dyno blasters handbook v4
TRANSCRIPT
Blasting and Explosives Quick Reference Guide
2010
Rapid Hazard Assessment
Take 5!
• Isthetasknew?
• Isanythingdifferent?
• Hasanythingchangedsinceyoulastperformedthistask?
• Ifso,STOP,THINKandapplytheTake5steps!
1 Describe the task. Whatisthetaskyouareabouttodo?
2 List the Hazards. Whatarethemainhazardsinvolvedincarryingoutthetask?
3 List the controls. Whatcontrolswillyouusetoreducetherisk?
4 Assess the risk. UsetheHazardAssessmentTool(HAT)todeterminetheriskaftercontrolsareapplied.
5 Decide what is next. Applythecontrols.Isitsafetoproceedwiththetask?Areadditionalcontrolsrequired?
Blast design terminology and formulas
Holelength(L)= BH+SDChargelength(C)= L-SLBlastvolume(V)= BxSxBHxNBlastedtonnes(T)= VxDensityofrockint/m3Volumeofblasthole(Vb)= πxD2/4000xLMassofexplosiveperhole(kg)= VolumeofholelengthchargedxExplosivedensityPF(kg/m3)= Totalexplosivesintheblast/volumeofrock
blasted(forkg/Tonne,dividedbyblastedtonnesT)RWS= AWSofexplosive/AWSofANFOx100RBS= (RWSexplosivexexplosivedensity)/
(ANFOdensity)Energyfactor= PFxRWSVerticallengthofangledholes= Measuredholelengthxcos∝
BenchHeight(BH)
Floor
HoleLength(L)
Subdrill(SD)
ToeBurden
Toe
FaceAngle(FA)
FreeFace
(C)ExplosiveColumnHeight
StemHeight(SL)
DrilledBurden(B) DrilledSpacing(S)
HoleDiameter(D)
Backbreak NewCrest(AfterMucking)
CrestBurden
Crest
∝ = Anglesubtendedfromtheverticalbytheinclinedhole
π = 3.1416(theratioofthecircumferenceofacircletoitsdiameter)
AWS = AbsoluteweightstrengthB = Drilledburden(m)BH = Benchheight(m)C = Explosivecolumnheightor
chargelength(m)D = Holediameterinmillimetres
L = Holelength(m)N = NumberofholesinablastPF = PowderfactorRBS = RelativebulkstrengthRWS = RelativeweightstrengthS = Drilledspacing(m)SD = Subdrill(m)SL = Stemminglength(m)T = BlastedtonnesV = Blastvolume(m3)
Theserulesprovideafirstestimateintheabsenceofanybetterdata.Blast hole diameterinmm≤ 15xBenchheight(BH)inmetresBench height(BH)inmetres≥ (Blastholediameter(D)inmm)/15Burden(B)= (25to40)x(D)Spacing(S)= 1.15xB(Thisgivesanequilateralpattern)Subdrill= (3to15)xDCharge length(C)≥ 20DStemming≥ 20xDor(0.7-1.2)xBBurden stiffness ratio= BH/B :2to3.5goodfragmentation
:>3.5verygoodfragmentationStemmingmaterial size = D/10toD/20(Angularmaterialwithminimumfines)
Presplit blastingSpacing= Holediameterx12Burden= 0.5xproductionblastburden(B)Uncharged length at top= 10xDPowder factor = 0.5kgpersquaremetreofface
Donotstemholes.
Fireallholesonthesamedelay,oringroupsof≥5holes
Smooth BlastingSpacing= 15xHolediameter(hardrock)
20xHolediameter(softrock)Burden= 1.25xSpacing
Fireasmanyholesaspossibleononedelay.
Stemholes.
Powder factors
Rules of thumb
Typical powder factors used in mass blastsRock type PF (kg/m3)Hard 0.7-0.8Medium 0.4-0.5Soft 0.25-0.35VerySoft 0.15-0.25
Typical powder factors used in presplit and smooth blastingHole diameter PF (kg/m3)Hard 0.6-0.9Medium 0.4-0.5Soft 0.2-0.3
Calculating burdens
Crest Burden (CB) = Distanceblastholecollarisfromcrest
Vertical Stemming Length (VSL) = (measuredstemminglengthxcos[HA])
Toe Burden (TB) = Burdenatfloorlevel
= ([tan(FA)xbenchheight]+CB)-
(tan[HA]xbenchheight)
Angle faced holes
VerticalStemmingLength(VSL)
CrestBurden(CB)
HoleAngle(HA)
FaceAngle(FA)
ToeBurden(TB)
Loading density
Ho
le D
iam
eter
Kg
of e
xplo
sive
per
met
er o
f col
umn
for g
iven
den
sity
(g/c
m3 )
* Ho
le D
iam
eter
m
m
in
mm
in
0.
60
0.80
0.
82
0.85
0.
90
0.95
1.
00
1.05
1.
10
1.15
1.
20
1.30
1.
