dxfn]vfk/lifssf] krkggf}fjflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&$...

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf]

krkGgf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg

@)&$

;f/f+z

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no

sf7df8fF}, g]kfn

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf]

krkGgf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&$

;f/f+z

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no

sf7df8f}F, g]kfn

b"/b[li6 (Vision)

hglxtsfnflu hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / lgi7f k|j4{g

ug]{ ljZj;gLo ;+:yf x'g k|oTgzLn /xg] .

(We strive to be a credible institution in promoting accountability,

transparency and integrity for the benefit of the people)

uGtJo (Mission)

;/ f ]s f /j fn fn fO { ; fj { h lgs s f ] i fs f ] bI ft fk " 0 f { pko f ] u

;DaGwdf cfZj:t kfg{ :jtGq Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf k|bfg

ug]{ .

(Provide independent and quality audit service to assure our

stakeholders that the public funds are efficiently used)

d"No dfGotf (Core Values)

lgi7f (Integrity)

:jtGqtf (Independence)

Jofj;flostf (Professionalism)

kf/blz{tf (Transparency)

hjfkmb]lxtf (Accountability)

Serving the Nation and the People

k|fSsyg

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ ;+3, k|b]z, :yfgLo txsf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{no / ;+3 jf k|b]z ;/sf/sf] k"0f{

:jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L

dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6 clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f x'g] Joj:yf 5 . dxfn]vfk/LIfsdf d]/f] lgo'lQm ePsf] sl/a !! dlxgfleq

@)&#÷&$ sf] lgoldt / ;f]eGbf cl3sf n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ afFsL ;d]t o; jif{ ^ xhf/ ^ ;o !^ lgsfosf] cfly{s

sf/f]af/sf] k/LIf0fkZrft\ b]lvPsf Joxf]/f ;dfj]z u/L ;'emfj;lxtsf] %% cf+} jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] 5' . o;

k|ltj]bgdf ljutdf cjnDjg u/]sf cEof; / cGt/{fli6«o k|rng, ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx?sf] cGt/{fli6«o

;+u7g -O{G6f];fO{_ / Pl;ofnL ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx?sf] ;+u7g -P;f];fO{_ åf/f k|ltkflbt dfgb08;d]tsf]

cg'z/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] :jtGq / lgikIf d"NofÍg u/L hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt

u/fpg] p2]Zon] jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf d'Vo ljifo ;dfj]z u/L of] ;f/f+z tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

o; jif{ ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;+ul7t ;+:yf, :yfgLo lgsfo÷tx, lhNnf ljsf;÷;dGjo ;ldlt ;d]tsf]

?=$^ va{ *& ca{ (! s/f]8sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf]df ;f]dWo] $ xhf/ *!@ ;/sf/L lgsfotkm{ ?=!&

va{ %@ ca{ (# s/f]8sf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ?=($ ca{ *@ s/f]8 cyf{t\ %=$! k|ltzt a]?h" sfod ePsf] 5 .

:yfgLo txtkm{ ;fljssf :yfgLo lgsfo ##&$ ;lxt &$$ :yfgLo txdWo] &#* sf] ?=! va{ *) ca{ #!

s/f]8sf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ?=!$ ca{ @% s/f]8 cyf{t\ &=() k|ltzt a]?h" sfod ePsf] 5 . of] jif{ ;fj{hlgs

;+:yf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / cGo ;ldltsf] ?=@& va{ %$ ca{ ^& s/f]8sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

o; afx]s @! ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu k/fdz{ pknJw u/fOPsf] 5 .

ut jif{;Ddsf] afFsL a]?h" ?=@ va{ @@ ca{ %# s/f]8df of] jif{ ?=%@ ca{ (! s/f]8 km5\of}{6 eO{

afFsL /x]sf] ?=! va{ ^( ca{ ^@ s/f]8df of] jif{sf] a]?h" ?=! va{ @) ca{ (! s/f]8 ;d]t ?=@ va{ () ca{

%# s/f]8 afFsL /x]sf] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f tyf ;Dk/LIf0faf6 of] jif{ ?=!$ ca{ ( s/f]8 c;'n ePsf] 5 . ut jif{

c;'n km5\of}{6 ug'{kg]{ a]?h" tyf sf/afxL u/L 6'Ëf] nufpg'kg]{ cGo /sd ?=# va{ (^ ca{ @^ s/f]8 /x]sf]df

o; jif{sf] cGtdf ?=% va{ * s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 .

n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddf P]g lgodsf] kl/kfngf, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f Joj:yf, ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f,

;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|flKt / pkof]u, ah]6 Joj:yfkg / ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf, j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng, /fh:j

c;"nL, ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg, sfo{qmd :jLs[lt Pj+ sfof{Gjog, cg'bfg ljt/0f

tyf cg'udg, k'gMlgdf{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, ;]jf k|jfx

nufotsf ljifodf sdL–sdhf]/L b]lvPsf 5g\ . k|ltj]bgdf n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf plNnlvt sdL–

sdhf]/Lsf cnjf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, ljQLo cg'zf;g, hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/bzL{tf k|a4{g tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf

;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf cfly{s

cg'zf;g sfod ug{df ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ d'n's ;+3Lotfdf ?kfGt/0f ePkZrft\ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf

hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ u7g eO;s]sf 5g\ . ca oL tLg} txaf6 ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;]jf k|jfx / k|zf;lgs vr{ x'g]

x'Fbf vr{ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;|f]tsf] 7"nf] cGt/ x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ug'{kg]{ cTofjZos

lqmofsnfkdf dfq pknAw ;/sf/L ;|f]t ;fwg ldtJooL / bIftfk"j{s kl/rfng u/L cGo ;]jf tyf sfo{df

lghL If]q nufotsf afx\o ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPdf dfq o:tf] cGt/ k"lt{ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

cGtdf, ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{] qmddf ;'emfj lbO{

;xof]u ug]{ Joj:yflksf–;+;b, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfo, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf, n]vfk/LIf0f

;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt, ljsf; ;fe]mbf/, gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/sdL{, cfd gful/s nufot ;a}k|lt cfef/ JoQm

ug{ rfxG5' . ;fy}, cxf]/fq vl6O{ n]vfk/LIf0f ;dod} ;DkGg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'x'g]

sfof{nosf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

6+sdl0f zdf{, b+ufn

dxfn]vfk/LIfs

k|ltj]bg ;f/f+z

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$! adf]lhd krkGgf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo";dIf cfh} k]; ul/;s]sf] 5' . pQm k|ltj]bg o;

sfof{nosf] j]a;fO6 www.oagnep.gov.np dfk{mt ;fj{hlgs;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfsf] glthfsf af/]df n]vfk/LIf0fsf]

dfWodaf6 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf Pj+

kf/blz{tf clej[l4df ;3fp k'uf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] krkGgf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf

cfwfl/t ;f/f+zsf] ?kdf of] k'l:tsf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

-6+sdl0f zdf{, b+ufn_

@)&$ r}q @( dxfn]vfk/LIfs

ljifo–;"rL

1. k[i7e"ld !

@= n]vfk/LIf0f, a]?h" / ;Dk/LIf0f $

#= n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf s]xL Joxf]/fsf] emns ^

cfly{s kl/;"rs Pj+ cfo Joo &

;fj{hlgs lx;fasf] oyfy{tf !)

j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng !!

ah]6 cg'zf;g !@

C0f tyf bfloTj !$

/fh:j k|If]k0f tyf bfo/f lj:tf/ !^

s/ kl/kfngf !&

/fh:j 5'6 Pj+ r'xfj6 lgoGq0f @!

;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|flKt, ;+/If0f Pj+ pkof]u @^

xflg gf]S;fgL / d:of}6 #!

;fa{hlgs ;|f]tsf] ckJoo #!

ldtJolotf ##

bIftf Pj+ k|efjsfl/tf #$

hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tf #^

;]jf k|jfx #&

gLlt sfo{qmd, l:js[lt tyf sfof{Gjog #(

/fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf $)

gD;{ / nfut cg'dfg $%

;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg $^

lgdf{0f sfo{ / j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ %@

cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog %#

cg'bfg lat/0f tyf cg'udg %$

s/ stL Pj+ bflvnf %%

;l~rtsf]if bflvnf %^

nufgL k|ltkmn %&

cg'udg / lgodg %*

k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf ^!

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / bLuf] ljsf; ^@

k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ^#

:yfgLo tx ^$

$= ;'wf/sf If]qx? ^*

%= sfof{nosf] ultljlw &!

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] krkGgf}}_ jflif+s k|ltj]bg, @)&$ ;f/f_z

1

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&$

;f/f+z

!=k[i7e"ld

1. sfg"gL Joj:yf – g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$! df ;+3Lo / k|b]zsf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo

tx tyf sfg'gAf/f tf]lsPsf cGo ;+:yfsf] lgwf{l/t tl/sfadf]lhd lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf,

k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ / wf/f @($ adf]lhd

;+j}wflgs lgsfon] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf k]; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, @)$*

-klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ n] dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ tl/sf, If]q, k/LIf0f ug]{ s'/fx? / g]kfn

;/sf/sf] k"0f{ Pj+ clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg / n]vfk/LIf0f P]gAf/f k|bQ sfg'gL cfwf/cg'?k n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 .

2. p2]Zo – ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] k|flKt / pkof]usf ;DaGwdf lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf

/ cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df k/LIf0f u/L b]xfosf ljifox?df ;'lglZrt eO{ plrt lgisif{ / ;'emfj k|bfg ug'{

Pj+ ljQLo k|ltj]bgpk/ plrt cfZj:ttf k|bfg ug'{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5M

cfly{s ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tof/ eO{ sf/f]af/sf] oyfy{ l:ylt lrq0f u/]sf],

ljlgof]hg P]gadf]lhd :jLs[t ;Ldfleq /xL ;f]xL P]gaf6 lglb{i6 k|of]hgdf vr{ u/]sf],

/fh:j nufot ;d:t cfDbfgL / w/f}6L c;'nL tyf bflvnf u/]sf],

;/sf/L ;DklQsf] clen]v, pkof]u / ;+/If0fsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf u/]sf],

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f / cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f Joj:yf k|efjsf/L /x]sf],

cfly{s sf/f]af/ ubf{ P]g sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf u/]sf] Pj+ k'i6\ofO{ ug]{ oy]i6 k|df0f /fv]sf],

sfo{qmdcg';f/ lgwf{l/t ;doleq k|ult xfl;n u/]sf],

;fj{hlgs lgsfon] tf]lsPadf]lhd ;]jf k|jfx u/]sf],

;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] sfo{qmdcg'[;f/ nIo / pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf], /

hjfkmb]lxtf / lhDd]jf/L k"/f ePsf] .

3. If]q – of] jif{ ;+j}wflgs c+u, dGqfno, ljefu tyf sfof{no, :yfgLo tx, ;+ul7t ;+:yf, ;ldlt, af]8{,

sf]if, k|flws/0f, ljZjljBfno;d]t sfg'gn] n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]s]sf lgsfosf] cfly{s jif{

@)&#.&$ sf]] / k]; eP;Dd aSof}tf;d]tsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

:jLs[t jflif{s n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgfcg';f/ ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;fy} sfo{d"ns, ;"rgf k|ljlwdf

cfwfl/t, jftfj/0fLo / ;fdlos n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] qmddf ;]jf

k|jfxnufot cGo cfjZos ljifoj:t' d"NofÍg ubf{

n]vfk/LIf0f cjlw;Ddsf] tYofÍ ;"rgf;d]t k|of]u

ul/Psf] 5 .

4. k4lt – n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, @)$*, ;/sf/L n]vfk/LIf0f

dfgb08, ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx?sf] cGt/f{li6«o

;+u7g -OG6f];fO{_ Af/f k|ltkflbt n]vfk/LIf0fsf

cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g / c;n

cEof;sf] cg';/0f u/L n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd

d"NofÍgkZrft\ klxrfg ePsf ljifox?sf] lgoGq0f

k/LIf0f Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L kof{Kt / ;fGble{s k|df0f


2

;Íng ug{ cfjZostfcg';f/ gd"gf 5gf}6 Pj+ lj:t[t k/LIf0f sfo{ljlw cjnDag u/L n]vfk/LIf0f

;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofnfO{ /]vflrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

5. n]vfk/LIf0f cfwf/ – n]vfk/LIf0fsf] qmddf k|rlnt P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw, gD;{, ;Demf}tf,

lg0f{o, ;+;b tyf ;+;bLo ;ldltsf lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . b]xfosf dfgb08 Pj+

dfu{bz{g k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfo{of]hgf ;/sf/L n]vfk/LIf0f gLlt dfgb08,

cfof]hgf lx;fasf] n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g, ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g,

sfo{d"ns n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g, k|zf;sLo vr{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g,

;fj{hlgs ;+:yf n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g, /fh:j n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g,

n]vfk/LIf0f;DaGwL lgb]{zg tyf kl/kq, :yfgLo txsf] n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g,

u'0f:t/ cfZj:ttf lgb]{lzsf, n]vfk/LIfssf] cfrf/;+lxtf

ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, ;xeflutfTds n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlw

6. u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sg – sfof{non] ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf

ljsf; ul/Psf] u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg ;+/rgf cg';/0f u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ n]vfk/LIfssf] :jtGqtf

k|j4{g ug]{, ;Ifd / Ifdtfjfg sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/L lg/Gt/?kdf k];fut 1fg ;Lk clej[l4 ug]{,

n]vfk/LIf0f dfgb08 Pj+ dfu{bz{g tof/ ug]{, jflif{s of]hgfsf] th'{df u/L n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{Gjog /

k|ltj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|To]s r/0fdf pRr kbflwsf/Laf6 ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{,

cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kl/kfngf / cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf ultljlwsf] cg'udg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . sfof{nosf]

nflu pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu sfo{ut ;DaGw /fVb} ;fj{hlgs

ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/sf] nflu n]vfk/LIf0f glthfsf] ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg eO;s]kZrft\\ u'0f:t/ cfZj:ttf lgb]{lzsfadf]lhd ;a} lgb]{zgfno,

n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nL / n]vfk/LIf0f k|s[ltnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L $* n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOnsf] u'0f:t/ k'g/fjnf]sg

ul/Psf] 5 . o;afx]s sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu k|To]s n]vfk/LIf0f

6f]nLsf] Ps n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

7. ;+u7gfTds Joj:yf / ah]6 – o; sfof{nosf] ;+/rgfcGtu{t $ dxfzfvf, !$ dxflgb]{zgfno @& If]qut

lgb]{zgfno /x]sf 5g\ . sfof{non] sd{rf/LnfO{ b]zel/sf sfof{nodf v6fO{ ztk|ltzt ?kdf g} :ynut

n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . sfof{nosf] :jLs[t b/aGbL

$$* /x]sf] 5 . sfof{nosf] hgzlQm n]vf tyf

n]vfk/LIf0f ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf, ax';Lko'Qm

gePsf], sd{rf/Lsf] k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf cj;/

Go"g /x]sf] cj:Yff 5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu ljifo lj1

-:jf:Yo lj1, cy{zf:qL, ;dfhzf:qL, ;"rgf k|ljlw

lj1, OlGhlgo/, k|]; tyf ;"rgf lj1nufot_ cfjZos

b]lvG5 . k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{

lhDd]jf/L yk ePsf] / ljut @$ jif{b]lv b/aGbL

k'g/fjnf]sg gul/Psf]n] k|b]zut ;+u7g lj:tf/sf nflu

;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ;DkGg u/L b/aGbL

:jLs[ltsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . n]vfk/LIfsx?nfO{ bafa,

k|efj / k|nf]egaf6 d'Qm /fvL cfrf/;+lxtfsf] s8fOsf

;fy kfngf ug]{ / k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLnfO{ k'g/fgjnf]sg

u/L lg/Gt/tf lbg sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

sfof{nosf] nflu @)&#.&$ df ?= %# s/f]8

%( nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]df ?= #* s/f]8 *$


3

nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . vr{sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ sfof{nosf] tflnd / k'FhLut

vr{ s'n ah]6sf] qmdzM )=%! / !%=$% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sfof{nosf] @)&#.&$ sf] vr{df sfof{nosf]

hgzlStaf6 ;DkGg n]vfk/LIf0fsf] c+s ?=$^ va{ *& ca{ (! s/f]8 t'ngf ubf{ n]vfk/LIf0f vr{ k|lt

nfvdf ?=*.@* /x]sf] 5 .

8. n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|efj – n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs lxt k|j4{gsf ;Gbe{df k|rlnt P]g lgod,

lgb]{lzsf ljk/Lt cfly{s sf/f]af/ ePdf, ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ l;nl;nfdf

ePsf sdL sdhf]/L, ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf,

k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cf}FNofO{ ;r]tssf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k /fHosf]

;|f]t;fwgsf] ckJoo, b'?kof]u, xflg—gf]S;fgL, r'xfj6 /f]syfd Pj+ ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]uaf6 pRrtd

k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . sfof{non] cf}FNofPsf ljifox?sf] ;Daf]wgaf6 ;/sf/L /sd

c;'n eO{ ;l~rtsf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] tyf P]g, lgod, gLlt, ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/sf] sf/0faf6 ;d]t

/fHonfO{ yk /fh:j k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;fj{hlgs vr{df ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf / hgtfnfO{

k|jfx x'g] ;]jfdf k|efjsfl/tf cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod ug{ n]vfk/LIfssf] of]ubfg

/x]sf] 5 .

36L /fh:j c;'n u/]sf], sf]ifdf df}Hbft lgliqmo /fv]sf], a9L e'QmfgL u/]sf] / k|rlnt

sfg'gcg';f/ gePsf Joxf]/f c;'npk/ ug{ n]vfk/LIf0fn] cf}FNofP kZrft\\ c;'n eO{ /fHosf]ifdf jif]{lg /sd

k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljut # jif{sf] c;'n ePsf] /sdsf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

-?= nfvdf_

cfly{s jif{ c;'npk/ ug'{kg]{ j]?h" c;'n ePsf] /sd

lqkGgf}F k|ltj]bg 4,87,04 2,57,28

rjGgf}F k|ltj]bg 41,38,67 2,08,97

krkGgf}F k|ltj]bg 18,70,79 14,09,11


4

@= n]vfk/LIf0f, a]?h" / ;Dk/LIf0f

1. n]vfk/LIf0f – sfof{noaf6 of] jif{ lgDgfg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5M

1.1 ;/sf/L lgsfo – of] jif{ $ xhf/ *!@ ;/sf/L lgsfosf]] lgDgfg';f/ ljlgof]hg//fh:j/w/f}6L;d]t

?=!& va{ %@ ca{ (# s/f]8 n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5M

-?= s/f]8df_

qm=;+= sf/f]af/ @)&#.&$ sf] n]vfk/LIf0f cÍ

!= ljlgof]hg lgsf;f 83877

@= /fh:j c;'nL 60373

#= w/f}6L cfDbfgL 3429

$= cGo 27614

hDdf 175293

1.2 :yfgLo txsf] n]vfk/LIf0f – of] jif{ ^ dxfgu/kflnsf, !! pk–dxfgu/kflnsf, @&% gu/kflnsf /

$$^ ufFpkflnsf ;d]t &#* :yfgLo txsf] ?=! va{ *) ca{ #! s/f]8sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 .

1.3 ;+ul7t ;+:yf, ;ldlt / cGo ;+:yf – of] jif{ *% ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ?=@$ va{ ! ca{ ^$ s/f]8, *(&

;ldlt tyf cGo ;+:yfsf] ?=! va{ #* ca{ *! s/f]8 / &% lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ?=@ va{ !$

ca{ @@ s/f]8sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

1.4 sfo{d"ns tyf ljz]if n]vfk/LIf0f – of] jif{ & ljifosf] sfo{d"ns, ! ljifosf] jftfj/0fLo / ! ljifosf]

;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

1.5 n]vfk/LIf0f aSof}tf – ;/sf/L sfof{notk{m n]vfk/LIf0f aSof}tf ut jif{;Dd @ xhf/ (@% OsfO{sf]

?=% ca{ #) s/f]8 ^$ nfv /x]sf]df of] jif{ @^ OsfO{n] ?=! ca{ (@ s/f]8 %& nfvsf] n]vfk/LIf0f

u/fO{ afFsL @ xhf/ *(( OsfO{sf] ?= # ca{ #* s/f]8 & nfv n]vfk/LIf0f aSof}tf afFsL /x]sf] 5 .

o;} u/L ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] ut jif{;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f aSof}tf @! ;+:yfsf] %# cfly{s jif{sf]

/x]sf]df of] jif{ * ;+:yfsf] $# jif{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f aSof}tf /x]sf] 5 .

2. a]?h" — cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @-b_ df k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd k'¥ofpg'kg]{ /Lt gk'¥ofO{

sf/f]af/ u/]sf] jf /fVg'kg]{ n]vf g/fv]sf] tyf clgoldt jf a]dgfl;a tl/sfn] cfly{s sf/f]af/ u/]sf]

Joxf]/fnfO{ a]?h"sf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . of] jif{sf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] a]?h"sf] l:ylt

lgDgfg';f/ 5M

2.1 lgsfox?sf] c;'n km5of}{6 u/L sf/afxL 6'Ëf]] nufpg'kg]{ cBfjlws /sd utjif{ ?=# va{ (^ ca{ @^

s/f]8 ^! nfv /x]sf]df of] jif{ b]xfocg';f/ ?=% va{ * s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . pQm /sd utjif{sf]

t'ngfdf @^=@^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

[?-s/f]8df{

qm-;_- ljj/0f /sd

! ;/sf/L sfof+nosf] a]?h" 21367

@ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, cGo ;_:yf / ;ldltsf a]?h" 6261

# :yfgLo txsf] a]?h" 1425

$ n]vfk/LIf0f aSof}tf 338

% /fh:j aSof}tf 16116

^ zf]wegf+ lng af _sL j}b]lzs cg'bfg 2058

& zf]wegf+ lng af _sL j}b]lzs C0f 2238

* hdfgt a;L lbPsf] C0fsf] efvf gf3]sf] ;f _jf Aofh 205

hDdfM 50008

b|i6JoM ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] a]?h"sf] nut /fVg] Pj+ ;Dk/LIf0f sfo{ o; sfof{noaf6 gx'g] ePsf]]n] plNnlvt

csdf ;dfj]z 5}g .


5

2.2 ;/sf/L lgsfotkm{ ljut # jif{sf] c;'n km5of}{6 u/L sf/afxL 6'Ëf] nufpg'kg]{ /sddWo]] n]vfk/LIf0f

/ a]?h" cssf] t'ngfTds l:ylt lgDgfg';f/ 5M

-?=nfvdf_

k|ltj]bg n]vfk/LIf0f cs a]?h" cs k|ltzt

lqkGGff}+ 10,43,23,84 48,77,88 4.67

rjGgf}+ 12,95,44,92 88,85,59 6.68

krkGgf}+ 17,52,92,38 94,81,54 5.41

n]vfk/LIf0f cssf] t'ngfdf a]?h" ut jif{ ^=^* k|ltzt /x]sf]df of] jif{ %=$! k|ltzt /X]sf]

5 .

3. a]?h" auL{s/0f – a]?h"nfO{ c;'n ug'{kg]{, clgoldt ePsf], k|df0f sfuhft k]; gePsf], lhDd]jf/L

g;f/]sf], zf]wegf{ glnPsf] / k]:sL afFsLdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . k]:sLcGt{ut sd{rf/L k]:sL,

df]lanfOh];g k]:sL, k|tLtkq k]:sL / ;+:yfut k]:sLdf auL{s/0f /x]sf] 5 . of] jif{ ;/sf/L sfof{no,

;ldlt / cGo ;+:yftk{m n]vfk/LIf0faf6 cf}FNofOPsf] a]?h" cÍ lgDgfg';f/ 5M

-?= nfvdf_

juL{s/0f ;/sf/L

sfof{no :yfgLo tx ;ldlt tyf cGo ;+:yf hDdf

s'n j]?h"sf]

k|ltzt

hDdf a]?h" 948154 142460 118487 1209101 100

!= c;'n ug'{kg]{ 172594 7024 7461 187079 15.47

@= lgoldt ug'{kg]{ 333507 74695 78985 487187 40.29

clgoldt ePsf] 74696 38977 113673 9.40

k|df0f sfuhft k]; gePsf] 258762 35188 293950 24.31

lhDd]jf/L g;f/]sf] 3 2091 2094 0.17

zf]wegf{ glnPsf] 46 2729 2775 0.23

#= k]:sL 442053 60741 32041 534835 44.24

sd{rf/L k]:sL 4123 989 5112 0.42

df]lanfOh];g k]:sL 245786 0 245786 20.33

k|lttkq k]:sL 72796 0 72796 6.02

;+:yfut k]:sL 119348 31052 150400 12.44

:yfgLo txtkm{ lgoldt ug'{kg]{ / k]:sLsf] ;d"xut juL{s/0f gul/Psf] sf/0f ;d"xut

k|ltztdf km/s kg{ uPsf]5 .

4. a]?h" km5of}{6 – of] jif{ a]?h" km5\of}{6 tyf ;Dk/LIf0fsf] l:ylt b]xfoadf]lhd 5M

-?=nfvdf_

ljj/0f ljutsf] a]?h" ;dfof]hgaf6

yk -36_

km5\of}+6 tyf

;Dk/LIf0f

rfn" jif{sf]

n]vfk/LIf0f a]?h"

cBfaLws

afFsL a]?h"

;/sf/L sfof{no 1674926 2204 488605 948154 2136679

;+ul7t ;+:yf, ;ldlt, cGo ;+:yf 543998 4192 40549 118487 626128

:yfgLo tx 0 0 0 142460 142460

hDdf 2218924 6396 529154 1209101 2905267

of] jif{ km5of}{6 tyf ;Dk/LIf0f ePsf]] ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ?=$* ca{ *^ s/f]8 % nfvdWo]

vfg]kfgL, zx/L ljsf;, l;+rfO{ / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfnosf] ;Dk/LIf0f ?=!# ca{ #

s/f]8 !* nfv /x]sf] 5 . pQm a]?h" ;Dk/LIf0fsf] &$=)$ k|ltzt lx:;f cyf{t\ ?=( ca{ ^$ s/f]8

*@ nfv df]lanfOh];g k]:sL /x]sf] 5 . To:tf] k]:sL lgdf{0f sfo{sf] /lgË lan e'QmfgL ubf{ :jtM

s§f eO{ km5\of}{6 x'g] cj:yf 5 . ;f] afx]ssf cGo a]?h" c;'n km5\of}{6 ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox?n]

kof{Kt Wofg lbg] u/]sf] kfOPg .

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] @)^(.^.!! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ @)%(÷^) ;Ddsf] a]?h" nut s'df/Lrf]s tyf s]Gb|Lo

txl;n sfof{nodf x:tfGt/0f ePsf]dWo] ?=!^=s/f]8 @@ nfv km5\of}{6 ePsf] 5 .


6

lhDd]jf/L / hafkmb]lxtf

n]vfk/LIf0f / a]?h" km5\of}{6 gu/fpFbf s'g} sf/jf{xL gePsf],

;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg gePsf],

sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf hafkmb]xL agfpg g;s]sf],

;fj{hlgs vr{ tyf ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf kfngf gePsf],

sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog gePsf],

a]?h" pk/ sf/afxL u/L c;'n km5\of}{6 gu/]sf],

;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u k|efjsf/L gePsf] .

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f, sf/f]af/sf] oyfy+tf

lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;an gePsf], lhDd]jf/ JolQmaf6 cg'udg

lg/LIf0f gePsf],

cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ljZj;gLo gePsf],

;l~rtsf]ifsf] n]vf / Psn vftf sf]ifn] ;a} sf/f]af/

g;d]6]sf],

g]kfn ljQLo k|ltj]bg dfg sfof{Gjog gu/]sf],

sDKo'6/df cfwf/Lt n]vfk|0ffnL nfu' e}g;s]sf],

p2]Zo cg'?k sf]if ;~rfng geO{ 7"nf] /sd df}Hbft /x]sf] .

