rpahy; tPLNgW mila Kaw;rp

nra;gtd; vd;Dk; nghUspy; “]kNdh” vdg; ghfj nkhopapy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;

“]kNdh” vd;fpw nrhy; ‘rkzk;’ vd;gjpd; nghUj;jr; nrhy;yhFk;.

,j;jifa rkz rkakhdJ mfpk;ir> tha;ik> fsT nra;ahik> gpukrhpak;>

jtk; vd;Dk; 5 tpujq;fshf rkzHfSf;Fhpa xOf;fq;fis thpirg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

,ij gpd;gw;wp tho;f;if elj;JgtHfisNa mwnewpapy; thOk; rkzHfshf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdH.

rpyk;gpy; rkzk;

Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpapd; tho;f;ifapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkpoH






kuigAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk; rhHghf mikj;J ,ilapilNa rkz rkaf;

nfhs;iffisg; GFj;jp rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij mikj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shH ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.

Gfhiutpl;L kJiuf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; ,ilg;gl;l gpw rkaf; flTsHfs;> 7

,e;jpu tpfhiufs; Nghd;wtw;iw kzptz;zd; Nfhl;lj;jpy; tyk;te;J tzq;fpr;

nry;fpd;wdH. mNj Neuj;jpy;>

“cyf Nehd;gpfs; xUq;Fld; ,l;l

,yF xspr; rpyhjyk; njhOJ tyq;nfhz;L” (rpyk;G. 10> 24-25)

vd rkzf; flTis tyk;te;J tzq;fpr; nrd;wdH. mNjhL> kJiuf;Fr; nry;tk;

topapy; Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp> fTe;jpabfs; %tUk; gQ;r ek];fhu rkz ke;jpuj;ij

“nkhopg;nghUs; nja;tk; topj;Jiz Mf” (rpyk;G. 10> 100) vd jpahdk; nra;J

nfhz;bUe;jdH. gpd;dH rhuziuf; fz;lJk; “gz;ilj; njhy;tpid ghWf” (rpyk;G.

10>164) vd;W $wp fTe;jpapd; fhypy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdH. rhuzHfs; mUff; flTs;

Jjpapid Nkw;nfhz;L “gte;jUghrk; fTe;jp nfLf” (rpyk;G> 10> 213) vd;W

tho;j;Jfpd;wdH.

,t;thW NfhtyDk;> fz;zfpAk; rkzf; flTisj; njhOtJk;> rkz

ke;jpuq;fisj; Jjpg;gJk; mtHfis rkzj;ij gpd;gw;wp mwnewpapy;

xOFgtHfshff; fhl;LfpwJ vd mwpa KbfpwJ.

rkz tpujq;fs;

rkzHfspd; tho;f;ifapy; gpd;gw;wf;$ba 5 tpujq;fshd xOf;f newpfis

mwpayhk;.

mfpk;ir (nfhy;yhik)

mfpk;ir vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fkhf “ahNjhH capUf;Fk; CW

nra;ahik” vdg;nghUs; fhz;gH. vy;yh capHfisAk; rkkhfg; ghtpj;jy; vd;w

nghUisAk; mwpQHfs; $WtJ kpfTk; nghUj;jNk” (Nrh.e.fe;jrhkp> ,e;jpaj;

jj;Jtf; fsQ;rpak;> g.181) vd;W Nrh.e.fe;jrhkp $Wfpwhh;.

“nfhy;yhf; Nfhyj;J capH ca;e;NjhH” (rpyk;G. 28> 93).

“mkHf;fsk; murd jhfj; Jwe;J

jtg;ngUq;Nfhyk; nfhz;NlhH” (rpyk;G. 28> 104-105)

vd;w rpyg;gjpfhu ghlw;thpfs; nfhy;yhkNyNa capH gpioj;Jg; Nghd rkzHfisg;

Nghd;W jtNtlk; nfhz;L capH gpioj;J murh;fs; Xba nra;jpia tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

ngha;ahik (mrj;jpaj; jpahfk;)

ngha;ah tpuj;jpidNa tha;ikapd; tOthj epiyahf fTe;jpapd; top

vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.






“tha;ikapd; tohJ kd;DapH Xk;GeHf;F

ahtJk; cz;Nlh va;jh mUk;nghUs;” (rpyk;G. 11> 158-159)

,j;jF mfpk;ir> ngha;ahik vd;w ,U tpujq;fisAk; filgpbg;gtHfis

“,l;lrpj;jpfs; va;j ty;ytH” vd;W fTe;jp $Wk; tpjk; rkz rkaj;jpd; newpahff;

fhl;lg;gLfpwJ vd mwpayhk;.

fs;shik (m];Njak;)

rpyk;gpy; fs;tHfisj; jz;bg;gjw;F nts;spil kd;wq;fs; ,Ue;jjhf

$wg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; Nfhtyid ghHj;jhy; fs;tdhfj; njhpatpy;iyNah vd;W

fhtyd; xUtd; nrhy;fpd;whd;. mjw;F nghw;nfhy;yNdh fs;tDf;fhd ,yf;fzk;

fsT E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sij vs;sp eifahb vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whd;. nfhiyfsf;

fhijapy;>

“ke;jpuk; nja;tk; kUe;Nj epkpj;jk;

je;jpuk; ,lNd fhyk; fUtpnad;W

vl;Lld; md;Nw ,of;Fil kugpy;

fl;Lz; khf;fs; Jiznadj;jphptJ

kUe;jpd; gl;Buhapd; ahtUk;” (rpyk;G. 16> 166-170)

vd;W ,opthd njhopiyr; nra;Ak; fs;tHfs; ke;jpuk;> nja;tk;> kUe;J> epkpj;jk;>

je;jpuk;> ,lk;> fhyk;> fUtp vd;w vl;Lr; #o;epiyfisAk; Jizahff; nfhz;L

nra;gtHfs;. ,jpy; ke;jpuj;ij filgpbg;gjhy; NjtFkhuHfs; Nghd;W ahH

fz;fSf;Fk; mfg;gl khl;lhHfs;. ,JNghd;W ,e;j vl;Lr; #o;epiyfisAk;

gad;gLj;Jtjhy; mtHfis tpiutpy; fz;lwptJ mwpJ vd fsT E}ypy;

$wg;gl;Ls;sij vs;sNyhL nghw;nfhy;yd; tpsf;Ffpwhd;. ,J fs;shik capHf;

nfhiyf;F xg;ghd mwr;rl;lk; vd rkz mwk; Nghjpg;gjhf rpyk;G ekf;F

czHj;Jtij mwpa KbfpwJ.

gpwdpy; tpioahik (fhkk; ,d;ik)

Nfhtyd; jdf;F chpikahd fz;zfpia tpLj;J gpwH kidahd khjtpia

ehbr; nry;fpd;whd;. ,jdhy; jdJ thd; nghUs; midj;ijAk; ,oe;j nghUis

kPl;gjw;fhf kJiuf;Fr; nrd;W kuzj;ijj; jOTfpwhd;. ,jpy; xUtd; gpwHkid

ehLtjhy; tPl;bw;Fk;> ehl;bw;Fk; ve;j msT ghjpg;gpid cz;Lgz;Zk; vd;fpw

cz;ikia rkz mwf;fUj;Jfspd; top rpyk;G ekf;F njspTgLj;JfpwJ vd

mwpayhk;.

nghUs; tiujy; (kpFnghUs; tpUk;ghik)






xt;nthU kdpjDk; jd; tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk;

mwnewpapy; <l;LjNy kfhtPuhpd; NghjidahFk;. mjd;top rpyk;gpy; kpFe;j nghUs;

<l;Ltjw;fhd nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;whYk; jhk; <l;ba nghUis gpwUf;Fj;

jhdk; nra;Ak; epiyia mjpfkhff; fhzyhk;. me;j tifapy; Nfhtyd;>

fz;zfpapd; ngw;NwhHfs; jhq;fs; NrHj;j nry;tq;fis gpw kf;fSf;F thhp toq;Fk;

tpjk; mtHfspy; mwnewpia fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ vdyhk;.

fs;sj;jdkhf> Nguhirahy; nghUs; <l;l vz;zp Nfhtyidf; nfhiy nra;j

nghw;nfhy;yd; mtNdhL NrHe;J jd; FyKk; mopaf; fhuzkhapdhd;. MfNt

Kiwjtwp <l;Lk; nghUisf; fhl;bYk;> tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;L <l;Lk; nghUNs kpfr;

rpwe;j tho;f;ifiaj; jUk; vd rpyk;G czHj;Jk; rkzf; fUj;J

Nghw;WjYf;Fhpajhf mwpa KbfpwJ.

,J Nghd;W 5 tifahd tpujq;fshd xOf;ff; $Wfis rkz rkakhdJ

rpyk;gpd; top ekf;F czHj;JfpwJ vd;gij mwpayhk;. ,J kl;Lky;yhJ jpir

tpujk;> jpahd tpujk;> kfhtpujk;> nksdtpujk;> mspj;jy; tpujk; Nghd;w gy

tpujq;fisAk; rkz mwnewpapd; top kf;fs; gpd;gw;Wtjhf rpyk;gpy;

vLj;Jiug;gijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

rkzj;jpd; top gf;jp newp

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; rhuzHfs;> fTe;jpabfs; $w;Wfspd; thapyhf mikAk;

ghly;gFjpfs; rkzhpd; gf;jp newpf;F Mjhukhf mikfpd;wJ.

“mwptd; mwNthd; mwpTtuk; gpfe;Njhd;

nrwptd; rpNde;jpud; rpj;jd; gftd;

....... tpz;ztd; NtjKjy;td; tpsq;F xsp” (rpyk;G. 10>176-189)

mUfNjtd; midj;Jg; nghUs;fisAk; mwpaf; $batd;> midj;J

capHfsplj;Jk; mUSilatd;> vl;L tpidfis ntd;wtd;> fHkq;fis fotpatd;>

jUkq;fs; nra;af;$batd;> vy;yhTapUf;Fk; jiytd;> Fz tpujq;fis mUspatd;

vdg; gy;NtW rkzg; gz;Gfis cilatd; mtdJ Mfk tpjpfis gpd;gw;whtpby;

gpwtp vd;Dk; rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyg; ngwkhl;lhHfs; vd;W rhuzH jiytH

cgNjrk; nra;tJk;>

“rhuzH tha;nkhop Nfl;Lj; jtKjw;

fhTe;jp ifjd; ifjiy Nkw;nfhz;L

xU%d; wtpj;Njhd; Xjpa Qhdj;

....... ge;jk; mWnfdg; gzpe;jdH Nghe;J” (rpyk;G. 10>192-213)






rhuzH jiytH $wpa mwpTiufisf; Nfl;l fTe;jpabfs; jkJ ,U

fuq;fisAk; Ftpj;J> “vdJ nrtpfs; fhkk;> ntFsp> kaf;fk; d;w %d;wpidAk;

nfLj;jtdhd mUfNjtd; mUspa mwpTiufisj; jtpu gpwtw;iw Nfl;fhJ> vdJ

ehthdJ mUf Njtdpd; 1008 ngaHfs; jtpu Ntnwhd;wpid XjhJ> fz;fNsh

mUfNjtdpd; jpUtbfisj; jtpu NtnwhU flTisf; fhzhJ vdg; gythW

mUfNjtdpd;> rkz gf;jp newpia vz;zp tpae;J NgRk; fTe;jpapd; thpfs; ekf;F

rkz newpapd; cr;rf;fl;l rpwg;gpid njspTgLj;Jtij mwpa KbfpwJ.

rkzj;jpd; top Kf;jp newp

gw;Wjy; jhd; gpwg;gpw;Ff; fhuzk;. gw;W vd;Dk; Mirapid tpl;lhy; tPLNgW

vd;Dk; Kf;jp epiyahdJ vspjpy; fpilf;Fk; vd vy;yhj; jj;Jtq;fSk;

tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ngsj;jkhdJ MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;fpwJ.

jpUke;jpukhdJ “<rNdhL MapDk; Mir mWkpd;” vd ciuf;fpwJ. vdNt Mir

ePq;fpdhy; jhd; Jd;gk; jPUk;> ghrk; ePq;fpdhy; ghtk; jPUk; vd rhuzHfs;

fTe;jpabfSf;F mwpTiu toq;Fk; NghJ>

“gte;jU ghrk; fTe;jp nfLnfd;W

me;juk; Mwhg; glHNthHj; njhOJ

ge;jhk; mWnfdg; gzpe;jdH Nghe;J” (rpyk;G. g.102> 10 fhij)

vd Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp> fTe;jpabfs; vd %tUk; ‘ghrk; nfLf’ vdr; nrhy;yp

rhuziu tzq;fp tpil ngw;wdH. ,t;thW rkz newpapd; top gpd;gw;Wk; midj;J

capHfSk; Nkhl;rk; vd;Dk; Kf;jp epiyia miltH vd;W rpyk;gpd; thapyhf mwpa

KbfpwJ.

rpyk;G fhl;Lk; Mrptfk;

,sq;Nfhtbfspd; fhyj;jpy; rkzkhdJ gy gphpTfshf ,Ue;jd. mjpy;>

Mil mzpahjtHfisj; jpfk;guH vd;gH.

J}a nts;shil mzpe;j Jwtpfis RNtjhk;guH vd;gH. kzpNkfiyapy;

,JNghy; ,uz;L gphpT cs;sJ.

MrPtfk;

epfz;l thjk; vdTk; ,U gphpTfshf gFf;fpd;wdH. (Jiurhkp. K.>

,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkzk;> g.145)

mrPtfk;

jhdq;fs; gy Ghpe;J MrPtfj;jpy; ,ize;J mwtho;f;if Nkw;nfhz;ltdhd

kheha;fdpd; kidtp> fz;zfpapd; Jauepiy fz;L cly; tUe;jp capHtpl;lhs;.