35
1.40
25
10.29
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.59
0.64
0.66
0.69
25
1
32
11/4
0.48
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.97
1.05
1.09
1.13
32
11/4
38
11/2
0.68
0.91
0.93
0.96
1.02
1.08
1.13
1.19
1.25
1.30
1.36
1.47
1.53
1.59
38
11/2
45
13/4
0.95
1.27
1.30
1.35
1.43
1.51
1.59
1.67
1.75
1.83
1.91
2.07
2.15
2.23
45
13/4
51
21.23
1.63
1.68
1.74
1.84
1.94
2.04
2.14
2.25
2.35
2.45
2.66
2.76
2.86
51
2
57
21/4
1.53
2.04
2.09
2.17
2.30
2.42
2.55
2.68
2.81
2.93
3.06
3.32
3.44
3.57
57
21/4
64
21/2
1.93
2.57
2.64
2.73
2.90
3.06
3.22
3.38
3.54
3.70
3.86
4.18
4.34
4.50
64
21/2
70
23/4
2.31
3.08
3.16
3.27
3.46
3.66
3.85
4.04
4.23
4.43
4.62
5.00
5.20
5.39
70
23/4
76
32.72
3.63
3.72
3.86
4.08
4.31
4.54
4.76
4.99
5.22
5.44
5.90
6.12
6.35
76
3
83
31/4
3.25
4.33
4.44
4.60
4.87
5.14
5.41
5.68
5.95
6.22
6.49
7.03
7.30
7.57
83
31/4
89
31/2
3.73
4.98
5.10
5.29
5.60
5.91
6.22
6.53
6.84
7.15
7.47
8.09
8.40
8.71
89
31/2
95
33/4
4.25
5.67
5.81
6.02
6.38
6.73
7.09
7.44
7.80
8.15
8.51
9.21
9.57
9.92
95
33/4
102
44.90
6.54
6.70
6.95
7.35
7.76
8.17
8.58
8.99
9.40
9.81
10.62
11.03
11.44
102
4
108
41/4
5.50
7.33
7.51
7.79
8.24
8.70
9.16
9.62
10.08
10.54
10.99
11.91
12.37
12.83
108
41/4
114
41/2
6.12
8.17
8.37
8.68
9.19
9.70
10.21
10.72
11.23
11.74
12.25
13.27
13.78
14.29
114
41/2
121
43/4
6.90
9.20
9.43
9.77
10.35
10.92
11.50
12.07
12.65
13.22
13.80
14.95
15.52
16.10
121
43/4
127
57.60
10.13
10.39
10.77
11.40
12.03
12.67
13.30
13.93
14.57
15.20
16.47
17.10
17.73
127
5
133
51/4
8.34
11.11
11.39
11.81
12.50
13.20
13.89
14.59
15.28
15.98
16.67
18.06
18.76
19.45
133
51/4
140
51/2
9.24
12.32
12.62
13.08
13.85
14.62
15.39
16.16
16.93
17.70
18.47
20.01
20.78
21.55
140
51/2
146
53/4
10.04
13.39
13.73
14.23
15.07
15.90
16.74
17.58
18.42
19.25
20.09
21.76
22.60
23.44
146
53/4
152
610.89
14.52
14.88
15.42
16.33
17.24
18.15
19.05
19.96
20.87
21.78
23.59
24.50
25.40
152
6
159
61/4
11.91
15.88
16.28
16.88
17.87
18.86
19.86
20.85
21.84
22.83
23.83
25.81
26.81
27.80
159
61/4
165
61/2
12.83
17.11
17.53
18.18
19.24
20.31
21.38
22.45
23.52
24.59
25.66
27.80
28.87
29.94
165
61/2
172
63/4
13.94
18.59
19.05
19.75
20.91
22.07
23.24
24.40
25.56
26.72
27.88
30.21
31.37
32.53
172
63/4
178
714.93
19.91
20.41
21.15
22.40
23.64
24.88
26.13
27.37
28.62
29.86
32.35
33.59
34.84
178
7
187
71/4
16.48
21.97
22.52
23.34
24.72
26.09
27.46
28.84
30.21
31.58
32.96
35.70
37.08
38.45
187
73/8
200
71/2
18.85
25.13
25.76
26.70
28.27
29.85
31.42
32.99
34.56
36.13
37.70
40.84
42.41
43.98
200
77/8
203
819.42
25.89
26.54
27.51
29.13
30.75
32.37
33.98
35.60
37.22
38.84
42.08
43.69
45.31
203
8
216
81/2
21.99
29.31
30.05
31.15
32.98
34.81
36.64
38.48
40.31
42.14
43.97
47.64
49.47
51.30
216
81/2
229
924.71
32.95
33.77
35.01
37.07
39.13
41.19
43.25
45.31
47.37
49.42
53.54
55.60
57.66
229
9
251
91/2
29.69
39.58
40.57
42.06
44.53
47.01
49.48
51.95
54.43
56.90
59.38
64.33
66.80
69.27
251
91/2
254
10
30.40
40.54
41.55
43.07
45.60
48.14
50.67
53.20
55.74
58.27
60.80
65.87
68.41
70.94
254
10
270
101/2
34.35
45.80
46.95
48.67
51.53
54.39
57.26
60.12
62.98
65.84
68.71
74.43
77.29
80.16
270
105/8
279
11
36.68
48.91
50.13
51.97
55.02
58.08
61.14
64.19
67.25
70.31
73.36
79.48
82.53
85.59
279
11
311
121/4
45.58
60.77
62.29
64.57
68.37
72.17
75.96
79.76
83.56
87.36
91.16
98.75
102.55106.35
311
121/4
381
15
68.41
91.21
93.49
96.91
102.61108.31114.01119.71125.41131.11
136.81148.21153.91159.61
381
15
445
171/2
93.32
124.42127.53132.20139.98147.75155.53163.30171.08178.86
186.63202.19209.96217.74
445
171/2
Calc
ulat
ion
Kg/m=3.14159xD
2 xP/4,000
Whe
reDistheholediameterinmmPistheexplosivedensitying/cm
3
Todeterminetheloadingfactorforexplosivedensitiesnotlisted,selecttheloadingfactorforthesizeholeinthe1.00g/cm
3 colum
nthenmultiplyitbytherequireddensitying/cm
3 .
*Fornon-gassedproductsonly.Thedensityofgassedproductsvariesaccordingtodepthinanexplosivecolumnandtheopencupdensity.Pleaseconsultthe"GassingdensityforTitanblends"tableforfurtherinformation.