#= n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf s]xL Joxf]/fsf] emns

1. ;fj+hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] l:ylt Y ;fj+hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfsf kl/kfngf ;DaGwdf n]vfk/LIf0faf6

b]lvPsf Joxf]/fnfO+ lgDgfg';f/ ;_lIfKt ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

;fj+hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf

/fh:j k|zf;g

s/f]8f}+sf] sf/f]af/ u/] klg s/sf] bfo/fdf

gcfPsf],

oyfy{ sf/f]af/ gb]vfPaf6 36L s/ c;'n

ePsf],

c;DalGwt vr{ bfaL u/L Go"g s/ c;'n

ePsf] tyf s/ kl/kfngf sdhf]/ /x]sf],

d"No clej[l4 s/ qm]l86 a9]sf],

km/s eG;f/ b/aGbL nufPaf6 sd dx;'n

p7]sf],

eG;f/ tyf ahf/df Go"g ljhsLs/0fsf]

lgoGq0f gePsf],

/fh:j 5'6 / aSof}tf a9\b} uPsf],

s/ k|zf;gsf] cg'udg / s/ k/LIf0fsf]

u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ /x]sf],

lgMz'Ns ;~rfns ;fk6L lbPsf] .

;fj+hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg

;dodf 7]Ssf Joj:yf gePsf],

7]Ssfsf] sfd Dofbleq ;DkGg gu/L Dofb

yk ub}{ uPsf],

k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ c;'n gePsf]

Dofbleq sfo{ ;DkGg gug]{nfO{ sf/afxL

gePsf],

ljB'lto vl/b k'0f{ ?kdf nfu' gePsf],

e]l/P;gaf6 sfd yk u/]sf],

l8hfO{g÷nfut cg'dfg oyfy{k/s gePsf] ,

gkfpg] d"Nojl4 e'QmfgL lbPsf],

k|lt:kwf{ Go"g ug{ c:jefljs Kofs]h

agfO{ 7]Ssf nufPsf] .

;_:yfg ;~rfng

clwsfz ;+ul7t ;+:yf gf]S;fgLdf

/x]sf],

z]o/ tyf C0f nufgLsf] lx;fa

oyfy{k/s g/x]sf],

cg'Tkfbs vr{ lgoGq0f gePsf],

;|f]t a]u/ c;Lldt bfloTj Joj:yf

u/]sf],

;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fpg] Pj+

k|ltj]bg pk/ k|ltlqmof glbPsf],

lgliqmo ;+:yfdf k|zf;lgs vr{sf]

nflu C0f nufgL u/]sf],

;DklQsf] clen]v tyf ;+/If0f ug{

g;s]sf],

cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg

cfof]hgf k'j{tof/Lsf] u[xsfo{ gu/]sf],

cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldlss/0f gu/]sf],

6'qm] cfof]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf],

kof{Kt ah]6 a]u/ cfof]hgf cw'/f] /x]sf],

cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf ;dGjo gePsf]n]

nIocg';f/ k|ult gePsf]],

/fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx? of]hgfj4

tj/n] ;~rfng gePsf],

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] Go"g pkof]u ePsf],

cfof]hgfsf] ;do / nfut j[l4 ePsf] .

ah]6 cg'zf;g

Psd'i7 /sd cy{ ljljwdf /fvL vr{ u/]sf],

;a} j}b]lzs ;xfotf ah]6df ;dfj]z gu/]sf] /

n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fPsf],

sfg'ggdf gePsf] ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf lbPsf],

jiff{Gtdf sf]if, ;ldlt, ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf 6«fG;km/

u/]sf] /sd art /x]sf],

ax'jlif{o 7]Ssf u/L 7"nf] bfloTj l;h{gf u/]sf],

sfg'g k|lts"n /sdfGt/ u/]sf] / ah]6eGbf a9L

vr{ u/]]sf],

k'FhLut vr{ ck]lIft ?kdf ga9]sf],

cg'bfgsf] cg'udg sdhf]/ /x]sf] .

;]jf k|jfx Joj:yfkg

;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfx sdhf]/ ePsf],

sltko lgsfodf hgzlQmsf] kbk"lt{

gePsf],

pks/0fx? k|of]udf gcfPsf],

k|b'lift jftfj/0faf6 hg:jf:Yodf c;/ k/]sf],

O–6f]sg k|0ffnL nfu' gePsf], dWo:t

dfkm{t ;]jf lng' k/]sf],

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ k|efjsf/L gePsf],

u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ k|efjsf/L gePsf],

ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;]jf k|jfx ug{

g;lsPsf]

;do, nfutsf] laZn]if0f gu/]sf]

:yfgLo txdf hgzlQm kof{Kt gePsf] .


7

cfly{s kl/;"rs Pj+ cfo–Joo

2. ;dli6ut cfly{s l:ylt – lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo xfl;n ub}{ lj=;+=@)*& ;Dd dWod cfDbfgL ePsf

b]zdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;dli6ut cfly{s ;"rsfÍdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' h?/L 5 . o; ;DaGwdf cy{

dGqfnon] cjnDag u/]sf] gLltsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt cWoog ubf{ t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ @)&@.&#

/ rf}wf}+ of]hgfs]f z'? jif{ @)&#.&$ sf] l:ylt lgDgfg';f/ 5M

-k|ltztdf_

ljifo

@)&@.&# @)&#.&$

nIo t]x|f}

of]hgfcg';f/ pknlAw

nIo rf}wf}

of]hgf cg';f/ pknlAw

cfly{s j[l4b/ 6.00 0.77 7.20 6.94

d"No j[l4 b/ 7.00 9.90 7.50 5.10

s'n /fh:j÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 21.10 20.50 19.57 22.30

s'n ;/sf/L vr{{÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 25.06 31.20 32.12 31.59

rfn" vr{+÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 18.63 19.30 22.00 23.67

k"+hLut vr{{÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 6.44 7.10 10.12 7.92

j}b]lzs cg'bfg÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 3.37 3.00 3.76 1.52

j}b]lzs C0f÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 2.54 2.60 6.85 1.48

cfGtl/s C0f÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 2.25 3.90 2.28 3.36

Jofkf/ 3f6f÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -32.10 -31.8 -32 -34.40

ljk|]if0f cfDbfgL÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg ck|fKt 32.10 32.28 26.90

s'n pkef]u÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 91.10 94.70 93 89.70

s'n /fli6«o art÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg ck|fKt 5.30 10.50 10.30

lgsf;L÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 4.70 3.30 3.50 3.00

cfoft÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 36.75 35.10 35.51 37.40

ah]6 3f6f÷ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 0.59 7.60 7 6.5

;|f]tM rf}wf}+ lqjifL{o of]hgf / cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&$, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í .

2.1 pRr cfoft / Go"g lgof{tsf sf/0f Jofkf/ 3f6f s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf ut jif{ #@

/x]sf]df of] jif{ #$=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/tkm{ @)&@.&# df ?=& va{ *! c/j !%

s/f]8sf ljleGg dfnj:t' cfoft u/]sf]df @)&#.&$ df @^=@@ n] j[l4 eO{ ?=( va{ *% c/j (%

s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . lgof{ttkm{ @)&@.&# df ?=&! ca{ !# s/f]8 /x]sf]df @)&#.&$ df ?=&# ca{ !#

s/f]8sf] dfnj:t' lgsf;L ePsf] b]lvG5 . b'O{ jif{sf] t'ngf ubf{ lgof{t j[l4 @=&( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

cfoft tLj|?kdf al9/x]sf] / lgof{tsf] j[l4 Go"g /x]sf]n] @)&#.&$ sf] cGTo;Dd Jofkf/ 3f6f ?=(

va{ !@ ca{ *# s/f]8 k'Ug uPsf]] 5 . cfoft lgof{tsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ cg'Tkfbs Pj+ ljnf;L k|sf/sf

;'g, rfFbL, ;jf/L;fwg, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ h:tf j:t'sf] cfoft @) b]lv && k|ltzt;Dd a9]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] a]Un} klxrfg ePsf pmgL un}rf, tof/L kf]zfs, cn}+rL, cb'jfh:tf j:t'x?sf] lgof{t ( b]lv

^@ k|ltzt;Dd 36]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&!.&@ df lgof{teGbf cfoft (=! u'0ff a9L /x]sf]df of] jif{

!#=% u'0ff a9L eO{ e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

ljk|]if0f cfDbfgL ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf #@=)! af6 @^=( k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 .

k'FhLut vr{ ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf !)=!@ k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /x] klg &=(@ k|ltzt b]lvPsf]

5 .


8

3. cfo Joo l:ylt – dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljut tLg jif{sf] cfo tyf

Joosf] l:ylt b]xfocg';f/ 5M

[?-s/f]8df{

ljj/0f @)&!.&@ @)&@.&#

@)&#.&$

cg'dfg oyfy+

s'n /fh:j 41393 49891 57589 61547

s/ /fh:j 35595 42109 51059 55380

u}/ s/ /fh:j 4991 6086 5530 5531

;fFjf lkmtf{ 208 1370 1000 294

cGo 599 326 0 342

j}b]lzs cg'bfg 3827 3954 10690 4082

j}b]lzs C0f 2562 3323 19572 5902

cfGtl/s C0f 4242 8759 11100 8753

s'n cfo 52024 65927 98951 80284

rfn" vr+ 33941 37129 61716 51862

k'_hLut vr+ 8884 12325 31194 20875

ljQLo vr+ 10331 10647 11982 10988

s'n Joo 53156 60101 104892 83725

art- Go"g_ -1132 5826 -5941 -3441

s'n vr{df rfn" vr{, k'FhLut vr{ / ljQLo vr{sf] cg'kft qmdzM ^!=($, @$=(# / !#=!#

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L vr{sf] 7"nf] lx:;f rfn" vr{n] cf]u6]sf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&!.&@ sf] t'ngfdf @)&#.&$ df

/fh:j $*=^( k|ltzt a9]sf] / rfn" vr{ %@=*)

k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf]n]] rfn" vr{df ldtJolotf

Nofpg'kb{5 .

4. ;/sf/L vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf Y ;/sf/n] k|To]s jif{

/fh:a cg'dfgs} xf/fxf/Ldf c;'nL u/] klg ah]6

cg'dfgsf] t'ngfdf &# b]lv *^ k|ltzt;Dd vr{

ePsf]n] ;/sf/L ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]u Ifdtf sd /x]sf,] ah]6 cg'dfg bIftfk"0f{ g/x]sf] l:ylt b]lvG5 .

;/sf/L /fh:j / vr{sf] ljut jif{sf] l:ylt lgDgfg';f/ 5M

-?= s/f]8df_

cfly{s jif{

ljlgof]hg ah]6 k|ltzt

k"FhLutvr{ /fh:j

k|ltzt

cg'dfg oyfy{ cg'dfg oyfy{ k|ltzt cg'dfg oyfy{

@)&!.&@ 61810 53156 86.00 11675 8884 76.09

42475 41393 97.45

@)&@.&# 81947 60101 73.34 20888 12325 59.00 50196 49892 99.39

@)&#.&$

104892 83725 79.82 31194 20875 66.92 57589 61547 106.87

5. vr{ zLif{sut ljZn]if0f – k|d'v zLif{sut vr{ ljj/0f / ;f]sf] ljZn]if0faf6 b]lvPsf Joxf]/f

b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M

-?=nfvdf_

vr+ zLif+ssf] gfd

@)&!.&@ sf]

oyfy+ vr+

@)&@.&# sf]

oyfy+ vr+

2073/74

aflif+s cg'dfg vr+

cg'dfgsf]

t'ngfdf vr+

k|ltzt

s'n vr+sf]

t'ngfdf zLif+sut

vr+ k|ltzt

rfn' tk+m 3712949 6171641 5186161 84.03 100

kfl/>lds ;]jf 885432 892682 1323317 1188354 89.80 22.91


9

vr+ zLif+ssf] gfd

@)&!.&@ sf]

oyfy+ vr+

@)&@.&# sf]

oyfy+ vr+

2073/74

aflif+s cg'dfg vr+

cg'dfgsf]

t'ngfdf vr+

k|ltzt

s'n vr+sf]

t'ngfdf zLif+sut

vr+ k|ltzt

;]jf lgj=Q ;'ljwfx? 344011 357624 580205 476228 82.08 9.18

sfo+qmd ;DaGwL vr+ 149479 197713 394873 246602 62.45 4.76

j}b]lzs C0fsf] Jofh 30342 186147 53609 32635 60.88 0.63

cfGtl/s C0fsf] Jofh 62290 503350 173284 67602 39.01 1.30

:yfgLo txnfO+ cg'bfg 329980 338584 497850 547369 109.95 10.55

;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg 1242734 1852 2114624 1890111 89.38 36.45

;fdflhs ;'/Iff 141570 190192 356371 376161 105.55 7.25

k_'lhut tk+m 1232514 3119463 2087483 66.92 100

;jf/L;fwg 27133 21197 30547 67134 219.77 3.22

d]l;g/L cf}hf/ 51644 51532 108317 77043 71.13 3.69

;fj+hlgs lgdf+0f 649903 886648 1801990 1514552 84.05 72.55

ljQLo Joj:yf 1064670 1198109 1098833 91.71 100

C0f nufgL 283390 248166 536446 290009 54.06 26.39

z]o/ nufgL 105104 127008 226905 196178 86.46 17.85

j}b]lzs C0f ;f_jf e'QmfgL 170279 186147 254671 227032 89.15 20.66

cfGtl/s C0fsf] ;f_jf

e'QmfgL

474300 503349 180087 385614 214.13 35.09

5.1 ;/sf/L ah]6sf] k|d'v lx:;f sd{rf/L tna eQf tyf ;]jf lgj[Qsf] ;'ljwfdf vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

o:tf] lx:;f o; jif{ s'n vr{sf] @@=(! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o:tf vr{ :yfgLo tx / cGo lgsfo

;ldlt Pj+ af]8{nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] rfn' cg'bfgaf6 ;d]t Joxf]l/g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s'n vr{df tL

lgsfonfO{ lbg] rfn' cg'bfgsf] lx:;f !)=%% k|ltzt /x]af6 s'n vr{df sd{rf/L kfl/>lds tyf ;]jf

lgj[Q ;'ljwfsf] lx:;f cem} a9L /x]sf] 5 .

5.2 If]qut ah]6 laZn]if0f cWoog ubf{

k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fnufotsf vr{ cfly{s

dfldnf / ;]jf k|jfxnufotsf vr{ /

lzIff :jf:Yo / ;]jf k|jfx;Fu ;DalGwt

vr{ cg'dfgeGbf 36]sf] t/ /Iff,

;fj{hlgs zflGt ;'/Iff vr{ cg'dfgsf]

t'ngfdf a9]sf] b]lvG5 . k"jf{wf/ tyf

;]jf k|jfxdf vr{ 36\g' tyf /Iff /

zflGt ;'/Iffdf vr{ a9\g' pko'Qm xf]Og .

1.1 s'n rfn' vr{df :yfgLo tx cg'bfg

!)=%%, ;fdflhs ;]jf cg'bfg #^=$%

/ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cg'bfg &=@% ;d]t

%$=@% k|ltzt lgzt{ tyf ;zt{ cg'bfgdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm ;a} cg'bfg rfn' vr{df

n]vfÍg ul/g] t/ k"FhLut k|of]hgdf ;d]t vr{ ul/g] x'Fbf rfn' tyf k'FhLut vr{ oyfy{k/s gx'g]

cj:yf 5 . ;DalGwt lgsfo, ;ldlt / ;+:yfnfO{ cg'bfg k|bfg u/]kZrft\ pkof]u geP klg vr{

b]vfpg'kg{] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . ;ldlt, af]8{nfO{ k'FhLut k|of]hgsf] nflu lbPsf] cg'bfg ?=! va{ @$

ca{ %& s/f]8 rfn' vr{tkm{ n]vfÍg u/]af6 plNnlvt k'FhLut vr{ klg oyfy{k/s 5}g .

5.3 k'FhLuttkm{ ;jf/L;fwg vl/bsf] nflu of] jif{ ?=# ca{ % s/f]8 $& nfv ljlgof]hg ePsf]df

/sdfGt/af6 @!(=&& k|ltzt yk u/L ?=^ ca{ &! s/f]8 #$ nfv ah]6 sfod u/]sf] 5 .

;jf/L;fwg vr{sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ @)^(.&) df ?= ! ca{ !& s/f]8 vr{ ePsf]df % jif{sf] cjlwdf ^

u'0ff j[l4 ePsf] 5 . pQm /sdafx]s ljleGg cfof]hgfx?df slG6Gh]G;Laf6 vl/b u/]sf] tyf lgdf{0f

7]Ssfdf ;dfj]z u/L vl/b u/]sf] vr{ ?=&! s/f]8 $! nfv;d]t ?=& ca{ $@ s/f]8 &% nfv vr{

ePsf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf cg'Tkfbs vr{ lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 .


10

5.4 o; jif{ cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgLdf ?=!* ca{ *& nfv ljlgof]hg ePsf]df ?=#* ca{ %^ s/f]8

-@!$=!# k|ltzt_ a9L vr{ ePsf] 5 . j}b]lzs tyf cfGtl/s C0fsf] ;fFjf e'QmfgL tflnsfcg';f/

ah]6 Joj:yf u/L vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf cjnDag gx'Fbf jiff{Gtdf ah]6 ;Gt'ng ldnfpg o:tf vr{x?

36L a9L x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g ah]6 l;4fGtcg's'n gePsf]n] ah]6 Joj:yf u/L vr{ ug'{kb{5 .

6. /fh:j aSof}tf – /fh:j aSof}tf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ut jif{ o:tf] jSof}tf ? ! vj{ #@ ca{ !* s/f]8 /x]sf]df

o; jif{ @@ k|ltzt j[l4 eO{ ?=! va{ ^! ca{ !^ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ;f]dWo] efVff gf3]sf] ;fFjf Aofhdfq ? ^%

ca{ @# s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . pQm /sddf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ?=#) ca{ (* s/f]8, vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] ?=$

ca{ %) s/f]8, sf7df8fF} pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{sf] ?=# ca{ #% s/f]8 k|d'v b]lvG5 .

k"FhLut nfes/ / cGo ;Defljt s/ r'xfj6 / 5nL lj?4 s/ lgwf{/0fdf l9nfO x'Fbf /fh:j

c;'n gePsf] cj:yf 5 . lgwf{l/t s/sf] c;'nLdf tbf?stf b]lvPsf] 5}g . kmn:j?k cfGtl/s

/fh:j ljefucGtu{t @)&#.&$ ;Dd s/ aSof}tf ?=&( ca{ $) s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . pQm aSof}tfdWo]

?=$@ ca{ !% s/f]8 -%# k|ltzt_ ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bgdf uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;a} aSof}tf c;'nLsf] nflu

sfg"gadf]lhd sf/afxL u/L aSof}tf c;'nLdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg'kb{5 .

;fj{hlgs lx;fasf] oyfy{tf

7. ;l~rtsf]if – dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] k]; u/]sf] ;l~rt sf]ifsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ ut jif{ C0f

nufgL lkmtf{ ?=!# ca{ ^( s/f]8 $) nfv /x]sf]df of] jif{ ?=@ ca{ ($ s/f]8 @ nfv /x]sf] 5 .

;f]dWo] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ?=! ca{ ^& s/f]8 ;fFjf lkmtf{ u/]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs C0f ut jif{eGbf

$@=&^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 / j}b]lzs cg'bfg ut jif{eGbf ^=$^ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . o;

;DaGwdf b]lvPsf cGo Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

7.1 g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;/sf/L n]vf gub cfwf/df n]vfÍg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;l~rt sf]ifsf] jflif{s df}Hbft

C0ffTds b]vfPsf] 5 . ut jif{;Dd ;/sf/sf] df}Hbft ?=@@ ca{ ^% s/f]8 !^ nfv C0ffTds

ePsf]df of] jif{ ?=$* ca{ ^! s/f]8 C0ffTds x'g uO{ ?=&! ca{ @^ s/f]8 !^ nfv C0ffTds

df}Hbft /x]sf] 5 . gubdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L tof/ u/]sf] ljQLo ljj/0fdf C0ffTds

df}Hbft b]lvFbf ljQLo ljj/0fn] oyfy{tf lrq0f u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;f] ;DaGwdf lx;fa ldnfg x'g'kb{5 .

7.2 ;l~rt sf]ifsf] cfly{s ljj/0fdf afXo C0f ?=#( ca{ !% s/f]8 $% nfv b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6«

a}Ín] k|:t't u/]sf] s]Gb|Lo 6«]h/L lx;fadf j}b]lzs C0f k|flKt ?=$& ca{ *) s/f]8 ^% nfv b]vfPsf]

5 . dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] k|:t't u/]sf] ;l~rt sf]ifsf] cfly{s ljj/0f / g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín]

k|:t't u/]sf] s]Gb|Lo 6«]h/L lx;fadf j}b]lzs C0f k|flKt ?=* ca{ ^% s/f]8 @) nfv km/s kgf{sf]

sf/0f olsg u/L lx;fa ldnfg ug'{kb{5 .

7.3 ;l~rt sf]ifsf] cfly{s ljj/0fdf j}b]lzs cg'bfg ?=$) ca{ @^ s/f]8 %% nfv cfDbfgL b]vfPsf] 5 .

o:t} g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] of] jif{ ?=!$ ca{ $& s/f]8 ^* nfv cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;/L

;l~rt sf]ifn] b]vfPsf] -k|ToIo cg'bfg / j:t'ut ;xfotf afx]s_ / g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] cg'bfg k|flKt

lx;fasf] ?=!& ca{ $% s/f]8 %% nfv km/s b]lvPsf]n] lx;fa ldnfg x'g'kb{5 .

7.4 dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] ;l~rt sf]ifsf] lx;fasf] 9fFrf tof/ u/L dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6

:jLs[t u/fPsf] 5}g . pQm lx;fadf plNnlvt /sd sndx? k|dfl0ft ug]{ cg';"rL / ;f]adf]lhdsf

;xfos vftfx?;d]t cBfjlws /x]sf] kfOPg . t;y{ sfof{non] k|rlnt P]g, lgod Pj+ c;n

cEof;nfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ ;l~rt sf]ifsf] 9fFrf tof/ u/L :jLs[t u/fpg'kb{5 .

8. g]kfn ljQLo k|ltj]bgdfg – g]kfn n]vfdfg af]8{n] tof/ u/]sf] g]kfn ljQLo k|ltj]bgdfg nfu" ug{ g]kfn

rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfn] @)&) efb| @* df lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ax'/fli6«o sDkgL, pTkfbgd"ns sDkgL /

sDtLdf ? 5 ca{ r'Stf kF'hL ePsf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfafx]ssf /fHosf :jfldTj ePsf ;"rLs[t

k|lti7fgx?n] ;g\ @)!$.!%, ;a} jfl0fHo a}Í Pj+ k|lti7fgx?n] ;g\ @)!%.!^ / afFsL ;a} sDkgL tyf

k|lti7fgx?n] ;g\ @)!^.!& b]lv g]kfn ljQLo k|ltj]bgdfg nfu" ug'{kg]{df ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?n] xfn;Dd


11

nfu' u/]sf 5}gg\ . ;~rfngdf /x]sf @* jfl0fHo a}ÍdWo] @& jfl0fHo a}Ín] ;f]cg';f/ ljQLo ljj/0f

tof/ gu/]sf] sf/0fn] ljQLo ljj/0fdf n]vfk/LIfsn] s}lkmot;lxtsf] /fo lbPsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t g]kfn

/fi6« a}Ín] pQm jfl0fHo a}ÍnfO{ nfef+z k|bfg ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

o; ;Gbe{df sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, aLdf ;ldlt, lwtf]kq af]8{ h:tf

lgodgsf/L lgsfox?n] ug]{ cg'udg lkmtnf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

9. a}Í lx;fa – g]kfn ko{6g af]8{sf] @)&!.&@ sf] ;|]:tfcg';f/ Ps a}Ídf ?=!! s/f]8 %! nfv df}Hbft

b]vfPsf]df a}Í ljj/0fcg';f/ ?=%@ nfvdfq df}Hbft /x]sf] 5 . csf]{ a}Ídf ;|]:tfcg';f/ ?=#* s/f]8

^# nfv df}Hbft b]vfPsf]df a}Í ljj/0f;Dd /fv]sf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf olsg u/L 6'Ëf] nufpg'kb{5 .

10. ;'g rfFbLsf] u'0f:t/ – g]kfn /fi6« a}Ídf /x]sf] df}Hbft ;'g @ xhf/ ^!% lsnf]u|fd / rfFbL ! nfv @^

xhf/ !() lsnf] u|fdsf] clen]v z'4tfsf] dfqfcg';f/ 6r gDa/;lxt /fVg'kg]{df s'n df}Hbftsf]

tf}n kl/df0f / /sddfqsf] ljj/0f /fv]sf] 5 . ;'g rfFbLsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f u/]sf] 5}g .

11. ;xfos C0f ;Demf}tf – g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] @)&#.&$ ;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;xfos C0f

;Demf}tf u/L ljleGg bft[ lgsfo, ljb]zL a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu lnPsf] ?=! vj{ !) ca{ ^*

s/f]8sf] e'StfgL lbg'kg]{ Aofh ?=#% ca{ %* s/f]8 /x]sf]df of] jif{ ? ! ca{ &% s/f]8 e'QmfgL u/L

?=#& ca{ #* s/f]8 afFsL b]vfPsf] 5 . C0f tyf Aofh lx;fj cBfjlws u/]sf] 5}g .

j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng

12. k|flKt tyf pkof]u – of] jif{ j}b]lzs cg'bfg ?=! va{ ^ ca{ () s/f]8 / j}b]lzs C0f ?=! va{ (%

ca{ &@ s/f]8;d]t ?=# va{ @ ca{ ^@ s/f]8 k|fKt ul/g] cg'dfg /x]sf]df j}b]lzs cg'bfgtkm{ ?=$)

ca{ *@ s/f]8 / j}b]lzs C0ftkm{ ?=%( ca{ @ s/f]8 ;d]t ?=(( ca{ *$ s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] b]lvof] .

ah]6 cg'dfgsf] t'ngfdf of] jif{ j}b]lzs cg'bfg #*=!& k|ltzt / j}b]lzs C0ftkm{ #)=!% k|ltzt

vr{ eO{ ;du|df #@=(* k|ltzt j}b]lzs ;xfotf pkof]u ePsf] 5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfdWo] tflnd,

cWoog e|d0f, ;jf/L;fwg / k/fdz{df a9L vr{ ePsf] 5 . cGo Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M M

12.1 bftfut ?kdf laZn]if0f ubf{ ## bftfaf6 cg'bfgtkm{ ?=$) ca{ @& s/f]8 / C0ftkm{ ?=#( ca{ !%

s/f]8 ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . plNnlvt tYofÍsf] cltl/Qm :jL6\h/Nof08, hd{gL,

hfkfg / cGo låkIfLo ;+:yf !# ;d]taf6 ?=% ca{ $# s/f]8 @^ nfv cg'bfg / ?=%% s/f]8 C0f

;d]t ?=% ca{ (* s/f]8 @^ nfv k|fKt x'g] ;Demf}tf ePsf]df pQm cg'bfg tyf C0f k|fKt x'g ;s]g .

bftf;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] cg'bfg k|flKtdf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

12.2 dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 pknAw ljj/0fcg';f/ @)&#.&$ df %) k|ltzteGbf Go"g cg'bfg tyf

C0f pkof]u ug]{ dGqfnosf] cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5M

-?=nfvdf_

dGqfno

cg'bfg C0f hDdf z'? ah]6 k|flKt k|ltZft z'? ah]6 k|flKt k|ltZft z'? ah]6 k|flKt k|ltZft

cy{ dGqfno 22643 8957 39.56 – – 0.00 22643 8957 39.56

pBf]u dGqfno 8483 211 2.48 1203 169 14.4 9686 380 3.92

pmhf{ dGqfno 2992 182 6.09 32337 758 2.34 35329 940 2.66

u[x dGqfno 24323 1116 4.59 – – 0.00 24323 1116 4.59

afl0fHo dGqfno 7487 1138 15.20 3146 310 9.86 10633 1448 13.62

/Iff dGqfno 12242 5315 43.4 103532 52099 50.32 115774 57413 49.59

o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno 120 34 28.33 – – 0.00 120 34 28.14

hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f

dGqfno 34531 10449 30.26 5509 1616 29.34

40040 12066 30.13

;x/L ljsf; dGqfno 3000 1448 48.2 0.00 3000 1448 48.26

l;FrfO dGqfno 11305 12870 113.8 72026 28616 39.73 83331 41486 49.78

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 650 18 2.76 – – 0.00 650 18 2.76

k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no 368043 76118 20.68 393794 144362 36.66

761837 220480 28.94

cy{ dGqfno ljQLo Joj:yf 27231 12668 46.52 433618 69956 16.13 460849 82624 17.93


12

plNnlvt tYofÍsf] cfwf/df phf{ dGqfnon] @=^^, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] @=&^, pBf]u

dGqfnon] #=(@ / u[x dGqfnon] $=%( k|ltzt j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng u/]sf 5g\ . j}b]lzs

;xof]usf] pkof]u Ifdtfdf cfPsf]] x|f;sf] k|ToIf c;/ ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf k/]sf] 5 . ctM

lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf kbflwsf/Ln] ;dodf bftf;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng

ug'{kb{5 .