,jid>






“fz;zfp jhij flTsH Nfhyj;J

mz;zyk; ngUe;jte;J MrP tfHKd;

Gz;zpa jhdk; Ghpe;J mwk; nfhs;sTk;

jhdk; Ghpe;Njhd; jd;kidf; fpoj;jp

ehs; tp^c ey;YapH ePj;J nka; tplTk;” (rpyk;G. 27> 98-102)

,t;thW tpsf;FfpwJ rpyk;G. ,jpy; MrPtfk; vd;gjw;F mbahHf;F ey;yhH

rkz rkaj;jpd; ghFghLfSs; xd;W vd;Wk; ,k;kjj;jpdHf;Fj; nja;tk; kw;fyp

vd;Wk;> E}y; etfjpH vd;Wk; $WtH (Jiurhkp.K.> ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkzk;>

g.145).

kw;fyp

“vd;wYk; kw;fyp jhNd apiwapdp

xd;gJ thq;fjpH E}y;ah Kilad

kd;ngU Ez;nghU ise;jpay; ghait

,d;g epfo;r;rpAq; fho;gh nldr; nrhy;” (rpyk;G. mb. ey;yhH> g.547)

vd;W $Wtjd; thapyhf MrPtf rkzk; mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ngU

tof;fj;jpypUe;jjhf mwpa KbfpwJ. mNjhL kw;fypia “kfhtPuiu kPwpj; jdpr;

rkzk; Vw;gLj;jpa khztH” vd;W mwpQH N`Hd;Ny rka xOf;fj;Jiwg; Nguwpj;

njhFjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH vd;gH. epfz;l thjk; vd;gJ kw;nwhU gphpT. ,jidj;

jpfk;gu rkzk; vd;gH (Jiurhkp. K.> ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkzk;> g.146).

,t;tpU Fwpg;GfSk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngWtjhy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

fhyj;jpNyNa rkz rkaj;jpy; ,U gphpTfs; ,Ue;jnjd mwpa KbfpwJ. mNjhL

kzpNkfiyapd; ,U gphpTfspd; jj;Jtq;fSk;> “rkaf; fzf;fhjk; jpwk;Nfl;l

fhijapy;” tphpthf tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ vdTk; mwpayhk;.

rpyk;gpy; fhzyhFk; rkz topghL

mUfNjtd; Nfhapypy; tz;Lfs; NrUk;gb Njd; epiwe;j G+tpidAk;> eWkzg;

GifapidAk; fhl;b ,y;yj;jhH topgLk; tpjj;jpid kJiuf;fhQ;rp vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

“tz;Lglg; goepa NjdhH Njhw;wj;Jg;

G+Tk; GifAQ; rhtfH gopr;r” (kJiu fhQ;rp> mb 475-476)

,JNghy; rpyk;gpy;> gRikahd mUl;ghHitapidAila ,af;fp vd;Dk; af;\p

Njtijf;F ghy;NrhW gilf;fg;gLk; topghl;bid>

“GwQ;rpiw %J}Hg; G+q;fz; ,af;fpf;Fg;

ghy;kil nfhLj;Jg; gz;gpd; ngaHNths;

MaH KJ kfs; khjhp vd;Nghs;” (rpyk;G. 15> 116-118)






(ghy;kil = ghy; NrhW) ,jpy; MaH Fyg;ngz;zhd khjhp vd;gts; rkzH

topghl;bd; gb af;\pf;Fg; ghy;NrhW gilf;Fk; tpjk; kw;w rka topghLfSf;F

Vw;wjhf fhl;ltjhf mikfpwJ.

af;\p vd;gJ

rpyk;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; “af;\p” vd;Dk; khjhp topgLk; flTshdJ ,q;F

‘,af;fp’ vd;Dk; nghUspy; mikfpwJ. mjhtJ ,af;fp vd;gjd; nghUs;

Mhpahq;fid vd;gjhFk;. Mhpahq;fid vd;gJ ngz; Jwtp ahUk; “fztd; ,Uf;Fk;

nghOJ Jwe;jts;” (rpyk;G. 15> 115-118) fztd; capNuhL ,Uf;fpd;w

fhyf;fl;lj;jpNy jd; ,y;yw tho;tpidj; Jwe;J> JwT tho;f;if thOk; ngz;fspd;

Jwtp epiy Fwpg;gjhFk; mj;jifag; ngz; Jwtpf;F ghy;NrhW gilaypl;L khjhp

topgLk; epiyahdJ rpyk;gpy; rkzH topghlhff; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ vd mwpayhk;.

rpyk;gpy; fhZk; gQ;r guNkl;bfs;

gQ;r guNkl;bfis rkzHfs; Nghw;wpf; fhj;jdH. ,tHfsJ Nfhapy; ,Ue;j

nra;jpfisAk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; ekf;Fj; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.

“GyT+z; Jwe;J> ngha;ah tpujj;J>

mtyePj;J> mwpe;J mlf;fpa nfhs;if>

nka;tif czHe;j tpOkpNahH FoP,a

.......... cyf Nehd;gpfs; xUq;Fld; ,l;l

,yF xspr; rpyhjyk; njhOJ” (rpyk;G. 10> 15-25)

GfhH efhpy; mUfjhdKk;> gQ;rguNkl;bfs; Nfhapy;fSk;> rhtf Nehd;gpfs;

$bapUe;J rhuzHfs; tUiff;Ff; fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpyhjyKk; ,Ue;j

nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,jpy; gQ;r guNkl;bfs; vd;W $wg;gLtJ mUfH>

rpj;jH> Mr;rhhpaH> cghj;jpahaH> rhJf;fs; Nghd;NwhHfNs MtHfs;. ,tHfSf;fhd

Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;j nra;jpAk;> rkzj;ijg; Nghw;Wk; ,tHfis nja;tkhf topgLk;

KiwAk; ,Ue;jij rpyk;G ekf;F czHj;JfpwJ vd mwpayhk;.

rkz rPyq;fs;

rpyk;gpd; ,Wjpf;fhijapy; rkz jUkq;fs; midj;ijAk; njhFj;J rkz

rPyq;fshf ,sq;Nfhtbfs; mikj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sJ kpfTk; Nghw;WjYf;FhpajhFk;.

“ghpTk; ,Lf;fZk; ghq;FwePq;Fkpd;

nja;tk; njspkpd; njspe;NjhHg; NgZkpd;

ngha;Aiu mQ;Rkpd; GwQ;nrhy; Nghw;Wkpd;” (rpyk;G. 30> 186-202)






rkzHfs; kl;Lkpd;wp gpw kf;fSk; ey;tho;T thoTk;> ey;ytw;iw Ngzp cyf

mwq;fis fhf;fTk; nrhy;yp Kf;jp cyFf;F top fhl;Lfpd;whH ,sq;Nfhtbfs; vd

mwpayhk;.

KbTiu

rkzHfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xOf;ff; $Wfshd nfhy;yhik> ngha;ahik>

gpukr;rhpak;> jtk;> gpwd;kid Ngzhik Nghd;w tpujq;fisg; gw;wpAk;> rkzHfspd;

tho;f;if epiyiaAk;> mtHfis topgLk; Kiwfisg; gw;wpAk; rpyk;gpd;top

,f;fl;Liu ekf;Fj; njspTgLj;JfpwJ. mNjhL rkzj;jpd; top gpd;gw;Wk; kf;fs;

milAk; gyidAk;> Kf;jp epiyiaAk; gw;wp fTe;jpabfs;> Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpf;F

ciuf;Fk; mwpTiufspd; thapyhfTk; rpyk;gpd; khe;jHfs; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %ykhfTk;

,sq;Nfhtbfs; rkzj;ij ek; kdf;fz; Kd; gjpar; nra;tij mwpa KbfpwJ.

ghHit E}y;fs;

1. rhkpehijaH. c.Nt.> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> E}y; epiyak;> nrd;id> 1978.

2. JiuRthkp.K.> ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkzk;> ehk; jkpoH gjpg;gfk;>

jpUty;ypf;Nfzp> nrd;id> 2016.

3. uNk\;.j.> eLehl;Lr; rkzf;Nfhapy;fs;> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;> rpjk;guk;> 2005.

4. fe;jrhkp.Nrh.e.> ,e;jpaj; jj;Jtf; fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp-I> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;>

rpjk;guk;> 2003.

5. mq;fKj;J.jp.eh.> rq;f ,yf;fpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> n[akzp KjypahH

ntspaPLfs;> nrd;id> 2009.






jkpo; nkhopapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;

Kiith; F. ujP];thp cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> tpOkf; fy;tpj; Jiw>

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;> fhug;ghf;fk;> nrd;id-600097.

Kd;Diu

kdpj tho;tpy; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapYk; nkhop nghpJk;; gad;gl;L

tUfpwJ. tho;tpy; nghpJk; gad;gLk; nkhopiaj; jpwikAld; ifahs nkhopf;;fy;tp

,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. Nfl;ly;> NgRjy;> gbj;jy;> vOJjy; Nghd;w nkhopapd;

mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis tsh;f;f nkhopf;fy;tp gad;gLfpwJ. nkhopj;jpwd;fspy;

fw;wth;fNs kw;wth;fsplk; ,Ue;J NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. cyfpd; goikahd

nkhopfSs; jkpo; nkhopAk; xd;whFk;. nkhopahdJ fUj;Jg; khw;wj;jpw;Fk;

rpe;jidia tsh;g;gjw;Fk; vz;zj;ij ntspapLtjw;Fk;; fw;gjw;Fk; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk;

gad;gLfpwJ. kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F Vw;g xyp tbtq;fSk;> thp

tbtq;fSk; Njhd;wpd. nkhopapd; tsh;r;rpapy; Ngr;Rnkhopia mLj;J vOj;Jnkhop

Njhd;wpaJ. nkhop gy;NtW jdpj;jd;ikfis nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. ehl;bd; Njrpa

,yf;if ikakhf itj;Nj fiyj;jpl;lq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij

gad;gLj;jpNa jkpo; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Njrpaf; fy;tpf;

nfhs;iffis ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; kWkyh;r;rpailfpwJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.

nkhop

,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;Ng jdf;nfd xU tho;itAk; tuyhw;iwAk;

tFj;Jf;nfhz;l ngUik nfhz;lJ jkpo;nkhop. ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ,yf;fzj;jpYk;

jdf;nfdj; jdpnahU ghuk;ghpaj;ijf; nfhz;L tho;e;jJ jkpo;nkhop. ,uz;lhapuk;;;

Mz;Lfl;F Kd;Ng njhy;fhg;gpaiug; ngw;nwLj;jJ jkpo;nkhop. jkpo; nkhop ePz;l

xU tuyhw;wpidAk; neba Xh; ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpag;ghuk;ghpaj;;ijAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

jkpo;nkhop rPdk;> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;> vgpNuak; Nghd;wJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfSs; jkpo;

nkhopNa gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; gapd;W tUtJ. goikf;Fk; goikaha;g;

GJikf;Fk; GJikaha; tpsq;Fk; ekJ jkpo;nkhop cyf muq;fpNy jdpnahU

epiyia va;jp epw;fpwJ. ,e;jpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp ,yq;if> kNyrpah>

rpq;fg;g+h;> khyj;jPT> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; Ngrg;gLfpd;w epiyapYk;

cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhopahf tpsq;Fk; epiyapYk; jkpo; nkhopia cyf nkhopahff;

fUjyhk; vd mwpQh;fs; gyh; fUJfpd;wdh;.

Ngr;rhYk; vOj;jhYk; kdpjd; jdJ fUj;ijg; gpwUf;Fj; njhptpf;Fk; fUtp

nkhopahFk;. mtd; tho;e;jJk; thog; NghtJk; nkhopahNyjhd;. kf;fs; tho;tpy;






gpwe;J kf;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L kf;fspd; tho;it ehfhpfKilajhf cah;j;jp tUk;

mhpa fiy nkhopNa. MwwpT ngw;w kdpj rKjhaj;ijAk; Ie;jwpT nfhz;l

tpyq;FfisAk; NtWgLj;JtJ nkhop. epidg;gpw;Fk; vl;lhj neLq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj

mtNdhL gpd;dpg; gpize;J tho;e;J tsh;e;J tUk; nkhop> kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifapy;

,y;iyNay; kdpjd; kdpjdhf thoKbahJ. nkhop ,y;yhtpl;lhy; kdpj ehfhpfNk

,y;iy. nkhop ,y;yhj kdpj rKjhaj;ijNah> rKjhak; ,y;yhj nkhopiaNah

fhz;gJ mhpjhFk;. nkhop r%fr; nrayhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; tp;l;Lr;

nrd;w mwpTf; fUt+yq;fis ehk; fz;L Ja;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;g;gjw;Fk; ehk; ,d;W ngw;Ws;s mwpTr;

nry;tj;;;;ij ekJ topj;Njhd;wy;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;Fk;;; nkhop ngUe;Jizahf

mike;J cs;sJ. kdpj tuyhw;wpd; njhlf;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj kdpjd; jd;

fUj;ijg; gpwUf;Fj; njhptpf;f Ntz;ba czh;NthL Kad;W te;j Kaw;rpapd;

Kw;wpa tsh;r;rpNa ,d;iwa nkhopahFk;.

nkhopapd; gz;Gfs;

nkhop kdpjd; cUthf;fpa mhpa fiy. kdpjidg; gpw caphpdq;fspypUe;J

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ nkhopNa. kdpjh;fisr; rKjhakhf ,izg;gJk; nkhopNa.

xUth; jk;Kila vz;zq;fis ntspaplTk;> gpwUila vz;zq;fisg; Ghpe;J

nfhs;sTk; nkhop thapyhf tpsq;FfpwJ. rpe;jid> fw;gid Mfpatw;Wf;Fk;

mbg;gilahf miktJ nkhop. xU rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghL> jj;Jtk;> rkak;> ek;gpf;if

Kjypatw;NwhL ,uz;lwf; fye;jjhf nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ. ,d milahskhfTk;>

Njrpaj;ijf; fl;likg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilahfTk; nkhop mikaf;$Lk;.

xU nkhop Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyj;jpy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l $l;lj;jpduhy; vt;thW

Ngrg;gLfpwJ vd;gjid> cs;sJ cs;sthNw Muha;e;J tpsf;Fk; Kiw>

tpsf;fKiw nkhopapay; vdg;gl;lJ. nkhopapd; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; Vw;gLk;

khWjy;fis Muha;tJ tuyhw;W nkhopapay; vdg;gl;lJ. cwTila

nkhopfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; cwtpdh; neUf;fk;> xd;wpypUe;J xd;W gphpe;j fhyk;

Kjyhdtw;iwf; fzf;fpLtJ> xg;gPl;;L nkhopapay; vdg;gl;lJ. ,ir tsh;r;rpAw;w

gpd;dh; ,uz;L nkhopfisAk; xg;gpl;L mitfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; xw;Wik>

Ntw;Wikfis fzf;fpLtjw;fhf> NtWghl;L nkhopapay; vDk; gphpT tsh;e;jJ.

nghUs; nghjpe;j Ngr;Nr nkhop vdg;gLfpwJ. tpyq;Ffspd; fUj;Jg;ghpkhw;w

Kiwapy; gy;NtW tifahd xypfs; cs;sd. tpyq;Ffs; ntt;NtW tifahd

Fuy;fis vOg;Gfpd;wd. ,tw;iw ehk; nkhop vdf; fUJtjpy;iy. nkhopahdJ

tpyq;Ffspd; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w KiwfspypUe;J ve;nje;j Kiwapy; NtWgLfpwJ

vd;gijg; gz;Gfs; rpytw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fyhk;.






tsh;g;Gj; jd;ik

nkhop xypfshy; MdJ. xypfisf; nfhz;L nrhw;fSk;> nrhw;fisf;

nfhz;L njhlh;fSk; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ kdpjg;Ngr;ir xypahfTk;>

nrhy;yhfTk; gFj;Jf; fhl;l ,aYk;. xypfisAk;> nrhw;fisAk; ,lk; khw;wp

NtWtifahf mikf;f KbAk;. tpyq;Ffs; nghUs; nghjpe;j Fuy;fis

vOg;gpdhYk; mtw;iw mirfshfNth> nrhw;fshfNth gFj;J tpsf;f ,ayhJ.