Gassing density for Titan blends
Density of Titan 2000 emulsion blends in an explosive column at different depths for different open cup densities
Depth (m) Open Cup Density (g/cm3)0 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.251 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.21 1.262 0.95 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.263 0.97 1.01 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.274 0.98 1.03 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.275 1.00 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.286 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.25 1.287 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.288 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.289 1.06 1.10 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.26 1.2910 1.07 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.26 1.2912 1.09 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.2914 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.2916 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.3018 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.3020 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.3024 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.3028 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.3032 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.3136 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.3140 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.3145 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.3150 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.3155 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.3160 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.3165 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.3170 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.3175 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.3180 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31
Densitiesinbold and highlightedareatorabovethecriticaldensityoftheexplosiveandtheseopencupdensitiesshould not beusedforthatdepthofexplosivecolumn.Comments1. ThistableappliesforTitan2000emulsionblendswithanemulsioncontentof60wt%orgreater.Forhigherdensity
Titan3000andTitan5000emulsionblends,itmaybeusedasaconservativeguide.2. For50:50wt%gassedblends,duetotherelativelylowemulsioncontenttheminimumopencupdensityshouldbeno
lowerthan1.20g/cm3.3. Todeterminetherequiredopencupdensityforanexplosivecolumnof50m(say),find50mintheDepthcolumn.Moving
totheright,readoffthedensityimmediatelybeforetheboldeddensitydatabegins(here,1.26g/cm3inthe1.00g/cm3opencupdensitycolumn).Thisindicatesthatsufficientgassingchemicalsshouldbeaddedtothegassedexplosiveblendduringdeliverysothatanopencupdensityof1.00g/cm3isachieved.Thislevelofgassingchemicalswillensurethatthedensityatthebottomofthecolumnwillbebelowthecriticaldensity,andthecolumnwilldetonateuponinitiation.
4. Thegassingreactiontakes30-40minutestoachievethedesiredopencupdensityat20°C.Itisnecessarytoallowatleastthistimetoelapsebetweencompletionofloadingandstemmingthechargedblasthole.Alongerperiodshouldbeallowedatlowertemperatures.
Volume table
CUBI
C M
ETRE
S OF
ROC
K PE
R M
ETRE
BLA
STHO
LEHO
LE B
URDE
N
SPAC
ING
(Met
res)
(Met
res)
1.00
1.
25
1.50
1.
75
2.00
2.
25
2.50
2.
75
3.00
3.
50
4.00
4.
50
5.00
6.
00
6.50
7.
00
7.50
8.
00
8.50
9.
00
9.50
10
.00
11.0
0 12
.00
1.001.251.501.752.002.252.502.753.003.504.004.50
1.
001.251.561.882.192.502.813.133.443.754.385.005.636.25
1.
251.501.882.252.633.003.383.754.134.505.256.006.757.509.00
1.50
2.002.503.003.504.004.505.005.506.007.008.009.0010.0012.0013.00
2.
002.252.813.383.944.505.065.636.196.757.889.0010.1311.2513.5014.6315.75
2.25
2.503.133.754.385.005.636.256.887.508.7510.0011.2512.5015.0016.2517.5018.75
2.
502.753.444.134.815.506.196.887.568.259.6311.0012.3813.7516.5017.8819.2520.6322.00
2.75
3.003.754.505.256.006.757.508.259.0010.5012.0013.5015.0018.0019.5021.0022.5024.00
5.50
3.
00
4.385.256.137.007.888.759.6310.5012.2514.0015.7517.5021.0022.7524.5026.2528.0029.7531.50
3.50
5.006.007.008.009.0010.0011.0012.0014.0016.0018.0020.0024.0026.0028.0030.0032.0034.0036.0038.00
4.
00
5.636.757.889.0010.1311.2512.3813.5015.7518.0020.2522.5027.0029.2531.5033.7536.0038.2540.5042.7545.00
4.50
7.508.7510.0011.2512.5013.7515.0017.5020.0022.5025.0030.0032.5035.0037.5040.0042.5045.0047.5050.0055.00
5.
00
9.0010.5012.0013.5015.0016.5018.0021.0024.0027.0030.0036.0039.0042.0045.0048.0051.0054.0057.0060.0066.0072.00
6.00
11.3813.0014.6316.2517.8819.5022.7526.0029.2532.5039.0042.2545.5048.7552.0055.2558.5061.7565.0071.5078.00
6.50
12.2514.0015.7517.5019.2521.0024.5028.0031.5035.0042.0045.5049.0052.5056.0059.5063.0066.5070.0077.0084.00
7.00
13.1315.0016.8818.7520.6322.5026.2530.0033.7537.5045.0048.7552.5056.2560.0063.7567.5071.2575.0082.5090.00
7.50
16.0018.0020.0022.0024.0028.0032.0036.0040.0048.0052.0056.0060.0064.0068.0072.0076.0080.0088.0096.00
8.00
17.0019.1321.2523.3825.5029.7534.0038.2542.5051.0055.2559.5063.7568.0072.2576.5080.7585.0093.50102.00
8.50
18.0020.2522.5024.7527.0031.5036.0040.5045.0054.0058.5063.0067.5072.0076.5081.0085.5090.0099.00108.00
9.00
21.3823.7526.1328.5033.2538.0042.7547.5057.0061.7566.5071.2576.0080.7585.5090.2595.00104.50114.00
9.50
22.5025.0027.5030.0035.0040.0045.0050.0060.0065.0070.0075.0080.0085.0090.0095.00100.00110.00120.00
10.0
0
24.7527.5030.2533.0038.5044.0049.5055.0066.0071.5077.0082.5088.0093.5099.00104.50110.00121.00132.00
11.0
0
30.0033.0036.0042.0048.0054.0060.0072.0078.0084.0090.0096.00102.00108.00114.00120.00132.00144.00
12.0
0
Note
:Tonnesofrockblastedcanbecalculatedbymultiplyingthevolumeofrockbythedensityoftherock.