12.3 cy{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt ljsf; ;xfotf k|ltj]bg, @)&$ cg';f/ e"sDkkl5sf] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] nlfu

g]kfndf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o bft[ ;Dd]ngdf ljleGg ljsf; ;fem]bf/ / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 $ ca{

!) s/f]8 (% nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] k|lta4tf hgfP klg @ ca{ &! s/f]8 &$

nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ -^^ k|ltzt_ a/fa/sf] ;xfotf lbg] ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotf

kl/rfng ;DaGwdf If]qut dGqfno / bftfaLrsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / clen]v k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ x'g'kb{5 .

12.4 j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf u/] klg Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 k|flKt, Pj+ kl/rfng

ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;xfotfdWo] &# k|ltzt /fli6«o ah]6 k|0ffnLdfkm{t / afFsL @& k|ltzt /fli6«o

ah]6 k|0ffnL aflx/af6 kl/rfng ePsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ cg'udg kIf sdhf]/ x'g] / /fli6«o

cfjZostf aflx/ j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . k'FhL, 1fg / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f

ug]{ b[li6sf]0fn] j}b]lzs ;xfotf cfjZos kg{] eP klg o;sf] sfof{Gjog / pkof]usf] kIfdf

ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ ;xfotfnfO{ Psåf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfn]

;d]t j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] /sd vr{ ubf{ /fli6«o ah]6 k|0ffnLdfkm{t k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf vr{

ug'{kb{5 .

13. k|fljlws ;xfotf – ah]6 jQmJo;fy Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k]; u/]sf]] k|fljlws tyf cGo ;xfotf

;DaGwL ljj/0fdf @# dGqfno÷lgsfocGtu{t !## ;+emf}tfdf ?=@% ca{ %% s/f]8 $) nfv k|fljlws

;xfotf k|fKt x'g] pNn]v 5 . cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !$-@_ cg';f/ k|fljlws

;xfotf;DaGwL ljj/0f s]Gb|Lo cfly{s ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z ug{'{kg]{df gu/]sf]n] ;/sf/sf] ;du|

cfoJoosf] lrq0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f

u/fpg lgb]{zg lbPsf]df tL ;xfotfsf] cfly{s ljj/0f Pj+ ;|]:tf k]; u/L n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] 5}g .

ah]6 cg'zf;g

14. ;|f]tsf] oyfy{tf —cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !(-#_ cg';f/ cfjlws of]hgfsf]

nIo, gLlt / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] dfu{bz{gnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cfly{s ;|f]t b[li6ut u/L ah]6

agfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ;l~rt sf]ifsf] lx;faaf6 @)&@.&# sf]

cGtdf pQm sf]ifdf ?=@@ ca{ ^% s/f]8 C0ffTds gub df}Hbft /x]sf]df ah]6 th'{df ubf{ ut jif{sf]

gubaf6 ?=%( ca{ $! s/f]8 h'6fOg] pNn]v 5 . o;n] ubf{ ah]6sf] ;|f]t cg'dfgsf] tYofÍdf g}+

?=*@ ca{ ^ s/f]8 km/s k/]sf]n] ah]6 th'{df ubf{ kof{Kt Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

15. ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf –cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] #%=@ df vr{ :jLs[t ah]6leq / ;DalGwt

vr{ zLif{sdf k5{ eg] dfq clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] /sd vr{ ug]{ lgsf;f lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

o;;DaGwL s]xL Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\M

15.1 cy{ dGqfnon] @)&#.&$ df Psd'i6 ?kdf ljlgof]hg ePsf] cy{ ljljw zLif{saf6 ljleGg dGqfno

tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] dfusf] cfwf/df ?=#@ ca{ %% s/f]8 %( nfv lgsf;f lbPsf] 5 . ljlgof]hg P]g

tyf cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% ljk/Lt Ps ah]6 pkzLif{sdf Psd'i6 ?kdf /sd ljlgof]hg u/L

;|f]t ;'lglZrttfcGtu{t k6s] lg0f{osf cfwf/df cGo ah]6 pkzLif{sx?df lgsf;f vr{ n]v]sf] b]lvof] .

ah]6 l;4fGtljk/Lt ;|f]t ;'lglZrttfcGtu{t ljleGg dGqfno tyf lgsfonfO{ /sd tf]s]/

sfd u/fp+b} hfg] / vr{sf] nflu ah]6 ;'lglZrt x'g] Joxf]/fsf] kq lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ah]6 clVtof/L /

sfo{qmd :jLs[lta]u/ o:tf] /sdaf6 7]Ssf Joj:yfkg u/L sfd u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . ljBdfg sfg"gdf

;|f]t ;'lglZrttf lbP/ sfd u/fpg] Joj:yf 5}g . ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf cGtu{tsf clwsf+z lgsfosf

sfo{qmd cfiff9sf] clGtd xKtf :jLs[t ePsf] / clVtof/L lbO{ vr{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cy{ dGqfnon]


13

ah]6 l;4fGtljk/Lt cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf vr{sf] ;'lglZrttf lbPsf] /sdaf6 pknlAw k|fKt eP

gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsPg .

15.2 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] cj:yf cg'udg u/L cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ah]6 vr{ ug'{{ kg]{df jiff{Gtdf

cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] artnfO{ /sdfGt/nufotsf k|lqmofaf6 sf]if, af]8{ ;ldlt ;+:yfnfO{ ?=@$

ca{ @^ s/f]8 ^* nfv 6«fG;km/ vr{ b]vfO{ vr{sf] cfsf/ j[l4 u/]sf] 5 . ah]6 ;Gt'ng ldnfpg

jif{fGtdf vr{ ug'{ dgfl;a ePg .

15.3 ;8s ljefun] @)&$.@.@* df dftxtsf lgsfonfO{ kl/kq u/L ;fnj;fnL ?kdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf

;8ssf] nflu @)&$.&% df :yfgLo txdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf] x'Fbf tL ah]6 pkzLif{ssf ;Dk"0f{

;8s @)&#.&$ df km/kmf/s u/L s'g} bfloTj afFsL g/fVg lgb]{zg lbPsf]df ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf Pj+

ax'jifL{o ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;xdlt lnPsf o:tf of]hgfx?df ?=@# ca{ @# s/f]8 ^) nfv bfloTj l;h{gf

ePsf] 5 .

16. jiff{Gtdf clVtof/L – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod #@-@_ df jflif{s sfo{qmd / vr{

ug]{ clVtof/L cfly{s jif{ z'? ePsf] !% lbgleq ;DalGwt sfof{nodf k7fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{

l;FrfO, vfg]kfgL, ;x/L ljsf; / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno cGtu{tsf OsfO{nfO{ @)&$

cfiff9 dlxgfdf ?=@# ca{ $ nfv yk u/L clVtof/L lbPsf] 5 .

of] jif{ lzIff ljefun] dftxt sfof{nonfO{ ?=*( ca{ !! s/f]8 *$ nfvsf] clVtof/L

k7fPsf]dWo] ?=@ ca{ %! s/f]8 @% nfvsf] clVtof/L @)&$ cfiff9df k7fPsf] 5 . l9nf] clVtof/L

k7fPsf] sf/0f ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'ljwf lj:tf/ sfo{qmd k|efljt ePsf]] 5 .

dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] Psn sf]if vftfcg';f/ of] jif{sf] s'n k'FhLut vr{ ?=@ vj{ *

ca{ ^& s/f]8dWo] cfiff9 dlxgfdf dfq ?=** ca{ #$ s/f]8 -$@=## k|ltzt_ vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

17. jiff{Gtsf] vr{ – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod ## df cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt x'g' cufj}

cfiff9 @% ut] vftfaGbL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ ?=!) va{ $* ca{ (@ s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg

eO{ ?=* va{ #! ca{ !% s/f]8 vr{ ePsf]df cfiff9 dlxgfdf dfq ?=@ va{ #! ca{ #( s/f]8 -@&=*#

k|ltzt_ vr{ ePsf] 5 . vr{dWo] cfiff9 @% b]lv #! ut];Dd ?=! va{ !& ca{ ( s/f]8 oyfy{ vr{

ePsf] 5 . pQm /sd s'n vr{sf] !$=)* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n ah]6dWo] @)&$ cf;f9 @% ut]kl5

?=@$ ca{ @& s/f]8 /sdfGt/ u/L ljleGg zLif{s pkzLif{sdf yk u/]sf] 5 . o;/L s'n ah]6sf]

@=#@ k|ltzt cfiff9sf] clGtd xKtfdf /sdfGt/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gL Joj:yfljk/Lt cfly{s jif{sf]

clGtd cjlwdf vr{ ug'{ dgfl;a b]lvPg .

18. ah]6eGbf a9L vr{ – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod #%-@_ df vr{ ug]{ jf vr{sf]

lgsf;f lbg] clwsf/Ln] /sd :jLs[t ah]6leq / ;DalGwt vr{ zLif{sdf k5{ / vr{ ug{ afFsL 5 eg]

dfq vr{sf] lgsf;f lbg'kg]{ pNn]v 5 . lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt ljleGg pkzL{ifsdf ah]6eGbf

?=(^ s/f]8 %% nfv a9L vr{ n]v]sf] kfOof] . Psn sf]if k|0ffnL nfu' ePsf] cj:yfdf ljlgof]hg

ah]6eGbf a9L x'g] u/L lgsf;f lbg' / vr{ n]Vg' ljlgof]hg P]gljk/Lt b]lvG5 .

19. /sdfGt/ – /sdfGt/ ;DaGwL Joxf]/f b]xfocg';f/ 5g\M

19.1 ljlgof]hg P]g, @)&# df g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ps zLif{saf6 ;f] zLif{sdf ljlgof]lht /sdsf] bz

k|ltztdf ga9\g] u/L s'g} csf]{ zLif{sdf /sdfGt/ u/L lgsf;f / vr{ hgfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . cy{

dGqfnon] /sdfGt/ ubf{ ^(@ pk zLif{sdf ?=& va{ % ca{ %^ s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]df ?=@

va{ () ca{ % s/f]8 /sdfGt/ u/L yk u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldfleq /xL /sdfGt/ ug'{kg]{df

cy{ dGqfnon] ;f] Joj:yfljk/Lt s'g} zLif{sdf @! u'0ff;Dd /sdfGt/ u/]af6 ah]6 cg'zf;gsf]

kfngf ePsf] b]lvPg . cg'bfg ;+Vof %)! -ljQLo Joj:yf_ b]lv ^)@ -cy{ ljljw_ df ljlgof]hg

ePsf] ah]6 /sdfGt/ ug{ pQm xb gnfUg] pNn]v u/L ;f]xL k|jwfgcGtu{t ah]6 zLif{s ^)@ df

cGo ah]6 zLif{saf6 hlt;'s} /sd klg /sdfGt/ u/]/ Nofpg] / ;f] zLif{saf6 k'gM cGo zLif{sdf

hlt;'s} klg /sdfGt/ ug]{ u/]af6 pko'{Qm l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 .


14

ah]6 cg'dfg ubf{ klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] ljifox? h:t} lgjf{rg x'g] ;DaGwdf :ki6tf /x]sf],

/Iff dGqfnocGtu{t g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ xjfO{hxfh vl/b ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf]df ah]6 ljlgof]hg g}

u/]sf] b]lvPg . o;af6 ;+;bn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;]jf jf sfo{sf] abnf cGo k|of]hgdf vr{ u/L ljQLo

cg'zf;g k|efljt ePsf] 5 . t;y{ pQm sfg'gL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kb{5 .

19.2 cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf * df ljlgof]hg P]gdf s'g} Ps jf PseGbf a9L zLif{sdf ah]6

art x'g] ePdf tf]lsPsf] ;Ldfleq /xL csf]{ zLif{sdf cy{ dGqfnon] /sdfGt/ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

cy{ dGqfnon] of] jif{ ah]6 pkzLif{s g+= ^)@!)^$ e}k/L cfpg] ljsf; sfo{qmddf v'b ah]6 ?=!^

s/f]8 %# nfv C0ffTds x'g] u/L /sdfGt/ u/]sf] b]lvof] .

19.3 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f sf]ifsf] nflu ?=*# ca{ *# s/f]8 ah]6

ljlgof]hg u/]sf]df /sdfGt/af6 ?=%! ca{ #* s/f]8 yk u/]sf] tyf ?=@@ ca{ ^# s/f]8 36fO{ v'b

ah]6 ?=! vj{ !@ ca{ %* s/f]8 sfod ePsf]df ?=$( ca{ ^( s/f]8dfq lgsf;f ePsf] 5 . z'?

ah]6 g} vr{ gx'g] cj:yfdf /sdfGt/ u/L yk u/]sf] / k'gM 36fO{ sfod u/]sf] ah]6;d]t vr{

gePsf]n] ah]6 ljlgof]hg / /sdfGt/ cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvPg .

sfg"g / ah]6 l;4fGtljk/Lt jiff{Gtdf /sdfGt/ ug]{ sfo{df lgoGq0f x'g'kb{5 .

20. cg'Tkfbs vr{ — vr{ /sd juL{s/0f / JofVofcg';f/ ljljw vr{af6 dgf]/~hg, lrofkfg, ef]h,

sfof{no ;'/Iff, cltly ;Tsf/nufotdf vr{ Joxf]g]{ Joj:yf 5 . dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k];

ePsf] cfly{s ljj/0fcg';f/ ljljw vr{df ?=! ca{ !^ s/f]8 %) nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]df %(^

k|ltzt j[l4 u/L ?=^ ca{ ($ s/f]8 $! nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf] cg'Tkfbs vr{ lgoGq0f

ug'{kg]{df yk /sdfGt/ u/L vr{ ug'{ dgfl;a b]lvPg .

21. :jf:Yos/ sf]if – ;'tL{hGo kbfy{sf] cGtMz'Nsaf6 @)&@.&# df ?=* ca{ (% s/f]8 /fh:j k|fKt

ePsf]df ;f]sf] @% k|ltztn] ?=@ ca{ @$ s/f]8 ah]6 Joj:yf u/L ;f]xLadf]lhd sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/L

sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{df of] jif{ ?=^^ s/f]8 %) nfvdfq ljlgof]hg e} ;f]dWo] ?=%% s/f]8 #@

nfvsf] sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/L vr{ u/]sf] 5 . pQm ah]6af6 aL=kL= sf]O/fnf SofG;/ c:ktfn

lrtjgnfO{ ?=#) s/f]8 %) nfv, zxLb u+ufnfn /fli6«o x[bo s]Gb|nfO{ ?=( s/f]8, lrlsT;f lj1fg

/fli6«o k|lti7fgnfO{ ?=! s/f]8;d]t ^ c:ktfnnfO{ ?=$$ s/f]8 !) nfv dfkb08a]u/ sfo{qmd

;~rfng ug{ clVtof/L lbO{ vr{ u/]sf] 5 . dfkb08 agfO{ /sd afF8kmfF8 ug'{kb{5 .

22. ejg vl/b — k//fi6« dGqfno cGtu{tsf lgof]usf] nflu qmdzM ejg vl/b ub}{ hfg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

gLlt cg'?k of] jif{ ?=! ca{ (% s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]df vl/b u/L ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf

NofPsf] 5}g . ejg vl/bdf Joj:yf ePsf] ah]6dWo] ?=!^ s/f]8 ^^ nfv /sdfGt/ u/L ;jf/L

;fwg, kmlg{r/, d]l;g/L cf}hf/ cflb vl/b u/]sf]] 5 . lgof]ux?sf] 3/ ef8f vr{ k|To]s jif{ j[l4 eO{

@)&#.&$ df ?=&$ s/f]8 %$ nfv k'u]sf] 5 . ljlgof]lht /sdaf6 ;dod} 3/hUuf vl/b sfo{ gx'Fbf

nfut a9\g] cj:yf 5 .

23. sf]if ;~rfng – of] jif{ @# dGqfnocGtu{t ;~rfngdf /x]sf sf]ifx?df utjif{sf] lhDd]jf/L ?= ^&

ca{ &@ s/f]8 &$ nfv /x]sf]df of] jif{ ?=! va{ *( ca{ ^$ s/f]8 *) nfv ;d]t ?=@ va{ %& ca{

#& s/f]8 %$ nfv cfDbfgL u/L ?=! vj{ ^$ ca{ %% s/f]8 $* nfv vr{ eO{ ?=(@ ca{ *@ s/f]8

^ nfv df}Hbft b]lvPsf] 5 . ah]6 l;4fGt ljk/Lt sf]if Joj:yf u/L vr{ u/]af6 cfDbfgL vr{df

;+;bLo lgoGq0f b]lvPg .

C0f tyf bfloTj

24. k|ltJolQm C0f – dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] k]; u/]sf] ljj/0fdf @)&#.&$ ;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

s'n C0f bfloTj ?=^ va{ (& ca{ ^( s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] cfGtl/s C0f ?=@ va{ *# ca{ &!

s/f]8 / j}b]lzs C0f ?=$ va{ !# ca{ (* s/f]8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pSt C0f @)&#.&$ sf] s'n ufx{:Yo

pTkfbgsf] @^=*$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . h;df cfGtl/s C0f !)=(! k|ltzt / j}b]lzs C0f !%=(#

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 *& nfv @( xhf/nfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf of] jif{;Dd k|ltJolQm


15

s'n C0f bfloTj ?=@$ xhf/ @&^.&% /x]sf] 5 . k|ltJolQm C0f bfloTj ut jif{eGbf ?=@!$&.#$ n]

a9\g uPsf] 5 .

25. lgj[lQe/0f bfloTj — lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf #(-v_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ldlteGbf

kl5 lgo'Qm x'g] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ pkbfg tyf lgj[lQe/0f lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\6} pkbfg tyf

lgj[lQe/0f sf]if v8f ug]+{ Joj:yf 5 . xfn;Dd o:tf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] lgj[Qe/0f

vr{sf] ef/ k|To]s jif{ j[l4 x'+b} uPsf] 5 . lgj[lQe/0f vr{ @)&!.&@ df ?=@^ ca{ ! s/f]8, @)&@.&#

df ?=#$ ca{ (* s/f]8, / @)&#.&$ df ?=#& ca{ !) s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . lgj[lQe/0f vr{ o; jif{sf]

;/sf/sf] s'n vr{sf] $=$( k|ltzt / rfn' vr{sf] &=!( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lgj[lQe/0f bfloTj a9\b}

uPsf] ;Gbe{df of]ubfgd"ns lgj[lQe/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg]{ Joxf]/f ljutb]lv

cf}NofOPsf]df ;/sf/n] ah]6dfkm{t gLltut k|lta4tf hgfP tfklg sfof{Gjog x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

26. zf]wegf{ afFsL – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod #& sf] pk lgod # / $ df ljleGg

bft[kIf;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df k|To]s cfof]hgfn] zf]wegf{ dfu ug]{, ePsf] lgsf;f vr{

bft[kIfaf6 zf]wegf{ k|fKt ePsf] / zf]wegf{ k|fKt x'g afFsLsf] clen]v /fvL cg'udg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf

5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&#.&$ sf] cGt;Dddf ?=@@ ca{ #& s/f]8 *! nfv C0f / ?=@) ca{ %* s/f]8

!$ nfv cg'bfg u/L ? ?=$@ ca{ (% s/f]8 (% nfv zf]wegf{ lng afFsL 5 . zf]wegf{ lng afFsL

/sd utjif{sf] t'ngfdf !^=%^ k|ltztn] a9L b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ b]lvPsf] 5M

26.1 j}b]lzs C0faf6 zf]wegf{ x'g] u/L ut ljutdf vr{ ePsf] ?=!$ ca{ ## s/f]8 &@ nfv zf]wegf{ lng

afFsL /x]sf]df of] jif{sf] vr{ ?=#! ca{ %& s/f]8 %) nfv;d]t zf]wegf{ x'g'kg]{ ?= $% ca{ (! s/f]8 @@

nfv /x]sf] / of] jif{ ?=@! ca{ *& s/f]8 !$ nfv k|fKt ePsf] tyf ? ! ca{ ^^ s/f]8 @* nfv lx;fa

ldnfg u/L jiff{Gtdf ?=@@ ca{ #& s/f]8 *! nfv ;f]wegf{ afFsL 5 . C0f zf]wegf{ afFsL /sd ut

jif{eGbf %^=)* k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .

zf]wegf{ afFsL b]lvPsf dGqfnox?dWo] cy{ d+qfnoaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf nufgL ?=!! ca{

^) s/f]8 %$ nfv, lzIff dGqfnosf] ?=( ca{ ## s/f]8 ^! nfv, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf]]

?=% ca{ $& s/f]8 &( nfv / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ?=% ca{ @! s/f]8 #*

nfv /x]sf] 5 .

26.2 cg'bfgtkm{ ut jif{;Dd zf]wegf{ lng ?=@@ ca{ %! s/f]8 &^ nfv afFsL /x]sf]df of] jif{ zf]wegf{ k|fKt

ug]{ u/L vr{ ePsf] ?=@$ ca{ &% s/f]8 *^ nfv ;d]t zf]wegf{ x'g'kg]{ ?=$& ca{ @& s/f]8 ^@

nfvdWo] of] jif{ ?= @^ ca{ ^( s/f]8 %) nfv k|fKt eO{ jiff{Gtdf ?=@) ca{ %* s/f]8 !$ nfv afFsL

/x]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf zf]wegf{ x'g afFsL cg'bfg *=%( k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .

cg'bfgtkm{ zf]wegf{ x'g afFsL /sd a9L /x]sf]df lzIff dGqfnosf] ?=* ca{ %^ s/f]8 ^*

nfv, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] ?=# ca{ %( s/f]8 ^^ nfv, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo

ljsf; dGqfnosf] ?=# ca{ #* s/f]8 $* nfv, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] ?=! ca{

#& s/f]8 !$ nfv, s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] ?=&) s/f]8 ($ nfv u/L % dGqfnosf] ?=!& ca{ ^@

s/f]8 () nfv b]lvG5 . pQm /sd zf]wegf{ lng afFsL cg'bfg /sdsf] *%=^^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

26.3 dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k]; ePsf] ljj/0fdf @! of]hgfdf zf]wegf{ x'g afFsL ?=!! ca{ #(

s/f]8 (& nfv C0ffTds b]lvPsf]df sf/0f v'nfPsf] 5}g . :jf:Yo dGqfnosf] ut jif{ zf]wegf{ x'g

afFsL C0f ?=! ca{ &# s/f]8 !@ nfvnfO{ o; jif{ klg C0ffTds zf]wegf{ afFsL b]vfPsf] 5 . aGb

eO;s]sf cfof]hgfsf] ;d]t C0ffTds lx;fa x'Fbf s'n zf]wegf{ x'g afFsL /sd 36\g uO{ afFsL

/sdsf] oyfy{ lx;fa k|:t't ePg .

/fh:j k|If]k0f tyf bfo/f lj:tf/

27. /fh:j k|If]k0f – /fh:j cg'dfgnfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg s/sf] b/, ;dli6ut cfly{s 9fFrf / s/

nrstfh:tf ljifodf ljZn]if0f gu/]sf] / /fi6«;+3Lo n]vf k4ltsf] ;"rsfÍsf] k|of]u gu/]sf]n] ;g\

@)))÷@))! a]~rdfls{ªsf cfwf/df s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] u0fgf ubf{ cy{tGqsf gjLg sf/f]af/x?


16

;ˆ6j]o/ Joj;fo, pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 x'g] sf/f]af/, ljQLo ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/, lzIff If]qsf

k/fdz{bftf ;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/, Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf sf/f]af/ h:tf ljifox?n] cy{tGqdf k'¥ofPsf]

of]ubfg /fli6«o n]vfk|0ffnLsf] bfo/fdf cfpg g;Sbf s'n u|fx{:Yo pTkfbg Go"g ePsf]n] /fh:j

;Íngsf] k|ltzt / j[l4;d]t oyfy{k/s b]lvFb}g .

;LdfIf]qsf] v'Nnf ahf/, eG;f/ tyf ahf/df ePsf] Go"g aLhsLs/0f, cGt/f{li6«o If]qaf6

a}+lsË k|0ffnL aflx/af6 cfpg] ljk|]if0fnufotsf sf/f]af/nfO{ d'n'sn] lglZrt dfkb08 th'{df u/L

/fli6«o n]vfdf ;dfj]z ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . cGt/fli6«o d'b|fsf]ifn] ;g @)!* hgj/Ldf k|sflzt

ljZjsf] cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq;DaGwL Ps cWoogn] g]kfnsf] cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq PsltxfO{eGbf a9L

b]vfPsf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgn] ;a} sf/f]af/nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5}g . t;y{ o:tf

cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqsf] sf/f]af/sf] ;d]t cWoog u/L qmdzM ltgLx?nfO{ cf}krfl/s bfo/fdf Nofpg]

/0fgLlt cjnDag u/L /fh:j k|If]k0f Pj+ nIo lgwf{/0f cBfjlws tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 .

28. b"/;~rf/ ;]jf b:t'/ – cfly{s P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !% cg';f/ OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf -eL=cf]=cfO{=kL=_

afx]ssf] OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf b:t'/ gnfUg] Joj:yf 5 . pQm Joj:yfcg';f/ OG6/g]6

6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf b:t'/ !! k|ltzt nfUg] / ;f] /sd b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]

lgsfon] ;Íng u/L a'emfpg'kb{5 . g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos b'j}n]

OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf 5g\ . b"/;~rf/ jf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosn] k|bfg ug]{ OG6/g]6

;]jfsf] clwsf+z lx:;f efOj/, d];]Gh;{, :sfOk, jf6\; Pk, jLRof6, Odf]dfkm{t OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]g

;]jfdf k|of]u eP klg ;f]afkt sfg"gadf]lhd b"/;~rf/ ;]jf b:t'/ c;'n ePsf] 5}g .

OG6/g]6nfO{ dfWod agfP/ df]afOnaf6 df]afOn, Nofk6kaf6 df]afOn, Nofk6kaf6 8]:s6kdf

cfjfh, lel8of] ;~rf/ x'g] ;a} k|ljlwnfO{ OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf cyf{t\ EjfO; cf]e/ OG6/g]6

k|f]6f]sn -eLcf]cfOkL_ xf] . b"/;~rf/ / OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosn] k|fKt u/]sf] b"/;~rf/ / OG6/g]6 ;]jf

z'Ns ?=!# ca{ *) s/f]8 % nfvdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf b:t'/ ?=! ca{ %! s/f]8 *) nfv / ;f]df nfUg]

d"No clej[l4 s/ ?=!( s/f]8 &$ nfv;d]t ?=! ca{ &! s/f]8 %$ nfv /fh:j 5'6]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}

OG6/g]6af6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf, tl:a/, lel8of], 6]lnlehg ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ k|ljlwsf] z'?jft e};s]sf] / a9L

lx:;f 6]lnkmf]gnufot dgf]/~hgfTds k|of]hgdf pkof]u ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf b:t'/ glng] Joj:yf pk/;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 .