Mf;fj;jpwd;

xypfisAk;> nrhw;fisAk; gy;NtW tifapy; ,izg;gjd;;;;; %yk; Gjpa

nrhw;fisAk;> njhlh;fisAk; kdpj nkhopapy; cUthf;f ,aYk;. ,yf;fz

epajpfis kdjpy; nfhz;L xt;nthU kdpjDk;> xt;nthU ehSk; Gjpa Gjpa

nrhw;nwhlh;fis nkhopapy; gilf;f KbfpwJ. ,j;jifa Mf;fj;jpwDf;fhd

rhj;jpak; tpyq;Ffspd; fUj;Jg;ghpkhw;w Kiwapy; FiwT.

,LFwpj;jd;ik

nghJthf nrhy;Yf;Fk;> me;jr; nrhy; Rl;Lk; nghUSf;Fk; cs;shh;e;j njhlh;G

,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,itfSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;G kuG topg;gl;lJ. fhfk; “fhf;fh”

vdj; jkpopy; toq;fg;gLtJk;> Fapy; “Ff;$” vd Mq;fpyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLtJk;

,jw;F tpjp tpyf;Ffs; MFk;.

#oy; rhuhj jd;ik

tpyq;Ffs; vOg;Gk; FuNyhirf;Fk;> mtw;wpd; czh;tpw;Fk; Neubahd njhlh;G

cs;sJ. grpapy;yhj Ntisapy; grpg;gJ Nghy FunyOg;g tpyq;FfSf;Fj;

njhptjpy;iy. ngha;Ak;> GidTk; tpyq;Ffspd; nkhopapy; ,y;iy. fhyk;> ,lk;

Mfpa #o;epiyfisr; rhh;e;Nj mtw;Wf;Fhpa mDgtq;fis tpyq;Ffshy; ntspapl

KbAk;. #oy; rhuhJ xd;iw ntspg;gLj;j kdpj nkhopapy; kl;Lk; KbAk;.

khWk; jd;ik

tpyq;Ffspd; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w Kiw fhyq;fhykhf xNu tpjkhf ,Ue;J

tUfpwJ. Mdhy; kdpj nkhopapy; fhye;NjhWk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;Jnfhz;Nl

,Uf;fpd;wd. rpy nrhw;fs; nkhopapy; Gjpjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. rpy tof;fpoe;J

Nghfpd;wd. kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g ,k;khw;wq;fs; nkhopapy; epfo;fpd;wd.

gz;ghL NgZk; gz;G

xU rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW fiyfSk; tho;tpay;;;; $WfSk; me;je;jr;

rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;ilAk;> gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nkhopapd;

,yf;fzf; $Wfs; rKjha cwTfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. tzf;fk; njhptpj;jy;>

khpahijahfg; NgRjy; gw;wpa nkhop tof;Ffs; me;je;jr; rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;ilf;

fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.






nkhopAk; r%fKk;

jdp kdpjh;fis ,izg;gjw;Fk;> rKjhaj;jpd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; nkhopNa

mbg;gilahf tpsq;FfpwJ. rKjhaj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; fz;zhbahfTk; nkhop

jpfo;fpwJ. kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; nkhopNa

mbg;gilahFk;. nkhopapd; thapyhf rKjhaj;jpd; vy;yh tifahd gzpfSk;

epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. rKjhar; #oYf;Nfw;g nkhopg; gad;ghLfSk; NtWgLfpd;wd.

nkhopahdJ rKjhaj;jpd; fUj;Jg;ghpkhw;wr; rhjdkhf kl;Lkpd;wp> rKjhaj;jpd;

gad;ghl;L> murpay;> rka> ,d> milahskhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

tzf;fk; njhptpj;jy;> tpilngWjy;> kq;fy tof;Ffs;> kuGj; njhlh;fs;

Nghd;wit me;je;j nkhopr; r%fj;jpd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;F cl;gl;L mikfpd;wd.

nkhopg;gad;ghLfs; rKjhaj;jpd; #o;epiyf;F Vw;gf; ifahsg;gLtijAk;

fhzKbfpwJ. toptopahf tUk; rpe;jidfisg; NgZtjw;Fk;> gad;ghl;L>

gof;ftof;fq;fis mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;tjw;Fk; nkhopNa

mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ. gad;ghl;L hPjpahfNth> murpay; hPjpahfNth xU

rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; jpzpf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjpypUe;J jk;ikf; fhj;Jf;nfhz;L

kPl;rp ngWtjw;fhd Mjhug; nghUshfTk; nkhop tpsq;Ftij tuyhw;wpy;

fhzKbfpwJ.

nkhopapd; Njhw;wf; nfhs;iffs;

nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp xt;nthU r%fj;jpYk; xt;nthU fij toq;FfpwJ.

nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa fijfs; gy rkar; rhh;Gilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

rptngUkhd;> jkpio mfj;jpaUf;Fk; gilj;Jf;nfhLj;jhh; vdg; Guhzq;fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Nkiy ehLfspYk; ,jidnahj;j ek;gpf;iffs; gy epyTfpd;wd.

Kjd;Kjypy; rkar; rhh;gw;w epiyapy; nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp

Muha;e;jth;fSs; mhp];lhl;by; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. nkhopahdJ kughYk;>

cld;ghl;lhYk; cz;lhdJ vd mhp];lhl;by; $wpdhh;. ,tuJ Mrphpauhd gpshl;Nlh

ngaUf;Fk;> mJ Rl;Lk; nghUSf;Fk; njhlh;G ,Ug;gjhff; fUjpdhh;. rhf;uB];

xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;;fNs nkhopj; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;whh;. fpNuf;fh;fsJ

Ma;TKiw Cf KiwapYk;> jj;Jt KiwapYk; mike;jJ. tuyhw;W hPjpahf

nkhopapd; Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;f ,ayhJ.

irif nkhop

kdpj r%fk; FOf;fshf tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; iriffs;> Kfghtq;fs;

Nghd;wit fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,it NghJkhdjhf

,y;yhj epiyapy; Fuy; thapyhff; fUj;ijj; njhptpf;Fk; Kiw Vw;gl;bUf;f






Ntz;Lk;. ,J gbg;gbahf nkhopahf tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;

fUJgth;fs; cz;L.

Foe;ij nkhop

,ay;ghfNt Foe;ijfsplkpUe;J nkhop ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,aw;ifahf>

jhkhfNt ntsptUfpwJ vd;W fUJgth;fSk; cz;L. Mdhy; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ij>

jhd; tsUfpw #oypy;jhd; nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. rKjhaj;NjhL nkhop

,uz;lwf; fye;jJ.

nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;j Itiff; Nfhl;ghLfs; NkiyehLfspy;

$wg;gLfpd;wd. Ml;Nlh n[];gh;rd; jk;Kila E}ypy; ,tw;iw tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

1. Nghyp nkhopf;nfhs;if

2. czh;r;rp nkhopf;nfhs;if

3. gz;G nkhopf;nfhs;if

4. njhopy; xypf;nfhs;if

5. ,d;gg;ghl;L nkhopf;nfhs;if

Nghyp nkhopf;nfhs;if

Nghyr;nra;jy; fhuzkhfr; nrhw;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd

,f;nfhs;ifahsh;fs; fUJth;. fh..fh vdf; fiuAk; gwit “fhf;fh” vd;W jkpopy;

miof;fg;gLtijAk;;> “$f;$” vdf;$Tk;;; gwitia “Ff;$” vd Mq;fpyj;jpy;;

toq;fg;gLtijAk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whff; Fwpg;gpLth;. vfpg;jpah; G+idia “kpah” vd;w

nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JtJk; ,k;KiwapNy mikfpwJ. MapDk; nkhopapdh;

msg;ghpa nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpd; ,j;jifa nrhw;fs; kpff;FiwT. vy;yhr;nrhy;Yf;Fk;

,g;gbg;gl;l njhlh;Gg;nghUs; miktjpy;iy.

czh;r;rp nkhopf;nfhs;if

kdpjd; gy;NtW tifahd czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. xt;nthU

tifahd czh;r;rpf;Fk; Vw;g ntt;NtW tifahd xypfis mtd; vOg;Gfpwhd;.

,j;jifa xypfspypUe;Nj nkhopapd; njhlf;fk; mike;jJ vd;gJ czh;r;rp

nkhopf;nfhs;ifahFk;.

gz;G nkhopf;nfhs;if

Xt;nthU nghUSk; xUtif Xirg;gz;ig ,ay;ghfNt ngw;Ws;sJ vd;w

vz;zj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,f;nfhs;if $wg;gLfpwJ. xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;

,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. MapDk; nghUSf;Fk;> mijr; Rl;Lk; nrhy;Yf;Fk;

,ilapyhd Xiria vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tpsf;f ,ayhJ. ,f;nfhs;ifia

Kd;nkhope;j khf;]; Ky;yNu gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,jid kWj;jhh;.






njhopy; xypf;nfhs;if

FOthf cly; ciog;gpy; <LgLNthh;; jhk; <LgLk; njhopYf;Nfw;g rpy

xypfis vOg;GtJz;L. VNyNyh> Iyrh Nghd;w nrhw;fisg; glfpiidr;

nrYj;JNthh;;;;;;; vOg;Gfpd;wdh;. ,JNghd;Nw Vw;wk; ,iwg;gtUk;> ney; Fj;Jk; kfspUk;

jdpj;jdp tifahd xypj;njhlh;fisg; gad;gLj;Jth;. ,j;jifa njhopNyhL

njhlh;Gila xypj;njhlh;fNs nkhopj;Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhff; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

MapDk; ,j;jifa nrhw;fs; nkhopapy; kpff;FiwthfNt cs;sd.

,d;gg;ghl;L nkhopf;nfhs;if

kdpjg;Ngr;Rf;F Ke;ijaJ ghl;lhFk;. kfpo;r;rpahd Ntisfspy;

kdpjh;;;;;fSf;Fg; ghl;L njhlf;fj;jpy; nghUsw;w Fuypirahf ntspg;gl;lNghjpYk;

gpd;dh; nghUSzh;j;Jk; nrhw;fshfg; gbg;gbahf khwpd vd;gJ ,d;gg;ghl;L

nkhopf;nfhs;ifahFk;.

nkhopawpT %isapd; nray;ghl;NlhL njhlh;GilaJ. kdpjdpd; nkhopg;Gyk;

,lg;gf;f %isapy; mike;jpUg;gij mwptpay; Ma;Tfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. kdpj

%isapy; gilg;gpNyNa nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,ay;a+f;fk; mike;jpUg;gijAk;>

mjdhNyNa Foe;ijfs; jhk; thOk; #oypypUe;J nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd

vd;Wk; mz;ikf;fhy Ma;Tfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.

nkhopapd; tsh;r;rp

,dp xU Fwpg;gpl;l nkhop ed;F tsh;e;j nkhop vd;Wk;> kw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l

nkhop tsh;e;JtUk; nkhop vd;Wk; - tsh;r;rpailahj nkhopnad;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,t;thW xU nkhopapd; tsh;r;rpia kjpg;gPL nra;tJ mk;nkhop nfhz;Ls;s nkhopg;

gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mikfpwJ. xU nkhop> xU Fwpg;gpl;l

rKjhaj;jpd; md;whl ,af;fj;jpd; gzpfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; ve;j msTf;Fg;

gad;gLfpwJ vd;gijAk; xU rKjhaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j kf;fs; jq;fsJ md;whl

,af;fj;jpw;F ve;j mstpw;F me;j nkhopiar; rhh;e;Js;sdh; vd;gijg; nghWj;JNk

mk;nkhopapd; nkhhopg; gad;ghl;bd; jd;ikAk; ,d;wpaikahikAk; mwpag;gLfpd;wd.

,jpypUe;J mk;nkhop nfhz;Ls;s tsh;r;rpAk; ntspg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R

Nghd;w nkhopfs; ,d;W cyf nkhopfshf tpsq;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,k;nkhopfspd;

nrhy;tsk; mk;nkhop NgRk; kf;fspd; md;whlg; Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J tof;Fj;

NjitfSf;F NghJkhdjhf cs;sJ. NkYk; Ntfkhf tsh;e;JtUk; mwptpay;

Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk; rKjha Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk; ntspapLTjw;F Vw;w tifapy; mk;

nkhopfspd; nrhy; tsk; Nghd;wit ngUfpAs;sd. ,j;jifa xU tsh;r;rp ,e;jpa

nkhopfspy; ngUk;ghYk; Vw;gltpy;iy vd;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ,e;epiyf;Fg; gy






fhuzq;fisf; $wyhk;. KjyhtjhfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhfTk; cs;s fhuzk;

nkhopapd;ghy; ehk; nfhz;Ls;s kdg;ghq;FfNs vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.

,e;jpa nkhopfSs; rpy kpfTk; njhd;ik tha;e;;;jdthFk;. vdpDk;

,k;nkhopfs; ehSk; khwptUk; rKjha> mwptpay; R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;gj; jk; jpwid

tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;W $wyhk;. my;yJ> mk;nkhop NgRk; rKjhak;

mk;nkhopiaj; jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; gad;gLJ;jpf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;Wk;

nrhy;yyhk;. ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; tuyhw;wpid Nehf;fpd; gy nkhopfs; jj;jkf;Fhpa

nkhopg; gad;ghl;by; chpa gq;fpidg; ngwhky; ,Ue;J te;jjid ehk; fhzyhk;.