Calc
ulat
ionCubicmetresofrock/m
etresblasthole(V)=burden(B)xspacing(S)
Thisunit Multipliedby Convertsto
Length
metres(m) 3.280 feet(ft)
39.370 inches(in)
inches(in) 25.400millimetres(mm)
kilometres(km) 0.621 miles
Mass
kilogram(kg) 2.20 lb
metrictonne(t) 1.10 shorttons
ounce
Avoirdupois(oz)28.35 grams(g)
ounceTroy(oz) 31.10 grams(g)
grains 0.06 grams(g)
Energy
joule 0.24 calorie
0.74 ft-lb
calorie 3.09 ft-lb
kilowatt 1.34 horsepower
Volume
cubiccentimetres0.06 in3
(cm3orcc)
cubicmetres(m3)1.31 yd3
cubicfeet(ft3) 0.03 m3
USgallon 3.79 litres(l)
ounces(USfluid)29.57 cm3
Convertsto Dividedby Thisunit
Thisunit Multipliedby Convertsto
Density
lbs/ft3 16.02 kg/m3
gm/cm3 62.43 lbs/ft3
Powder Factor
kg/m3 1.69 lb/yd3
Speed
m/sec 3.28 ft/sec
in/sec 25.4 mm/sec
km/hour 0.62 miles/hour
Pressure
psi 6.89 kPa
atmosphere(Atm)14.70 psi
bar 14.50 psi
bar 100 kPa
Temperature
fahrenheit-32 0.56 centigrade
centigrade+17.78 1.8 fahrenheit
Area
cm2 0.16 in2
m2 1550.00 in2
ft2 0.09 m2
Convertsto Dividedby Thisunit
Conversion table
Material
Solid Unconfined Young’s Poisson’s Density Compressive Modulus Ratio (t/m3) Strength (MPa) (GPa)
Basalt 3.00 78–412 20–100 0.14–0.25
Bauxite 2.05
Clay–dense,wet 1.70
Coal,Anthracite 1.60 8–50
Coal,Bituminous 1.36
Dolerite 2.80 290–500
Dolomite 2.96 15–118 20–84 0.1–0.2
Earth,moist 1.80
Gneiss 2.88 78–240 25–60 0.1–0.19
Granite 2.72 100–275 25–70 0.15–0.34
Gypsum 2.80
Ironore 4.89
Limestone 2.64 10–245 10–80 0.1–0.23
Limonite 3.76
Magnetite 5.05
Marble 2.48 50–200 60–90 0.2–0.35
Mica-Schist 2.70
Porphory 2.56
Quartzite 2.50 85–350 26–100 0.15–0.2
Sandstone 2.40 50–160 5–86 0.1–0.3
Shale 2.58 20–150 8–30 0.1–0.3
SilicaSand 2.56
Siltstone 2.25
Slate 2.72 98–196 30–90 0.1–0.44
Talc 2.64
Properties of typical rock types
Perimeterblastingisatechniquetoreducetheoverbreak/backbreakonablast.
Itusuallyutilisesdecoupledchargesincloselyspacedblastholes.
The following formula can be used to estimate the centre to centre distances of cartridged product for pre-splitting.
PF = Requiredpowderfactor(usually0.3to0.6kg/m2)
L = Lengthofchargedhole
S = Spacingbetweenholes
D = Centre–centredistancebetweencartridges(mm)
QL = Chargedensityoftheexplosive,inkg/m
B = Burden
Perimeter control
PF =L x S0.5
D =L x QL
B x S x PF
Anairblastisanairborneshockwavethatresultsfromthedetonationofexplosives.The
severityofanairblastisdependantonexplosivecharge,distance,andespeciallythe
explosivesconfinement.
Where P = pressure(kPa)
K = stateofconfinement
Q = maximuminstantaneouscharge(kg)
R = distancefromcharge(m)
Typical K factors
Unconfined 185
Fullyconfined 3.3
Expected damage
kPa
0.3 Windowsrattle
0.7 1%ofwindowsbreak
7 Mostwindowsbreak,plastercracks
30 Riskofdamagetoeardrums
Minimum levels quoted AS 2187.2 – 1993
Humandiscomfort 120db(in)
Onsetofstructuredamage 130db(in)
orhistoricbuildingswherenospecificlimitexists
Airblast
P = K-1.2R
Q0.33[ ]
Whenanexplosiveisdetonatedinablasthole,apressurewaveisgeneratedinthesurroundingrock.Asthispressurewavemovesfromtheboreholeitformsseismicwavesbydisplacingparticles.Theparticlemovementismeasuredtodeterminethemagnitudeoftheblastvibration.Maximumparticlevibrationcanbeestimatedusingthefollowingformula.
Where V = peakparticlevelocity(mm/s)
K= siteandrockfactorconstant
Q= maximuminstantaneouscharge(kg)
B= constantrelatedtotherockandsite(usually-1.6)
R= distancefromcharge(m)
Typical K factorsFreeface–hardorhighlystructuredrock 500
Freefaceaveragerock 1140
Heavilyconfined 5000
Recommended maximum Peak Particle Velocities (AS 2187.2 – 1993)Housingandlowriseresidentialbuildings, 10mm/sCommercialbuildingsnotincludedbelow
Commercialandindustrialbuildingsorstructures 25mm/sofreinforcedconcreteorsteelconstructions
Forhighrise,hospitals,longfloorspans,dams 5mm/sorhistoricbuildingswherenospecifiedlimitexists
Expected damagePPV (mm/s)13 Lowerlimitfordamagetoplasterwalls
19 Lowerlimitfordrywallstructures
70 Minordamage
140 >50%chanceofminordamagetostructures
190 50%chanceofmajordamage
Ground vibration
V = KBR
Q0.5[ ]
Shoulder hole Theserefertothoseholesimmediatelybelowthebackperimeterholes.