29. s/flwsf/ If]q – cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^&-^_ sf] -h_ cg';f/ /]l8of] clK6sN; kmfO{j;{ jf e"–

pku|x h:tf ;~rf/ dfWdjf6 vj/ jf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ JolQmn] g]kfndf

pTklQ ePsf] / g]kfndf :yflkt ;+oGqjf6 va/ jf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ;DaGwdf ;f] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf]

e'QmfgL g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] dflgg] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^& -^_ 9 -@_ df g]kfndf ;~rflnt

s[ofsnfksf] ;|f]t g]kfndf x'g] Joj:yf 5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jfdfkm{t OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ug]{

PlKns];gx? h:t} efOj/, d];]Gh{;, :sfOk, jf6;\ Pk, jLRof6, O{df] g]kfndf lgjf{w ?kdf ;~rfng

e}/x]sf 5g\ . tL PlKns];gx? cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ^& adf]lhd g]kfnsf] s/flwsf/ If]qleq kg]{

ePsf]n] ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ k"j{ btf{ eO{ cfos/ ltg'[kg]{df To;k|sf/sf PlKns];gdfkm{t ;]jf k|bfos s'g}

klg ;+:yf btf{ ePsf] kfOPg . 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f oL PlKns];gdfkm{t ;~rfng e}/x]sf]

/ 6]lnkmf]]g ;]jf k|bfossf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfafkt k|fKt x'g] cfodf tL PlKns];g k|of]usf] sf/0f x|f;

cfPsf] t/ tL PlKns];gdfkm{t ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo btf{ gePsf] sf/0f 7"nf] /fh:j 5'6]sf] 5 . o;

;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] O{–sdz{;DaGwL sfg'g ;d]t tof/ gu/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ oL ;]jf k|bfosnfO{

btf{ u/fO{ /fh:j c;'n ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

30. s/sf] bfo/f — hUuf, 3/hUuf tyf df]6/ vl/b ubf{ cfo;|f]t v'nfpg'kg]{ lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ ?=!

s/f]8eGbf a9Lsf] 3/hUuf jf df]6/ vl/b ubf{ ;|f]t v'nfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] 5gf}6df

k/]sf 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf If]qflwsf/sf s/bftf;Fu vl/b sf/f]af/ ug]{ !@$ JolQmn] @)&@.&# df

?=@ ca{ &# s/f]8sf] ;jf/L;fwg tyf 3/hUuf vl/b sf/f]af/ u/L s/sf] bfo/fdf gcfPsf]n]

ltgLx?nfO{ bfo/fdf Nofpg'kb{5 .


17

31. hUuf vl/bdf s/ 5"6 — cfos/ lgb{]l{zsfn] ;DklQsf] cj:yf / cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu bkmf @

-s `_ sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] lg;u{ ubf{ k|fKt /sdnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf & -@_ -v_

cg';f/ cfodf ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ / bkmf !% cg';f/ jf:tljs nfut vr{ s§f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]

5 . g]kfn cfon lgudn] emfkfsf] d]rL gu/, ;nf{xLsf] x/Lk'/, lrtjgsf] nf]y/ / ?kGb]xLsf]

j;Gtk'/df l8kf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu af]nkqdfk{mt 7]Ssf u/L (! lj3f hUuf pknAw u/fpg]

;Demf}tf u/]sf]df &% la3f * s¶f hUufnfO{ af]nkqbftfx?n] cfk"mn] :jfldTj u|x0f gul/sg ;Lw}

hUufwgLaf6 g]kfn cfon lgudnfO{ /lhi6]«;g kf; u/fO{ u}/ Joj;flos s/ of]Uo ;DklQ laqmL dfgL

k"FhLut nfe s/ lt/L] clGtd s/ x'g] Jojxf/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . 7]Ssf k|fKt u/]/ hUuf pknAw u/fO{

?=! ca{ (# s/f]8 ^! nfv e'QmfgL lng] af]nkqbftfx?sf] sfd sf/afxL Jofj;flos ePsfn] ;f]df

Joj;fodf nfUg] cfo s/ ltg'{kg]{df k'FhLut nfes/ c;'n u/L pGd'lQm lbPsf] kfOof] . o:tf] Jojxf/

cfo s/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #% adf]lhd s/d'lQmsf] of]hgf EfPsf]n] 5fglag u/L 5'6 ePsf] /fh:j

?=^! s/f]8 #$ nfv c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

dfnkf]t sfof{no & sf !@% Joj;foLn] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hUufnfO{ af6f] lgdf{0f,

38]/Lsf] ?kdf ;–;fgf If]qkmndf lsQfsf6, l5d]sLsf] hUufx?;u Kn6 ldnfg, 9n lgdf{0f tyf

l;dfgf kvf{n lgdf{0f cflb sfo{ u/L Joj;fodf k|of]u u/]sf]n] ;f] ;DklQ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'g]

ePaf6 laqmL ?=! ca{ %! s/f]8 @* nfvdf k"Flhut nfes/ geO{ Joj;fosf] cfodf nfUg] #%

k|ltztn] x'g] cfos/ ?=%@ s/f]8 (( nfv s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

s/ kl/kfngf

32. d"No clej[l4 s/ — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !* df s/bftfn] k|To]s dlxgf cfk"mn]

a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ /sd :jo+ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbgleq ljj/0f a'emfpg'kg]{

Joj:yf 5 . ljefun] k]; u/]sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgcg';f/ @)&$ c;f/ d;fGtsf] d"No clej[l4 s/

sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ b]lvPsf] 5M

ljj/0f 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74

qm]l86 /sd ? -ca{df_ 17.77 26.4 29.16

qm]l86 l/6g{ k|ltzt 44.03 51.11 51.14

8]lj6 /sd ? -ca{df_ 3.4 44.8 49.32

8]lj6 l/6g{ k|ltzt 18.98 13.30 13.25

z"Go l/6g{ k|ltztdf 25 35.58 35.61

d"No clej[l4 s/ lkmtf{ ? -ca{df_ 5.05 4.23 4.76

ljj/0f k]; gug]{ k|ltzt ck|fKt 30 30

of] jif{ ljj/0f k]; ug]{dWo] %!=!$ k|ltztn] ;/sf/af6 lng'kg]{ -qm]l86_, #%=^! k|ltztn]

z"Go -sf/f]af/ gu/]sf]_ / !#=@% k|ltztn] dfq ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ -8]la6_ ljj/0f a'emfPsf 5g\ .

ljj/0f g} k]; gug]{sf] ;+Vof #) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ;/sf/;+u lng'kg]{ / sf/f]af/ g}

gePsf] ljj/0f a'emfpg] / ljj/0f g} ga'emfpg] cj:yfn] d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L

ePsf] 5}g .

32.1 d"No clej[l4 s/ nfu" ePsf] @! jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . of] P]g k|f/De x'Fbf s/bftf lzIff / s/ kfngfsf]

sdLsf] sf/0fn] 8]la6 l/6g{ sd ePsf], s||]l86 l/6g{ a9]sf], z"Go l/6g{ / gg kmfOn/sf] ;d:of

b]lvPsf] lyof] . P]gsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;'wf/ eO{ o;sf ;"rsx?df klg qmdzM ;'wf/ cfpg'kg]{df

tbg';f/ gePsf] lgDg ljj/0faf6 b]lvof]M

- k|ltztdf_

cfo jif{ cj:yf gg kmfOn/ 8]la6 l/6g{ s|]l86 l/6g{ ;"Go l/6g{

@)%$.%% b]lv @)%*.%( z"?jftL r/0f !@=$$ @$=($ %@=#) @@=%#

@)%(.^) b]lv @)^$.^% sfo{Gjogsf] dWo r/0f @!=)) !*=%^ $#=@$ ##=#&

@)^%.^^ b]lv @)&#.&$ xfnsf] k/LkSj r/0f #!=)) !^=!( $(=%! #$=##


18

d"No clej[l4 s/sf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg cg'udgdf tLj|tf / ;du| /fh:j

k|zf;gsf] ;lqmotf h?/L b]lvG5 .

32.2 d'n'sdf pkef]usf] dfqf al9/x]sf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s pkef]udf ;Íng ul/Psf] d"No clej[l4 s/

?=^! ca{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf @=#@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s /fh:jsf] d'Vo cfwf/sf]

?kdf /x]sf] d"No clej[l4 s/sf] ^$ k|ltzt cfoftaf6 c;'n ePsf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/sf]

dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f cfoftdf lge{/ /xg' pko'Qm xf]Og . cfGtl/s pkef]udf ;Íng ug]{ d"No clej[l4

s/sf] bfo/f a9fpg'kb{5 .

33. d"No clej[l4 s/sf] cGt/ — d"No clej[l4 s/sf] cfwf/ u0fgf ug{ cy{tGqsf] s'n u|fx{:Yo pTkfbg

cyf{t sf/f]af/af6 5'6, ;Ldf / z"Go b/ sfod ul/Psf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] sf/f]af/ 36fPkl5 cfpg]

v'b /sddf d"No clej[l4 s/sf] k|rlnt b/n] u'0ff u/] kZrft\ k|fKt x'g] /sd g} d"No clej[l4 s/

;Íng ug{ ;lsg] ;DefJo /sd xf] . d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{Gjogsf] z'? jif{ @)%$.%% df s/

cGt/ ?=!# ca{ ^( s/f]8 /x]sf] / @)&#.&$ df ?=! va{ #@ ca{ @# s/f]8 b]lvPsf] 5 . s'n ufx{:Yo

pTkfbgsf] tYofÍdf ;a} cfly{s lqmofssnfk ;d]l6Psf] cj:yfdf cGt/ /sd cem} a9\g] b]lvG5 .

o;/L k|fKt x'g'kg]{ ;DefJo d"No clej[l4 s/ ?=! va{ #@ ca{ @# s/f]8 c;'nL gePsf]] cj:yf 5 .

t;y{ d"No clej[l4 s/ cGt/sf ;DaGwdf yk cWoog u/L gLltut, sfg'gL Pj+ sfof{Gjog kIfdf

;'wf/ u/]/ o:tf] /sd Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfjZos sbd rfNg' h?/L 5 .

34. P]gdf bf]xf]/f] Joj:yf – cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!=#s= df tLg ;o jf ;f]eGbf a9L g]kfnL

gful/snfO{ jif{el/ g} k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbg] ljz]if pBf]u / ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ nfUg] s/sf] ()

k|ltzt / ! xhf/ @ ;oeGbf a9LnfO{ jif{e/ g} k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbg]nfO{ nfUg] s/sf] *) k|ltzt s/

nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . P]gsf] of] bkmfdf ePsf] :ki6 JofVof;Fu aflemg] u/L cfly{s P]g, @)&@ df bkmf

!!=# s! yk u/L jif{el/ sDtLdf !)) g]kfnL gful/snfO{ dfq k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbPsf ljz]if

pBf]unfO{ nfUg] s/sf] &) k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf yk ePsf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf !!=# s= sf]

Joj:yf ljk/Lt x'g] u/L bkmf #s! yk u/L 5'6 lbPsf] sf/0fn] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] 5gf}6df k/]sf &

cf}iflw pBf]uaf6 dfq @)&@.&# df k|fKt x'g'kg]{{ s/ /fh:j ?=@ s/f]8 $) nfv Go"g x'g uPsf] 5 .

o;df k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kb{5 .

35. C0fsf] cGo k|of]u Y a}+lsª s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf * df s;}n] a}Í jf ljQLo

;+:yfaf6 h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu shf{ ;'ljwf lnPsf] xf] ;f]xL k|of]hgdf gnufO{ cGoq k|of]u u/L jf

u/fO{ shf{sf] b'?kof]u u/]df Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofeGbf a9L hlt;'s} lauf] eP klg tLg jif{b]lv kfF+r

jif{;Dd s}b / lauf] e/fO{ lauf]adf]lhd hl/afgf x'g] Joj:yf 5 . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefucGtu{t !^

s/bftfn] ?=# ca{ ($ s/f]8 C0f lnP/ ;fk6L lbPsf]n] cf}ift Jofh b/sf] cfwf/df x'g] Jofh ?=^!

s/f]8 ( nfv cdfGo u/L ?=( s/f]8 &( nfv s/ c;'n ug{ Pj+ ?=$ s/f]8 *@ nfv gf]S;fgL

;dfof]hg ug{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . s/bftfn] lnPsf] C0f cGoq k|of]u ePsf]df P]gadf]lhd

sf/afxL ug'{kb{5 .

36. lrlsT;ssf] kfl/>lds s/ — cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf *-@_ n] /f]huf/bftfaf6 s'g} cfo jif{df

Hofnf, tnj, cltl/Qm ;do sfd u/] afktsf] cfo nufot h'g;'s} /sd kfl/>lds cfodf u0fgf

ug'{kb{5 . 7"nf Pj+ lghL c:ktfnx?n] lrlsT;s tyf cGo kbflwsf/LnfO{ c:ktfndf sfd

u/]afktsf] kfl/>ldsnfO{ ;]jfsf] ?kdf vr{ n]v]sf 5g\ . k/fdz{bftf lrlsT;sx?n] c:ktfndf ;]jf

lbFbf cGo ;|f]t ;fwg / ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] /sd c:ktfnn] g} vr{ n]v]sf] cj:yfdf

k'g k/fdz{ k|bfg ug]{ lrlsT;sx?n] cfk"mn] 5'§} sd{rf/L /fv]sf] pNn]v u/L vr{ bfaL u/]sf] cj:yf

5 . k/fdz{ lbg] lrlsT;sx?n] oL c:ktfnsf ;|f]t ;fdu|L, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ;xof]uL hgzlQm k|of]u

u/L /f]huf/Lsf] x}l;otaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf cGo vr{ bfaL ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg .

d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] cg';"rL ! df plNnlvt j:t' tyf ;]jf jfx]ssf ;Dk"0f{ j:t' tyf

;]jfx? d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] sf/f]af/ x'g\ . k/fdz{ ;]jf pNn]v u/L /sd k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf tL

8fS6/n] pknAw u/fPsf] k/fdz{ ;]jfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg]df c;'n ePsf] 5}g . d"No clej[l4


19

s/df btf{ geO{ sf/f]af/ ug]{ xf] eg] k|ToIf /f]huf/Lsf] cfo x'g] / ;f]df sd{rf/Lsf] tnj tyf

sfof{no ;~rfngsf vr{ s§L ug{ gldNg] ePsf]n] ( /fh:j sfof{nodf ljj/0f k]; u/]sf &%

8fS6/n] bfaL u/]sf] vr{ cdfGo u/L gk'u @) k|ltzt s/ ?=!$ s/f]8 &@ nfv / ;f]df nfUg] z'Ns

tyf hl/afgf ;d]t c;'n x'g'kb{5 .

37. xjfO{ ;]jf s/ — cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &) cg';f/ g]kfnaf6 k|:yfg x'g] ofq'x?sf] cf];f/k;f/

ubf{ % k|ltzt / g]kfnaf6 csf]{ ljb]zL d'n'sdf k'Ug] u/L k|:yfg gx'g] xjfO{ oftfoftdf @ k|ltztsf

b/n] s/ nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . xjfO{ p8fg ug]{ Po/nfOG;x?n] sfg'gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yf cg';f/

k|:yfg u/]sf ofq' ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df nfUg] s/ bflvnf gu/]sf], bflvnf ug]{n] klg Go"g bflvnf u/]sf

5g\ . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] 5gf}6df k/]sf ^ Po/nfOG;af6 dfq ?=$! s/f]8 ^* nfv /fh:j 5'6 ePsf]

/sd c;'n ug{'kb{5 .

pSt tYofÍaf6 ltg'{kg]{ s/ klxnf] uGtJo;Ddsf] dfq u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 p8fg

ePsf]df sg]lS6Ë ˆnfO6af6 bf];|f] uGtJosf] ef8f / ;a} sfuf]{sf] /sd yk ubf{ dfly plNnlvt /sd

cem} a9L cfpg] b]lvPsf]n] ;f];d]t 5fglag u/L s/ bfloTj olsg ug'{kb{5 .

38. lgoGq0fdf kl/jt{g — cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf %& cg';f/ ljut # jif{sf] :jfldTjsf] t'ngfdf

%) k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf]df :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g'eGbf cl3 ;f] lgsfonfO{

x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL bkmf @) cg';f/ s§f ug{ gkfpg] / bkmf $! cg';f/ lg;u{ x'Fbf ;DklQ /

bfloTjsf] xsdf ahf/ d"No cg';f/sf] lg;u{ ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf 5 . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu

dftxtsf !# sfof{nosf $^ s/bftfn] P]gsf] bkmf %& adf]lhd :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'Fbf ;dfof]hg ug{

gldNg] gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg u/]sf] ?=! ca{ %^ s/f]8 &^ nfv, P]gsf] bkmf @) cg';f/ gkfpg]

gf]S;fgL s§LkZrft\\ sfod x'g] nfedf nfUg] s/ ?=!! s/f]8 *@ nfv, ;DklQsf] ahf/d"No sfod

ug'{kg]{ ?=#! s/f]8 &% nfv, bkmf $) / $! sf] ydf}tL;lxtsf] lg;u{df x'g] nfeaf6 k|fKt x'g] s/

?=^ s/f]8 (& nfv / bkmf (%s-@_ v cg';f/sf] nfedf s/ ?=# s/f]8 !( nfv c;'n ug{, gf]S;fgL

;dfof]hg ug{ / ;DklQsf] k'gd{"NofÍg u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{'kb{5 .

39. z]o/sf] k'FhLut nfes/ — cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf (%s -@_ df g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{df ;"rLs[t

ePsf] lgsfosf] lxtsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfedf % k|ltzt s/ nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . nfe u0fgf ug]{

k|of]hgsf nflu a's Snf]h ubf{sf] clGtd d"NonfO{ af]g; tyf xsk|b z]o/sf] cg'kftn] ;dfof]hg

u/L] ahf/ d"Nosf] cf};t u/]/ sfod ePsf] cfwf/ d"Nosf] cÍdf vr{ 5'6 lbg] dGqL:t/af6

@)^%.*.@@ df lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . of] Joj:yf k"FhLut nfe s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf

nflu nfu" ePsf] lyof] . xfn;Dd klg csf]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g .

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# adf]lhd jf:tljs lt/]sf] nfutnfO{ cfwf/ glnO{ z]o/sf]

ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df ;dfof]hg ubf{ a9L nfut vr{ bfaL ePaf6 ;"rLs[t sDkgLx?sf] jf]g; tyf

xsk|b z]o/ laqmLsf] dfq lx;fj ubf{ @)&@.&# df a9L bfaL u/]sf] nfut vr{ ?=% ca{ #@ s/f]8 #)

nfv / @)&#.&$ sf] ?=!) ca{ @^ s/f]8 ^& nfv ;d]t ?=!% ca{ %* s/f]8 (& nfvdf % k|ltztn]

x'g] s/ ?=&& s/f]8 (% nfv k'FhLut nfes/ 36L bflvnf ePsf] 5 . o;df ;+:yfks z]o/ ;b:osf]

cfo jif{ @)&@.&# / @)&#.&$ sf] af]g; tyf xsk|b z]o/ laqmLdf ?=% ca{ &$ s/f]8 @ nfvdf %

k|ltztn] x'g] k"FhLut nfes/ ?=@* s/f]8 &) nfv;d]t ?=! ca{ ^ s/f]8 ^% nfv /fh:j 36L c;'n

ePsf] 5 . o:tf] sf/f]af/ ljut jif{x?df ;d]t /x]sf]n] yk 5fglag u/L P]gsf] bkmf !# adf]lhd

jf:tljs nfut vr{ dfq s§L ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

40. lwtf]kq Joj;foL sld;g — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] pkbkmf !)=# adf]lhd P]gsf] cg';"rL

! df plNnlvt s/ 5'6 x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfafx]ssf g]kfnleq cfk"lt{ ePsf j:t' jf ;]jfdf !#

k|ltztn] d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . lwtf]kqsf] dWo:ystf{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ s/bftfn] ;f]

;]jf pknAw u/fPafkt k|fKt ug]{ bnfnL sld;gdf pQm cg';"rLn] d""No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 glbPsf]n]

o:tf] ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df @% s/bftfaf6 nfUg] ?=!^ s/f]8 ^@ nfv d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{df

u/]sf] 5}g .


20

41. Sofˆ6]l/ofsf] d"No clej[l4s/ — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';'rL ! df ljBfno /

ljZjljBfnon] k|bfg ug]{ lzIff ;]jfnfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 lbPsf] t/ ;f] ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt

Sofkm\6]l/ofn] k|bfg ug]{] vfgf tyf vfB j:t' d"No clej[l4s/ of]Uo sf/f]af/ x'g] b]lvG5 . cg';"rL–!

df xf]6n, /]i6'/]G6, u]i6 xfp;, Sofˆ6]l/of h:tf Joj;foLn] cfk"lt{ ug]{ vfgf tyf vfBdf d"No

clej[l4 s/ 5'6 gx'g] / o:tf JolQmn] btf{ geO{ sf/f]af/ u/]df s/ clws[tn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]

Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf @) / @( df pNn]v 5 . 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no / ^ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf]

sfo{If]q /x]sf @# s/bftfaf6 @)&!.&@ / @)&@.&# df vfgf / cfjf; afkt ?=! ca{ ^) s/f]8 !*

nfvsf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] 5 . z}lIfs ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] p2]Zo aflx/ uO{ Joj;fo ubf{ ;d]t d"No clej[l4

s/ ;Íng ePsf] 5}g . t;y{ 5'6 ePsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ?=@) s/f]8 *@ nfv / ;f]sf]

hl/afgf;d]t s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

42. 6«]lsª Joj;foLx?sf] laqmL — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf &-#_ cg';f/ s/of]Uo sf/f]af/ ug]{ JolQm

tyf ;+:yfn] btf{ eO{ l/tk"j{s s/ lahs hf/L u/]/ s/ ;Íng ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . 6«]lsª

Joj;foLx?n] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ 6';{, 6«]lsª;DaGwL Kofs]hsf] laqmLdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg]df s/ ;Íng

u/]sf 5}gg\ . Kofs]hsf] Psd'i6 laqmLdf P]g cg';f/ s/ ;Íng ug'{kg]{df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu

dftxt ^ sfof{nosf #& 6«]lsª Joj;foL s/bftfsf] ?=%( s/f]8 $( nfvsf] laqmLdf nfUg] s/ ?=&

s/f]8 &# nfv c;'n u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . ctM s/ c;'n ug{ z'Ns tyf Aofh;d]t c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

43. ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf d"No clej[l4 s/ — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf *-#_ df Joj;flos

k|of]hgsf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] krf; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9Lsf] ejg, ckf6{d]G6, ;lkË sDKn]S; jf cGo

;+/rgf btf{ gePsf] JolQmaf6 lgdf{0f u/fPsf] eP klg btf{ ePsf] JolQmaf6 u/] ;/x dfgL o:tf]

;+/rgfsf] :jfldTj /x]sf] JolQmaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu

dftxtsf @# sfof{nosf && s/bftfn] ?=( ca{ #( s/f]8 ^@ nfvsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/]sf]df btf{

ePsf] JolQmaf6 u/fPsf] gb]lvFbf ;f] /sddf nfUg] d"No clej[l4 s/ ?=! ca{ @@ s/f]8 !% nfv

c;'n ug{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

44. p7fPsf] s/ ga'emfPsf] — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !& cg';f/ s/ nfUg] j:t'df lt/]sf]

s/ p7fPsf] s/af6 s6\6f u/L bflvnf ug'{kb{5 . ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] ?kdf btf{ eO{ 7]Ssf Joj;fo

u/]sf] o:tf s/bftfn] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg kg]{ ljj/0f k]; u/L /sd bflvnf ug{ afFsL b]vfPsf] s]xL

dlxgf kl5 ljj/0f / s/ g} ga'emfPsf], s]lxn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf sf/f]af/ gePsf] ljj/0f a'emfO{ s/

glt/]sf] cj:yf 5 . JolQm / /fHoaf6 p7fPsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ cfkm}n] 3f]if0ff u/L bflvnf ug'{kg]{

pNn]v ug]{ o:tf Joj;foLaf6 jiff}{;Dd /fh:j c;'n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljleGg pkef]Qmf, Joj;foL /

;/sf/af6 p7fPsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ /fHosf]ifdf bflvnf gu/L cb[Zo e}/x]sf o:tf ;+o'Qm pkqmddf

;+nUg x'g] JolQm÷;fe]mbf/;d]tnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfO{ !% sfof{nosf !#* s/bftfsf] d"No clej[l4 s/

?=$% s/f]8 %( nfv c;'n x'g'kb{5 .

45. le;f k|f];]l;ª cfo — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ cg';f/ ;]jf z'Nsdf d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n

ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . g]kfnaf6 dn]l;ofsf] le;f lnFbf nfUg] le;f k|f];]l;Ë z'Nsdf d"No clej[l4 s/

c;'n eP klg ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;sf] le;f lnO{ k|:yfg ug]{ ofq'x?sf] le;f k|f];]l;Ë rfh{sf] d"No

clej[l4 s/ c;'n u/]sf 5}gg\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&@.&# cg';f/ $*

xhf/ ##* JolQmsf] le;f z'Ns Go"gtd ?=!! xhf/ !^ -k|lt cd]l/sL 8n/ ?=(* ;6xLb/_ n] ?=%#

s/f]8 @% nfvdf sDkgLaf6 le;f k|f];]l;Ë z'Ns cfDbfgL b]vfpg'kg]{df # s/bftfdWo] Ps PS:k|];n]

?=$% nfv csf]{ Ps PS:k|];n] ?=$) nfv / Ps 6';{n] s'g} cfDbfgL gb]vfPsf] x'Fbf hDdf ?=*% nfv

cfDbfgL b]vfPsf]n] km/s ?=%@ s/f]8 $) nfv cfo n]vfÍg ug{ 5'6 ePsf] / d"No clej[l4 s/

lgb]{lzsf, @)^( sf] a'Fbf !)=! sf] pbfx/0fcg';f/ y|];xf]N8eGbf a9Lsf] o:tf] sf/f]af/ ?=%# s/f]8

@% nfvdf 5'6 ePsf] d"No clej[l4 s/df z'Ns / Aofh;d]t lx;fa u/L ?=^ s/f]8 (@ nfv s/

lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .


21

/fh:j 5'6 Pj+ r'xfj6 lgoGq0f

46. /fh:j 5'6 – eG;f/ ljefusf] cfl;s'8fnufot k|fKt ljj/0fsf cfwf/df of] jif{ljleGg ;+:yfnfO{ j:t'

tyf ;]jf k}7f/L k|of]hgdf ?=%# ca{ & s/f]8 ^% nfv /fh:j 5'6 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] sf] cltl/Qm

3Lp, t]n, df]afOn cflb lgof{t ubf{ /fHosf]ifdf k|fKt ePsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ?=^ ca{ !@ s/f]8 %%

nfv lkmtf{ lbPsf] ;d]t s'n /fh:j 5'6 %( ca{ @) s/f]8 @) nfv /xsf] b]lvG5 . cGt/f{li6«o c;n

cEof;cg';f/ ah]6 jQmJo;Fu} ;/sf/n] Joj:yflksfdf /fh:j 5'6sf] ljj/0f k]; ug]{+ Joj:yf eP

klg ;/sf/n] ;f] 5'6sf] sf/0f /fh:jdf x'g uPsf] sdLsf] clen]v /fvL k]; ug{] u/]sf] 5}g . o:tf]

ljj/0f ah]6;Fu} ;fj{hlgs ug'{kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf pNn]vgLo Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

46.1 pRr:t/Lo s/ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u, @)&! n] df]afOn kmf]g, sk8f, tf]/Lsf] t]n, lrgLdf s/

lkmtf{ qmdzM sd ub}{ n}hfg ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifsf] g]kfn ;DaGwL ;g\ @)!%

sf] k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t s/ 5'6nfO{ cGt{/fli6«o k|rngcg';f/ ;Lldt ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . ljut jif{df

lbPsf] k|lta]bg pk/ 5nkmn xF'bf ;fa{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] s/ lkmtf{ lbg] k|rng 36fpFb} qmdzM Go"g

u/fpg lgb]{zg lbPsf]df sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cGt{/fli6«o k|rng cg';f/ s/ lkmtf{ lbg] sfo{

;Lldt a:t'df Nofpg'kg]{ ;'emfpsf] sfo{Gjog ug{{ ;/sf/sf] Wofg hfg''kb{5 .