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wNtz;Lnkd;why;> fy;tpj; Jiw> Ml;rpj; Jiw> nra;jpj; njhlh;Gj;

Jiw Nghd;w kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd Jiwfspy; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; kpfTk; Fiwe;j

msT nkhopg; gaidNa ngw;wpUe;jd. ,e;epiy ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;;; Kw;gFjp

tiu ePbj;jJ. tsh;r;rp Fwpj;Jj; jpl;lq;fs; rpy jPl;lg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;Lk;

tUfpd;wd. ,j;jifa nkhop tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; ahTk; ehl;;;bd; nkhopf;

nfhs;iffisr; rhh;e;Nj mtw;wpw;F Vw;whw;NghyNt jPl;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. jw;NghJ

nkhop tsh;r;rpapy; murhq;fKk; NtW rpy epWtdq;fSk; Xustpw;Fj; jdpahh;

epWtdq;fSk; <Lgl;Ls;sijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

nkhopj; jpl;lkpLjypd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs; nkhop tsh;r;rp vd;W $wyhk;.

,f;Fwpf;Nfhis mbg;ilahff; nfhz;L xU nkhopia> Ntfkhf tsh;e;J tUk;

mwptpay;> rKjhatpay; Jiwfspd; Njitf;F <LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy;

Kd;Ndw;wkilar; nra;ag; gy jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. nkhopfs; gy;NtW

epiyfspy; ehSk; khwp tUfpd;wd. ,k;khw;wq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ,ay;ghfTk;

rpy Mf;fg;gl;Lk; Vw;gLgit. rKjhaj;jpy; ehSk; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;Fk;>

Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhaq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nkhopf;$Wfs;

nkhopNgRk; rKjhaj;jpd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW

nra;ag;gLtjdhy; Ngr;R tof;fpYk; vOj;J tof;fpYk; cs;s nkhopf;$Wfs;

ngUf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

nkhopg;gz;ghl;by; cs;s nkhopf;$Wfs; mit cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; rKjhar;

R+oy;> Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpw;Nfw;gr; RUf;fg;gl;Nlh> tphpf;fg;gl;Nlh> nkhopg;gad;ghl;by;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfr; rpy rkaq;fspy; xU nkhopapd; njhlhpay;

mikg;G Kiwfs; rKjhaj; NjitfSf;Nfw;g vspjhf;fg;gLfpwJ. NtW rpy

rkaq;fspy; gz;ila ,yf;fz tuk;Gfs; kPwg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ vspjhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,d;Dk; rpy rkaq;fspy; fiyr; nrhw;fSk; ,d;Dk; rpy nkhopf;$WfSk;

gad;ghl;by; tphpthf;fg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ RUf;fg;gLfpd;wd vdyhk;. ,JNghd;W

nkhoptsh;r;rpf;fhdj; jpl;lq;fs; nkhopapd; tsj;ijAk; jpwidAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtdthf






mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd ,d;iwa rKjha nkhopapyhUk; nkhopj; jpl;lkpLNthUk;

fUJfpd;wdh;.

nkhop tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; ahTk; ehl;bd; nkhopf; nfhs;iffisr; rhh;e;Nj

mtw;wpw;F Vw;whw;NghyNt jPl;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. jw;NghJ nkhop tsh;r;rpapy;

murhq;fKk; NtW rpy epWtdq;fSk; Xustpw;Fj; jdpahh; epWtdq;fSk;

<Lgl;Ls;sijf; fhz;fpd;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;Nwhk;.

rpy rkaq;fspy; gpwnkhor; nrhw;fs; mg;gbNa ehl;L nkhopfspy; fld;

thq;fg;gl;Lg; gpwFnkhopg; gad;ghl;by; <LgLj;jg;gl;L tUtij ehk; mwpNthk;.

,t;thW gpwnkhopf;$Wfis fld;thq;Fjy; nkhoptsh;r;rpf;F kpfTk; Jiz GhpfpwJ.

vdpDk; ,t;thW fld; thq;fg;gl;l nkhopf;$Wfs; ehl;L nkhopfspd; jhf;fj;jpdhy;

mk;nkhopfspd; xypapay; Nghd;w mikg;GfSf;F Vw;wthW khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sijAk;

ehk; mwpNthk;.

ehSk; tsh;e;J tUk; mwptpay; Jiwapd; gy Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;F

mt;tg;NghJ Njitg;gLk; nrhw;fs; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,t;thW gy

Gjpa nrhw;fs; Mf;fg;gl;L nkhopg;gad;ghl;by; <LgLj;jg;gl;L tUtij

nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> thndhyp xypgug;Gfs;> thu> khj ,jopfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nkhop

eiliaf; $h;e;J ftdpf;Fk;NghJ ekf;F ed;F GydhfpwJ.

xU nkhopapd; tsh;;;;;;r;rpf;Fj; jpl;lq;fs; tiuag;gLk;NghJ me;ehl;bd; nkhop

rk;ge;jkhd gy gpur;rpidfisAk; kdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW kdj;jpw;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba gpur;rpidfspy; Kf;fpakhditfshfg; gy nkhop tof;Fr; R+oy;>

Ml;rpj;Jiw> fy;tpj;Jiw> nra;jpj; njhlh;Gj;Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;by;

Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; Mfpadtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. nkhop tsh;r;rpf;F vd;W

tFf;fg;gLk; jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;$wpa Jiwfspy; vOk; gpur;rpidfisj;

jPh;f;ff;$badthf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.

jkpo; nkhop tuyhW

jkpo; nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; goikahd ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;

,yf;fzq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. goikf;Fg; goikaha;g; Gjikf;Fg; GJikaha;

tpsq;FfpwJ. rq;ffhyj; jkpOf;Fk; jw;fhyj; jkpOf;Fk; epiwa NtWghL cz;L.

nkhopahdJ fhyj;Jf; fhyk; khw;wkile;J nfhz;NlapUf;fpwJ. ‘fb nrhy; ,y;iy

fhyj;Jg; gbNd’ vd;whh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. ‘gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; tOty

fhy tifapdhNd’ vd;whh;; ed;D}yhh;. nkhop ghpzhk tsh;r;rpahYk;> fld;

thq;fyhYk; tsh;fpwJ. nkhop tuyhW vd;gJ nkhopapy; Vw;gLk; xypadpay; khw;wk;>

cUgdpay; khw;wk;> nrhw;nwhluikg;G khw;wk;> nrhw;nghUs; khw;wk;> nrhw;Nfhit






khw;wk; Nghd;w khw;wq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhw;iw ,yf;fpak;>

,yf;fzk;> fy;ntl;L Nghd;w rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; Muhayhk;.

jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhw;iw %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpj;J fhzyhk;.

1. goe;jkpo;

2. ,ilf;fhyj;jkpo;

3. jw;fhyj;jkpo;

goe;jkpo;

(m) Kd; goe;jkpo; my;yJ njhy;;; goe;jkpo; – jkpo; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;

njhy;fhg;gpaKk;.

(M) kj;jpa goe;jkpo; gj;Jg; ghl;Lk>; vl;Lj;njhifAk;;

(,) gpd; goe;jkpo; jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjypad.

,ilf;; fhyj;;jkpo;

(m) Kd; ,ilf;fhyj;; jkpo;

(M) kj;jpa ,ilf;fhyj;; jkpo;

(,) gpd; ,ilf;fhyj;;jkpo;

,ilf;; fhyj;;jkpiog; gy;yth; fhyj; jkpo;> Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpo;> ehaf;fh;

fhyj; jkpo; vd;Wk; gphpj;J Muha;th;.

jw;fhyj; jkpo;

(m) Kd; jw;;fhyj;; jkpo;

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;> klq;fspd; njhz;L Kjypad

(M) gpd;; jw;;fhyj;; jkpo;

Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;> lr;R> gpnuQ;R> Mq;fpNyah;;;; tUifahy; Vw;gl;l nkhop

tsh;r;rp 20- Mk; E}w;whz;L – fpid nkhop Ma;T Kjypad. jw;fhy

jkpopy; ehlfk;> rpWfij> Gjpdk;> GJf;ftpij> Foe;ijg; ghly;fs;>

ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

vOj;Jr;rPh;jpUj;jk;

kdpj rKjhak; nkhopahy; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. kdpj

rKjhaj;jpy; Ngr;R nkhop> vOj;J nkhop vd ,U tifAz;L. Ngr;R nkhopdpd;W

tsh;e;jNj vOj;J nkhop. Ngr;R nkhop MW Nghd;wJ. vdpd; vOj;J nkhop

mt;thw;wpy; kpjf;Fk; gdpf;fl;b Nghd;wJ vd nkhopapayhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. cyfpy;

ngUk;ghyhd nkhopfs; vOj;J tbtk; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. rpy nkhopfNs thp

tbtk; ngw;w nkhopfshf cs;sd. ,Ugj;J ,uz;L jpuhtpl nkhopfspNy jkpo;>

njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; Kjypa nkhopfSf;Fj;jhd; vOj;J tbtk; cz;L.






,yf;fpa tskpy;yhj JS nkhop Kjypy; kiyahs vOj;jpYk; gpd;G fd;dl

vOj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;lJ. goq;Fb nkhopahd $ap nkhopia xypah vOj;jpy;

vOJfpd;wdh;. kw;w goq;Fb nkhopfSf;Fk; thp tbtk; fhz Kaw;rpfs;

eilngWfpd;wd. Ngr;R nkhopapid thptbtpy; fhl;LtJ jhd; vOj;J nkhop.

Mdhy;> Ngr;R nkhopf;F ,y;yhj rpy gz;Gfs; vOj;J nkhopf;F cz;L. ehL fle;J

fhyk; fle;J epw;fpd;w gz;G vOj;J nkhopf;F cz;L. ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; tpl;Lr;

nrd;w mwpTf; fUt+yq;fis ehk; fz;L Ja;g;gjw;Fk; ehk; ngw;Ws;s mwpTr;

nry;;tj;;;ij ekJ topj; Njhd;wy;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;Fk; vOj;J nkhop

ngUe;Jizahf cs;sJ. ek;NkhL cld; thOk; neQ;rq;fisAk; ekf;F Kd;G

tho;e;j neQ;rq;fisAk; ,izf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;wJ vOj;J nkhop. Xh; ,dj;jpd;

mwpTk;> gz;ghLk;> fiyAk; ehfhpfKk; mt;tpd vOj;J nkhopapy; nghjpe;J fplf;Fk;.

vOj;J nkhop ,y;iyNay; kdpj tho;tpy; n;jhlh;r;rpahd Kd;Ndw;wk; ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ.

,d;iwa kdpjd; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L kdpjdhf tho;e;jpUf;f KbahJ. Ngr;R nkhop

kdpjid kdpjdhf;fpaJ vOj;J nkhopNah kdpjid ehfhpf kdpjdhf>

,a;wifiaNa nty;Yk; xU rf;jpahf khw;wpaJ vd;why; kpifahfhJ. goikiaAk;

GJikiaAk; nfhz;L goikf;Fk; GJikf;Fk; xU ghykhf vOj;Jnkhop epw;ff;

fhzyhk;.

vOj;JUtk; ngw;w nkhopfisNa ehfhpf nkhopfs; vd;Wk; rpwe;j nkhopfs;

vd;Wk; fUJfpd;Nwhk;. mjpYk; kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpy; vOj;J cUtj;jpidg; ngw;w

nkhopfisg; goikahd nkhopfs; vd;Wk; ehfhpfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;j nkhopfs;

vd;Wk; $Wtijf; fhzyhk;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspNy jkpo; nkhopapNyNa kpfg;

goikahd vOj;JUtj;ijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,J kw;w jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

vOj;JUtj;jpw;Fk; kpf Ke;jpaJ vdf; $wyhk;. njYq;F nkhopapd; vOj;JUtk;

fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;hz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ. fd;dl nkhopapd; vOj;JUtk; fp.gp Ie;J my;yJ

Mwhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ. kiyahs nkhopapd; cUtk; ,d;Dk; gpe;jpaJ.

,e;epiyapy; jhd; ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; jkpo; nkhopf;Fj; jdp ,lk; ,Ug;gJk;

rk];fpUjj;jpw;F Vw;g ,jw;Fg; ngUikAk rpwg;Gk; css;ikAk; ,q;Ff;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. vOj;J Kiwapid %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

1. gl vOj;J Kiw

2. vz;z vOj;J Kiw

3. xyp vOj;J Kiw

1) mirnaOj;J Kiw

2) mfu vOj;J Kiw






vOj;J Kiwapy; Kjd;Kjy; Njhd;wpa Kiw ‘gl vOj;J KiwNa’ vdf;

fUJth;. #hpaidf; fhl;l xU tl;lj;ij tiue;J fhl;bdh;. glq;fis tiue;J

nra;jpiaf; fhl;Ljy; ‘gl vOj;J Kiw’ ahFk;. ,k;Kiwapid vk;nkhopapdUk;

czuyhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xUnghUisNah fUj;ijNah czh;j;jg; gad;gLNk jtpu>

nghUspd; gytif NtWghLfisNah El;gq;fisNah czh;j;jg; gad;glhJ.

xyp vOj;J Kiwahy;jhd; Ngr;R nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; xypfSf;Fk; vOj;J

Kiwapy; cs;s thptbj;jpw;F kpilNa xU njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ. xyp tbtj;ij thp

tbtpy; fhzj; njhlq;fpa epiyapy; jhd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.

mirfis thptbtj;jpy; vOjpa epiyapy;jhd; mir vOj;JKiw cz;lhdJ.

mirnaOj;J Kiwapy; gy tbtq;fspd; epiyia czuyhk;. RNkhpad; Mg;G

tbt vOj;Jf;fs;jhd; mirnaOj;J tbtq;fSs; kpfTk; goikahdjhFk;.

RNkhpad;> Vyikl;> vfpg;jpa nkhop> rPd> fpNuf;f nkhopfs; ,t;ntOj;J Kiwiaf;

nfhz;bUf;;;fpd;wd.

ngUk;ghyhd cyf nkhopfs; mfu vOj;J KiwiaNa gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd.

vj;jidNah E}w;whz;L tsh;r;rpapy; jhd; ,d;iwa nkhopfs; mfu vOj;J

nkhopiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mirnaOj;J Kiwapy; Vuhskhd vOj;J nkhopiaf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. mirnaOj;J Kiwapy; Vuhshkhd vOj;J cUtq;fis epidtpy;

nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mfutif vOj;Jf;fspy; Xh; cU Xh; xypiaNa Fwpf;Fk;.