Burncut Theburncutconsistsofagroupofblastholesarrangedinaregularpatternaroundoneormoreunchargedreliefholes.Thefirstfiringblastholebreaksbothintothevoidofferedbytheunchargedreliefholesandtowardsthefreefaceprovidedbythetunnelface.
Easer Holeadjacenttocutarea.
Lifters Theblastholesalongthebottomofthedevelopedround.Properperformanceoftheliftersareessentialinachievinggoodfloorcontrol.
Perimeter blastholes Perimeterblastholesarethosewhichformtheboundaryofthetunnel.Explosiveloadingdensitiesintheseblastholesaregenerallylowerthanthoseintheremainderoftheblast,astheirprimerequirementistominimiseback-breakageandprovideagoodcontour.
Underground blast design
LifterHoles
ShoulderHoles
PerimeterHoles
KneeHoles
EaserHoles
Burncut
Design of cut
Thefollowingformulaeareusedforthegeometricdesignofthecutarea:
Formultiplereamerholes:ø=dn
Where:d=diameterofemptyreamerholes
n=numberofreamerholes
The cut:1st square: a=1.5ø W1=a2ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154amm = 110 130 150 190 230
W1mm = 150 180 210 270 320
2nd square: B1=W1
C-C=1.5W1
W2=1.5W12
ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154W1 = 150 180 210 270 320
C-C = 225 270 310 400 480
W2mm = 320 380 440 560 670
3rd square: B2=W2
C-C=1.5W2
W3=1.5W22
ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154W2mm = 320 380 440 560 670
C-C = 480 570 660 840 1000
W3mm = 670 800 930 1180 1400
4th square: B3=W3
C-C=1.5W3
W4=1.5W32
ø mm = 76 89 102 127W3mm = 670 800 930 1180
C-C =1000 1200 1400 1750
W3mm = 1400 1700 1980 2400
Underground blast design
W1
a
W4
W3
C-C
B3
W3W2
C-C
W2
W2
W1
C-C
B1
Design of lifter & easer holes
Whenthecutholeshavebeencalculated,therestofthedevelopmentroundmay
becalculated.
Theroundisdividedinto:
• lifterholes• sideholes• backholes• easerholeswithbreakageupwardsandhorizontally• easerholeswithbreakagedownwards
Tocalculateburdens(B)andchargesforthedifferentpartsoftheroundthefollowing
graphmaybeusedasabasis.
Underground blast design
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.80.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
30 35 38 41 45 48 51
Chargeconcentration,kg/m
Powermite®Proinfilmcartridges.Typicaldensity=1.20g/cm3
Continuousliftercharge
ANFO,pneumaticallycharged
Burden,m
Blasthole
diameter,mm
Pipecharge
diameter,mm
Blasthole
diameter,mm
51
38 41 45 48 51
30
TITAN® % Density* Energy Recomm Recomm Water Emulsion ANFO (g/cm3) (MJ/kg) sleep time minimum hole Resistance Product (wt%) (days) diameter (mm)
TITAN2000G(Gassed) 0 1.05-1.25* 2.5 12 102 ExcellentTITAN2010(HeavyANFO) 90 0.86# 3.6 14ø 102 PoorTITAN2020(HeavyANFO) 80 0.97# 3.4 14ø 102 PoorTITAN2030(HeavyANFO) 70 1.10# 3.3 14ø 102 PoorTITAN2040(HeavyANFO) 60 1.25# 3.2 14ø 127 PoorTITAN2050(Blend) 50 1.32# 3.1 14 203 AverageTITAN2050G(Gassed) 50 1.20-1.25* 3.1 12 102 AverageTITAN2060G(Gassed) 40 1.05-1.25* 3.0 12 102 GoodTITAN2070G(Gassed) 30 1.05-1.25* 2.9 12 102 ExcellentTITAN2080G(Gassed) 20 1.05-1.25* 2.7 12 102 ExcellentTITAN2090G(Gassed) 10 1.05-1.25* 2.6 12 102 ExcellentTITAN3000G(Gassed) 0 1.05-1.25* 2.7 12 76 ExcellentTITAN3010(HeavyANFO) 90 0.86# 3.6 14ø 89 PoorTITAN3020(HeavyANFO) 80 0.93# 3.5 14ø 89 PoorTITAN3030(HeavyANFO) 70 1.05# 3.4 14ø 102 PoorTITAN3040(HeavyANFO) 60 1.23# 3.3 14ø 127 PoorTITAN3060G(Gassed) 40 1.05-1.25* 3.1 12 89 GoodTITAN3070G(Gassed) 30 1.05-1.25* 3.0 12 76 ExcellentTITAN3080G(Gassed) 20 1.05-1.25* 2.9 12 76 ExcellentTITAN3090G(Gassed) 10 1.05-1.25* 2.8 12 76 ExcellentTITAN4000G(Gassed) 0 1.05-1.25* 2.4 12 102 ExcellentTITAN4010(HeavyANFO) 90 0.85# 3.6 12ø 102 PoorTITAN4020(HeavyANFO) 80 0.96# 3.4 12ø 102 PoorTITAN4030(HeavyANFO) 70 1.10# 3.3 12ø 102 PoorTITAN4040(HeavyANFO) 60 1.26# 3.2 12ø 152 PoorTITAN4050(Blend) 50 1.32# 3.0 12 152 AverageTITAN4050G(Gassed) 50 1.05-1.25* 3.0 12 102 AverageTITAN4060G(Gassed) 40 1.05-1.25* 2.9 12 102 GoodTITAN4070G(Gassed) 30 1.05-1.25* 2.8 12 102 ExcellentTITAN4080G(Gassed) 20 1.05-1.25* 2.6 12 102 ExcellentTITAN4090G(Gassed) 10 1.05-1.25* 2.5 12 102 ExcellentTITAN5000G(Gassed) 