46.2 cfly{s P]g, @)&# df bfgf pBf]un] k}7f/L ug]{ ds}, e6df;sf] lkgf nufotsf dfnj:t'df eG;f/

tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf 5 . h;cg';f/ of] jif{ ?=# ca{ %& s/f]8 #) nfv /fh:j

5'6 ePsf] 5 . /fh:j 5'6df cfoft ePsf tL dfnj:t'x? kz'k+IfLsf] bfgf agfpg] k|of]hgdf g}

pkof]u ePsf] cfZj:t x'g] u/L cg'udg ug'{kb{5 .

46.3 s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] Ps ltxfO c+z s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf]n] s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ 6]jf k'of{pg s[lif

ljsf; dGqfnodfkm{t s[ifsnfO{ ?= !) ca{ &* s/f]8 cg'bfg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . s[lifdf

cfTdlge{/tf clej[l4 ug{ o; k|sf/sf] cg'bfg lbO/x]sf] cj:yfdf s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbgsf]

cfoft nufotdf ?= !! ca{ #! s/f]8 d"No clej[l¢ s/nufot /fh:j 5"6 lbPsf] b]lvof] . cfGtl/s

pTkfbg j[l4df k|f]T;fxg k'¥ofpg cg'bfg lbPklg s[lif tyf kz'hGo ;fdfu|Lsf] cfoftdf ;d]t /fh:j

5'6 lbPaf6 :jb]zL pTkfbgdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

46.4 j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;~rfng x'g] cfof]hgfsf nflu ;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfoft ug]{ lgdf{0f

;fdu|Ldf eG;f/ dx;'n / s/ 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf cg';f/ of] jif{ ?=(! s/f]8 ^( nfv 5'6 lbPsf] 5 .

o:tf ;'ljwfdf cfoft x'g] ;fdu|Ldf nfUg] /fh:j 5'6sf] clen]v /fVg], /fh:j 5'6 lbPsf] /sd

cfof]hgfsf] nufgLdf ;dfj]z ug]{ u/]sf] 5}g . 5'6df cfofltt ;fdfg ;DalGwt cfof]hgfdf g}

pkof]u ePsf] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5}g . j}b]lzs cfof]hgfdf dfi6/ lni6df /fv]/ ;a} dfnj:t'df eG;f/,

cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 lbPsf], s'g}df eG;f/ dx;'n dfq 5'6 lbg], s'g}df cf+lzs kl/df0fdf

dfq 5'6 lbg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfdf dfi6/ lni6 to ug]{ / /fh:j 5'6 lbg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLlt

lgwf{/0f u/L 5'6nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 .

46.5 j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;~rflnt cfof]hgfn] ;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd nutdf ;jf/L;fwg

pks/0fx? k}7f/L ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;jif{ nutdf ?=!% s/f]8 %^ nfv /fh:j 5'6 lbO{ k}7f/L ePsf]

5 . o:tf ;jf/L;fwg tyf pks/0f k|of]hg ;dfKt ePkl5 lkmtf{ n}hfg'kg]{ jf eG;f/ dx;'n

ltg'{kg]{df eG;f/ ljefu, ;DalGwt sfof{no jf cfof]hgf s;}n] klg nut /fv]sf] 5}g . h;af6

/fh:j 5'6sf dfnj:t' tf]lsPsf] cjlw kZrft\\ klg lgjf{w k|of]u e}/xg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

46.6 /fli6«o pBf]unfO{ eG;f/ dx;'nnufotaf6 ;+/If0f Pj+ k|f]T;fxg ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L :jb]zdf pTkfbg

x'g] dfnj:t' k}7f/L ubf{ eG;f/ dx;'n, cGtz'Ns / d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . o; jif{ ;fN6

6«]l8+u lnld6]8nfO{ lrgL cfoft ug{ eG;f/ dx;'n tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ ?=$@ s/f]8 (& nfv tyf

j}b]lzs ;xof]usf ljleGg cfof]hgfsf nflu lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] l;d]G6, 58\ k}7f/L ubf{ eG;f/ dx;'n,

cGtz'Ns / d"No clej[l4 s/ ;d]t ?=!) s/f]8 *& nfv /fh:j 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . :jb]zL pBf]unfO{

c;/ kg]{ u/L /fh:j 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf pk/ k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kb{5 .


22

46.7 cfly{s P]g, @)&# sf] Joj:yf cg'?k ;fd'bflos c:ktfn / ;+:yfx?n] PDa'n]G; / zj jfxg k}7f/L

u/L of] jif{ ?=%) s/f]8 #$ nfv /fh:j 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] 5'6 ;'ljwfdf k}7f/L ePsf

;jf/L;fwgdf cf}hf/ lkm6 u/]sf] x'g'kg]{, l;6 /fVg gkfpg], 6f9}af6 b]lvg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6

/fh:j 5'6 ;'ljwf k|fKt n]v]sf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;} u/L la/fdL cf];f/ k;f/nufotdf ;]jf k|bfg

u/]afkt lng] ef8f b/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnon] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf 5 . t/ pko'{Qm

Joj:yfsf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ePsf] b]lvFb}g / o;df cg'udg;d]t u/]sf] 5}g . t;y{ o:tf ;fwg Pj+

pks/0f btf{ x'Fbf g} ef}lts ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/]/ btf{ ug]{ / ef8fnufotsf ljifodf cg'udg ug{

;DalGwt lgsfox?;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

46.8 cfly{s P]g, @)&# adf]lhd ;fs{ d'n'sdf pTkfbg eO{ ;f]xL d'n'saf6} pTklQsf] k|df0fkq;lxt k}7f/L

ePdf cf+lzs dx;'n 5'6 -;fˆ6f 5'6_ x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;fˆ6f 5'6cGtu{t g]kfnaf6 s'g} dfnj:t'sf]

lgsf;Ldf ;'lawf lnPsf] lgsf;L k|a{4g s]Gb|sf] tYofÍaf6 b]lvFb}g . t/ ;f] Joj:yfadf]lhd ljleGg

eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 of] jif{ ?=@ ca{ @^ s/f]8 @& nfv /fh:j 5'6 ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] o; k|sf/sf]

5'6sf] sf/0f :jb]zL pBf]udf kg]{ k|efjsf] d"NofÍg xfn;Dd u/]sf] 5}g . ;fs{ If]qsf d'n'saLr

ePsf] ;fˆ6f ;Ddmf}tfsf] k|fjwfgaf6 d'n'sn] nfe lng k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

47. d"No clej[l4 s/ lkmtf{ – of] jif{ lkmtf{ ePsf] d"No clej[l4 s/dWo] 3Lp t]ndf ?=@ ca{ $@ s/f]8

$& nfv, df]afOndf ?=*( s/f]8 @& nfv, s"6g}lts lgof]unfO{ ?=*! nfv cflb 5g\ . xfn

OG6/g]zgn df]afOn OlSjkd]G6 cfO8]lG66L gDa/ lng'kg]{ cj:yfdf klg df]afOnsf] d"No clej[l4 s/

lkmtf{ lbg] ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . o;;DaGwL cGo Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\M

47.1 gub k|jfx Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lrgL pBf]ux?nfO{ /sd pknAw u/fpg] / lrgL pBf]ux?nfO{ d"No

clej[l4 s/ lkmtf{ lbFbf s§f u/L /fh:j bflvnf ug]{ u/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 @)&@.^.!$ df lg0f{o ePsf]

5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd lrgL pBf]unfO{ ?=$% s/f]8 * nfv /sd pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] .

pQm /sd d"No clej[l4 s/ lkmtf{ lbFbf s§L u/L /fh:j bflvnf ug]{ zt{df lbPsf] /sd ;a} pBf]un]

;/sf/nfO{ lkmtf{ klg gu/]sf] / ;f] /sd 8]la6 ;dfof]hg klg u/]sf 5}gg\ . lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu

gub k|jfx ug{ ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fPsf] /sd lkmtf{ lnO{ ;f] /sd /fh:jdf bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .

47.2 d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL ! sf] l;=g+= !( adf]lhd lrgL pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]un]

laqmLdf p7fPsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ lkmtf{ lng] dWo] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf !) s/bftfn] dfq

@)&@.&# df ?=** s/f]8 & nfv 8]la6 ;dfof]hg u/L lkmtf{ lnPsf 5g\ . lrgL pBf]un] lkmtf{ ln+bf

dlb/fsf] d'Vo sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] df]nf;];sf] laqmLdf ;d]t @)&@.&# df # lrgL pBf]unfO{

?=# s/f]8 !* nfv lkmtf{ u/]sf] 5 . hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k'Mofpg] gsf/fTds ;"rLdf /x]sf

j:t' pTkfbgdf k|of]u x'g] df]nfl;;sf] laqmLdf p7fPsf] s/;d]t lkmtf{ lbg] ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg

x'g'kb{5 .

47.3 d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL–! sf] bkmf !* cg';f/ sk8f pBf]un] lalqmdf p7fPsf]

d"No clej[l4 s/sf] &) k|ltzt qm]l86 ;dfof]hg ug{ lbg] Joj:yf 5 . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no,

af/f / k;f{df btf{ /x]sf !$ sk8f pBf]un] cfkm'n] p7fPsf] d"No clej[l4 s/sf] &) k|ltzt qm]l86

;dfof]hg u/]sf] / tL pBf]u;Fu vl/b u/L laqmL ug]{ cGo pBf]un] klg k'g &) k|ltzt qm]l86

;dfof]hg u/]sf] b]lvFbf laqmLdf p7fPsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ?= !% s/f]8 ^^ nfvsf] &) k|ltztn] x'g]

?=!) s/f]8 (^ nfvsf] bf]xf]/f] qm]l86 ldnfg ePsf] 5 . o;/L bf]xf]/f] qm]l86 bfaL ubf{ 36L c;'n

ePsf] /sddf z'Ns ;lxt s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

47.4 d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod $)-#_ cg';f/ s/ nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jf b'j}sf] sf/f]af/

u/]sf]df s/ nfUg] ;]jf;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt vl/bdf lt/]sf] s/ dfq qm]l86 kfpF5 . s/bftf

;]jf sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/df btf{ /x]sf] Joj;foLs ejg jgfpg] s/bftfn] jxfn cfo k|fKt ug]{ x'Fbf

o;df d"No clej[l4 s/ p7fpg] cj:yf /xb}g . s/bftf lgdf0ff{wLg r/0fdf /x]sf]n] s'g} laqmL

sf/f]af/ g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ ^ dlxgf qm]l86 /x]sf] cfwf/df @)&#.&$ df ?=@ s/f]8 d"No

clej[l4 s/ lkmtf{ lbPsf] 5 . s/bftfsf] laqmL sf/f]af/ s/of]Uo gePsf], laqmL sf/f]af/ g} z'?

gu/]sf] cj:yfdf o;/L lkmtf{ lbPsf] d"No clej[l4 s/df z'Ns;d]t c;'n ug{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .


23

48. km/s ljQLo ljj/0f Y n]vfk/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf Ps a}Íaf6 shf{ k|jfx ePsf ^ C0fLsf] !@ cfo

jif{sf] gd"gf k/LIf0f ubf{ a}Ídf k]; u/]sf] ljQLo ljj/0f / cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf k]; u/]sf]

ljQLo ljj/0f aLr km/s /x]sf] 5 . C0f k|of]hgsf] nflu plNnlvt s/bftfx?n] k]; u/]sf] ljQLo

ljj/0fdf ?=# ca{ &^ s/f]8 !* nfv cfo b]vfPsf]df :jo+s/ 3f]if0ff ubf{ k]; u/]sf] ljQLo ljj/0fdf

?=! ca{ ^( nfv cfo b]vfPsf 5g\ . b'j} ljQLo ljj/0faLr ?=@ ca{ &% s/f]8 $( nfv km/s k/]sf]

5 . Pp6} sf/f]af/df km/s ljQLo ljj/0f k]; ug]{ Pj+ n]vf k|dfl0ft u/L em"7\7f ljj/0f k]; ug]{ pk/

sf/afxL u/L km/s cfosf] s/ bfloTj lgwf{/0f x'g'kb{5 .

49. gSsnL sf/f]af/ — cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+=@ sf s/f]8f}sf] sf/f]af/ b]vfpg] # s/bftfn] cfo

ljj/0f, ls:tf nufotsf s'g} s/ bflvnf gu/]sf], eG;f/ gfsfaf6 ;fdfg klg cfoft gu/]sf] /

:yfgLo ahf/af6 ;d]t ;fdfg vl/b u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] ltgLx? jf:tljs s/bftf geO{ ;j{;fwf/0f

JolQmsf] gful/stf lnP/ kmd{ btf{ u/fPsf], kmd{sf] sf/f]af/af/] tL k|f]kfO{6/nfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L gePsf]

lghx?n] lbPsf] ;fljlt jofgaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . Joj;flos ljifodf hfgsf/L gePsf JolQm;Fu

gful/stf lnO{ kmd{ btf{ u/fPsf], ;fdfg vl/bsf] ;|f]t / ljj/0f a]u/ laqmL b]vfPsf]n] o:tf z+sf:kb

sf/f]af/df 5fglag u/L tL s/bftfn] b]vfPsf] # jif{sf] laqmL ?=! ca{ ! s/f]8 && nfvsf] d"No

clej[l4 s/ q]ml86 lnPsf] ?=!# s/f]8 @# nfv cdfGo ug{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

oL s/bftf;Fu vl/b u/]/ nfut tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ qm]l86 bfaL ug]{ cGo @*^ s/bftfsf

sf/f]af/ klg z+sf:kb b]lvPsf]n] tL s/bftfsf] vl/b ?=!% s/f]8 %^ nfvdf cfos/ tyf d"No

clej[l4 s/ c;'n ug{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

50. ;Da4 kIfsf] sf/]af/ – cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf $% cg';f/ ;Da4 JolStsf] aLr ePsf]

sf/f]af/ ;fdfGo ahf/ Jojxf/ cg';f/ u/L s/ u0fgf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . o; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf

s]xL Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\M

50.1 ;xsf/L dfkb08cg';f/ cfˆgf z]o/ ;b:oaLr dfq nufgL tyf artsf] sf/f]af/ ug'{kg]{df cfGtl/s

/fh:j sfof{no If]q g+=@ cGtu{tsf Ps ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] p2]Zo aflx/ uO{ nufgL ubf{ ?=#) s/f]8

&# nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;xsf/Ln] nufgL u/]sf] ;Da4 @ O{Ge]i6d]G6 sDkgLsf] @)&@.&#

;Ddsf] ;l~rt gf]S;fgL ?=&$ s/f]8 !* nfv k'u]sf] 5 . of] ;+:yfn] p2]Zo ljk/Lt OGe]i6d]G6

sDkgLnufotsf] z]o/df ?=^^ s/f]8 @# nfv nufgL u/]sf] / @)^(.&) b]lv $ jif{df ?=^% nfv

dfq cfo k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . ;f] ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] ;Íng u/]sf] cfjlws artdf lbPsf] $ jif{sf] cf}ift

Aofhb/sf] lx;fan] ?=* s/f]8 # nfvdf k|fKt cfo ?=^% nfv 36fpFbf ?=& s/f]8 #* nfv gf]S;fgL

ePsf]n] dfkb08ljk/Lt ;Da4 kIf v8f u/L nufgL u/]jf6 gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg ug{ s/ lgwf{/0f

ug'{kb{5 .

50.2 PseGbf a9L ;DkQL wf/0f u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{n] k|fKt e'QmfgLdf nfUg] s/ clGtd ?kdf s§f gx'g]

Joxf]/f cfos/ lgb]{l{zsfsf] a'bf @!=@=@ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nocGtu{tsf] Ps

l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/sf]] ;~rfns /x]sf Ps k|fs[lts JolQmn] cfˆgf] gfddf hUuf vl/b u/L ;f] hUufdf

ag]sf] ejg tyf ;+/rgfnfO{ pQm :6f]/sf] lnh xf]N8 ;DklQtkm{ n]vfÍg u/]sf] 5 . ;~rfnssf] ;f]

hUuf ef8f lbg] p2]Zon] vl/b u/L ;Da4 lgsfonfO{ ef8fdf nufO{ Jofj;flos sf/f]af/ u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ ;Da4 ;~rfnsn] ljleGg cf7 :yfgdf hUuf ef8fdf lbO{ @)&!.&@ /

@)&@.&# df ?=!@ s/f]8 *$ nfv e'QmfgL lnPsf] 5 . o:tf] Jofj;flos cfDbfgLnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf (^

adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f k]; u/L v'nf;f ug'{kg]{df u/]sf] 5}g . t;y{ pQm cfonfO{ Joj;fosf] cfodf

;dfj]z ubf{ gk'u ePsf] @% k|ltzt s/ ?=# s/f]8 * nfvdf nfUg] z'Ns tyf Aofh;d]t c;'n

ug{'kb{5 .

51. ;Da4 kIfnfO{ aLdf e'QmfgL — aLdf P]g, @)$( cg';f/ hf/L ePsf] aLdssf] ;+:yfut ;'zf;g

;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf @)^( sf] bkmf ^* cg';f/ ladsn] ;~rfns jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ljQLo :jfy{

ePsf] u|fxs;Fusf] sf/f]af/df ;+nUg x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n]] lghsf] kl/jf/ jf lgh lx:;]bf/

ePsf] JolQm jf ;+:yf;Fu aLdf Joj;fo ug{ gx'g] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no


24

cGtu{tsf] aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ s/bftfn] cfˆg} z]o/xf]N8;{sf] ;Da4 sDkgLsf] lgdf{0ffwLg Pkf6{d]G6sf]

nflu aLdf u/fPsf]df @)&@ sf] e"sDksf] sf/0fn] Iflt bfaL ?=%$ s/f]8 e'QmfgL lbPsf] 5 .

;f]xL s/bftfn] @)^(.&) df z]o/xf]N8;{ tyf ;+rfnssf] csf]{ Ps ;Da4 On]lS6«f]lgS;

sDkgLdf @)^(.^.* df cUgL aLdf bfaL ?=%( s/f]8 ** nfv e'QmfgL u/]sf] 5 . bfaL dWo] ?=@&

s/f]8 $& nfv k'gM aLdf sDkgLaf6 k|fKt x'g afFsL 5 . aLdssf] ;+:yfut ;'zf;g lgb]{lzsf ljk/Lt

cfkm} jf ;Da4 kIf ;~rfns /x]sf] aLdf sDkgLdf cfˆg} Joj;fosf] aLdf u/fO{ Ifltk"lt{afkt ?=!

ca{ !$ s/f]8 Ifltk"lt{ lnPsf], aLdf tyf k'gM aLdf sDkgLn] bfaL :jLsf/ gu/]sf] sf/0fn] of] aLdf

sDkgLsf] Joj;fo g} gf]S;fgLdf uPsf]n] pQm bfaLdf ljQLo :jfy{ afe]msf] ;Da4 kIfsf] sf/f]af/

;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L s/ lgwf{/0f x'g'kb{5 .

52. btf{ :yugsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ — 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nodf btf{ /x]sf] Ps c:ktfnn] @)^! b]lv

d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ eO{ lgdf{0f r/0fsf] cj:yfb]lv @)&@.&# ;Dd ?=@* s/f]8 && nfv d"No

clej[l4 s/ qm]l86 lnPsf] cj:yfdf @)&# >fj0fb]lv d"No clej[l4 s/ sf/f]af/ aGb u/fO{ :jf:Yo

;]jf z'Ns nfUg] u/L sf/f]af/ u/]sf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !&-$_ df s§L ;'ljwf

k|bfg ePsf j:t'sf] pkof]lutf ;dfKt x'g' cufj} s/ nfUg] sf/f]af/df k|of]u x'g 5f8]df pSt j:t'

tTsfn ahf/ d"Nodf laqmL ePsf] dfgL s/ c;'n ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . s/bftfsf] @)&# cfiff9 d;fGtsf]

ljQLo ljj/0fcg';f/ ;fljsdf d"No clej[l4 s/ qm]l86 lnPsf] l:y/ ;DklQ ?=! ca{ @ s/f]8 %#

nfv afFsL b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm ;DklQ vl/b d"Nodf g} laqmL ePs]f cj:yfdf klg !# k|ltztn] x'g]

?=!# s/f]8 ## nfv d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n ug'{kg]{{df gu/]sf]n] z'Ns / Aofh;d]t

c;'n ug{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

53. btf{ gePsf]af6 d"No clej[l4 s/ — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf *-@_ df g]kfn aflx/sf]

btf{ gePsf] s'g} JolQmaf6 ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g / lgod adf]lhd s/ nfUg]

d"Nodf e'QmfgLsf avt s/ lgwf{/0f / c;'npk/ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nocGtu{t %

s/bftfn] * cfo jif{sf] /f]oN6L÷;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL ubf{ ?=$ s/f]8 ^! nfv, cfGtl/s /fh:j

sfof{no If]q g+=! cGtu{tsf Pc/ ;le{; ;]jfsf] @ s/bftfn] @ cfo jif{sf] dd{t / s/f/ ;]jfsf]

/sd e'QmfgL ubf{ ?=*# nfv / cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lrtjgcGtu{tsf] ! rnlrq dlGb/n] cfo

jif{ @)&@.&# df rnlrq cfoafkt ljb]zL ljt/snfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ ?=@# nfv;d]t ?=% s/f]8 ^&

nfvdf Aofh / hl/afgf;d]t s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

54. sf/f]af/ 5f8]sf] — cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf (^ cg';f/ cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] # dlxgfleq

:jods/ lgwf{/0f u/L cfo ljj/0f k]; ug'{kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\M

54.1 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, If]q g+=# / lj/f6gu/nufot % sfof{nodf btf{ /x]sf t/sf/L, kmnk"mn

cGo vfBfGg nufotsf j:t'x? cfoft ug]{ $ s/bftfn] cfo jif{ @)&@.&# df ?=@ ca{ $% s/f]8

!! nfv d"No a/fa/sf] ;fdfg cfoft u/]sf] b]lvP klg cfo ljj/0f / nfUg] s/ bflvnf gu/L

sf/f]af/ g} 5f8]/ knfog ePsf] kfOof] . o; ;DaGwdf sfof{noaf6 cg'udg u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvFb}g .

sf/f]af/af6 knfog x'g] s/bftfnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd cfjZos sf/afxL u/L ?=! s/f]8 *^

nfv s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

54.2 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] 5gf}6df k/]sf !$ sfof{nosf !)) s/bftfn] @)&).&! b]lv @)&@.&# ;Dd #$ cfo

jif{sf] sf/f]af/ k]; ug'{kg]{df s/bftf d"No clej[l4 s/ tkm{ ljj/0f k]; u/] tfklg cfos/tkm{ ?=$

ca{ &@ s/f]8 ## nfvsf] ljj/0f k]; u/]sf] 5}gg\ . tL s/bftfsf] sf/f]af/df cfos/ P]g, @)%*

adf]lhd ?=# s/f]8 %% nfv s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

54.3 u}/ afl;Gbfaf6 lnPsf] C0f – cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ** cg';f/ a}Fsn] k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{

e'QmfgL u/]sf] afx]s cGo Aofh e'QmfgLdf !% k|ltzt s/ stL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . s/bftf ;]jf

sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/cGtu{tsf] Ps s/bftfn] u}/afl;Gbf lgsfoaf6 $% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ C0f lng]

;Demf}tf u/L cd]l/sL 8n/ @*=# ldlnog C0f ;Da4 kIfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . s/bftfn] ljQLo

ljj/0fsf] n]vfgLlt tyf l6Kk0fLdf of] jif{ u}/afl;GbfnfO{ Aofh e'QmfgL gu/]sf] pNn]v u/] klg Aofh


25

vr{ C0fdf k'FhLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . of] jif{ yk C0f a}Í k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt gePsf]n] k'FhLs/0f ePsf] Aofh

?=$@ s/f]8 # nfvdf !% k|ltztn] x'g] s/ ?= ^ s/f]8 #) nfv c;'n x'g'kb{5 .

55. dgL 6\fG;km/ — d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL ! sf] ;d"x !! sf] -cf_ df ljQLo ;]jfnfO{

s/ 5'6 x'g] ;]jfdf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df dgL 6\fG;km/ Joj;fonfO{ ljQLo ;]jf dfg]/ tL

s/bftfsf] sf/f]af/df d"No clej[l4 s/ ;Íng gu/]sf] / #) k|ltztsf b/n] cfo s/ klg glt/]sf]

cj:yf 5 . 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nonufotsf rf/ sfof{nosf @% s/bftfn] #) k|ltztsf b/n]

cfos/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{df ;fwf/0f Joj;fo ;/x @% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ c;'nL u/]sf]n] gk'u %

k|ltztn] s/ ? # s/f]8 c;'n ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

56. s/ 5'6 ;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/ — cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ -w_ df d'gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf

ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs If]qsf nfe glng] u/L u7g ePsf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? …s/

5'6 x'g] ;+:yfÚ sf] ?kdf btf{ x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] ;+:yfx?sf] Joj;fo jf nufgL k|s[ltsf] cfodf

s/ 5'6 x'Fb}g . /fh:j sfof{no @ sf @ :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] lghL :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfosn] h:t} dxFuf]

:jf:Yo z'Ns lnO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg u/]afkt ?=!@ s/f]8 #& nfv, ^ /fh:j sfof{nosf !) ;+:yfn]

lgIf]k lnO{ C0f lbP/ gfkmf k|fKt u/]sf] /sd ?=! ca{ #) s/f]8 #$ nfv / csf]{ Ps /fh:j

sfof{nosf # u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] Jofj;flos art ?=^ s/f]8 &@ nfv ;d]t ?=! ca{ $( s/f]8

$# nfv artdf s/ 5'6 lbg ldNg] gb]lvFbf ?=#& s/f]8 #% nfv s/ 5'6 ePsf]n] z'Ns ;d]t lx;fa

u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

;+:s[lt tyf ko{6g dGqfno / cGt/f{li6«o Ps ;+:yf aLr cGt/f{li6«o p8fgdf x'g] l6s6

Joj:yfkg ug{ ;g\ @))& df % jif{sf] nflu ;Demf}tf ePsf]df @)!@ df ;Demf}tfsf] Dofb ;lsP klg

xfn;Dd sf/f]af/ u/]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tfsf] a'Fbf g+=^ df g]kfndf nfUg] s/ ;f] ;+:yfn] g} a'emfpg'kg]{

pNn]v 5 . t/ pQm ;+:yf;Fu g]kfnsf !@ 6«feN; Ph]G;Ln] ?=# ca{ &% s/f]8 & nfvsf] l6s6 vl/b

u/]sf]df pQm s/bftfn] of] /sdnfO{ cfo n]vfÍg u/]sf] 5}g . s/bftfn] c/af}sf] sf/f]af/ ubf{ ;]jf

z'Ns cfo k|fKt u/] klg sf/f]af/df gb]vfPsf]n] yk 5fglag u/L ;]jf z'Nsdf 5'6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f

ug'{kb{5 .