,t;ntOj;J Kiwfspd;%yk; vOj;Jf;fspd; Njhw;w tsh;r;rpiaf; fhzyhk;.

jkpo; vOj;J

jkpo; E}y;fs; mr;rplj; njhlq;fpa fhyj;Nj jhd; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; vy;yhk;

,g;NghJ fhzg;gLk; epiyahd tbtq;fisg; ngw;wd. xt;nthU E}w;whz;bYk;

thptbtq;fs; rpy khWjy;fSf;F cs;shfp tsh;r;rpaile;jpUf;fpd;wd. jkpo;

nkhopia vOj ,Utif vOj;Jf;fs; tof;fpypUe;jd vd mwpfpNwhk;. mhpr;rY}h;

fy;ntl;Nl ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;. ,f;fy;ntl;by; jkpo; vOj;Jk; tl;nlOj;Jk; fye;J

vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo; vOj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njhz;;il kz;lyk;> Nrho kz;lyk;

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; gy;yth;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhy Kjy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fpgp7 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; Mz;l kNfe;jpudpd; fy;ntl;L KOtJk; jkpopy; cs;sJ. gy;yth;

fhyj;jpYk; epiwa fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;Js;sd. lhf;lh; ehfrhkp mth;fs; Nrhoh;

fhyj;jpa vOj;Jf;fis Kw;fhyr; Nrhoh; vOj;J vd;Wk; gpw;fhyr;Nrhoh; vOj;J

vd;Wk; ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fpd;whh;. Kw;fhyr; Nrhoh; vOj;Jf;fs; nghpa

vOj;Jf;fshf ,Ue;jd. uh[uh[d; fhyk;tiu Kw;fhyr; Nrhoh; fhyk; vdyhk;.

gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mofpd;wpg; gpio kype;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gy;yth; Ml;rpapy; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;lJNghy tl;nlOj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;lJ. ghz;bah;






fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rpy jkpopYk; gy fpue;jj;jpYk; cs;sd. mth;fsJ nrg;NgLfs;

midj;Jk; tl;nlOj;jpNyNa cs;sd. NrhouJ fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;

jkpopYk; fpue;jj;jpYk; cs;sd. ghz;b ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpanghOJ

tl;nlOj;jpNyNa vOjpdh;. gpd;dh; ghz;b kz;lyj;jpYk; jkpopNyNa

vOjj;njhlq;fpdh;. tpra efug; Nguurh;fsJ fhyj;jpy; tl;nlOj;J kiwe;J jkpo;>

fpue;jk;> njYq;F> fd;dl vOj;Jf;fs; toq;fyhapd.

fpue;j thptbtj;jpw;Fk; jkpo; thptbtj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwT kpf neUf;fkhdJ

vd;gh;. c>C>f>q>j>e>a>t vd;git ,Utbtq;fspYk; xNu tpjkhf vOjg;gLfpd;wd.

m>M><>x>xs>l>w>L>u>y>s vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;L thptbtq;fspYk rpwpjsNt

khWgLfpd;wd. vdNtjhd; ,jidf; ‘fpue;jj; jkpo; tbtk;’ vd;gh;. gy;yt kd;dd;

guNk];tutuhkDila $uk; rhrdj;jpYs;s fpue;j tbtj;ijAk; jkpo; thp

tbtj;ijAk; xg;gpl;lhy;> c>l>z>j>e>a>t vd;gtdTk; caph; nka; tbtq;fspy; tUk;

M>,><>v>x vDk; vOj;Jfspd; FwpfSk; thptbtq;fSk; xd;whf ,Ug;gijf;

fhzyhk;. f>u vd;w vOj;Jf;fNs rpwpJ NtWgLfpd;wd. fpue;j tbtk; tlnkhopia

vOjg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mhpah; jkpo; tbtj;;;ij Vw;W tlnkhopf;Fhpa

vOj;Jf;fis ,izj;Jf; ‘fpue;jk;’ vdg;ngahpl;ldh; vdf; $Wfpd;whh; vy;yP];.

gy;yth; fpue;j tbtj;ijAk; jkpo; thptj;ijAk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; GFj;;jpdh; vdf;

$Wfpd;whh; jp.eh.Rg;gpukzpak; mth;fs;.

jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mile;j khw;wq;fisf; fhz;Nghk; Kjypy;

fp.gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisAk; fp.gp.gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;

vOj;Jf;fisAk; xg;gpl;L Nehf;FNthk;. nka;naOj;Jfspy; rpy NkNy fpilf;NfhLk;

,lJ gf;fk; Fj;Jf;NfhLk; ngw;wikiaf; fhzyhk;. ,j;jifa khw;wk; Vohk;

E}w;whz;L thptbtj;jpypUe;J gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;L thptbtk; ngw;w vOj;Jf;fshf

f>q>r>j>e>u> Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fisf; $wyhk;. gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;L

vOj;Jf;fspy; rpy> fhy; my;yJ fPo;g;gFjp ePz;like;Js;sd. gjpNdhuhk;

E}w;whz;bNy Q>z>y>s Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fs; RopfNshL fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;

thptbt khw;wq;fSf;F myq;fhu tpUg;gKk; vspikahd Nghf;Fk; xU fhuzkhFk;.

m>M>, vd;w caph; vOj;Jf;fspYk; l>g>k vd;w nka; vOj;Jf;fspYk; tisT ePf;fp

vOjg;gl;lJ. vspikahd Nghf;fpd; tpisthFk;. fp.gp.gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;Lj;;

jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisAk; fp.gp.gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisAk; xg;gpl;L

Muha;e;jhy;> ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; xU Fj;Jf;Nfhl;Lld; njhlq;Fk; f>q>r>j>e>u vd;gd

gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; Fj;Jf; Nfhl;ilr; rpwpJ tisthfg; ngw;wpUe;jd.

gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;by; Neh;j;jd;ikAs;s ePskhd Fj;Jf; Nfhl;ilg; ngw;wd.

,e;j khw;wj;jpw;Fk; myq;fhu tpUG;gNk fhuznkd;fpd;wdh;. f>r>j Mfpa






vOj;Jf;fspd; tisTfSk; Q>e>k>o Mfpa vOj;Jfspd; tyg;gf;f tisTfSk;

gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;ilf; fhl;bYk; gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;by; nrk;ikahf

mike;Js;sd. gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; rpwpjsT Ropiag; ngw;w m>M>v>Q>dh>y>s>z

vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;by; njspthf cs;sd. ,t;thW

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; epfo;e;j khw;wq;fisf; fy;ntl;Lj; Jiz nfhz;L

mwpayhk;.

njhFg;Giu

kdpjd; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapy; nkhop nghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ. tho;tpy;

nghpJk; gad;gLk; nkhopiaj; jpwikAld; ifahs nkhopf;fy;tp gad;gLfpwJ.

nkhop kdpjd; cUthf;fpa mhpa fiy. kdpjidg; gpw caphpdq;fspy; ,Ue;J

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ nkhopahFk;. nkhop Njhw;wf;Fwpj;J xt;nthU fijfs;

epyTfpd;wJ. jkpo; nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; gy ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;

,yf;fzj;ijAk;;; nfhz;Ls;sJ. goikf;F goikahfTk; GJikf;F GJikahfTk;

cs;sJ. nkhop fhye;NjhUk; khwp tUfpd;wJ. khw;wq;fs; vOj;jpy; nkJthfTk;>

Ngr;R nkhopapy; NtfkhfTk; tsh;fpwJ. Ngr;R nkhopapy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaNj vOj;J

nkhopahFk;. ehl;bd; Njrpa ,yf;if ikakhfNt fiyj;jpl;lk; tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fiyj;jpl;lk; khzth;fspd; vjph;fhy Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjhf cs;sJ vd;gij

,g;gFjpapy; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l E}y;fs;

1. milf;fyrhkp (1997) ,yf;fpatuyhW> ehy;epiy gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id

2. fzgjp.tp. (1999) ew;wkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> rhe;jh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id

3. NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.(1991) ige;;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> rFe;jyh gjpg;gfk;>

NtY}h;.

4. Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp (2000) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy;> mdpr;rk; ntspaPL> fhe;jpfpuhkk;.

5. Mh;. vl;tpd; n[ah> jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; GJikfs;. nuj;jpdh gjpg;gfk;>

fd;dpahFkhp.






ngUq;fijapy; A+fpad; el;G newpfs;

uh.uhjpfh> cjtpg;Nguhrpah;> jkpo;;j;Jiw>

mjpakhd; kfsph; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> rPdpthrh efh;> Cj;jq;fiu.

Kd;Diu

kdpjh;fs; Kjy; tpyq;Ffs; tiu el;G vd;w cwT ,y;yhky; tho;tJ kpfTk;

fbdkhd xd;W. cyfk; Njhd;wpa ehs; Kjy; ,e;ehs; tiuapYk; el;gpd;

epiyfshdJ gy;NtW Kiwfspy; khw;wk; ngw;W tUtij fz;$lhff; fhz;fpNwhk;.

xt;nthUthpd; el;Gk; gy;NtW tifapy; rpwg;G tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mtw;wpy;

vy;yhtifapYk; jdJ tho;it el;gpw;fhfNt mh;gzpj;jth;fSk; cz;L vd;w

nra;jpia ek; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; thapyhf; fhzKbfpwJ. mtw;Ws; ngUq;fijapYs;s

A+fpapd; el;G newpfs; ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

el;G nghUs;

el;G vd;w nrhy;iy ‘Friendship’ vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; nfhz;Lk;> jkpopy;

Njhoik> rpNdfk;> Nfz;ik Nghd;w gy;NtW nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. el;G

,UthpilNah> gyhplNkh Vw;gLk; cwthFk;. rhjp> kjk;> ,dk;> nkhop> ehL> taJ>

fy;tp> mwpT> moF> gjtp vd ve;j tpjkhd vy;iyfSk; ,d;wp tUtjhFk;. el;G

nfhs;s mtrpakhdJ ey;ynjhU GhpjyhFk;.

el;G jpdk;

ez;gh;fSf;fhd xU ke;jpu czh;T kw;Wk; nfhz;lhl;lk; Nghd;wNj el;G

jpdk;. ez;gh;fs; jpdk; 1919 Kjy; [ha;];`hy; vd;gtuhy; Kjd;Kjypy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; If;fpa ehLfspd; rigahdJ 1958 - w;Fg; gpwF

#iy 30 md;W ez;gh;fs; jpdk; nfhz;lhl Miz gpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. ,e;j

mwptpg;gpid If;fpa ehLfspd; nrayh; Nfh/gp md;dd; mth;fsJ kidtp ehNd

md;dd; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. vdpDk; mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; ,e;jpah cs;spl;l ehLfs;

Mf];l; Kjy; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik ez;gh;fs; jpdk; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wd.

el;G gw;wp mwpQh;fspd; $w;W

‘‘mwpthspahfTk;> xj;Jg;goff;$batdhfTk;> mlf;fj;NjhLk;>

ey;nyhOf;fj;NjhLk; xU Njhod; fpilg;ghdhfpy; vy;yh

,ilA+WfisAk; fle;J fUj;NjhLk;> kfpo;r;rpNahLk; el;Gnfhs;’’

- Gj;jh;

‘‘jha; je;ij tha;g;gJ tpjp






ez;gh;fs; tha;g;gNjh kjp’’ – n\y;yp

‘‘eP cyfpd; mjpgjpaha; ,Ug;gpDk; ez;gh;fs; ,y;yhtpby; Viojhd;’’

- aq;

el;G %d;W epiy

1. czT vg;NghJk; Njit

2. kUe;J vg;NghjhtJ Njit

3. Neha; vg;NghJk; Njitapy;iy vd ez;gh;fis juk;ghh;j;J

mikj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. f]hyp.

tpiy kjpf;f ,ayhjJ> clYf;Fk; capUf;Fk; cWJizahtJ

,d;gJd;gq;fspy; $l;LwT kdg;ghd;ik cilaNj el;G

- Ntjhj;hp kfhp\p

el;gpd; Nkd;ik

rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjy; ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu kpfTk; GfOk;

rpwg;Gk; Nkd;ikAk; nfhz;l el;G newpfisg; gw;wp mwpe;jjpy; xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU

tifapy; rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gij Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sKbfpwJ. Mdhy; el;G vd;gJ

midj;J epiyfspYk; rpwe;jJ vd;w Kiwapy; mika Ntz;baJ. el;gpw;fhf

tho;e;J jhDk; tho;tJ vd;wpy;yhky; el;gpw;fhf kl;LNk tho;tJ vd;gij fUj;jpy;

nfhz;L mt;topNa tho;e;J el;gpw;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jth;fs; rpyh; vd;gij

,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;Wfhl;Lfpd;wd.

jw;fhy el;G epiy

jw;fhyr;#oypy; el;G vd;gJ thbf;if> nghOJNghf;F> jw;ngUik vd;w

epiyapy; ,Ug;gij Clfq;fspd; thapyhf ntspahFk; nra;jpfs; %yk;

njhpe;Jf;nfhs;sKbfpwJ. NkYk; el;G vd;w ngahpy; kw;wth;fisAk;> kw;wth;fsJ

nray;fs;> vz;zq;fs;> jpwd;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ xUtuJ tho;f;ifiaNa

mopf;fj;Jzptijf; fijfspYk;> jpug;glq;fspYk; Nfl;Lk; fz;Lk; te;j ek; rKjhak;

jw;NghJ md;whl tho;tpy; fz;$lhff; fhzKbfpwJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; el;G vd;gJ

cyf ehLfs; midj;Jk; xw;WikAld; ey;ypzf;fj;NjhL ,Ug;gjw;fhf vd;w epiy

khwp jw;NghJ el;G ehLfs; vd jdpahdnjhU gphpTfshf ,Ug;gijAk; ehk;

fhz;fpNwhk;.

el;gpw;fhf vijAk; ,of;fj; jahuhf ,Ue;j fhyk; khwp el;gpw;fhf vijAk;

nra;Ak; fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ. rhd;whf ,isQd; xUtd; ez;gh;fNshL kfpo;r;rpahf

,Ug;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gzk; nfhLf;f kWj;j jha;> je;ij ,UtiuAk; nfhiy

nra;J Jz;Lj;Jz;lhf ntl;b %l;ilf;fl;b NghLk; epiyiag; gw;wp Clfq;fs;






thapyhf ehk; fz;$lhff; fz;L tUfpNwhk;. ,JNghd;w ,d;Dk; gytifahd

epfo;Tfs; elg;gjd; thapyhf jw;fhy el;G epiyiag;gw;wp njhpe;Jf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

el;gpw;F ,yf;fzkhdth;fs;

Raeyk;> gpujpcgfhuk;> Nghl;b> nghwhik> ntWg;G Nghd;w Fzq;fspd;wp

tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> nghWik> epjhdk; jtwhik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf;

nfhz;L epiyj;J epw;ff; $baNj el;G. jPa vz;zq;fisAk;> jFjpfisAk;

Gwe;js;sp ghpRj;jkhd ew;Fzq;fNshL el;Gf;nfhs;gth;fNs el;gpw;F chpj;jhdth;fs;.

mg;gbg;gl;l el;gpw;Fhpath;fisg; gw;wp ek; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;W fhl;b epw;gijf;

fhz;fpNwhk;.

kfhghujk; Fwpg;gpLk; fpU\;zh; - FNryu;> JhpNahjdd; - fh;zd; GwehD}W

Fwpg;gpLk; mjpakhd; - mt;it> ghhp-fgpyh;> Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; - gprpuhe;ijahh; NkYk;

rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;- ,sq;Nfhtbfs; MfpNahhpd; el;Gepiyia gyNfhzq;fspy;

,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;W fhl;Lfpd;wd.

jpUts;Sth; $Wk; el;G

cr;irapdp Nte;jd; gpur;Nrhjdd;> nfsrhk;gp kd;dd; cjazid

rpiwg;gpbj;jhd; vd;w nra;jp mwpe;j cjazdpd; ez;gd; A+fp fLk;Nfhgj;NjhL

khngUk; rgjk; nfhs;fpwhd;. mjw;fhf khfhstdf;fhsp Nfhapypy; jtf;Nfhyk;

nfhs;fpwhd;. gpd;dh; cr;irapdpapy; khWNtlj;jpy; nrd;W Nga; gpbj;jtd; NghyTk;>

gpj;Jg;gpbj;jtd;NghyTk; efnuq;Fk; ghl;birj;J miye;J jphpfpwhd;. gpd; je;jpukhf

esfphp ahidapidf;nfhz;L cjazid rpiwapypUe;J jf;f rkaj;jpy; kPl;fpwhd;.