0 1.05-1.25* 2.7 ^ 102 ExcellentTITAN5010(HeavyANFO) 90 0.88# 3.6 ^ 102 PoorTITAN5020(HeavyANFO) 80 0.94# 3.5 ^ 102 PoorTITAN5030(HeavyANFO) 70 1.05# 3.4 ^ 102 PoorTITAN5040(HeavyANFO) 60 1.21# 3.3 ^ 152 PoorTITAN5050(HeavyANFO) 50 1.31# 3.2 ^ 203 AverageTITAN5060(Blend) 40 1.32# 3.0 ^ 250 GoodTITAN5060G(Gassed) 40 1.05-1.25* 3.1 ^ 102 GoodTITAN5065G(Gassed) 35 1.05-1.25* 3.0 ^ 102 GoodTITAN5070G(Gassed) 30 1.05-1.25* 3.0 ^ 102 ExcellentTITAN5080G(Gassed) 20 1.05-1.25* 2.9 ^ 102 ExcellentTITAN5090G(Gassed) 10 1.05-1.25* 2.8 ^ 102 ExcellentTITAN7000(Gassed) 0 0.80-1.25 2.9 30† 35 ExcellentTITAN7000i(Gassed) 0 0.80-1.25 2.9 ^ 35 Excellent
TITAN7000SX(Gassed) 0 0.80-1.25 2.8 ^ 35 Excellent
* Inholegassedproductdensityisdependentonholedepth.# DensitiesmayvaryduetovariationsintheANprilldensity.Forblendswith50%emulsionorgreater,pleaseconsultyourDynoNobelrepresentativetoensuretheproductissuitableforyourapplication.
ø Forunreactivegroundindryholeconditionswithnowaterpresent.Dewateredholesmayreducesleeptime.^ ForapplicationsinreactivegroundconditionspleaseconsultyourDynoNobelrepresentativetoundertaketheappropriatetestworkpriortothedevelopmentofsuitablesitespecificprocedures.
† Forupholeapplications,sleeptimesaredependentongeology,waterandinholeconditions.
Bulk products
Powermite® Pro Typical density Theoretical energy comparison VoD (g/cm3) Energy (MJ/kg) RWS RBS (m/s)
1.16-1.23 <=32mm2.78 121 183 3400
>=45mm2.72
Packaging Quantity Average cartridge Case per 25kg case weight (g) weight kg
25mmx200mm 219 114 25
25mmx700mm 60 416 25
32mmx200mm 135 185 25
32mmx700mm 34 736 25
55mmx400mm 33 758 25
65mmx400mm 21 1190 25
80mmx400mm 15 1670 25
AnFo – bagged Typical density Theoretical energy comparison Recomm(Poured) g/cm3 (MJ/kg) RWS RBS min hole (mm)
Poured 0.8-0.85 3.7 100 100 75
Blowloaded 0.85-0.95 3.7 100 116 25
Packaged products
Powermite® Pro anfo – bagged
anfo – bulk
Packaged products
Sanfold®
Z-Bar® Edge Z-Bar® lifter
SAnFoLD®
Typical Typical Theoretical Recomm Recomm density density energy min hole min hole (Poured) (Blow loaded) comparison (Poured) (Blow loaded) g/cm3 g/cm3 (MJ/kg) (mm) (mm)SANFOLD® 70 0.75 0.87 3.63 40 32
SANFOLD® 50 0.55 0.67 3.51 50 –
SANFOLD® 30 0.3 0.54 3.28 50 40
Z-BAR®
Diameter Charge VoD Maximum case (mm) (kg/m) weight (kg)Z-BAR® Edge Tube-19 Tube-0.30 6500 20
Primer-29 Primer-0.50
Z-BAR® Lifter 29 0.50 6500 25
Z-BAR® Edge Z-BAR® Lifter Length Quantity per case Length per case Quantity per case Length per case2.5m 20 50 15 37.53.0m 18 54 12 363.5m 16 56 10 354.0m 13 52 9 364.5m 12 54 8 36
Initiation systems – downhole
nonEl® MS Series
nonEl® MS Heavy duty Series
nonEL® MS SeriesDelay Clip Nominal firing Time betweenperiod (ms) colour time (ms) delays (ms)1 Red 25 252 Blue 50 253 Brown 75 254 Orange 100 255 Aqua 125 256 Gold 150 257 LimeGreen 175 258 Pink 200 259 DarkGreen 225 2510 Purple 250 2511 LightBlue 275 2512 LightGreen 300 2513 Mauve 325 2514 Mustard 350 2515 Crimson 375 2516 Yellow 400 2517 DarkBlue 425 2518 Green 450 2519 Orange 475 2520 White 500 2521 RubineRed 550 5022 Grey 600 5023 Black 650 5024 Brown 700 5025 Red 750 5026 Blue 800 5027 Brown 900 10028 Orange 1000 100
Packaging Winding NONEL® TubeLength (m) Units per case configuration Standard or Heavy Duty3.6 250 Coiled Standard4.8 200 Coiled Standard6.0 150 Coiled Standard7.2 150 Coiled Standard9.0 100 Coiled Standard+HD12.0 75 Sleeved Standard+HD15.0 75 Sleeved Standard+HD18.0 50 Sleeved Standard+HD24.0 30 Spooled Standard+HD30.0 30 Spooled HD36.0 30 Spooled HD45.0 30 Spooled HD60.0 30 Spooled HD80.0 30 Spooled HD
NONEL® tube: Standard HeavyDutyColour Red OrangeDiameter 3.0mmDetonator #12Strength
Initiation systems – downhole
nonEL® LP SeriesDelay Clip Nominal firing Time between period (ms) colour time (ms) delays (ms)0 White 25 251 Red 500 4752 Blue 800 3003 Brown 1100 3004 Orange 1400 3005 Aqua 1700 3006 Gold 2000 3007 LimeGreen 2300 3008 Pink 2700 4009 Black 3100 40010 Purple 3500 40011 LightBlue 3900 40012 DarkGreen 4400 50013 Mauve 4900 50014 Mustard 5400 50015 Crimson 5900 50016 Yellow 6500 60017 DarkBlue 7200 70018 Green 8000 800