57. eG;f/ b/aGbL km/s – eG;f/ sfof{nox?n] k}7f/L ePsf ;fdfgsf] hfrkf; ubf{ cfly{s P]g, @)&#

sf] cg';'rL ! / eG;f/ b/aGbL k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt ;+s]t gDa/cg';f/ dfnj:t'sf] oyfy{ ;+s]t

olsg u/L hfFrkf; ug'{kg]{df k|1fkgkq k/LIf0f ubf{ km/s ;+s]t gDa/ tyf b/aGbL nufO{ ?=&@

s/f]8 (& nfv 36L /fh:j c;'n u/]sf 5g\ . o;;DaGwL k|d'v pbfx/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

57.1 cfly{s P]g, @)&# sf] cg';"rL ! / cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf # cg';f/ 6]lnlehg pBf]un]

6]lnlehg h8fg ug{] kf6{k'hf{x?, cw{tof/L Pn=;L=8L= jf Pn=O{=8L, Kofg]n, Sofyf]8 /] lkSr/ 6\o'a

tyf ;xfos ;fdu|Lx? cgP;]DaN8 cj:yfsf k}7f/L ubf{ eG;f/ pkzLif{s *%@*&@!) af6 eG;f/

dx;'n @) k|ltzt / cGtMz'Ns !) k|ltzt nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . ;'VvfaGb/ufx, lj/u~h, lj/f6gu/ /

d]rL eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 o:tf h8fg ug]{ pBf]un] k}7f/L ubf{ 6]lnlehg kf6{k'hf{ eG;f/ pkzLif{s

*%@(()!) af6 hfFrkf; u/L !) k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns nufO{ @) k|ltzt eG;f/ dx;'n 5'6 ePsf] 5 .

km/s b/aGbL nufPsf] sf/0fn] eG;f/ dx;'n / d"No clej[l4 s/ ;d]t ?=%^ s/f]8 *% nfv 5'6

ePsf] 5 . 6]lnlehg h8fg ug]{ pBf]usf] nflu a]Un} b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f] b/aGbL k|of]u

gu/L dd{t k|of]hgsf] nflu kf6{k'hf{ k}7f/L ug]{ b/ k|of]u u/]af6 5'6 ePsf] /fh:j c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

57.2 eG;f/ ljefun] @)%^.!.!( df u/]sf] j:t' juL{s/0f / JofVofnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lj/u~h eG;f/

sfof{non] k}7f/L ePsf P;]lK6s Kofs]lhË d]6]l/on nfO{ eG;f/ pkzLif{s &^)&@) af6 !% k|ltzt

eG;f/ / d"No clej[l4 s/ nufO{ hfFrkf; u/]sf] 5 . ut jif{ pQm ;fdfgx? eG;f/ pkzLif{s

$*!!%() af6 hfFrkf; ePsf], cGt/f{li6«o tYofÍaf6 klg ;f] j:t' ;f]xL b/aGbLaf6 g} hfFrkf;

ePsf], k}7f/Lstf{n] k]; u/]sf] aLhsdf eG;f/ juL{s/0f $*!!%() g} /x]sf] / ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf]

JofVofTds l6Kk0fL @)!@ n] ;f] j:t' eG;f/ pkzLif{s $*!!%() af6 juL{s/0f ul/;s]sf]df

;flassf] lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ hfFrkf; ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g\ . t;y{ pQm dfnj:t' eG;f/ pkzLif{s


26

$*!!%() af6 @) k|ltzt dx;'n / !# k|ltzt d"No clej[l4 s/ nufO{ hfFrkf; ug'{kg]{df km/s

b/aGbL nufO{ hfFrkf; u/]sf] sf/0fn] sf/f]af/ d"No ?=! ca{ $$ s/f]8 & nfvdf 5'6 ePsf] /fh:j

?=* s/f]8 (( nfv c;'n x'g'kb{5 .

58. htL{ — cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, e/tk'/sf] sfo{If]qsf Ps pBf]unfO{ ˆnf]ld6/ lalu|Psf] cj:yfdf

;d]t kfZr/fOh]zg / KoflsËtkm{ @ k|ltzteGbf a9L htL{ bfaL u/L ldgfxf lbPsf]n] cGtMz'Ns

lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @#-s_ n] tf]s]eGbf a9L htL{ lnPsf] kl/df0fsf] cGtMz'Ns ? @$ s/f]8

&! nfv / ;f]df nfUg] Aofh / hl/afgfsf] ;fy} cfos/ tyf d"No clej[l4 s/;d]t 5fglag u/L

c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

59. k"FhLut nfes/ — o;;DaGwL Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\M

59.1 k"lhut nfes/ s§L ug]{ lgb]{lzsfdf hUufwgLn] hldg ldnfPsf], k/fdz{, lj1fkg, sld;g cflb vr{

stL ug{ k|df0f;fy 3f]if0ff kmf/fd e/L bfaL ug'kg]{df ^ dfnkf]t sfof{nosf @@( lg;u{stf{n]

lgb]{lzsfcg'?k vr{sf] ljj/0f Pj+ 3f]if0ff kmf/fd k]; gu/L k'FhLut nfes/ ?=! s/f]8 (@ nfv c;'n

gu/]sf], @% dfnkf]t sfof{nosf @!& lg;u{stf{n] % jif{ cjlwleqsf] ?=@ ca{ ! s/f]8 &* nfvsf]

;DklQ lg;u{ ubf{ % k|ltzt kF"lhut nfes/ c;'n ug'{kg]{df @=% k|ltzt c;'n u/]sf]n] 5'6 ePsf]

?=% s/f]8 !& nfv, # dfnkf]t sfof{no # sf @( lg;u{stf{n] 3/sf] e"OFtnf;lxt k|To]s tNnfsf]

cnu cnu If]qkmn v'Ng] k|df0f g/fv]sf] cj:yfdf ? @ s/f]8 %& nfv k'FhLut nfes/ 5'6 lbPsf],

* dfnkf]t sfof{nosf #@& lg;u{stf{n] ?=! ca{ @$ s/f]8 ## nfvsf] ejg laqmL ubf{ % k|ltztn]

?=^ s/f]8 @@ nfv kF'hLut nfes/ c;'n gu/]sf] / cGo !& dfnkf]t sfof{non] @#& lg;u{stf{af6

% k|ltztsf b/n]] k'FhLut nfes/ ?= ^ s/f]8 %) nfv c;'n gu/]sf] ;d]t ?=@@ s/f]8 #* nfv

c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

dfnkf]t sfof{no, k;f{n] cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] & dlxgf;Dd ;]jfu|fxLaf6 ;Íng ePsf]

/fh:j ? ^% nfv bflvnf gu/L lxgfldgf u/]sf]df @)&$.!@.!@ df c;'n u/]sf] 5 .

59.2 kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn ;'wf/ cfof]hgfn] !^@ hUufwgLnfO{ ? ! ca{ *# s/f]8 $$ nfv

d"cfJhf e'QmfgL u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no kf]v/faf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf hUuf k|flKt ubf{

hUufwgLx?af6 ?=$ s/f]8 %( nfv k'FhLut nfes/ c;'n u/]sf] 5}g .

;|f]t ;fwg k|flKt, ;+/If0f Pj+ pkof]u

60. vfgL pTvgg\ cg'dlt – vfgL ljefuaf6 pTvgg\ jf vf]h tnf;sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] b:t'/ lt/L

cg'dltkq k|fKt ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfn] cGo JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ cg'dlt x:tfGt/0f ug{ gldNg],

x:tfGt/0f x'g] k|lqmofn] vfgL pTvgg\ ug{ rfxg] cGo JolQm jf ;+:yfn] k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ cj;/ gkfpg]

eO{ k|fKt x'g'kg]{ /f]oN6Ldf ;d]t c;/ kg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] sfd gug]{, ;Defljt

vlgh If]qsf] cgfjZos ?kdf xf]N8 ug]{ / cg'lrt nfe lnO{ laqmL ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] cg'udg

u/L cg'dlt kq vf/]h ug'{kb{5 .

61. lgliqmo df}Hbft – /fli6«o:t/sf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifdf ut jif{;Dd ?=!) ca{ ^ s/f]8 $& nfv

df}Hbft /x]sf]df of] jif{ ?=@ ca{ $( s/f]8 ^( nfv k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ut jif{sf] df}Hbft ;d]t sf]ifdf

?=!# ca{ @@ s/f]8 $* nfv df}Hbft /x]sf] 5 . xfn pQm /sd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifdf hDdf u/]

klg p2]Zocg'?k kl/rfng ePsf] 5}g .

cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]]lhd Ps k|ltztsf b/n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/ c;'n u/L a]/f]huf/

aLdf of]hgf, /f]huf/Ldf 3fOt] jf b'3{6gf aLdf of]hgf, k|;"lt aLdf of]hgf, cfl>t aLdf

of]hgfnufot ( lsl;dsf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmddf vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]df @)&$ df dfq P]g

:jLs[t ePsf]n] of] jif{sf] ?=$ ca{ @ s/f]8 &( nfv;d]t sf]ifdf /x]sf] ?=!^ ca{ &( s/f]8

p2]Zocg';f/ tf]lsPsf] sfo{df vr{ ePsf] b]lvPg . of]hgf Pj+ sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L sf]if kl/rfng

ug'{kb{5 .


27

62. k'gM p4f/ sf]if – e"sDk / cfk"lt{ c;xhaf6 Iflt ePsf Joj;fonfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg ljQLo pTk|]/0ff

lbg] gLltcg'?k @)&@.&# df g]kfn /fi6| a}Ídf /x]sf] k'gMp4f/ sf]ifdf ?=% ca{ hDdf ul/Psf]df of]

jif{ ? @@ s/f]8 @# nfv k'gs{hf{ vr{ u/L ?=$ ca{ && s/f]8 && nfv df}Hbft /fv]sf] 5 . :yflkt

p2]Zocg';f/ sf]ifsf] kl/rfng ePsf] 5}g .

63. clt ljlzi6 sIfsf] k|of]u – jL/ c:ktfndf clt ljlzi6 JolQmsf] pkrf/sf nflu ^ sf]7fsf] pkrf/ sIf

/x]sf] 5 . c:ktfnsf] clen]vcg';f/ @)$^ ;fnkl5 clt ljlzi6 pkrf/ sIf pkof]uljxLg cj:yfdf

/x]sf] 5 .

64. ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f — jg lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod $%-!_…vÚ n] sj'lnotL jgdf sfo{of]hgfn]

ug{ x'g] egL tf]s]sf] afx]ssf cGo sfo{ ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf 5 . Joj;foL;Fu ePsf] sj'lnotgfdf

cg';f/ rGb|flu/L sj'lnotL jg If]qdf jftfj/0fd}qL lx;fan] pko'Qm x'g] vfnsf sl/a @) b]lv #)

j6f;Dd s6]h k|s[ltsf rf/b]lv cf7 sf]7f ePsf ejgsf] lgdf{0f ug{] pNn]v ePsf]df pQm :yfgdf

jg lgodfjnL / ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ ePsf] ;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L sf/afxL x'g'kb{5 .

65. jg cltqmd0f — a9\bf] cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ug{ jg cltqmd0f lgoGq0f /0fgLlt, @)^* / jg If]q

;'/Iff of]hgf, @)&) th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofP klg ut jif{;Dd ^@ lhNnfsf &$) :yfgdf ! nfv @!

xhf/ @#$ 3/w'/Ln] ($ xhf/ @## x]S6/ jg / ^ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf cf/Ifsf] # xhf/ *&^ x]S6/ ;d]t (*

xhf/ !)( x]S6/ hldg cltqmd0f u/L #) xhf/ !($ 3/ 6x/f lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . cltqmd0f x6fpg] /0fgLlt

agfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/] tfklg jg If]q cltqmd0f d'Qm agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

66. /QmrGbg df}Hbft – lgif]lwt jg:kltsf] ;"rLdf /x]sf] /QmrGbg u}/sfg"gL ?kn] lgsf;L k}7f/L x'Fbf

;dfltPsf] @ nfv ^$ xhf/ lsnf]u|fddWo] g]kfn ;/sf/n] *! xhf/ lsnf]u|fd lgsf;L ePsf]

d'n'snfO{ lkmtf{ k7fPsf] 5 . afFsL kl/df0f dWo] @) xhf/ lsnf]u|fd gd"gf k|of]hgdf nut s§f u/L

v'b afFsL /x]sf] ! nfv ^% xhf/ lsnf]u|fd 9'jfgL u/]sf] ;fwg;lxt df}Hbftdf /x]sf] 5 . lgif]lwt

jg:kltsf] df}Hbft Joj:yfkg u/]sf] 5}g .

67. sf7sf] d"No lgwf{/0f — jg lgodfjnL, @)%) adf]lhd ;/sf/L sf7sf] Go"gtd d"No sfod u/]/

nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/L sf7 bfp/f lnnfd / d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . l6Da/ skf]{/]zgsf] d"No,

k|rlnt ahf/ b/ / ;/sf/L d"NofÍgaLr 7"nf] cGt/ /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L d"No ;fn, l;;f}+ / cf]v/ #

k|hfltsf sf7sf] d"No k|lt3glkm6 qmdzM ?=*)), ?=^)) / ?=#)) tf]s]sf]df lb l6Da/ skf]{/];gn]

qmdzM ?=! xhf/ $&!, ?=! xhf/ ^&# / ?=*%# Pj+ k|rlnt ahf/ d"No qmdzM ?=^ xhf/ %)), ?=^

xhf/ @)) / ?=! xhf/ %)) /x]sf] 5 . k|rlnt ahf/ b/ / ;/sf/L d"NoaLr 7"nf] cGt/ b]lvPsf]n]

ahf/ d"No ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ sf7 bfp/fsf] d"No sfod u/L lnnfd laqmL ul/g'kb{5 .

68. sf7 Joj:yfkg — jg k}bfjf/ ;Íng tyf laqmL ljt/0f lgb]{lzsf, @)&# cg';f/ sf7 bfp/f ;Íng

/ 3f6u2L /xg] :yfg ;d]t olsg u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nodf clen]v /fvL jg ljefudf k7fpg' kg]{

Joj:yf 5 . lhNnf jg sfof{no @^ af6 k|fKt ljj/0fcg';f/ of] jif{ laqmL u/L !# nfv ( xhf/

3glkm6 sf7 afFsL /x]sf] 5 . pQm df}Hbft sf7sf] d"No k|rlnt ahf/ b/ ?=% xhf/ %)) sf]

cfwf/df ?=& ca{ !( s/f]8 (% nfv x'g] b]lvG5 . pQm sf7 ljut jif{b]lv df}Hbft b]vfPsf] t/

sf7sf] jf:tljs cj:yf clglZrt /x]sf] 5 .

69. rf6{/ ef8f — g]kfnL ;]gf dWo Po/j]ztkm{ @)&#.&$ sf] $% lgsfoaf6 ?=$ s/f]8 !! nfv /

eL=eL=cfO{=kL=p8fg ;]jftkm{ @)$@.$# b]lv @)&@.&# ;Dd @* ;+:yfaf6 ?=%( nfv #$ ;d]t ?=$

s/f]8 &) nfv xjfO{ rf6{/ ef8f p7\g afFsL /x]sf] 5 . of] jif{sf] * ;+:yfjf6 p7\g afFsL 8«fO ef8f

?=@ s/f]8 $$ nfv ;d]t ?=& s/f]8 !$ nfv c;'n u/]sf] 5}g .

70. Sofl;gf] Ohfht / /f]oN6L — Sofl;gf] lgodfjnL, @)&) adf]lhd Ohfht kqsf] gaLs/0f / /f]oN6L

b:t'/ a'emfpg' kg]{] Joj:yf 5 . Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug{]n] @)&$.&% sf] nflu @)&#.&$ leq} Ohfhtkq

b:t'/sf] krf; k|ltztn] x'g] /sd a'emfO{ gaLs/0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvP klg o; jif{ kfFr sDkgLn] ?=!$

s/f]8 Ohfht b:t'/ g} ga'emfPsf], ^ sDkgLn] ?=& s/f]8 gaLs/0f /fh:j bflvnf gu/]sf], #


28

sDkgLn] ?=& s/f]8 @% nfv /f]oN6L ga'emfPsf] / cfw'lgs d]lzg jf pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 v]nfOg]

v]nsf] nflu Ps Ohfhtkqaf6 Ps :yfgdf dfq v]nfpg ;lsg]df Ps sDkgLn] $ :yfgdf ;~rfng

u/]sf]df gaLs/0f b:t'/ Ps :yfgsf] ?=%) nfvdfq bflvnf u/]sf] x'Fbf gk'u ?=! s/f]8 %) nfv

;d]t ?=@( s/f]8 &% nfv c;'n u/]sf] 5}g .

71. c;'/lIft nufgL – gful/s nufgL sf]ifn] ;~rfng u/]sf ljleGg of]hgfx?n] d'2tL lgIf]kdf u/]sf]

nufgLdWo] ;d:ofu|:t ljsf; a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?df ?=(^ s/f]8 e'QmfgL cjlw gf3]sf] d'2tL

lgIf]k /x]sf] 5 . sf]ifsf] s]Gb|Lo lx;fa tyf ljleGg of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] @)&@ cfiff9 d;fGtdf

/x]sf] lgIf]k ?=#% ca{ #$ s/f]8 dWo] ?=@* ca{ ## s/f]8sf] a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?af6 ;dy{g kq

k|fKt u/]sf] 5}g . o;y{ ;f] /sdsf] oyfy{tf olsg x'g ;s]g . ;d:ofu|:t ljQLo ;+:yfdf d'2tL

lgIf]k nufgLsf] Aofh ?=$( s/f]8 &( nfv c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

g]kfn ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifdf of] aif{ ?=#( ca{ ^! s/f]8 %* nfv df}Hbft /x]sf] 5 .

df}HbftdWo] $ kmfOgfG; lnld6]8 / ! lasf; a}+saf6 @)&$ c;f/ d;fGt;Dd k|fKt x'g'kg]{ d'2tL Pj+

art vftfsf] ;fFjf ?=@@ s/f]8 (* nfv / Aofh ?=% s/f]8 #! nfv;d]t ?=@* s/f]8 @( nfv of]

jif{ klg c;'n geO{ hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5 .

72. d'2tL lgIf]kdf nufgL — sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]ifsf] s'n shf{ tyf nufgL ?=@ vj{ $% ca{dWo] ?=%$

ca{ %) s/f]8 ljleGg a}Ísf] d'2tL lgIf]kdf /x]sf] 5 . lgIf]kdf nufgL ubf{ k|lt:kwf{Tds Aofh b/ /

nufgLsf ljleGg ;"rsfÍ h:t} v/fa shf{sf] c+z, k"FhL k|of{Kttf cg'kft, shf{ / k"FhL lgIf]k cg'kft,

v'b t/ntf cg'kft cflbsf] ljZn]if0f u/L nufgL ug'{kg]{df u/]sf] 5}g .

j}slNks phf{ k|a4{g s]Gb|sf] gaLs/0fLo pmhf{ sf]ifdf /x]sf] ?=$ ca{ ^# s/f]8 %( nfvdWo]

g]t[Tjstf{ a}Ídf ?=$ ca{ $) s/f]8 *) nfv -(%=)# k|ltzt_ df}Hbft /x]sf] kfOof] . sf]ifn] ;dodf

k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ g]t[Tjstf{ a}Í 5gf}6 ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f ;flassf] g]t[Tjstf{ a}Í;Fu @=)#*

k|ltztaf6 a9fO{ $ k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh cfh{g ug]{ u/L ;xdltsf] cfwf/df @)&$ c;f/

d;fGt;Dd ;Demf}tf cjlw yk u/L ;f]xL a}Ídf /sd df}Hbft /fv]sf] b]lvof] . ;dod} k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{

g]t[Tjstf{ a}Í 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{df gu/L ;flas g]t[Tjstf{ a}ÍnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]n] ahf/df j[l4 ePsf]

Aofh b/af6 nfe lng ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ Wofg lbPsf] kfOPg .

73. lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ – b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L -afF8kmfF8 tyf d"No_ ;DaGwL gLlt, @)^( sf]

a"Fbf !^ df Go"gtd lk|mSj]G;L afx]s yk lk|mSj]G;L, clwstd lk|mSj]G;L / le:of6 b:t'/ cfly{s jif{

;'? ePsf] # dlxgfleq clu|d e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ / ;f] cjlwleq e'QmfgL gu/]df ;f]xL bkmfsf] v08 -u_

adf]lhd k|To]s dlxgf @ k|ltztsf b/n] yk b:t'/;d]t nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ $ ;]jf k|bfosn]

yk lkmSj]G;L b:t'/, clwstd lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ tyf le:of6sf] clu|d b:t'/afkt bflvnf ug'{kg]{ ?=%%

s/f]8 ! nfv bflvnf u/]sf 5}gg\ .

74. kmf]/ hL cg'dlt – b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L -afF8kmfF8 tyf d"No_ ;DaGwL gLlt, @)^( df

kmf]/ hL k|ljlwdf t6:ytf gLlt ckgfOg] ePsf]n] ;]jf k|bfossf] 5gf}6 d"ntM lk|mSj]G;L a9fa9sf]

dfWodaf6 ul/g] / Jof08df tTsfn pknAw k|ljlwcg'?k ;a} ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ lbOg] Joj:yf 5 .

gLlt nfu' ePsf] % jif{;Dd k|lt:kwf{ gu/fO{ @)&#.&$ df @ ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ kmf]/ hL ;]jf ;~rfng

ug]{ cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 . cg'dlt lbFbf a9fa9sf] k|lqmof gckgfO{ tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd b:t'/sf] cfwf/df

lbPsf]n] k|lt:k|wf{ gx'Fbf /fHon] ;d'lrt /fh:j k|fKt u/]sf] cf:j:t x'g] cj:yf 5}g\ .

75. Go"gtd lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ – b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L ;DaGwL gLlt, @)^( sf] a"Fbf !! cg';f/

lhP;Pd df]jfOn ;]jfsf] lgldQ 5'6\ofPsf] Go"gtd lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ Psd'i6 ?kdf ;f] ;]jf k|bfossf]

jflif{s s'n cfDbfgLsf] )=$ k|ltzt sfod ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ @ ;]jf k|bfosaf6 Go"gtd

lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ 36L c;'n u/]sf] 5 . pQm gLltsf] a"Fbf !^ adf]lhd k|To]s dlxgf @ k|ltztsf b/n]

yk b:t'/ ;d]t nufO{ ?=!) s/f]8 %* nfv c;'n ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .


29

76. ls:tfaGbLsf] /f]oN6L tyf lk|mSj]G;L – Ps b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfosn] cg'dltkqsf] zt{adf]lhd a'emfpg

afFsL /f]oN6L ?=! ca{ ^# s/f]8 #% nfv /x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 @)^(.^.!$ df * ls:tfdf ltg]{

u/L ls:tf lgwf{/0f u/]sf]df @)&# cflZjg;Dd a'emfpg' kg]{ ls:tf ?=@) s/f]8 $@ nfv of] jif{sf]

cGt;Dd bflvnf u/]sf] 5}g . csf]{ Ps ;]jf k|bfosn] @)^&.^* b]lv @)&#.&$ ;Ddsf] a'emfpg' kg]{

lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ / yk hl/afgf;d]t ?=@( s/f]8 @( nfv @)&$ df3b]lv kfFr jflif{s ls:tfdf ltg]{

Joj:yf ldnfpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 @)&$.!).@@ df lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . pQm ;]jf k|bfosn] klxnf]

ls:tf ?=% s/f]8 *^ nfv @)&$.!).@* df bflvnf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /f]oN6L tyf lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/

tf]lsPsf] Aofh;lxt c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

77. ljB't /f]oN6L – ljB't P]g, @)$( cg';f/ cg'dltkq k|fKt Joltmn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ /f]oN6L a'emfpg' kg]{

Joj:yf 5 . ljB't ljsf; ljefun] ^@ hnljB't cfof]hgfaf6 pTkflbt / hl8t Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df

@)&@.&# ;Ddsf] p7\g afFsL /fh:j ;d]t ?=! ca{ (* s/f]8 ^^ nfvdWo] of] jif{ ?=! ca{ $@ s/f]8

&$ nfv c;'n u/L ?=%% s/f]8 (@ nfv c;'n ug{ afFsL /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfn] ltg'{ jf

a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd tyf hl/jfgf c;'n u/]sf] 5}g .

78. e]6L3f6L Joj:yfkg — ah]6 k|fKt ug]{ !@ lgsfon] dfq e]6L3f6Laf6 ePsf] vr{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f

u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] tLy{:yn jf b]jfnosf] ;+Vof olsg eOg;s]sf] / cGo &$

lhNnfdf /x]sf &(( dWo] s]xL wfld{s :ynn] gubL /l;baf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd afx]s cGo /sd e]6L

cfodf ;dfj]z gu/]sf], bfgk]6Lsf] cfo ;ldltsf] sf]ifdf cfDbfgL u/L n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fPsf], dlGb/df

r9fPsf] /sd dlGb/sf] cfodf ;dfj]z gu/L k'hf/Lsf] lhDdf /xg] u/]sf], wfld{s s]Gb|sf] cfo :yfgLo

Snjn] p7fO{ vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . wfld{s s]Gb| ;~rfng ug]{ ;a} Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]

sfg'gadf]lhd ;+:yfbtf{ u/L cfo–Joo tyf ;DklQsf] n]vfÍg ug'{kg]{df To; cg';f/ u/]sf]

n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] 5}g . e]6L3f6Lsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 .

79. xbaGbL – e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)&! sf] bkmf & df hUufjfnsf] x}l;otn] tf]lsPsf] kl/df0f;Dd hUuf

/fVg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . sf7df8f}, nlntk'/, eQmk'/, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/xf, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/

nufot #( lhNnfdf ! xhf/ (#$ x]S6/ xbaGbLeGbf a9L hUuf /x]sf]n] pQm hUuf hkmt u/L laqmL

ljt/0f ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 . afFsL lhNnfx?df xbaGbLeGbf a9L hUuf /x] g/x]sf] ;DaGwdf nut

cBfjlws u/]sf] 5}g .

hUufwgL kQf gnfu]sf] / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf klg g/x]sf] hUuf &$( x]S6/, xbaGbLeGbf

a9L b]lvP tfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|flKt tyf hkmt ug{ afFsL /xL ;flas hUufwgLs} gfddf /x]sf]

hUuf %(* x]S6/, xbaGbLeGbf a9L /x]sf] ;flas hUufwgLaf6 cGo JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf uPsf] hUuf

@#& x]S6/, btf{ ug{ afFsL hUuf !%$ x]S6/ ;d]t % xhf/ ^)^ x]S6/ hUuf xbaGbLeGbf a9L /x]sf]

ljefusf] clen]vaf6 b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{no sn+sLcGtu{tsf Ps hUufwgLsf] gfddf xbaGbLeGbf

a9L hUuf /x]sf] cj:yfdf @)@( b]lv ljleGg ldltdf 5'6 hUuf btf{ egL rf]ef/ e'tv]nsf] sRrL

df]6/af6f]sf] Go"gtd d"NofÍgadf]lhdsf] ?=!% s/f]8 !@ nfv d"No a/fa/sf] $@ /f]kgL hUuf btf{

u/]sf]n] xbaGbLeGbf a9L hUuf btf{ ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ u/fO{ pQm hUuf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

gfddf lkmtf{ k|fKt ug{'kb{5 .

80. nLh – ;/sf/L hUuf btf{ tyf nLhdf pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwL sfo{ gLlt, @)&! cg';f/

ef]uflwsf/sf] ?kdf ;/sf/L hUuf k|fKt ug]{ JolQm jf lgsfon] To:tf] hUuf nLhdf kl/0ft u/L

jflif{s ?kdf nLh /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf]df ljut jif{b]lv g} !@) ;+:yfn] ef]uflwsf/

kfPsf]df ljefun] xfn;Dd lnhdf kl/0ft gu/]sf] sf/0f k|fKt x'g'kg]{ nLh /sd k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .

ljleGg ;+:yfnfO{ ef]uflwsf/ lbPsf] hUufdWo] Ps ax'd'vL SofDk;nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf], tTsfnLg

lbJoZj/L uf=lj=;= eQmk'/sf] ( /f]kgL & cfgf / s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnonfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] %*

/f]kgL $ cfgf hUufdf ;'s'Daf;Lx? a;f]af; u/]sf], Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] %

/f]kgL * cfgf hUuf k|of]udf g/x]sf], r08]Zj/L 6f]vfsf] ^) /f]kgL $ cfgf hUuf lq=lj= lzIf0f

c:ktfnnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]df ef]urngdf g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .


30

b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] sf7df8f}+sf & /f]kgL # cfgf hUuf ge]l6Psf], Ps

k|:tfljt cf}Bf]lus ljZjljBfnosf] gfddf ef]uflwsf/ lbPsf] sf7df8f}+sf] ##^ /f]kgL !$ cfgf hUuf

;f] ljZjljBfnon] pkef]u gu/L ;+sNk g]kfn, x]lNkªx\of08; g]kfn, ;]tL b]jL /fli6«o k|f=lj=n]

ef]uflwsf/ lnPsf], ;z:q k|x/L ansf] c:ktfn / :s"n lgdf{0fsf] nflu sf7df8f}+ d"nkfgLdf !!)