,r;nrayhdJ>

‘‘cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy Mq;Nf

,Lf;fz; fistJMk; el;G’’ – Fws;.788.

cil nefpo;e;jtDf;F mg;nghOJ ifnrd;W cjtp nra;tJg;Nghy

ez;gDf;F Jd;gk; Neh;e;jhy; mg;nghONj nrd;W mj;Jd;gj;ij ePf;FtJjhd; el;G.

,f;Fwspidf; nfhz;Nl nfhq;FNtsph;>

‘cilaop fhiy cjtpa ifNghy

eliy jPh;jjy; ez;gdJ ,ay;G’ – (ngUq;fij. 39-40)

vd;gij ,g;ghly; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ.

Jd;gk; ePf;FtNjhL tpl;Ltplhky; jdJ ez;gd; tpUk;gpa thrtjj;ijia

jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F rhpahd jpl;lk; jPl;b rhkh;j;jpakhf nray;gLj;Jfpwhd;

A+fpapd; ,r;nrayhdJ ghQ;rhypiaj; jpUkzk; nra;a ghh;j;jdpd; Njhodhd fz;zd;

$wpa cghaj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. ,jid>






‘‘Nghd;dtph; Nkdpr; Rgj;jpiu khijg;

Gwa;nfhz;L Nghtjw;Nf -,dp

vd;d topnad;W Nfl;fpy; cghak;

,Ufzj;Nj Aiug;ghd;!’’ – fz;zd; ghl;L

,g;ghlypd; %ykhf ghujpahh; Fwpg;gpLtJ epidT nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

cjazDf;Fk; thrtjj;ijf;Fk; jpUkzk; Kbe;jg;gpd; kidtpAld;

$bkfpo;tNj ,d;gkhd tho;T vd;W tho;fpwhd;. mg;nghOJ A+fp jdJ ez;gid

rhpahf topelj;jp nry;tjw;fhf thrtjj;ijia Ruq;fg;ghij topahf mioj;J

nrd;w gpd; muz;kidiaj; jPapl;L mopj;jNjhL thrtjj;ij ,we;jjhfTk;> jhDk;

nry;Yk; topapy; mty; tpf;fp ,we;J tpl;ljhf cjazdDf;F njhpag;gLj;JkhW

vLj;Jiuf;fpwhd;. A+fpapd; je;jpuj;jhy; cjazdpd; fhk kaf;fk; njspe;J jdf;Fhpa

murf;flikia czh;fpwhd;. ,Wjpahf A+fpapd; vz;zk; epiwNtWfpwJ. A+fp

cjazDf;F flikia czh;j;j jd;idAk; jk; tho;itAk; kwe;J nray;gLfpwhd;.

thrtjj;ij vd epidj;J gJkhtjpAld; thOk; cjazDf;F ey;ynjhU mwj;ij

vLj;Jf;$wp xU ngz;iz kdjpy; epidj;Jf;nfhz;L NtnwhU ngz;NzhL tho;tJ

rhpahFNkh vd;W $wp ey;topapy; elf;f ez;gDf;F mwpTWj;Jfpwhd;. ,jd;topahf

ts;Sthpd; thf;fpw;fpzq;f ,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;G vd;w el;gpd; ,yf;fzkhf

tho;e;Jf;fhl;batd; A+fp vd;gij njhpe;Jf;nfhs;sKbfpwJ.

ehybahh; $Wk; el;G

‘‘#l;Lf;Nfhy; Nghy vhpAk; GFtNu

el;lhh; vdg;gL thh;;’’ - (ehyb.208)

md;Gs;s ez;gh;fs;> nghUSld; neUg;gpy; vhpAk; #l;Lf;Nfhiy Nghy jd;id

rhh;e;jth;fSf;Fj; Jd;gk; tUk;NghJ neUg;gpYk; %o;Fth;. mJNghy; a+fp jdJ

ez;gdpd; ey;tho;Tf;fhf jhd; ,we;jjhf ngha; ciwj;jNjhL jdJ ,Wjp

Cu;tyj;ij khWNtlk; ,l;L jhNd Kd;dpd;W elj;Jfpwhd;. A+fpiag; Nghd;Nw

cjazDk; ez;gd; ,we;j nra;jpf; Nfl;lTld; ‘mg;gbahdhy; vd; tho;T nfLf!’ vd

tha;tpl;Lg; Gyk;gpaij

“cjazz; khohe;J capu;tho;T xopf vdr;

rpju;nghwp nae;jpuk; Nghyr; rpju;e;J

jhUk; g+Zk; khu;gpilj; Japy;tur;

NrhUq; fz;zpdd; Jsq;fp nka;k; kwg;g” - (ngU.108-111)

,t;thW ,UtUk; xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;l el;gpd; Mok; mstplKbahj epiyapy;

jpfo;fpwJ.






A+fpapd; nray; jpwk;

jw;fhyj;jpy; ngw;Nwhu;fs; jq;fSila gps;isfs; ez;gu;fSld; Nru;tjhy;

jlk; khwp tpLthu;fs; vd;w fUj;J epytp tUfpwJ. Mdhy; ngUq;fij thapyhf

mwpaf; $ba nra;jp cjazd; jha; kpUfhgjp jd; kfdpd; ez;gd; a+fpia

kfDf;Fk; Nkyhf fUJtij

“tpisahl;L tpUk;gp misapd thfpa

,d;Rit mbrpy; cz;gJk; xuP,

kd;ngUq; NfhtpYs; tsu;e;j fhiy

Ntf ek;gpf;F tpsf;Ff mbrpy; vd;W” (ngU – 142 -145)

,jpy; jha; kpUfhgjp ‘vd; kfd; a+fhe;juhad;!'vd a+fpia jd;Dila kfd; vdf;

$WtjpypUe;J a+fpapd; nray; jpwid mwpaKbfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W

rPtfrpe;jhkzpapYk; ee;jl;lid jd;Dila kfdhf tpiriaf; $WtJ el;gpd;

rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

el;gpy; a+fpapd; rpwg;G

xt;nthUtuJ tho;tpYk; el;G vd;gJ vg;nghOJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; tuf;$baJ.

Mdhy; a+fp cjazdplk; nfhz;l el;ghdJ gpwe;jJ Kjy; Vw;gl;ljhFk;. Mjyhy;

“,td; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; jiytd;

Nghy; nray;gLfpwhd;” (nj.ngh.kPdhl;rpRe;juk; gps;is)

“,tdJ el;gpd; ngUik nrhy;ypy; mlq;fhJ’’ (c.Nt. rhkpehj Iau;)

vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy; fhg;gpak; KOtJk; a+fpad; el;G newpfs; ntspg;gLfpwJ.

,Wjpapy; cjazd; JwT Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ a+fpAk; Jwit Nkw;nfhs;tjpypUe;J

Njhoikapd; Nkd;ikia rpwg;Gilajhf fhl;LfpwJ.

gifth; guhl;Lk; el;G

cw;whh;> cwtpdh;fs;> ez;gh;fs;> mwpe;jth;fs;> Ghpe;jth;fs; MfpNahUila

ghuhl;Ljiy tpl xUtUilag; Gfiog; gd;klq;F cah;j;jpf; fhl;LtJ gifth;

ghuhl;lhFk;. mg;gbg;gl;l GfOf;Fhpa el;Gld; tho;e;j A+fpapd; ngUikia gifaurh;

gpur;Nrhjdd;>

‘‘Vw;w Kfj;jpd; ,iwtDk; tpUk;gp

ez;gpd; khl;rpAk; ft;tpaJ mfyKk;

gz;gpd; njhopYk; gilj;njhopy; khz;Gk;

fhAk khe;jh; MapDk; ahJk;

jPait $wg;glhj jpz;ikAk;

,th;fsJ ,y;iy ,tdhw; ngw;w






mth;fsJ ,y;iy murpd; khl;rp’’- (ngUq;fij-106-112)

el;gpd; ngUik> Mo;e;jfd;w fy;tpawpT gz;G khwhj epiy> tPuk;> giftUlDk;

,dpikahf NgRk; kdg;ghd;ik Mfpa ew;Fzq;fisf; nfhz;l mikr;rd; fpilg;gJ

mtNd ez;gdhf nghUe;jpUg;gJ mhpjhd nrayhFk;. Mdhy; ,J Nghd;w

ew;Fzq;fisAila ez;gid milAk; ngUk;NgW cjazDf;F md;wp NtW

ahUf;Fk; tha;f;ftpy;iy! vd kde;jpwe;J ghuhl;LtjpypUe;J A+fpapd; el;G

rpwg;igAk; GfioAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.

KbTiu

jw;fhyj;jpy; el;G vd;whYk; ez;gd; vd;w cwT vd;whYk; mjid

Nghypj;jdk; tha;e;jJ vdf; fUJfpd;wdh;. mjw;F khwhf ngUq;fijapy; tUk; A+fp

cjazd; kPJ nfhz;l el;ghdJ giftUk; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; mike;Js;sij

mwpfpNwhk;. A+fpia Nghd;w ez;gDk; el;G newpAk; nfhz;l ez;gh;fs; jw;fhy

#oypy; ,Ug;ghh;fshapd; el;G ed;kjpg;gpw;Fhpajhf khWk; vd;gij ,f;fl;Liuapd;

thapyhf njspTg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l E}y;fs;:

1. rhkpehjIau; c.Nt. - ngUq;fij

- rhkpehjIau; c.Nt

rhkpehjIau; gjpg;G - 2000.

2. =re;jpud;. n[. - ngUq;fij rpwg;gpay;G

tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk; - 2005.

3 gupNkoyfu; ciu - jpUf;Fws;

mk;rh gjpg;gfk; - 2013.

4. ehybahu; ehkf;fy; ftpQu ;- ehybahu;

=re;jpud;. n[.

tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk; - 2005.






jkpo;nkhopAk; ghlj;jpl;lKk;;

M. &gh cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mjpakhd; kfspu; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}up> rPdpthrh efh;> Cw;wq;fiu.

Njhw;Wtha;

ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ fy;tp Vw;ghL. fy;tp Vw;ghl;bd; $Wfs; midj;Jk;

cs;slf;fpaNj ghlj;jpl;lk;. mjhtJ khztd; xU tFg;gpy; vd;ndd;d jpwd;fis

mila Ntz;Lk; vd;W fy;tpahsu;fshYk;> Mrpupau;fshYk;> murhYk;>

ngw;Nwhu;fshYk; epu;zapf;fg;fg;glf; $ba xd;W. jpl;lkpl;L nray;gLj;jf; $ba

mf;fy;tpKiwNa ghlj;jpl;lk; MFk;. mg;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ nkhop fy;tpapYk;>

fy;tpapYk; vk;khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;.

ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jy;

ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jypy; may; ehLfspy; Mrpupau;fisAk; ngw;Nwhu;fisAk;

itj;J jpl;lkpLfpwhu;fs;. rpy ehLfspy; khztu;fisAk; Kd;itj;J jpl;lk;

jPl;lg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,q;F murhy; kl;LNk ghlj;jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt

khztDf;F Vw;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mtu;fshy; gFf;f ,ayhJ. Mjyhy; fw;gpj;jypy;

rpf;fy; cz;lhfpwJ vd;W mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.

“ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; jahupg;gjpy; ngUk;ghyhd Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fis

<LgLj;jf; $ba eilKiwia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. [dehaf G+u;tkhd tpthjq;fs;

elj;jp Mrpupau;fs; khztu; fUj;Jf;fisj; jpul;b Njrgf;jp> tplhKaw;rp>

jd;dk;gpf;if> mwptpay; ghu;it Nghd;w mk;rq;fisr; Nru;j;J rpwe;j Fbkf;fis

cUthf;f KbAk;.” vd;W mwpQu;fs; fUJfpwhu;fs;. vdNt ghlj;jpl;lk; nkhopapd;

tsu;r;rpapYk; tPo;r;rpapYk; gq;fspg;ig mspf;fpwJ vd;gJ nts;spil.

kdg;ghlf; fy;tp Kiw

jw;fhyj;jpy; khztu;fSf;F mspf;fg;ngWk; fy;tp Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; mstpYk;

tho;f;iff;F cgNahfpf;Fk; mstpYk; ,y;iy. midj;Jk; kdg;ghlk; nra;Ak;

Kiwia kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij “ciog;gtu;fis

mtkjpg;gJ> mwpTr; nrUf;F> Njr eydpy; mf;fiwapd;ik> Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdk; Nghd;w

gz;Gfs; khztu;fsplk; ntspg;glf; fhuzk; mjpfhupfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

kdg;ghlf; fy;tpKiw ,e;jpahtpy; ePbf;fpwJ vd;gJ jhd;” vd;W mwpQu;fs;

fUJfpwhu;fs;.