Packaging Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration3.6 250 Sidewinder4.8 200 Sidewinder5.4 150 Sidewinder6.0 150 Sidewinder15.0 75 Sleeve24.0 30 Spool36.0 30 Spool
NONEL® tube: StandardColour YellowDiameter 3.0mmDetonator #12Strength
nonEl® lP Series
Initiation systems – open-cut
nonEL® EZTL SeriesDelay period (ms) Clip colour0 Green9 Violet17 Yellow25 Red42 White67 Blue109 Black150 DarkGreen176 Orange200 Gold
Packaging
Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration3.6 200 coiled4.8 150 coiled6.0 150 coiled7.2 150 coiled9.0 100 Figure8012.0 75 Figure8015.0 75 Figure8018.0 50 Figure80
Tube colour YellowDetonator LowstrengthClip capacity 6
NONEL®EZTLSeries
Initiation systems – open-cut
nonEL® MS ConnectorDelay period (ms) Clip colour9 Violet17 Yellow25 Red42 White67 Blue109 Black150 DarkGreen176 Orange200 Gold
Packaging Unitspercase 200
Tube Standard Orange
nonEl® MS Connector
nonEl® Starter
nonEL® Lead Line Reel-off initiation system (nodetonator) Length 1000m(twopercase)VOD 2100m/sec(+/-300)Tube StandardYellow
nonEL® Starter Packaging Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration100 15 Spooled300 4 Spooled500 4 Spooled
Tube Standard Yellow
nonEl® lead line
Nominal Diameter Length Units per Priming weight (mm) (mm) case (g) Trojan Spartan 150 150 36 119 95 Capsensitive
Trojan Spartan 400 400 55 119 40 Capsensitive
Trojan NBU 400 400 55 119 40 Primacord4
Trojan Ringprime 250 46 175 42 Capsensitive
NB:SpidersforRingprime®have125mmdiameterandcomeinseparate70unitlots.
Initiation systems
Trojan Spartan
Cast Boosters
Trojan nBU Trojan ringprime®
Core load Diameter Minimum Packaging (g/m) (mm) strength (kg) PrimaCord® 5 5 4.2 68 2x500mrolls
PrimaLine® 10 10 5 68 2x350mrolls
PrimaCord® 5
Detonating CordsPrimaline® 10
Initiation systems
Electric Super™ Starter
Electric Super™ StarterDescription Delaytime(ms) 0
FuseHeadresistance(ohm) 1.92
Firingcurrent,minimumrecommended,(A)
Serieswiring 3ampsACor1.5ampsDC
Parallelwiring 1ampACorDCperdetonator
Series-in-parallelwiring 2ampsACorDCperseries
Legwires(m) 3.5
Strength(#) 10
The maximum recommended continuous firing current is 10 amps per detonator.
The SmartShot System
SmartShot Electronic Detonator SystemPackagingLength (m) Units per case10/7 18
20/10 18
20/15 18
35/0.2 18
45/0.2 18
60/0.2 8
Blasting accessories
DynoStart (DS2)
ELECTRONICBLASTINGMACHINE
DynoStartisabatterypoweredelectronicblasting
machineforinitiationofNONEL®tube.Electrical
energyisconvertedintoastrongshockwaveofhigh
temperaturethat,whenappliedinsideaNONEL®
tubebythemeansofanelectrode,initiatesthetube.
DynoStartusesacommon9Vbatteryandadurable
electrode.Bothbatteryandelectrodeareeasyto
change.Theelectrodecanberemovedfromthe
blastingmachineatanytimetopreventunauthorised
usage.DynoStartisdesignedtorequiretheuseof
bothhandswheninitiatingtheblast.Thisistoavoid
unintentionalfiringofablast.
dynoStart (dS2)
nonEL® Starter Gun
BLASTINGMACHINE
TheNONEL®StarterGunisasimpleandhighly
effectivehandheldblastingmachine,robustly
constructedfrommetalalloysandstainlesssteel.
IthasanintegralsafetydeviceandusesShotShell
PrimersNo.20asprimercaps.Itisacomplete
blastingmachine,nootherequipmentbeingneeded
toinitiateaNONEL®tube.
nonEl® Starter Gun
Blasting accessories
Stinger Exploder 10 Shot
TheSB10isacompactcapactivedischarge
exploder.Theunitispoweredby1.5VAAbatteries.
Aremovablemagnetickeycontrolssecurityofthe
firingmechanismandapushbuttonoperatesthe
firingcircuit.Areadylightilluminateswhenthe
firingcapacitorisfullycharged.
Stinger Exploder 10 Shot
Scorpion®
TheScorpion®isadeviceusedtocentralisedetonators
intheborehole.Constructedfromextrudedplastic,
Scorpion®comprisesoffourfinsattachedtoacentral
spineandfacilitatesdirectprimingofANFOandTitan
7000bulkemulsioninsmalldiameter,dryblastholes,
usedintunnellingandundergroundminedevelopment.
