e. coli bacteria harmful or harmless???. is part of a major group of bacteria phylum:...
TRANSCRIPT
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E. Coli Bacteria
Harmful
Or
Harmless???
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Is part of a Major Group of Bacteria
• Phylum: Phylum: ProteobacteriaProteobacteria• Class: Class: Gamma Proteobacteria Gamma Proteobacteria • Order: Order: Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriales • Family: Family: Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae • Genus: Genus: Escherichia Escherichia • Species: Species: E. coliE. coli
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EnterobacteriaceaeA Large Bacteria Family
which naturally live in the intestinal tracts of animals
– Salmonella– Shigella– Yersinia
– Escherichia– Enterobacter– Klebsiella
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Escherichia coli bacterium • There are over
200 identified strains of E.coli
• The bacterium is constantly mutating, so new strains are always being found
• Most strains are beneficial and hamless.
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Most strains E.coli are beneficial to the health of mammals
• They break down and process food in the digestive tract. Often known as “probiotics” or “beneficial flora” in the digestive food industry
• Where ever they live, they are breaking down other harmful substances.
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But Sometimes these bacteria are associated with disease in human
beings.
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Negative strains of E.coli can cause
• Diarrhea
• Urinary Tract Infections
• Meningitis
• Peritonitis
• Mastitis
• Pneumonia• Death
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Where is Escherichia coli bacterim found?
• A multitude of strains of good & bad E.coli live…..
• Lower intestines of mammals
• Feces of mammals
• Surface waters
• in the soil
• in and on all mammals (skin & fur)
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The strains of E.coli become harmful....…
• In mammals, when they are no longer a part of the digestive tract (enter the blood streams through ulcers or perforations).
• If concentrations in water are so high that the statistical chance of a negative mutation is likely. They can infect you through cuts in the skin.
• If a negative mutation of E.coli enters food production through the soil or through the slaughtering of animals for meat.
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A deadly mutation: E.coli 0157:H7
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Can cause in the young and the old (b/c their immune & digestive systems are not operating at a premium)
• Bloody diarrhea• Kidney failure• Average of 61 deaths per
year in the U.S. (a developed country)
You can get it from
• Undercooked, contaminated meat
• Person to person contact
• Contaminated fruits & vegetables (uncooked)
• Un-pasteurized milk• Swimming in or
drinking contaminated water.
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Current Detection Time for E.coli 0157:H7 is
48 – 72 Hours (depending on the purity of the
culture )
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Why would we want to improve upon this detection time?
• Because food products leave processing before a positive/negative detection can be found (to sell the food while it’s still fresh).
• How many people could have been contaminated during the 48-72 hours while the culture was grown?
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Your Assignment:
• Your group will be assigned just one bacteria or virus which we want to be able to detect with biosensors.
• Research your particular bacteria/virus & their anitbody!
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Questions you’ll want to answer in your presentation:
• How long does it take for us to currently detect these bacteria/viruses?
• Do we have antibodies for all of these? • Can we isolate the antibodies and use
them to detect bacteria & viruses? • 8Do the antibodies have to be made by
a live animal, or can they be manufactured or bought from companies?
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Your Presentation:• Use poster board or if possible the stand up, 2-
fold poster board so it will stand on its own……………OR……………..
do a PowerPoint Presentation
• Diagrams or photo’s of their bacteria/virus and antibody are important.
• Utilize as much of the vocabulary from the chapter as possible in your presentation.
• TIME ALOTMENT: One block day of classtime – if you are not finished – you are on your own.
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PART II
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ANTIBODIES
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How can antibodies help with detection of Bacteria & Viruses?
• Antibodies are protein molecules, usually developed by the immune system in mammals.
• The immune system uses the antibodies to identify and neutralize bacteria and viruses.
• For every bacteria or virus there is an antibody to identify & neutralize that bacteria or virus.
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What if………• We use the antibody to find the
bacteria or virus……….
BUT…
• How will we know that the antibody found the bacteria/virus????
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What if……
• We put some bacteria in a petri dish
• Some dishes will have the antibody in the dish, while other dishes will not.
• What should happen?
• What would our purpose or question be in doing this?
• Let’s write this up & do it!
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PART IIIBIOSENSORS
• Any ideas on an easier way to know that our antibody has found the bacteria/virus?
• What if – when the antibody finds the bacteria/virus………it completes an electrical circuit?
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Antibody + an electronic circuit
=
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A Biosensor!!
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Analyte is the liquid to be tested and is
put on the application membrane.
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The analyte flows into the Conjugate Membrane
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In the conjugate membrane are the antibodies specific to the antigen
(bacteria/virus)
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The antibodies have been attached to the polyaniline
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Everything then flows into the Capture Membrane which is lined with
electrodes
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The primary purpose of the Capture Membrane is to capture the antigen-antibody complex (if the antibody finds the antigen!) as
it moves in from the capture membrane.
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The Capture Membrane also has some secondary antibodies attached to
polyaniline
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The Capture Membrane is where the electrical signal is produced if the
antibody and antigen have found each other here!
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The absorption membrane collects any excess Analyte.
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Current dilemmas & challenges?
• How do we get industry interested in manufacturing biosensors?
• Should biosensors be legislated as mandatory at food processing plants? How could this save or cost industry in dollars?
• Or should biosensors be left to personal use for an individual to have on hand an home?
• Others?
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References
• Alocilija, Evangelyn C., Biosystems Engineering, Michigan State University, Lansing, Mi.
• http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/ecoli.txt• http://textbookofbacteriology.net/e.coli.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli• http://textbookofbacteriology.net/Anthrax.html