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; kuG ,yf;fpak;> GJ ftpij> ciueil> ,yf;fzk;>

Jizg;ghlk; vd;W nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mtw;iw khztu;fspd; kdepiyf;Fk;






tho;f;iff;Fk; Vw;wthW nfhLj;jy; ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;. khztu;fisAk;>

Mrpupau;fisAk; ghlj;jpl;l mikg;gpy; Nru;j;J ghl jpl;lk; tFj;jhy; eyk;. Vnddpy;

Mrpupau;fSf;F jhd; njupAk; ,g;gUtj;jpy; khztDf;F Vw;wg;ghlk; vJ vd;W.

vdNt ghlj;jpl;lf;FOtpy; Mrpupau;fisr; Nru;j;jy; eyk;.

njhopw; fy;tpAld; ,ize;j ghlj;jpl;lk;

njhlf;ff; fy;tpapy; jw;nghOJ Nghjpf;fg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w

Kiwapy; KOikahf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp Nghjpg;gNjhL> gy;NtW kw;iwa

Jiwr; nray;ghLfspy; khzhf;fu;fis <LgLj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. ,J kl;Lkpd;wp fiy

kw;Wk; mwptpaypy; Fiwe;jgl;r mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;Nfw;g> ghlj;jpl;lk;

tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; fy;tp fw;w gpd;du; VjhtJ xU topapy;

clYiog;igg; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> njhopw; fy;tpAk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,j;jifa ,izg;Gjhd; khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; clYiog;Gg; gw;wp ,Ue;J tUk;

jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis mbNahL xopj;jpLk;.

gs;spapypUe;J fy;tp fw;W ntsptuf; $ba xt;Nthu; MZk; ngz;Zk;

kNdhuPjpahf kl;Lkpd;wp> cly; uPjpahfTk; jdJ fpuhkj;jpy; Xu; cUg;gbahd

njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s njhlf;ff; fy;tp toptif nra;tjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Vnddpy; njhopy; tsu;r;rpapy; Xq;fp epw;Fk; [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfs; njhopw;fy;tpf;F

mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. ,k;Kiwia ,e;jpahtpYk; filg;gpbj;jhy; ehL

eyk; ngWk;. Mdhy; mit Fyj;njhopiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f

$lhJ vd;gJ mwpQu;fspd; $w;W. ,d;iwa khztu; rKjhak; gbj;J Kbj;jTld;

jdf;F Ntiy fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpwJ. mt;thW fpilf;Fk; Ntiy

cly; Nrhu;it Vw;gLj;jhJ epoypYk; Fspu; rhjd miwapYk; jd; gps;isfs; ,Uf;f

Ntz;;Lk; vd;W ngw;Nwhu;fSk; epidf;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt jhd; Mq;fpy topf; fy;tpapd;

kPJ Nkhfk; Vw;gl;L tsu;;r;rpailfpwJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; nfhz;L te;J

r%fj;jpy; ek;gpf;if vd;Dk; tpijia tpijj;jhy; mWtil ed;whf mikAk;

vd;gJ Nghy njhopw;fy;tpAld; ,ize;j ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; ju Ntz;Lk; vd;W

,r;rq;fk; tpUk;Gtjhf njupfpwJ.

jw;fhyj;jpy; cs;s ghlj;jpl;lk; fw;gpj;jypy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpwjh vd;gij

mwpa jkpohrpupau;fsplk; fs Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ> jkpo;f; fw;gpj;jypy; rpf;fy;

cz;lhtjw;F ,d;iwa ghlj;jpl;lk; fhuzkhf cs;sjh? Mk; vd;W

tpilaspj;jtu;fs; 67 Ngu; ,y;iy vd;W tpilaspj;jtu;fs; 33 Ngu;. vdNt

ngUk;ghd;ikahd Mrpupau;fs; ghlj;jpl;lk; fw;gpj;jypy; rpf;fy; cz;lhf;Ftjw;Ff;

fhuzkhfpd;wd vd;W fUJfpd;wdu;. Mk; vd;W tpilaspj;j Mrpupau;fsplk;

ciuahbaNghJ ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gjw;Fk; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; vd;d njhlu;G ,Uf;fpwJ.






,Uf;fpd;w ghlj;ij khztu;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gjpy; vd;d rpf;fy; vd;W jhNd

Nfs;tp vd;W tpdh vOg;gpa NghJ khztdpd; kdepiyawpe;J ghlk; nfhLf;f

Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ghlj;jpl;lk; mg;gb ,y;iyNa. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,f;fy;tpia mjhtJ

,g;ghlj;ij Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jhNd ghlj;jpl;lk; cs;sJ. mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;

khztDila #o;epiy rupapy;iy vdpd; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; Fwpj;j ghlj;ij Kbf;f

,ayhJ. mg;nghOJ mg;ghlk; ,Ue;J vd;d gad;. vdNt ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ

Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;W jkpohrpupau;fs; fUJfpwhu;fs;.

,d;iwa ghlj;jpl;lKk; jkpo; gw;whsu;fSk;

cyf mstpy; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w Kf;fpakhd jkpo; nkhopapaywpQu;fs; gyu;

jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;jdu;. ,d;Dk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; ,tu;fs; ahUk; jkpo;g; giftu;

vd;w gopiar; Rkf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy. jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; jq;fs; gbkk;

rpijTwhjpUg;gjhf ,tu;fs; rw;W mlf;fpNa thrpj;jdu;. ,tu;fs; ahUk; jq;fs;

Gyikrhu; vOj;Jfspy; jtpu jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;g; goikthjj;ij vjpu;j;Jg;

nghJNkilfspy; fyff; Fuy; vOg;gtpy;iy. ,tu;fSs; rpyu; goikthjpfSld;

rkurk; nra;J nfhz;L mtu;fspd; Fuypy; NgrTk; nra;jdu;. rpyu; jk; ghLz;L jk;

Muha;;r;rp cz;L vd;W xJq;fpg; Nghdhu;fs;.

,jdhy; etPd nkhopapay; ekJ nkhopr; rpe;jidapNyh jkpo; fw;wy;>

fw;gpj;jypNyh vt;tpjr; nry;thf;Fk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. gs;spfspy; ,yf;fzf; fy;tp

vd;gJ ed;D}y; fUj;Jfisr; nrhy;ypf;nfhLg;gjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. fw;gpj;jy;

,yf;fzk; (Pedagogic Grammar) vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fNk ekf;F mwpKfkhftpy;iy.

nkhopj; J}a;ikia> ,yf;fzj; J}a;ikiag; NgZtNj jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd;

Nehf;fkhapw;W. gs;sp> fy;Y}upg; ghlE}y;fs; ,jd; mbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sd.

khztu;fspd; nkhopj; Njit vd;d? jkpo;nkhopapy; Nju;r;rpiag; gbg;gbahf

mtu;fsplk; vt;thW Vw;gLj;JtJ? ve;j tFg;gpy; vijf; fw;gpg;gJ> Vd;> vg;gbf;

fw;gpg;gJ vd;gJ gw;wp ehk; mjpfk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. ed;D}ypy; cs;s ,yf;fzf;;

fiyr;nrhw;fis vy;yhk; khztu;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;Jtpl tpUk;GfpNwhk;.

nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL gw;wpa ekJ kjpg;gPLfisnay;yhk; mtu;fspd; jiyapy;

Rkj;jptpl epidf;fpNwhk;. mtu;fSila nkhopj;jpwd; tsu;r;rpf;F ,itnay;yhk;

mtrpakh vd;W ehk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy;> gs;sp> fy;Y}upj; jkpo; NtwhfTk;

Clfq;fspYk; gilg;gpyf;fpaq;fspYk; gad;gLk; jkpo; NtwhfTk; gpsTz;L

fplf;fpwJ. ,J MNuhf;fpakhd #oy; my;y.

ekJ nkhopr; rpe;jidapYk; jkpo;f; fy;tpapYk; Gjpa> Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fs;

Vw;gl Ntz;Lkhdhy; jkpo;f; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; nkhopapay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw

Ntz;Lk;. Nkiy ehLfspy; nkhopf; fy;tpapy; nkhopapay; gpupf;f KbahjthW






,ize;Js;sJ. mjdhy; mj;Jiwfspy; mtu;fs; mjpf Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;bUf;fpd;wdu;.

nkhopapay; jkpOf;F mwpKfkhfp miu E}w;whz;L fope;j gpd;dUk; ehk; mij

Xuq;fl;bNa itj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. ,e;epiy khw Ntz;Lk;. jkpioj; jha;nkhopahf>

,uz;lhk; nkhopahff; fw;gpj;jy;> khztu;fspd; nkhopj;jpwd;> tsu;r;rp> nkhop>

,yf;fpa Ma;T Nghd;wtw;wpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz ,J mtrpak;.

muq;fuhrd; $wpaJ Nghy nkhopapaiyAk; jkpo;g;ghlq;fisAk;

,yf;fzq;fisAk; xd;wpizj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ ,y;iy. ,f;fUj;Jk; Mrpupau;fs;

ghlj;jpl;lk; mikg;gjpy; Mrpupau;fs; gq;F ,y;iy. ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ khztu;fspd;

kdepiyf;F Vw;wthW mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpapUg;gJk; nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ.

vdpDk; nkhopapaiyAk; jkpo;f;fy;tpapy; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lk; vd;gJ Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.

Muk;g gs;spfspy; fw;gpf;Fk; KiwfSk; ghlj;jpl;lKk;

“E.nre;Njhy; (Sendall) vd;gtu; Foe;ijfSf;nfd vOjpa Muk;gg;

ghlE}y;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wifapy; mbfshu; rpy jtWfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

gs;spf;$lj;Jf;Fr; nry;yhj njhlf;fepiyapy; cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F Xs> / vd;w

vOj;Jf;fisr; nrhy;ypf;nfhLg;gJ gadw;w nray;. ,f;FwpapLfs; mf;Foe;ijfspd;

NjitfSf;Fk;> mDgtj;Jf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;lit vd;ghu; mbfs;. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy;

fpuhkg;Gw> efu;g;Gw ,lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; nghJthd xU

nrhy; njhifiaf; ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;ghu; mbfs;. Itu;> xg;ge;jk; Nghd;w

nrhw;fs; Kjy; tFg;gpy; gbf;fpd;w Foe;ijfspd; rpe;jidf;F mg;ghw;gl;l

nrhw;fshFk;. <rd;> Xlk;> Xsit> Xsljk;> v/F> m/J Nghd;w nrhw;fs; mrhjhuz

nrhw;fshFk;. Kjyhk; tFg;gpw;Fg; gpwF ,r;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. cwp> vUJ>

Vw;wk;> ,ujk;> <r;rkuk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; gl;lzj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fr; rhjfkhd

nrhw;fshf ,y;iy. xl;lfk;> md;dk; vd;w nrhw;fs; fpuhkj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fr;

rhjfkhd nrhw;fhsf ,y;iy. kpUff;fhl;rpr; rhiyf;Fg;Ngha;;g; ghu;j;jpUe;jhy; $l

,r;nrhw;fs; gof;fkhd nrhw;fshf ,y;iy. Foe;ijfSf;nfdg; ghlE}ypy; cs;s 91

nrhw;fspy; 24 nrhw;fs; Nfs;tpf;Fupad. ghlE}ypy; cs;s rpy nrhw;fshd <Q;R>

MAs;> ,y;yk;> xw;wu;> Xyk;;> nfsjhup> nastdk;> nusj;jpup> nysfPfk;> nrsf;fpak;

Nghd;w nrhw;fs; Foe;ijfspd; mDgtj;Jf;Fk;> Mu;tj;Jf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;l

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Psychological Thoughts in Ve. Iraianbu’s Writings

E. Sekhar,

Reasearch Scholar, Department of Tamil,

Scott Christian College,

Pleasant Nagar, Nagercoil – 629 001.

Each character is hidden with lot of energy and creativity, like eminence is hidden in

each art. Whilst we take away unwanted elements from a stone we can get an excellent shape

of a sculpture; likewise and character is moulded with the aid of shaping his weaknesses.

Iraianbu exposes this trait through his writings. One cannot actually examine any art out of

compulsion; no formation will show up out of compulsion or command. Formation getting

via violence will actually create damaged hearts. Individuals who preference for

accomplishing splendid pursuits they should go through hardships and difficulties. They love

even difficult paintings and exhaustions of their lives. This is properly stated as ‘a sculpture

cannot be created unless it accepts the pain of the hammer’1

in Eazhavathu Arivu Part - I.

So, the intention of this article is to deliver the psychological mind in Iraianbu’s writings to

the more youthful technology.

Ve. Iraianbu, a perfect person, being an officer in the Indian administrative provider, Ve.

Iraianbu is famous as a creator, orator, thinker and social activist. As Bharathidhasan stated:

“vq;Fk; ghulh ,g;Gtp kf;fisg;

ghulh cdJ khdplg; gug;ig!

ghulh cd;Dld; gpwe;j gl;lhsk;!

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kf;fs; ngUq;fly; ghh;;j;J kfpo;r;rpnfhs;!

mwpit tphpTnra;;; mfz;l khf;F!

tprhyg; ghh;itahy; tpOq;F kf;fis!

mize;J nfhs;! cd;idr; rq;fk khf;F.

khdplr; rKj;jpuk; ehndd;W $T!”2

He evolved multifaced understanding in numerous element of existence. When he

was studying, he loved to examine books. He made books friends and so, now the books

become his pals. He has literary ability and precise persona with the desire to serve

humanity. While he served after passing his ias in kuddalore, he posted his first poetic

paintings ‘Poobalathirkoru Pullanguzhal’ (g+ghsj;jpw;nfhU Gy;yhq;foy;). He studied not

simplest our literature, however additionally world literature to expand his imaginative and






prescient and he wrote his first novel ‘Aathankarai Oram Narmada Anai’ (mj;jq;fiu xuk;

eh;kjh miz) become on the premise of the those who had been pushed away to assemble

the river Narmada. It was given the award for Thiruppur Tamil Sangam. He posted 33 books

inclusive of the literary genres – tale, poem, novel and essays. Those display his excessive

character his writings mirror his perfection.

What means Psychology?

It's miles necessary to know the which means of psychology before reading the

mental thoughts in Iraianbu’s writings.

‘Psychology is a scientific research of one’s mental activities and behavious’3.

One who gets proper familiarity in this field is a psychologist.

“Basic research in psychology is linked with one’s insight, carefulness, feelings

brain activities, personality and behavious.”4

Etymological Meaning

Psychology is a word termed from the Greek word ‘logic’ which means ‘study of

mind’ 5

‘Beauty’ in Psychological Perspective

Each person wants to be beautiful. It is a choice to be beautiful in the front of other

persons. For that reason, we regularly do face-wash and decorate the face before the mirrors.