Length 130m
Diameter 38mm
Construction extrudedplastic
Scorpion®
Blasting accessories
Lo-Stat AnFo Hose
TheLo-StatANFOHoseisaconductivethermoplastic
tubeusedfordeliveryofexplosivesinunderground
applications.Description Product specification
20mm hose 25mm hose
Internal Diameter 18.4mm-19.6mm 24.6mm-25.4mm
Outside Diameter 26.4mm-27.6mm 29.8mm-30.2mm
Wall Thickness 3.7mm-4.4mm 2.3mm-2.7mm
Resistance/m metre 15-25KΩ 15-25KΩ
Total Resistance (wholecoil) <1.6MΩ <1.6MΩ
Nominal Weight 330-370g/m 210-230g/m
lo-Stat anfo Hose
Stempac
ThestempacisastemmingdeviceconstructedusingStemtiteblastcontrolplugsand
crushedaggregateinascaledplasticpackage.Thestempacenablesblastholesthathave
beendrilledhorizontaloratanangleabovehorizontaltobestemmed.Itisdesigned
tobeplacedinablastholeaftertheloadinghasbeencompletedandbelocated80cm
belowtheexplosivecolumn.Disassembledcomponentsshown.Assembledproduct
includesyntheticsleeve.SizeofStempaccanvarydependingonholediameter.
Stempac
Blasting accessories
Twin Twist Bell WireInsulation colour RedandWhiteTwist
Roll size 500metres
Number of cores 2
Current rating (A) 1.8
Electrical Resistance @ 20C(mΩ/m) per core 62
Twin Twist Bell Wire
Firing Cable – Heavy Duty Insulation colour Red – Fig 8 outer sheath, Red and White core
Roll size 100metres
Number of cores 2
Electrical Resistance @ 20C(mΩ/m) per core 12.9
firing Cable – Heavy duty
AirblastAirborneshockwaveresultingfromthedetonationofexplosives.
Back breakRockbrokenbeyondthelimitsofthelastrow.
Borehole pressureThepressurewhichthegassesofdetonationexertontheboreholewall.
Charge weight Theamountofexplosivechargeinkilograms.
Column chargeAcontinuouschargeofexplosivesinaborehole.
Critical diameterTheminimumdiameterforpropagationofastabledetonation.
CutoffsAportionofanexplosivecolumnthathasfailedtodetonateduetorockmovement.
DecouplingTheuseofexplosiveproductshavingsmallervolumethanthevolumeoftheblastholeitoccupies.
Delay blastingTheuseofdelaydetonatorsorconnectorstoseparatechargesbyadefinedtime.
Density massperunitvolume.
Detonation pressure Thepressurecreatedinthereactionzoneofadetonatingexplosive.
ExplosiveAnychemicalormixtureofchemicalsthatcanreacttoproduceanexplosion.
Free faceArocksurfacethatprovidestherockwithroomtoexpandwhenblasted.
FlyrockRockthatispropelledthroughairfromablast.
FragmentationMeasuretodescribethesizeofdistributionofbrokenrockafterblasting.
Ground vibrationGroundmovementcausedbythestresswavesemanatingfromablast.
InitiationTheactofdetonatingexplosivesbyanymeans.
Line drillingAmethodofoverbreakcontrolwhichusesaseriesofcloselyspacedholesthatarenotcharged.
Loading densityTheweightofexplosivespermetreofborehole.
Maximum Instantaneous Charge (MIC) Massofexplosivedetonatinginsomedefinedtimeperiod,usually8milliseconds.
Overbreak Excessivebreakageofrockbeyondthedesiredexcavationlimit.
Particle velocityThespeedofmovementinagivendirectionofarockorsoilmass.
Pre-split Acontrolledblastinwhichdecoupledchargesarefiredinholesontheperimeteroftheexcavationpriortothemainfiring.
Relative Bulk Strength (RBS)TheenergyyieldperunitvolumeofanexplosivecomparedtoANFO.
Relative Weight Strength (RWS) TheenergyyieldperunitmassofanexplosivecomparedtoANFO.
SpacingThedistancebetweenboreholesinthesamerow.
StemmingInertmaterialusedtoconfinethegassesgeneratedduringdetonation.
Swell factorTheratioofthevolumeofbrokenrocktothevolumeofin-siturock.
Velocity of detonationThevelocityatwhichadetonationprogressesthroughanexplosive.
Glossary
DISCLAIMER
Theinformationandsuggestionscontainedinthisdocumentconcernexplosive
productsthatshouldonlybedealtwithbypersonshavingtheappropriate
technicalskills,trainingandlicence.Theresultsobtainedfromtheuseofsuch
productsdependtoalargedegreeontheconditionsunderwhichtheproducts
arestored,transportedandused.
WhileDynoNobelmakeseveryefforttoensurethedetailscontainedinthe
documentareasaccurateaspossible,theconditionsunderwhichtheproducts
areusedarenotwithinitscontrol.Eachuserisresponsibleforbeingawareof
thedetailsinthedocumentandtheproductapplicationsinthespecificcontext
oftheintendeduse.Iftechnicaladviceisrequiredinthespecificapplicationof
theproductsthenyoushouldcontactDynoNobelforassistance.
Tothefullextentpermittedbylaw,DynoNobelmakesnowarrantiesinrelation
totheproductsitsellsandbearsnorisk,responsibilityorliabilityarisingfrom
theuseoftheproductsandtheinformationinthisdocumentbythebuyeror
useroftheproducts.
DynoNobelAsiaPacificPtyLimited(ACN003269010)isasubsidiaryof
IncitecPivotLimited(ACN004080264).
®TITAN,Powermite,DynoSplit,SANFOLD,Z-BAR,NONEL,Cobra,DYNO,
Ringprime,PrimaCord,PrimaLine&Scorpionareregisteredtrademarksof
theDynoNobel/IncitecPivotGroup.
©DynoNobelAsiaPacificPtyLimited2010.Reproductionwithoutpermission
isstrictlyprohibited.
REF0110/0210/AZZAUS/2K
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