Consistent with Ve. Iraianbu, “we can’t change our face not event one president. One can

modify his style in his hair only. Naturally, everyone has his own beauty. It is needed

not to change the beautiful face into ugly one” 6

While we come upon ill-remedy or misery

in society our original face itself is a beautiful one. He desires that one have not to be silent

when unwell-remedy is done. We beautify our faces with lot of chemical substances so that

you can enhance them, however it looses our beauty.

‘Anger’ in Psychological Perspective

Anger is one among feelings of guy. It's miles one of the powerful feelings of person. It

brings hazard and destruction. Too much of anger usually offers destruction. Anger is the

reason for many killings. Thiruvalluvar stated,

“nrhy;yplj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk; fhg;ghd; rpdk; fhg;ghd;

my;yplj;Jf; fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;”.7

It isn't always excellent to expose anger to folks who effortlessly get fear by using the

anger of others. That is well stated by the author says: ‘Anger brings even the flower a






dried one’8. In addition, he says: ‘we are our enemies. Our angry, haste, impatience and

greed are all acting as our enemies.’9

On the identical time, it is not; top that anger is not expressed anywhere it is wanted.

The writer says that if anger is needed anger have to be shown out. He also says: ‘laziness

and inactiveness birth yawns. But busy faces and give attractive expressions will make

others happy’ 10

.

Happiness in Psychological Attitude:

We cannot borrow happiness. The things, which might be borrowed, cannot supply

happiness. Even the small deeds grow to be a factor of worship when we do it with

happiness and pride. This is nicely stated via the author as ‘strong nature is forceful than

the beautiful decorations.’11

Masses of human beings are expecting change or turning point in their life to get

happiness. All of us have own issues, problems and pains. The author asks us through his e-

Book cs;nshspg; gazk; to defeat the above and to utilize our energies for a new sunrise.

‘Happiness is not attained through outward incidents. Even the happiness that

we got by our achievements will be short lived. Happiness which arises from our inner

mind will live long. Today there are people who are running after outward incidents to

get happiness and do not get happiness or piece of mind’ 12

.

The issues pressure a man away but he should be happy then best the desire reigns in

his mind. Struggling is not always the give up of human existence. It need to be the

alternative side of happiness. Shakespeare changed into humiliated by means of many whilst

he became dwelling. Thomas Greene insulted him as ‘a cock dressed in peacock’s wing’.

But times offers name and fame to Shakespeare folks that want to be glad do not sense about

the beneath-estimation of others.

There are some folks that don’t recognize their own contributions. We must no

longer worry for this. The writer states that we need to be satisfied for people to whom we

serve are happy. In short, to stay a lifestyles with truth and honest will supply us solace and

happiness. ‘Happy life is a life living with love; it brings hope in every minute; it thinks

healthy in every second 13

.

Eradication of Suicide Feelings

Lifestyles is an amalgamation of reviews. However, we have a careful life,

difficulties and losses may embody us. That is the nature of human life. Those will train us






meaning and intensity of our birth. If we calculate our existence, we forestall our cautious

residing. This life has now not use in any respect. Therefore, it does not supply happiness.

The writer says: “people who meet failure crush it as a dried leaf and improve

themselves with happiness by making the failure as manure for success. They bear even

tempest and life itself greets them”14

.

Life is remarkable and exquisite. People who do not experience lives may

additionally spoil themselves. There are people who kill themselves because of wondering

failure as a give up. Person who kills himself kills others additionally. According to G.K.

Chesterton, he is the man who kills the arena.

The well-known psychologist Sigmund Freud says that every individual has fear

of death by nature. To avoid his feeling he may use violence. Robert Green Ingersoll

said that to commit suicide needs more courage. 15

Nowadays people are tormented by mental despair and mental stress in all age groups. It is

not an amazing sign that maximum of the women and men between age 15 to 44 died not

because of warfare however because of their suicides.

A person who has alienated or dealt with contempt may also lose faith in life. ‘He

thinks that he is useless and so he plans to die’ 16

. Intellectual stress is the basic cause for

suicidal strive. It conjures up one to get suicide. Intellectual pressure is different from

depression. Melancholy arises for one cause. Its transient says Sigmund Freud. Intellectual

strain occurs with none purpose. Person who happens with none motive? One who tells that I

am going to get suicide must be watched, folks that are in pain without thinking the good

things in his existence ought to be taken to the psychiatrist for counseling.

“Those who are affected in childhood days may try for suicide. If there is one evil

experience in their lives it may inspire suicidal attempt. Those show are affected by

traumatic events may attempt foe suicide even 30 to 50 times” 18

The kids with fantastic mind, self assurance and desirable friend’s circle will develop

with desirable personality. Worry for failure and worry of examination need to be identified

within the formative year’s days and good counseling need to accept.

“In some houses there are hurried children. These children asked to grow soon.

These immature children get shock and impatience while they are treated with matured

children. They worry to pass in the exam. From this, they may use drugs. Sometimes

they may start to think about suicide” 19






Every person has weak point; no person is exempted from this. Even the god has

weak point; it could be loving the man or women at the maximum. ‘The weakness of others

is the strength of ours’ says Buddhism. Knowing the weak spot of the enemies is the smooth

way the win a battle. Even the mightiest individual is also having weakness. We will not win

the enemy without knowing the weak point of him.

It is very honest that we should defeat personal weaknesses than others.

“Yesterday he might be a thorn

Today he can be a flower

Yesterday he might be a poll entrains

Today he can be honey

Yesterday he might be a colour

Today he can be an art

Yesterday he might be a filament

Today he can be a cloth

Yesterday she might be a woman

Today she can be a mother” 21

Exchange will occur at any time to each person. It is not compulsory that the day past

weakness have to stay today. We need not well as ours. A good way to safeguard our lives,

we should not recognition our weakness to our combatants.

We need lot of knowledge to indentify our electricity. If we suppose that there may be no

opposition success is impossible. Competition can also get up from all sides of the society.

“Sometimes, the weaknesses of others

will become the strength of ours.” 22

“Our strength is not to focus our weakness to others. At the same time we have to use

our total strength towards the weakness use our total strength towards the weakness of

our opponents” 23

. we have to not be pessimistic even as assembly failures because each

failure is a stepping stone closer to fulfillment.

A Good Deed a Day:

If our frame and thoughts are to be energetic; we ought to do true deeds continuously. Even

the character nurtures regular at each time for the coolest of the human beings. Best humans

thinks rationally; we must now not be the trouble to others.






‘When we do good deeds everyday it will bring the eternal bliss in us. When we

go to the bed the result of our good deeds bring a kind of unexperienced pleasure’. 24

we

want not do adventures; the real adventures are helping others. Even guiding a man or

watering a plant is itself a very good deed. To eradicate our laziness and our inferiority

complex, we need to do accurate deeds. Procrastination must be avoided to get precise

consequences of our deeds. If one wants to be younger, he should preserve doing right deeds

“when we study the history of the world the great achievers were the persons who kept

themselves always busy. Their rest time as very less and they never spent their time in

unnecessary entertainments’ 25

.

We use to be jealous on others; a form of terrible feeling is being created in us, while

they arrive up in life styles. To avoid this sort of terrible feelings, we have to keep on doing

exact deeds. ‘The great people never feel either inferiority complex or superiority

complex. They become sometimes as falls and sometimes as clouds’ 26

Let us Maintain the Surroundings Smooth:

If we need to keep our body and thoughts as ever inexperienced, it is far essential to

maintain our surroundings smooth. If we see inside the mental perspective, folks that live

with certain concepts and rules constantly love the cleanliness. As Vivekananda says “field is

residing without selfishness’. All of the undisciplined deeds are the out coma of selfishness.

“The cleanliness is not measured by society by us”27

The world wherein we supply is very extraordinary and beautiful. Typically we are

attracted by the social scenes, which can be within the media. But we fail to revel in the

actual nature that's around us. That is why our mind is not on stable.

It is far very painful that even we are not afflicted about our homes and monuments that are

built with gift method artwork and technology. Because of this, we're losing plenty of money,

energy time and many sources. We never respect and accept the caution of the

government. Knowingly or unknowingly we are using the common places as toilets we

should keep the common property as our own property. Cleanliness is for good health

28. Those who abide by way of the regulations of the society becomes as super personalities.

Environment is our existence. While we disturb the character, it is going to react and wreck

brutally. So it's miles our obligation to shop the nature.

‘Those who love the nature will understand the life deeply. They are always with

confidence and very courageous. They are always aware of themselves and society. They






are always happy in the midst of pains and sufferings. They easily adopt the nature of

accepting the entire situation.” 29

Whatever in around us is environment. So it is our inevitable duty to keep the

environment clean. Those who abide by this law are the lovers of the society and all the

environmentalists say that if we save all the living beings, we can only save the early.”30

whilst the flood us near to human. So allow us to plant enough timber of the trees. So, let us

plant enough bushes in which we stay.

Allow us to Embody Friendship and Live Joyfully:

Nowadays, the arena will become as a small village. The world has shrunk within the

palm of a person. As the sector has shrunk, the relationship of humans additionally becomes

very small. We like media greater than courting. Nowadays our members of the family are

like things without hearts. Therefore, there may be a kind of vacuum in each coronary heart

of people. We are continually hearing the languages of things than the people. This creates a

variety of anxiety, stress despair laziness, inferiority complex, loneliness and so forth. It

creates a listing f day by day suicidal tendency is also improved inside the society.

“We should go beyond the idea that the parents are our world and friends are

the real guides. The friends are the measures of our heights and encourage ourselves” 31

Our friends ought to be off with lot of goodnesses. Then handiest, our existence is to

be fertile; loneliness will disappear. Desirable friends are the mirrors of our existence. A good

way to improvement very good character, the authentic pals are wanted. Then simplest we

can be healthful in both physically and mentally.

People who aware of live self contended will stay fortunately. The self-contended

thoughts are reduced in gift technology. They might say that for the reason that dad and mom

introduced forth, they should fulfill the wishes of them. “Nowadays, some children are

growing without knowing the value of money. For them, parents are the immediate

fulfillers. If they do not get the delicious food one day, immediately they will murmur

and react the parents. Even if they achieve anything avoiding the love of parents, they

are like the song of the grasshopper, not the song of the parrot”. 32

If we want to glorious, we have to be self-contended and live happily.

Conclusion:

After writing this article my heart is filled with joy. Every person has two facets –

thoughts and body. If our thoughts are apparent, our frame is also clear. If our frame is






obvious our thoughts is also clean. So, it's far like sides of a coin. Our ancestors stated this,

as ‘face is the index of the mind’. The writer, Iraianbu may be very precise about the doing

of small matters because small top deeds cause extra achievements. He may be very eager on

saying that our existence have to be framed with correct values. Hence, this article will truly

make an impact to everybody’s future.

End Notes

1. Ve. Irainabu, Yezhavathu Arivu (Part – I), Page 81.

2. S. Gowmareeswari, Bharathidasan Kavithaigal, Page 95.

3. Dr. A. Alphonse, Nee Nan Avan, Page 65.

4. How dows the APA define psychology.

5. Online Puthu Sollakkam Agarathi 2001 ‘Ulavial’.

6. Ve. Iraianbu, Yezhavathu Arivu, Part – I, Page 55.

7. P.S. Accharya, Thirukkural, Page 80.

8. Ve. Iraianbu, Yezhavathu Arivu, Part – I, Page 55.

9. Dr. Sundara Avudaippan, Iraianbuvin Chinthanai Vaanam, Page 111.

10. Ve. Iraianbu, E.A.P. Essays.

11. Ve. Iraianbu, Ulloli Payanam, Page 212.

12. Ve. Iraianbu, Ucchiyilirunthu Thodanku, Page 161.

13. Dr. Sundara Avudayappan, Iraianbuvin Chinthanai Vaanam, Page 138.

14. Ve. Iraianbu, Ucchiyilirunthu Thodanku, Page 7.

15. Ibid, Page 14.

16. Ibid, Page 31.

17. Ibid, Page 39.

18. Ibid, Page 79.

19. Ibid, Page 119.

20. Ve. Iraianbu E.A.P. Essays.

21. Ve. Iraianbu, Odum Nathiyin Osai, Part – II, Page 233.

22. Ve. Iraianbu, Ilakkiyathil Melanmai, page 326.

23. Ibid, 333.

24. Ve. Iraianbu, Unnodu Oru Nimisham, Page 33-34.

25. Ibid, Page 120.

26. Ibid, Page 76.






27. Ibid, Page 34.

28. Ve. Iraianbu, E.Aa.Pa. Essays.

29. Ve. Iraianbu, Unnodu Oru Nimisham, Page 124.

30. Ve. Iraianbu, Ilakkiyathil Melanmai, Page 402.

31. Ve. Iraianbu, Unnodu Oru Nimisham, Page 59.

32. Ibid, Page 82

Bibiliography

1. S. Gowmareeswari, Bharathidasan Kavithaigal, Ramaiya Pathipagam, G-4, Santhi

Adukkagam, 3, Sri Krishnapuram street, Rayapettai, Chennai – 14, 2012.

2. Dr. Sundara Avudayappan, Iraianbuvin Chinthanai Vaanam, New Century Book

House P.Ltd., 41B, Chitco Industrial Estate, Ambatoor, Chennai – 600 098, 2016.

3. Dr. A. Alphonse, Uruvagum Naan, Mera Veliyeedu, Mullanganavilai, Karungal – 629

157, 1997.

4. B.S. Acharya, Thirukkural, Narmada Pathippagam, Nalla Nool Veliyeetalargal, 10,

Nana Theru, Thiyagaraya Nager, Chennai – 17, 2006.

5. Ve. Iraianbu, Uchiyilirunthu Thodanku, Vijaya Pathippagam, 20 Raja Veethi,

Coimbatore – 641 001, 2007.

6. Ve. Iraianbu, Yezhavathu Arivu (Part – I), New Century Book House P.Ltd, 41B,

Chitco Industrial Estate, Ambatore.

7. Ve. Iraianbu, Unnodu Oru Nimisham, Vikatan Prasuram, 757, Anna Salai, Chennai –

600 002, 2016.

8. Ve. Iraianbu, Ulloli Payanam, New Century Book House (P) Ltd, 41B, Chitco

Industrial Estate, Ambatore, Chennai – 600 098, 2016.

9. Ve. Iraianbu, Odum Nathiyin Osai, New Century Book House (P) Ltd, 41B, Chitco


10. Ve. Iraianbu, Ilakkiyathil Melanmai, New Century Book House (P) Ltd, 41B, Chitco


Essays

1. Online Puthu Sollakkam Agarathi 2001 Ulavial.

2. Inayathalam.

3. Ve. Iraianbu, E.Aa.Pa. Essays.

4. How does the APA define psychology.


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