/f]kgL $ cfgf hUuf pknAw u/fPsf]df c:ktfn tyf ljBfno lgdf{0f gu/L afn'jf pTvgg\ u/]sf]

kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L ef]uflwsf/sf] p2]Zoljk/Lt k|of]u ePsf hUufsf] lg0f{o ldltb]lvsf] nLh

/sd;d]t lkmtf{ k|fKt ug{'kb{5 . ef]uflwsf/sf] hUufsf] cGo pkof]uaf6 cfo k|fKt u/]sf] /sd /fh:j

hDdf ug{'kb{5 .

81. uf8L x:tfGt/0f – e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotfaf6 ?=$ s/f]8 %& nfvsf] % df]6/ tyf @*

df]6/;fOsn vl/b u/]sf]dWo] ?=@ s/f]8 @@ nfv d"Nosf] @ df]6/ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfnon] k|of]u u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L g]kfn cfon lgud lnld6]8n] @)&#.&$ df ?=# s/f]8 # nfvdf

vl/b u/]sf] # hLk cfk"lt{ dGqfnonfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] kfOof] .

82. c;'n ug{ afFsL ef8f — axfndf nufPsf] ;DklQaf6 sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]ifn] c;'n ug{ afFsL axfn

tyf dx;'n /sdsf] cfo'ut auL{s/0f u/]sf] 5}g . of] jif{sf] cGTodf ejg axfn ?=#@ s/f]8 %^

nfv c;'n ug{ afFsL b]lvG5 . nugv]n ejgsf] axfn afkt ?=& s/f]8 @% nfvsf] a}Í Uof/]06L bfaL

u/] tfklg axfn ?=!) s/f]8 ^@ nfv c;'n ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 . afFsL c;'nLdf gk'u a}Í Uof/]06L

/sd sf]ifsf] gfddf hDdf u/fpg] / ef8f /sd p7fpg]tkm{ kxn u/]sf] 5}g .

;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\n] %! ;+:yf tyf JolQmaf6 hldg, 3/, :6n / xn ef8fnufotsf

;DklQsf] ?=$ s/f]8 @^ nfv c;'n ug{ afFsL b]lvG5 . ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\n] a'9fgLns07 /

e[s'6Ld08kdf /x]sf] ;DklQ axfn cfo ?=& s/f]8 &$ nfvsf] axfn s/ ?=&& nfv ;l~rtsf]if

bflvnf u/]sf] 5}g . axfn b/ w]/} k'/fgf] ePsf]n] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 .

83. km};nf sfof{Gjog — ;'Gwf/f ejgsf] jxfn s/f/ adf]lhdsf] ef8f c;'n ug{ nlntk'/ lhNnf

cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] d'2fdf @)&@.^.^ ;Ddsf] Ps JolQm;Fu c;'n ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 3/ef8f tyf

hl/jfgf ?=!@ s/f]8 %# nfv e/fO{ lng kfpg] cbfntaf6 @)&#.*.! df km};nf ePsf] 5 . t/

sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]ifn] pQm JolQmaf6 ?=!) s/f]8 *# nfv c;'n ug{ afFsL b]vfPsf] 5 . km};nf

adf]lhd ef8f c;'n u/]sf] 5}g .

84. dx;'n aSof}tf – g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ljB't dx;'n aSof}tf ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf !@=#&

k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=!! ca{ !* s/f]8 ^* nfv k'u]sf] 5 . lng afFsL /sddWo] ljutdf z+sf:kb

Joj:yf u/]sf] ?=%^ s/f]8 &) nfv of] jif{ lhDd]jf/Ldfq ;f/]sf] 5 . /sd p7fpg s'g} k|of; u/]sf]

5}g . dx;'n aSof}tf cGt{ut c:yfoL h8fgafkt ?=(@ Nffv, cfGtl/s vktafkt ?=%) nfv /

;8s aQLafkt ?=# ca{ !% s/f]8 @ nfv aSof}tf c;'n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfnf];"rLdf k/]sf

u|fxsaf6 ?=^& s/f]8 && nfv c;'n x'g afFsL 5 .

xflg gf]S;fgL / d:of}6

85. /fh:j d:of}6 — oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, sf]zLn] /fh:j cfDbfgL / bflvnfsf] n]vf k/fdz{bftfn]

tof/ u/]sf] ;km\6j]o/df /fv]sf] hgfO{ Dofg'cn n]vf /fv]sf] 5}g . sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fcg';f/

@)&#÷&$ df ?=! ca{ @% s/f]8 & nfv /fh:j ;Íng ePsf]df b'O{ a}Ídf ?=*& s/f]8 &# nfv

dfq bflvnf eO{ ?=#& s/f]8 ## nfv bflvnf ePsf] 5}g . o;sf cltl/Qm @)&@.&# df ?=*$ s/f]8

!( nfv /fh:j c;'nL ePsf]df ?=^) s/f]8 ( nfv bflvnf eO{ ?=@$ s/f]8 !) nfv bflvnf ePsf]

5}g . ;+slnt /fh:j sd bflvnf ePsf] ?=^! s/f]8 ^@ nfv cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf

!#-$_ adf]lhd hl/afgf ;lxt lhDd]jf/ JolQmaf6 c;'n x'g'kb{5 .

86. d:of}6 — a'9L u08sL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] d'cfJhf lat/0f ubf{ u0fgfdf km/s k/]sf] Joxf]/f

n]vfk/LIf0fn] cf}FNofPkZrft\ ?=^ s/f]8 @! nfv c;'n ePsf] 5 . pQm sf/f]af/df ;+nUg lhDd]jf/

kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !% / @^ tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd


31

sf/afxL u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L !% lbgleq pknAw u/fpg u[x dGqfno, pmhf{ dGqfno / dxfn]vf

lgoGqs sfof{nonfO{ @)&$.%.& df n]vL k7fPsf]df pmhf{ dGqfnoaf6 cfOGbf o:tf] uNtL

gbf]xf]¥ofpg lgb]{zg lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 . cGo lgsfoaf6 sf/afxL ePsf]

hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPg .

87. C0ffTds lgIf]k – /fli6«o afl0fHo a}Ísf] s]xL lgIf]k lx;fadf ljut jif{ ?=% s/f]8 ^! nfv

C0ffTds df}Hbft /x]sf]df @)&#.&$ sf] cGTo ;Dddf ;f] C0ffTds df}Hbft ?=% s/f]8 %& nfv

b]lvPsf]n] ;'wf/ ePsf] 5}g . lgIf]kstf{n] hDdf u/]sf]eGbf a9L /sd a}Í vftfaf6 lems]sf]n] o:tf]

/sdafkt a}Ín] ztk|ltzt gf]S;fgL Joj:yf u/]sf] t/ a}ÍnfO{ gf]S;fgL u/fpg] sd{rf/L tyf

kbflwsf/Lsf] klxrfg u/L c;'n u/]sf] 5}g .

;fa{hlgs ;|f]tsf] ckJoo

88. vl/b ;Demf}tf cGTo – dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgf, klZrd v08 cGtu{t wflbª lhNnfdf kg]{

s6'Gh]—lqk'/]Zj/ ;8s v08sf] :t/f]Gglt sfo{ ug{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ?=^ s/f]8 $( nfvsf]

;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . a'9Lu08sL hnljB't cfof]hgf ljsf; ;ldltsf] @)&@.!@.@@ sf] kqaf6 ptm

cfof]hgfsf] hnfzosf] dflyNnf] efu ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 %$% ld6/ dfly /x]sf] ;fy} h'g;'s} ;+/rgfx?

lgdf{0f ubf{ ;f] hnfzosf] /]vfeGbf dfly x'g] u/L / eljiodf ;d]t k|fljlws ?kn] ;'/lIft :yfgx?df

dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] cfwf/df pQm 7]Ssf cGTo u/]sf] b]lvof] . lhNnf k|zf;g

sfof{no, wflbË tyf ;8s ljefuaf6 ptm :yfgdf lgdf{0f sfo{ gug{ @)&@ r}qdf hfgsf/L u/fpFbf

klg ;dod} 7]Ssf cGTo gu/L ?=! s/f]8 &) nfv vr{ u/]sf]n] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ckJoo ePsf] 5 .

lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd l8lehg ;8s sfof{no ;'v]{t, bfu, lrtjg /

k'iknfn dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ klZrdn] % lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] vl/b ;Demf}tf cGTo u/]sf]df yk bfloTj

kf/]sf] /sd ?=# s/f]8 *^ nfv c;'n u/]sf] 5}g .

89. lgdf{0f sfo{sf] d"NofÍg – w/fg–s6f/L–l;Gw'nL–x]6f}8f ;8s cfof]hgf, k"jL{ v08n] ;8s :t/f]GgtL

b'O{ Kofs]hsf]] vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]kl5 ;f]xL r]g]hdf To;cl3 g} ;Demf}tf u/]sf] * 7]Ssf ;'lj:tfsf]

cfwf/df cGTo u/]sf] 5 . ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu kl5Nnf] ;Demf}tf x'gf;fy cl3Nnf] * ;Demf}tf

cGTo gu/L tL 7]Ssfdf of] jif{ ?=$ s/f]8 %! nfv ;d]t ?=#) s/f]8 !( nfv e'QmfgL ePsf] b]lvG5 .

gofF vl/b ;Demf}tf ubf{ k'/fgf * vl/b ;Demf}tf cGtu{t 7]Ssf cGTo x'g'cl3 ePsf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg

u/L kl5Nnf] sfdsf] nfut cg'dfgdf ;dfof]hg gu/]sf] Pj+ ;dod} :t/f]Gtlt ;DaGwL sfo{ z'?

gePsf] sf/0f tL v08df k'/fgf 7]Ssf cGtu{t ePsf] vr{sf] ;fy{stf b]lvPg .

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno dftxtaf6 lgld{t ?=@ s/f]8 !% nfv vr{

ePsf] vf]sgfsf] Ps k'n sf7df8f}+ t/fO{ dw]z b|'t dfu{df k/]sf] egL sfo{ /f]Sg kqfrf/ ePsf]n] ;f]

vr{ pknlAw ljxLg x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

90. bf]xf]/f] vr{ – hgsk'/ kl/s|df Jofkfl/s dfu{ lj:tf/ cfof]hgfn] 9Ns]j/ hgsk'/ lh/f] dfOn b'wdtL

k'n;Dd ;8s lj:tf/ u/L sfnf]kq] -cf:kmfN6 s+lqm6_ ug{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ?=$& s/f]8 *&

nfvsf] vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;8s v08df s]xL jif{ cufl8 PlzofnL ljsf; a}Ísf] C0f

;xof]udf ?=%) s/f]8 * nfvsf] nfutdf sfnf]kq] -;k]m{; 8«]l;Ë_ u/]sf] / xfn pQm sfnf]kq] ;8s

glau|]sf] cj:yfdf klg eTsfO{ k'gM sfnf]kq] ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s]xL jif{cl3 lgdf{0f u/]sf]

;8ssf] sfnf]kq] eTsfpg' k/]sf]n] pQm vr{sf] ;fy{stf b]lvPg .

91. q'l6k"0f{ gfkL — ljz]if gfkL sfof{no c3f{vfFrLn] q'l6k"0f{ lgoGq0f ljGb'sf] k|of]u tyf cfwf/ ljGb'

ljgfg} gfk gS;f tof/ u/]sf] sf/0f k'gM gfkL cg';f/tof/ u/]sf] gS;f / hUufwgLn] xs ef]u u/]sf]

hUuf gle8]sf] egL @)&#.(.!$ sf] k|fljlws k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . jiff}{+ nufP/ u/]sf] gfkL gS;f g}

pkof]u gx'g] ePjf6 ;f] sfo{df ePsf] xfn;Ddsf] vr{ ?=# s/f]8 @) nfv cg'Tkfbs aGg uPsf]n]

5fglag u/L unt gfk gS;f tof/ ug]{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg'kb{5 .


32

92. kfOk Iflt — cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfnon] la5\ofPsf] ?=2 s/f]8 49 nfv nfutsf] !) xhf/

@)@ ld6/ kfO{k ;8s ljefu, sf7df8fF}+ dxfgu/kflnsf, jfudtL ;Eotf, rqmky ;'wf/ lgdf{0f

cfof]hgf, 6]lnsd, rMdtL n]G8k'ln+u k|f]h]S6n] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ Iflt ePsf] 5 . kfO{k n]O{¨ l8hfO{g

ubf{ g} ;Defljt hf]lvd klxrfg gu/]sf] / kfO{ksf] sfd ubf{ ;dGjo tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cefj /x]sf]

sf/0f Iflt Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 . kfOk lj5\ofpg] sfo{ ;8ssf] aLraf6 ePsf]n] eljiodf dgf]/]n,

ˆnfO{cf]e/ nufotsf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;d:of kg]{tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofPsf] b]lvPg .

93. cltl/Qm Jooef/ Y d]nDrL vfg]kfgL ljsf; ;ldltaf6 nfld8fF8f d]nDrL ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf nflu

Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu @)^$.!!.!% df ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] @)&).&! df @& cf}+

lanaf6 e]l/P;g afkt ?-# s/f]8 && nfv yk e'QmfgL dfu u/]sf]df k/fdz+bftfn] ?-@ s/f]8 &$

nfv :jLsf/ u/]sfn] lgdf+0f Joj;foLn] lg0f+o pk/ ;xdlt ghgfO { cGt/fli6\o r]Dj/ ckm sdz+df

lgj]bg lbPsf]df pQm ;_:yfn] ?=$) s/f]8 #) nfv cfof]hgfn] ltg'{kg]{ u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ;f]

lg0f{o la?4 ;ldltn] k'g/fj]bg ubf{ pRr cbfnt kf6gn] ?=#* s/f]8 @& nfv lgdf{0f Joj;foLn]

kfpg] u/L km};nf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] /sd cbfnt dfkm{t e'QmfgL ug]{ cfb]z ePcg';f/ @)&$.#.@@ df

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf k7fPsf] 5 . lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] ?=# s/f]8 && nfv bfaL u/]sf]df

;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;f}xfb{ aGbf]a:tsf] k|oTg gu/]sf]n] ?=#* s/f]8 @& nfv Ifltk"lt{ ltg'{kg]{

cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] b]lvof] . km};nfcg';f/ /sd e'QmfgL lbg] ljifodf ;ldltn] @)&$.@.% df

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] 5 . d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ul/;s]kl5 clGtd km};nf gx'Fb} pQm /sd

e'QmfgL lbPsf] 5 .

Ifltk"lt{ e'QmfgL ubf{ lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] gfddf afFsL /x]sf] k]:sL ?=! s/f]8 &! nfv stf

gu/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] / ;f]] sf/f]af/sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !* adf]lhd k]; ug'{kg]{

s/ ljj/0fdf pQm /sd ;dfj]z gu/]sf]n] yk b:t'/ Aofh / hl/afgf ;d]tn] x'g] ?=# s/f]8 !*

nfv c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

94. yk Jooef/ — ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !@ df k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] nfut cg'dfg

tof/ ubf{ ;DalGwt dGqfnon] gD;\{ :jLs[t u/]sf]df To:tf] gD;\{ ;DalGwt ;]jfsf] sfo{If]qut zt{,

cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] rfn' jf cl3Nnf jif{sf] ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] vl/b ubf{ nfu]sf] jf:tljs nfutnfO{

cfwf/ lng'kg]{ pNn]v 5 . ;Lk ljsf; kl/of]hgf / Jofj;flos lzIff tyf tflnd clej[l4 kl/of]hgf

-Oe]06_ n] ljZj a}Ísf] ;xof]udf ;dfg k|sf/sf] tflnd k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf]df ;Lk ljsf; kl/of]hgfn]

Jofj;flos lzIff tyf tflnd clej[l4 kl/of]hgfeGbf k|ltJolQm ?=!) xhf/ (&^ ;Dd a9L x'g] u/L

tflnd ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{sf] nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/]sf] sf/0f sfo{qmd cjlwdf #% xhf/ *$) nfO{

tflnd k|bfg ubf{ ?=#( s/f]8 #$ nfv yk Jooef/ kf/]sf] 5 .

95. cltl/Qm k]:sL Y ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !!# / vl/b ;Demf}tfdf k]:sL lbg

;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . d]nDrL vfg]kfgL ljsf; ;ldltn]] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{cg';f/ kfpg] k]:sL afx]s

utjif{ cltl/Qm k]:sL egL ?=@^ s/f]8 &* nfv e'QmfgL lbPsf]df of] jif{ a}Í hdfgt a]u/ yk ?=#@

s/f]8 @( nfv ;d]t ?=%( s/f]8 !$ nfv cltl/Qm k]:sL lbPsf] 5 .

96. ;jf/L ;'ljwf – ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL P]g, @)@^

sf] bkmf $-v_-!_ df k|wfgGofofwLznfO{ ;jf/L ;fwg Ps, k|ltdlxgf b'O{ ;o krf; ln6/ k]6«f]n,

q}dfl;s bz ln6/ df]lan pknAw u/fOg] / bkmf $-v_-&_ df o:tf] ;'ljwf k|wfgGofofwLz jf

GofofwLznfO{ sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] ;ft lbg;Dd lbOg] Joj:yf 5 . cjsfz k|fKt !# k"j{

k|wfgGofofwLznfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] ?=$ s/f]8 $( nfv d"Nosf !# ;jf/L;fwg ;f] cjlw ;dfKt

ePkl5 klg lkmtf{ ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] lkmtf{ x'g'kb{5 .

97. kfj/ 6«]l8ªsf] gf]S;fgL – cf7f}F OG8f]–g]kfn kfj/ PS;r]Gh sld6Lsf] a}7sdf g]kfnn] &) ldlnog

o"lg6 ljB't lgMz'Ns kfpg] tyf rflxPsf] ljB't kfj/ 6]«l8ª sDkgLsf] dfWodaf6 vl/b ug{ ;Sg]

;dembf/L ePsf]df @)&@.&# df @)@=@& ldlnog o"lg6 ljB't cfoft ePsf]df %@=^$ ldlnog

o"lg6 dfq lgMz'Ns k|fKt u/L !$(=^# ldlnog o"lg6sf] e'QmfgL u/]sf] 5 . !&=#^ ldlnog o"lg6 36L


33

k|fKt ePsf]n] ;f]sf] d"No afkt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ?=* s/f]8 @$ nfv / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{

?=! s/f]8 #$ nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 .

ldtJolotf

98. rfns cg'dlt kqsf] Dofb — ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %$-#_ df ;jf/L

rfns cg'dltkq lbPsf] ldltn] % jif{;Dd axfn /xg] pNn]v ePadf]lhd :df6{ sf8{ ljt/0f x'Fb}

cfPsf] 5 . :df6{ sf8{sf] jf/]06L cjlw !) jif{ /x]sf] / k|lt:df6{ sf8{ nfut ?=!&#.@( /x]sf]

cfwf/df of] jif{ ljt/0f ePsf @ nfv !* xhf/ :df6{ sf8{sf] Dofb !) jif{ sfod ubf{ sf8{ vl/b

nfutdf ?=! s/f]8 *( nfv art x'g] tyf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{{{ ;'ljwf x'g] cj:yf /xg] b]lvof] . ctM

sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg u/L !) jif{ Dofb ePsf] ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq -:df6{ sf8{_ ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf

u/]df ;]jfu|fxLnfO{{{ ;'ljwf x'g] tyf sf8{ vl/b / 5kfOdf ;d]t ldtJolotf cfpg] cj:yf 5 .

99. k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ – ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !@!-!_ df lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf]

sf/0fn] tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf sfo{;DkGg x'g g;s]df ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{

Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, l;FrfO, phf{, vfg]kfgL nufotsf * dGqfno cGtu{tsf lgsfon]

lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] sf/0fn] sfo{;DkGg gePsf] cj:yfdf ?=@@ s/f]8 (( nfv k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{

c;'n u/]sf 5}gg\ . o; ;DaGwL k|d'v Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\ M

99.1 ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !@!-!_ df lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] sf/0fn] tf]lsPsf]

cjlwdf sfo{;DkGg x'g g;s]df ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of]

jif{ ;8s ljefu cGtu{tsf #) sfof{non] lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] sf/0fn] sfo{;DkGg gePsf] cj:yfdf

?=!& s/f]8 %$ nfv k"j{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ c;'n u/]sf 5}gg\ .

99.2 /fli6«o u|fdL0f oftfoft ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t @! lhNnfsf $% of]hgfdf ?=13 s/f]8 47

nfv k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ lng] lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf x'g'kg]{df !!

lhNnfn] ?=7 s/f]8 88 nfv ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf u/]sf], ^ lhNnfn] ?=57 nfv w/f}6Ldf /fv]sf], &

lhNnfn] ?=4 s/f]8 37 nfv /lgË ljndf /f]Ssf /fv]sf] / $ lhNnfn] ?=2 s/f]8 76 nfv ;DalGwt

lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ lkmtf{ Pj+ ;dfof]hg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . lg0f{ocg';f/sf] k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{sf]

c;'n u/L ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf x'g'kb{5 .

100. k|zf;lgs vr{ — k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu Ps kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog

OsfO{, #) hf]g sfof{no / & ;'k/hf]g sfof{no :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . oL sfof{no dfkm{t ?=! ca{ #& s/f]8

&) nfv vr{ ePsf]dWo] kmlg{r/, d]lzg/L cf}hf/, ;jf/L;fwg nufot k|zf;lgs sfo{df ?=^^ s/f]8 (&

nfv -$*=^# k|ltzt_ vr{ u/]sf] 5 . d"ntM kl/of]hgfsf sfo{qmd cGt{ut s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f dfkm{t

s[lif pTkfbgdf clej[l4 ug{ s:6d xfol/ª ;]G6/, kf]i6 xfe]{i6 ;]G6/ :yfkgf, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f /

s[ifsx?nfO{ s[lif ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df vr{ ug'{kg]{df k|zf;lgs sfo{df a9L vr{ u/]sf] cf}lrTok"0f{

b]lvPg . lgoldt ;+:yfaf6 g} o; k|sf/sf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]df a]Un} cfof]hgf v8f u/]sf]

dgfl;j gb]lvPsf]n] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 .

101. OGwg ;'lawf – Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] kf/L>lds / ;'lawf ;DaGwdf

Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)%@ tyf ;+3Lo ;+;bsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'lawf

;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]gdf ;+;bLo bnsf g]tfx?nfO{ O{Gwg vr{ afkt dfl;s gub ?=@)

xhf/sf b/n] jif{e/ ?=%^ nfv pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;+;bsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf]

kfl/>lds / ;'lawf ;DaGwdf @)&# ;fndf P]g agfpFbf pQm ;'lawf ;dfj]z g/x]sf]df ;'ljwf

pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

102. sfg"g lgdf{0fk"j{sf] ;'lawf – Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] @)&# kf}if & df /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/L ;+3Lo

;+;bsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'lawf ;DaGwL P]g agfPsf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf !-@_

df o; P]gsf] bkmf $,^ / & ;Dat\ @)&# ;fn ;fpg ! ut]b]lv k|f/De ePsf] dflgg]5 / cGo

bkmfx? t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5g\ eGg] pNn]v 5 . h;cg';f/ eQf, cfjf; ;'lawf, OGwg ;'lawf h:tf


34

cfly{s Jooef/ kg]{ bkmfx? /fhkqdf P]g k|sflzt ldlteGbf klxn]b]lv g} nfu" x'g] u/L P]g th'{df

ePsf] 5 . ;lrjfnon] dfggLo ;b:ox?nfO{ P]g cl:tTjdf cfpg'k"j{ cjlwsf] ;'lawf afkt ?=$

s/f]8 (! nfv pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

103. ljb]z e|d0f – hg;+Vof tyf aftfj/0f dGqfnoaf6 bft[ lgsfon] vr{ Joxf]g]{ u/L of] jif{ ljlzi6

>]0fLb]lv clws[t:t/ / cGo sd{rf/L;d]t $@ sd{rf/Ln] %) bft[ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf &( k6s #&

d'n'sdf $$% lbg, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6 bft[ lgsfon] ;f]em} Joxf]g]{

u/L of] jif{ ljlzi6 >]0fLb]lv clws[t:t/ / cGo sd{rf/L ;d]t @$ hgfn] !% bft[ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf

@^ k6s !) d'n'sdf @#& lbg / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno dftxtsf sfof{no

tyf gu/kflnsf ;d]taf6 !) b]zdf ljleGg txsf @&@ sd{rf/L cjnf]sg, cWoog, tflnd /

e|d0fdf uPsf 5g\ .

s[lif ljsf; dGqfno cGt{utsf % cfof]hgfn] * b]zdf @*^ s[ifs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{

cjnf]sg, tflnd tyf cWoog e|d0fdf k7fO{{ ?=^ s/f]8 ^$ nfv vr{ u/]sf] 5 . bft[ lgsfon] vr{

Joxf]g]{ u/L e|d0f :jLs[t u/]sf]df vr{ v'Ng] clen]v /fv]sf] 5}g .

pknlAwd"ns sfo{sf] nflu dfq e|d0f vr{ ug'{kb{5 .

104. ;'g vkt – af}4gfy If]q ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t af}4 dxf:t'k k'gM lgdf{0f ug{ ?=!@ s/f]8 $^ nfv

nfut :jLs[t ePsf]df ;ldltsf b'O{ ;b:o / Ps sd{rf/L dfkm{t cdfgtaf6 ?=@! s/f]8 (*

nfvdf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . :t'k k'gM lgdf{0fsf] d'Vo cfO6dsf] ?kdf /x]sf] xld{sf, qof]bz e'jg,

5qsf] ;]6 tyf uh'/ ;d]tsf nflu ?=* s/f]8 @# nfvsf] nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;ldltn] cfk}m nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t u/L $ xhf/ ((( ju{lkm6df ?=## xhf/ %##=&! sf b/n] #!

lsnf]u|fd ;'g k|of]u u/]/ ?=!^ s/f]8 &^ nfv ^% xhf/ vr{ ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . k'/ftTj ljefusf]

gD;{\ cg';f/ b/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|lt ju{lkm6 Ps rf}yfO{ tf]nf ;'g ?=!^ xhf/ $%*=^$ sf b/n] ?=*

s/f]8 (# nfv d"Nosf] !$ lsnf] %*) u|fd dfq vkt x'g'kg]{df #! lsnf]u|fd ;'g vkt b]vfO{ a9L

vkt b]vfPsf] !^ lsnf] $@) u|fdsf] x'g] d"No ?=* s/f]8 ** nfv a9L vr{ u/]sf] dgfl;j

gb]lvPsf]n] 5fglag x'g'kb{5 .

105. ljdfgsf] sfo{;Dkfbg – g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudn] rLgdf lgdf{0f ePsf ljdfgx? Pd P ^) clk|n

@)!$ df / jfO{ !@ O{ gf]e]Dj/ @)!$ df g]kfn NofPsf] lyof] . oL b'j}n] xfn cfGtl/s p8fg

ul//x]sf 5g\ . Pd P ^) sf] Ifdtf %^ l;6 /x]sf]df ?=^ s/f]8 ^& nfv / jfO{ !@ O{ sf] Ifdtf !&

l;6 /x]sf]df ?=# s/f]8 ($ nfv jflif{s ;~rfng 3f6f ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ToIf cfDbfgL / vr{nfO{

x]bf{ tL ljdfg ;~rfngaf6 lgudnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf 3f6f eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . gfkmfdf ;~rfng ug{sf]

nflu 7f]; sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg .

106. eQf vr{ – g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if, cf}iflw pkrf/ sf]if, pkbfg sf]if /

sd{rf/L ;'/Iff sf]ifsf cnfjf lbPsf !( lsl;dsf eQfdWo] * lsl;dsf eQf ;a}n] / yk !!

lsl;dsf eQf ljz]if ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx?n] kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf eQf afktsf] vr{ tna vr{sf]

cg'kftdf @)! k|ltzt;Dd x'gcfpF5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&#.&$ df tna afx]s ?=! ca{ #$ s/f]8

o:tf eQfafkt vr{ n]v]sf] 5 .

bIftf Pj+ k|efjsfl/tf

107. lgof]u :yfkgf – gofF ;/sf/L sfof{no :yfkgf ug{ ;+u7g ;+/rgf / gofF b/aGbL l;h{gf ubf{

;DalGwt dGqfnon] sfo{af]em Pj+ cf}lrTosf]] cfwf/df ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf

5 . k//fi6« dGqfnon] of]] jif{ cli6«ofsf] leogfdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] nflu :yfoL lgof]u, rLgsf]

UjfGhfcf]df dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf; / :k]gsf] Dofl8«8df /fhb"tfjf; vf]Ng] lg0f{o ubf{ ;f] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] cGo d'n'sdf #( /fhb"tfjf; Pj+ dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf; :yfkgf u/]sf] / g]kfndf @$

d'n'ssf cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; /x]sf 5g\ . sltko /fi6«x?n] vr{ s6f}tLsf nflu sG;'n/ ;]jfsf] sfo{


35

cfp6 ;f]l;{ª ug]{, ufEg] nufotsf k|lqmofåf/f /fhb"tfjf;sf] ;+Vof s6f}tL;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

lgof]ux?sf] sfo{nfO{ ef}uf]lns / sfo{af]emsf lx;fan] cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L ;+Vof k'g/fjnf]sg

ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

108. cGt/f{li6«o d]nf – Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|a4{g s]Gb|n] lgof{t clej[l4 ug{ cGt/f{li6«o d]nf cfof]hgf

u/L ef/tdf ?=$^ nfv, a+unfb]zdf ?=@% nfv, hd{gLdf ?=$% nfv, rLgdf ?=@) nfv, xªsªdf

?=@) nfv / e'6fgdf ?=@% nfv vr{ u/]sf] 5 . d]nf cfof]hgf gePsf /fi6«x?dWo] /l;ofdf

@%@=$) k|ltzt, 6sL{df (^=^ k|ltzt, o"=P=O{=df #@ k|ltzt, r]s l/klAnsdf #$=! k|ltzt lgof{tdf

j[l4 ePsf] 5 . d]nf cfof]hgf ePsf] ef/tdf $ k|ltztdfq lgof{t j[l4 ePsf] 5 . rLgdf !^=!

k|ltzt, xªsªdf #$=@ k|ltzt, a+unfb]zdf !#=# k|ltzt, hd{gLdf #=% k|ltzt / e'6fgdf $(=#@

k|ltzt lgof{t 36]sf] l:ylt 5 .

109. k|f]T;fxg cg'bfg – pBf]u ljefun] @)^*.^( b]lv lgof{t clej[l4sf] nflu Joj;foLnfO{ gub

k|f]T;fxg pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . gub k|f]T;fxg lbg z'? ePsf] jif{df s'n lgof{t ?=&$ ca{ *

s/f]8 /x]sf]df ^ jif{kl5 @)&#.&$ df ?=&# ca{ !@ s/f]8 /x]af6 lgof{t 36]sf] b]lvG5 . Gfub

cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{ Aoj;foLx?sf] ;+Vof a9] tfklg gub k|f]T;fxg cg'bfgaf6 s'n lgof{tdf ;sf/fTds

k|efj kg{ ;s]sf] 5}Gf .

110. dfWolds lzIff k/LIff — z}lIfs ;q @)&@ / @)&# sf] dfWolds lzIff k/LIffdf lgoldttk{m qmdzM $ nfv

#& xhf/ #(% / $ nfv $% xhf/ %^$ k/LIffyL{ ;xefuL ePsf]]df cIf/fÍg glthf lgDgfg';f/ 5 M

k/LIffyL{ ;+VofdWo]

z}lIfs ;q @)&@ -k/LIffyL{ ;+Vof_ z}lIfs ;q @)&# -k/LIffyL{ ;+Vof_

;/sf/L

ljBfno

;+:yfut

ljBfno hDdf

;fd'bflos

ljBfno

;+:yfut

ljBfno hDdf

lh=lk=P= #=^%—$=)) k|fKt ug]{ 1,030 11,257 12,287 1,164 11,120 12,284

lh=lk=P= #=@%—#=^) k|fKt ug]{ 5,903 34,571 40,474 6,361 36,066 42,427

lh=lk=P= @=*%—#=@) k|fKt ug]{ 15,954 32,039 47,993 17,215 33,431 50,646

lh=lk=P= @=$%—@=*) k|fKt ug]{ 41,235 19,533 60,768 41,466 20,489 61,955

lh=lk=P= @=)%—@=$) k|fKt ug]{ 82,407 8,697 91,104 81,764 9,550 91,314

lh=lk=P= )—@=) k|fKt ug]{ 1,79,036 4,668 1,83,704 1,79,432 4,909 1,84,341

hDdfM 3,25,565 1,10,765 4,36,330 3,27,402 1,15,565 4,42,967

z}lIfs ;q @)&@ sf] glthfcg';f/ hL=kL=P= @=)% b]lv $=) k|fKt ug]{sf] ;+Vof ;fd'bflos

ljBfnotk{m $$=*& k|ltzt / ;+:yfut ljBfnotk{m (%=&$ k|ltzt /x]sf], hL=kL=P= ) b]lv @=)

;Dd k|fKt ug]{ ;+Vof qmdzM %$=*@ / $=@! k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 . z}lIfs ;q @)&# sf]

glthfcg';f/ hL=kL=P= @=)% b]lv $=) k|fKt ug]{ ;+Vof ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnotk{m qmdzM

$$=*( / (%=$& k|ltzt /x]sf], lh=lk=P= ) b]lv @=) ;Dd k|fKt ug]{ ;+Vof qmdzM %%=$# / $=@$

k|ltzt /x]sf]n] ;fd'bflos ljBfnotkm{sf] glthf sdhf]/ b]lvPsf]] 5 . nufgL, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, lzIfs

/ lzlIfsfsf] kfl/>lds, lgj[QLe/0f / j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ ;+:yfut ljBfnoeGbf ;fd'bflos

ljBfnodf a9L x'FbfFx'b} klg ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] t'ngfdf ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ Go"g

/x]sf] glthfn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

111. gx/sf] pkof]u — l;+rfO{{ ljefusf] k|ult ljj/0fcg';f/ #! l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLaf6 # nfv @^ xhf/ x]S6/

If]qkmndf l;+rfO{{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] u/L l;+rfO{ k|0ffnL ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . pQm k|0ffnLaf6

cfiff9b]lv sflt{s;Dd @ nfv (^ xhf/, d+;L/b]lv kmfNu'g;Dd @ nfv / r}qb]lv h]7;Dd %$ xhf/

x]S6/ l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf] pNn]v 5 . ;'g;/L df]/ª l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] &% k|ltzt,

jfUdtL l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfdf &! k|ltzt, sdnf l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLdf ^) k|ltzt, gf/fo0fL l;+rfO{

k|0ffnLdf #^ k|ltzt / dxfsfnL l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLdf !( k|ltzt sdf08 If]q l;+lrt x'g g;s]sf]

cj:yfn] l;FrfO of]hgfx?sf] sfo{bIftf Pj+ k|efjsfl/tf Go"g /x]sf] 5 .

s~rgk'/ / s}nfnL lhNnfsf s]xL efudf l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg dxfsfnL l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf

t];|f] r/0fsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ @)^#.^$ df z'? eO{ @)&$.&% df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . lj:t[t


36

;DefJotf cWoog k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ?=!! ca{ !^ s/f]8 *# nfv nfut /x]sf] ;f] cfof]hgfdf

@)&#.&$ ;Dd ?=! ca{ %& s/f]8 &! nfv vr{ eO{ !(=&^ k|ltzt ef}lts k|ult ePsf] ePklg d"n

gx/ ;~rfngdf cfpg] cj:yfdf 5}g .

hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/bzL{tf

112. n]vfk/LIf0f — ;fa{hlgs lgsfon] vr{ u/]sf] sf/f]af/sf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fO{ ljQLo hafkmb]lxtf kfngf

ug'{kg]{df gu/]sf s]xL Joxf]/f lgDg 5g .

112.1 :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu cGtu{t afn :jf:Yo dxfzfvfn] ?=*( s/f]8 !( nfv, Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf /f]u

lgoGq0f dxfzfvfn] ?=!( s/f]8 (& nfv / /fli6«o P8\; tyf of}g/f]u lgoGq0f s]Gb|n] ?=$! s/f]8

@* nfv ;d]t ?=! ca{ %) s/f]8 $$ nfv a/fa/sf] EoflS;g, ls6 nufotsf :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt

cf}iflw j:t'ut ;xfotf :j?k k|fKt eO{ cfly{s ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z u/]tfklg n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] 5}g .

;Demf}tfnufot ;|]:tf, sfuhft k]; u/L n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kb{5 .

112.2 ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno dftxtsf s[lif ;8s ljefusf] $ sfo{qmddf ?=^$

s/f]8 %& nfv, ljs]lGb|t u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ tyf hLjLsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf ?=$ s/f]8 *@ nfv /

:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdf ?=!& s/f]8 !( nfv bft[ ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 ;f]em} vr{

u/L cfly{s ljj/0f ;dfj]z u/]sf]df ;f]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] 5}g .

112.3 sf7df8fF} rqmky ;'wf/ cfof]hgfn] ;f]e}m e'QmfgL lrgLof cg'bfg ?=() s/f]8 / ;8s ;'wf/ cfof]hgf

cGtu{t l8lehg ;8s sfof{no lrtjgn] PShLd a}Í ef/taf6 ;f]e}m e'QmfgL C0f ?=!# s/f]8 #^

nfvsf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] 5}g . >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] l:j; ;xof]utkm{ ?=@% s/f]8 @( nfv

;f]em} e'QmfgLtkm{sf] ;|]:tf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu k]; u/]sf] 5}g . ;a} j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f

u/fpg' kb{5 .

112.4 oflGqs sfof{no, emfkfn] @)&$.&.!) df sfof{nodf tf]8kmf]8 / cfuhgL eO{ ;Dk"0f{ sfuhkq Pj+

;|]:tf hn]sf] egL ?=! s/f]8 *@ nfv / oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, d]rLn] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ;|]:tf

cGo lgsfodf uPsf] egL ?=$^ s/f]8 ## nfvsf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] 5}g .

112.5 of] jif{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno cGtu{tsf !@* dWo] ;dodf cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f u/L ljQLo ljj/0f

k]; gu/]sf]n] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no nufot $$ lgsfosf] n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] 5}g . ut jif{;Ddsf] aSof}tf

#&& dWo] of] jif{ !$& sf] dfq n]vfk/LIf0f eO{ ($ lgsfosf] @&* cfly{s jif{sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f

u/fO{ ljQLo ljj/0f pknAw gu/fPsf] sf/0f n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] @)^(

a}zfvdf tLg dlxgfleq aSof}tf n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg lgb]{zg lbPsf] eP tfklg ;f]sf] kfngf ePsf] 5}g .

113. sd{rf/L k]:sL – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod &^-$_ df cfly{s zfvf k|d'vnfO{

k]:sL lbg gx'g] pNn]v 5 . o:t} zflGt tyf k'gMlgdf{0f dGqfno, /fxt tyf k'gM:yfkgf OsfO{sf]

@)&#.*.!) sf] kqdf åGåkLl8t JolQm / ;DalGwtsf xsbf/nfO{ a}Í dfk{mt e'QmfgL lbg'kg{] pNn]v

ePsf]df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afh'/fn] lj:yflkt tyf åGåkLl8t JolQmnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf ljt/0f

ug{ lgsf;f ePsf]dWo] ?=# s/f]8 &# nfv Ps n]vfkfnnfO{ k]:sL pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . pQm k]:sL

cBflk km5\of{}6 ePsf] 5}g . o;df 5fglag u/L k]:sL lng] lbg] b'j}nfO{ sf/afxL u/L pQm /sd c;'n

ug{'kb{5 .

114. :jfy{ aflemg] sfo{ – sd{rf/Lnufotsf bIf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k]zfsdL{sf] nflu cfrf/;+lxtfsf] Joj:yf

/x]sf] x'G5 . cfrf/;+lxtfdf To:tf JolQmn] ug{ gx'g] sfo{ tyf cfˆgf] k]zfut lgi7f sfod ug{sf]

nflu ;hu eO{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ ljifoj:t' pNn]v u/]sf] x'G5 .

sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]if / gful/s nufgL sf]ifn] ;+o'Qm k"FhL sDkgL dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL,

/;'jfu9L / ;fGh]g hnljB't sDkgLnfO{ C0f k|bfg u/]afkt sf]ifdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ tL ;+o'Qm

k"FhL sDkgLn] c? JolQmnfO{eGbf ljz]if dxTj lbO{ k|ltJolQm ;fwf/0f z]o/ vl/b ug]{ cj;/ lbg] u/L

sDkgLsf] z]o/ k"FhL ;+/rgf tof/ u/L z]o/ afF8kmfF8 u/]sf] 5 . o;/L sd{rf/Laf6 x'g] C0f k|:tfj


37

tyf lwtf] kof{Kttf d"NofÍg, C0f /sd / To;sf] Jofh c;'nL;DaGwL sfo{ k|efljt x'g;Sg] cj:yf

cfpg] u/L C0f k|bfos ;+:yfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljz]if dxTjsf;fy z]o/ afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] sfo{ plrt

b]lvPg .

115. ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f – of] jif{ $^ ;+:yfsf] aSof}tf;d]t (( cfly{s jif{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f

ug'{kg]{df #* ;+:yfsf] %^ cfly{s jif{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;DkGg %^ dWo] #& cfly{s

jif{sf] clGtd k|ltj]bg hf/L eO{ * ;+:yfsf] $# cfly{s aif{sf] afFsL /x]sf] 5 . o; jif{ @! ;+:yfsf]

n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] 5 . ;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fpg] ;+:yf / kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/

agfO{ cfjZos sf/jfxL x'g'kb{5 .

;+:yfg P]g, @)@!, n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, @)$*, sDkgL P]g, @)^# / ;DalGwt ;+:yf ;~rfngsf

nflu ag]sf P]gx?df ;d]t k|To]s ;+:yfn] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/] klg n]vfk/LIf0f

u/fpg'kg]{ ;do ls6fg gu/]sf], n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fpg] kbflwsf/LnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ Joj:yf gePsf],

n]vfk/LIf0fn] cf}FNofPsf] Joxf]/fsf] nut /fvL sf/afxL u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s;}nfO{

gtf]s]sf] cj:yf 5 . plNnlvt P]gx?df ;~rfns ;ldlt, n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldlt cflb u7g ug]{ Joj:yf

eP klg tL ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jodf plNnlvt sfo{ ug]{ bfloTj s;}nfO{ tf]s]sf] 5}g . lglZrt p2]Zo

/ nIo lgwf{/0f u/L gful/ssf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;xhtf Nofpg ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj

k"/f u/fpg n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg' h?/L b]lvG5 o;sf] nflu ;DjlGwt P]gdf g}

cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

;]jf k|jfx

116. b/aGbL kbk"lt { – :jf:Yo dGqfnocGt{ut @)&@.&# df k|zf;lgs / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ## xhf/ !$)

b/aGbL /x]sf]df @* xhf/ #&% sd{rf/L sfo{/t /xL $ xhf/ &^% b/aGbL l/Qm /x]sf] 5 . ;f] dWo]

&% lhNnfdf :jf:Yo tyf hg:jf:Yo sfof{nocGt{ut $^* lrlsT;ssf] b/aGbLdf !*( l/Qm /x]sf]

b]lvG5 . To:t} &% lhNnfdf !# xhf/ &*% Kof/fd]l8S; b/aGbL /x]sf]df $ xhf/ !$^ kb l/Qm /x]sf]

5 . aL=kL= sf]O/fnf SofG;/ c:ktfn, lrtjgdf :jLs[t b/aGbLdWo] @) k|ltzt lrlsT;s, %%

k|ltzt g;{ / #! k|ltzt Kof/fd]l8S; kb l/Qm 5g\ . o;/L lrlsT;s tyf Kof/fd]l8S; kbx? l/Qm

/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;]jf k|jfxdf k|ToIf c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

117. lrlsT;ssf] pkl:ylt – sflGt afn c:ktfnsf] n]vfk/LIf0f qmddf @)&$ cfiff9sf] *) lrlsT;ssf]

ljj/0f k/LIf0f ubf{ !! lrlsT;sn] c:ktfndf k'0f{ ;do sfd u/]sf] b]lvPg . ;u/dfyf c~rn

c:ktfnsf] cfsl:ds sIfdf /xg'kg]{ lrlsT;s;d]t pkl:yt gePsf] / c:ktfnsf s]xL lrlsT;s

sfof{no ;dodf ;d]t lghL lSnlgsdf pkl:yt x'g] egL ;fOgaf]8{ /fvL sfdsfh ug]{ u/]sf]n]]

:jf:Yo gLlt ljk/Lt lSnlgs ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOof] .

118. k|of]uljxLg pks/0f – vl/b ePsf pks/0f tyf d]l;g/L tf]lsPsf] ;]jfdf pkof]u x'g'kb{5 .

lgDgfg';f/sf d]l;g/L pks/0f ;DalGwt ljz]if1 tyf k"jf{wf/ cefj Pjd\ ;dodf dd{t x'g g;Sbf

;]jf ;~rfngdf pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg .

c:ktfnsf] gfd pks/0fsf] gfd pkof]udf gcfPsf] ljj/0f d"No / vr{

-? xhf/df_

d]rL c~rn c:ktfn O{=Pg=6L=dfOqmf]:sf]k, l;cfd{, ˆn]lShan

kmofl/Ouf]:sf]k,Pg]:y]l;of ljy e]lG6n]6/,

OG8f]:sf]kL d]l;g, cN6«f;fp08 d]l;g,

;~rfng ug]{ hgzlQm c:ktfndf

gePsf] .

1,02,58

eQmk'/ c:ktfn cfO{=;L=o' pks/0f, @)&@.&# df vl/b ePsf] ;~rfng

ug]{ hgzlQm gePsf] .

1,22,41

z'qm/fh 6«lksn c:ktfn $ z}ofsf] cfO{=;L=o"=, @)&$ df k|fKt ePsf]df ;~rfng

ug]{ hgzlQm gePsf] .

1,90,23

;u/dfyf c~rn c:ktfn

P8\efG; sn/ 8f]kn/ O{sf], @ yfg

8fonf]l;; d]l;g / Pg]:y]l;of d]l;g

;~rfng ug]{ hgzlQm ;d]t

c:ktfndf gePsf] .

96,05

Kof;]G6 df]lg6/,x]df6f]nf]hL PgfnfOh/, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ gePsf]n] h8fg 48,71


38

PS;/], tyf ;~rfng gePsf] .

wjnflu/L c~rn c:ktfn 8fonf]l;; d]l;g / Pg]:y]l;of d]l;g, ;~rfng ug]{ hgzlQm ;d]t

c:ktfndf gePsf] .

59,66

;nf{xL c:ktfn cN6«f;fp08 d]l;g ! yfg ;~rfng ug]{ hgzlQm gePsf] . gv'n]sf]

l8lh6n PS;/] d]l;g ! yfg ljB't cfk"lt{ gx'Fbf ;~rfng gePsf] gv'n]sf]

kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg

k|lti7fg

c6f]Sn]e !, PS;/] d]l;g !, ;L=6L=:Sofg

d]l;g lau|LPsf],

dd{t x'g g;sL ;L=6L= :Sofg #

dlxgfb]lv ;~rfngdf gcfPsf] .

gv'n]sf]

e]/L c~rn c:ktfn O{sf] sfl8{of]u|fkmL !, PS;/] d]l;g ! ^ dlxgf b]lv ;~rfngdf gcfPsf] . gv'n]sf]

8fonf]l;; d]l;g !, e]lG6n]6/ !, ! jif{ b]lv ;~rfngdf gcfPsf] . gv'n]sf]

;]dL c6f] Pgfnf{Oh/ / PDa'n]G;, @ jif{ b]lv ;~rfngdf gcfPsf] . gv'n]sf]

k/f]ksf/ :qL/f]u tyf

k|;"lt u[x

j]jL OGSo'j]6/ @, PS;/] d]l;g !,

o"=P;=hL= d]l;g !, a]8 ;fO8 df]lg6/

@, cf]=6L= 6]an !, kmf]6f] y]/fkL d]l;g #,

rfn' xfntdf g/x]sf], dd{t ug{

g;s]sf] .

gv'nfPsf]

118.1 pko{'Qmfg';f/ k"jf{wf/ tof/ gx'Fb} d]l;g/L pks/0f cfk"lt{ u/]sf], ;~rfng geO{ pks/0fx? lau|]sf]

tyf ;~rfngdf cfO{ lau|]sf d]l;g ;dod} dd{t gx'Fbf ;fdfGo la/fdLx? ;d]t /]km/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf

/x]sf] b]lvof] . cfO{=;L=o"=sf] cefjdf z'qm/fh 6«lksn c:ktfnn] of] jif{ !#@ la/fdLnfO{ cGoq /]km/

u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .

118.2 jL/ c:ktfndf la/fdL rfksf] t'ngfdf Pd=cf/=cfO{ tyf ;L=6L=:Sofg pks/0f Go"g /x]sf] sf/0f

;j{;fwf/0fn] ;]jfsf] nflu cfˆgf] kfnf] gkfO{ Pd=cf/=cfO{= ;]jfsf] nflu sDtLdf & lbg / k/LIf0f

k|ltj]bgsf] nflu yk $ lbg s'g'{kg]{, ;L=6L=:Sofgsf] nflu Go"gtd yk # lbg nfUg] / yk # b]lv $

lbg l/kf]{l6ªsf] nflu nfUg] u/]sf] kfOof] . Pd=cf/=cfO{= tyf ;L=6L=:Sofg ;]jf afXo lghL :jf:Yo

;+:yfeGbf ?=# xhf/ b]lv $ xhf/ ;:tf] b]lvP tfklg pQm ;]jf k|fKt ug{ l/kf]{l6ª;d]tsf nflu &

b]lv !@ lbg ;do nfUg] b]lvFbf lj/fdL / s'?jfsf] a;fO{ vr{ dx+uf] kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ctM pko'Qm

k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg'kb{5 .

119. pks/0f h8fg – ljkL sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgn] vl/b u/]sf] ?=# s/f]8 @$ nfvsf]

clS;hg h]g]/]zg l;i6d / 8]06n lro/ ;lxtsf] pks/0f ?=@ s/f]8 ^( nfvsf] h8fg u/L k|of]udf

NofPsf] 5}g . :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefun] @)&!.@.^ df k|lti7fgdf k7fPsf] ?=@ s/f]8 $# nfv d"No

a/fa/sf] c6f]d]6]8 l8=Pg=P= l;SjLG;/ h8fg u/L k|of]udf NofPsf] 5}g .

120. cf}iflw z"Go df}Hbft – ;/sf/sf] gLltadf]lhd lgMz'Ns cf}iflwx? lgoldt Pj+ ;xh ?kdf pknAw

u/fpg'kb{5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefuaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fcg';f/ s]Gb|Lo d]l8sn :6f]/, kyn}ofdf @)&#

>fj0fdf aL=;L=hL, aL=;L=hL= 3f]ns, kf]lnof] @), bfb"/f ?j]nf, bfb"/f ?j]nf 3f]ns / @)&$ cfiff9df

kf]lnof] @) / l;l/Gh )=)% z"Go df}Hbft /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;'g;/Ldf Pdf]lS;lng nufot !!, emfkfdf Pdf]lS;lng, l;k|f]ˆnf]S;fl;g nufot !@, O{nfddf

lkN;, l8kf] nufotsf %, cf]vn9'Ëfdf hLjghn ;lxt *, ;f]n'v'Da'df kf/fl;6fdf]n ;lxt $, /fKtL

pkIf]qLo c:ktfndf ;fnj'6fdf]n nufotsf %, /fKtL c~rn c:ktfndf cfO{j|'lkmg ;lxt %, lhNnf

hg:jf:Yo sfof{no af/fdf l;k|f]knf]S;fl;g @%) Pd=hL=tyf wflbªdf Snf]/f]Dkm]lgsn cfO{ 8«k,

;Kt/Ldf d]6«f]lg8fhf]n ;lxt ^ k|sf/sf cf}iflw df}Hbft z"Go /x]sf] b]lvof] . o:t} l;l/Ghx?, uh,

dfS;h:tf cTofjZos ;lh{sn ;fdfgsf] ;d]t df}Hbft z"Go /x]sf] kfOof] .

lgMz'Ns pkrf/sf nflu cfjZos cf}iflw, jly{Ë ;]06/sf nflu cfjfZos OGh]S;g, aRrfsf]

pkrf/sf] nflu cfjZos vf]k, l;l/Gh nufotsf cf}iflwsf] df}Hbft z"Go x'Fbf ;]jf k|jfxdf c;/ kg{

uPsf] 5 .

121. Dofb gf3]sf cf}iflw – ;/sf/n] lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg 3f]if0ff u/]sf cf}iflwx? ;dod} pkof]u ug{

;lsg] u/L Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . of] jif{ !( :jf:Yo sfof{nodf !#* k|sf/sf % nfv @! xhf/

6\ofan]6 / efon cf}iflwsf] dfGo cjlw ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o Ifo/f]u s]Gb|, eQmk'/df ?=#@

nfveGbf a9L d"No a/fa/sf ;fO{nf]l;l/g @%) Pd=hL= ! nfv ^$ xhf/ &)) 6\ofan]6 tyf

OyfOgf]dfO8 @%) Pd=hL= @* xhf/ !)) 6\ofan]6sf] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . To:t} tfKn]h'ª


39

c:ktfnndf Sofnl;od l;/k, cf]ˆnf]S;fl;lng, nfOl;k l;/k, 6«flkmsf] OGh]S;g h:tf %! y/L

cf}iflwsf] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] sf/0f gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 .

122. kmfd]{;L ;~rfng – of] jif{ dGqfnon] kmfd]{;L ;~rfng ug{ !!* c:ktfnnfO{ ?=$ s/f]8 $% nfv

lgsf;f u/]sf]df ^^ n] kmfd]{;L ;~rfng u/]sf], / %@ c:ktfnn] xfn;Dd kmfd]{;L ;~rfng u/]sf]

b]lvPg . kmfd]{;L ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsfdf ljz]if cf}lrTo ePsf]df afx]s la/fdLnfO{ vf; a|f08 tf]sL

cf}iflw l;kmfl/; ug{ gx'g] pNn]v 5 . sflGt afn, sf]zL c~rn, Onfd, d]rL c~rn, ;u/dfyf

c~rn c:ktfnsf s]xL k|]liqmK;gsf] gd"gf k/LIf0f ubf{ lgb]{lzsf ljk/Lt a|f08 tf]sL cf}iflw l;kmfl/;

u/]sf] b]lvof] . lgb]{lzsfdf plNnlvt k|fjwfgsf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 .

123. zNolqmofdf l9nfO{ – s]xL c:ktfnsf] zNolrlsT;f;DaGwL ljj/0f dfu u/L ljZn]if0f ubf{ sflGtafn

c:ktfndf xlg{of, xfO8«f]l;nsf] zNolqmof ug{ !@ dlxgf;Dd, k/f]ksf/ k|;"lt tyf :qL/f]u

c:ktfndf kf7]3/sf] zNolqmof ug{ # dlxgf;Dd, jL/ c:ktfndf ;fdfGo zNolqmof ug{ ^

dlxgf;Dd, zxLb u+ufnfn /fli6«o x[bo s]Gb|df d'6'/f]usf] zNolqmof ug{ @ dlxgf;Dd kv{g'kg]{ l:ylt

5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] t'ngfdf la/fdLsf] rfk clws /x]sf]n] o:tf] l:ylt /x]sf] c:ktfnn] hgfPsf]

5 . c:ktfnn] ;dodf g} ;]jf lbg g;s]sf sf/0f la/fdL pkrf/sf] nflu lghL c:ktfndf hfg

afWo x'g'kg]{ cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

124. >d Ohfht – j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] sfdbf/nfO{ >d Ohfht k|bfg ug{ tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/

Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ Joj;foLnfO{ sfdbf/ k7fpg k"j{ tyf clGtd :jLs[lt lbg ljefu dftxt %

sfof{no ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . tL sfof{nodf :ynut lg/LIf0f ubf{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] cJojl:yt le8

nfu]sf], klxn] cfpg]n] klxn] ;]jf kfpg] k4lt g/x]sf], ;]jf kfpg k]; ug'{kg]{ sfuhft ;DaGwdf

cGof}n ePsf], ;]jf lng nfO{g a:g'kg]{ :yfg cflb ;DaGwdf ;]jfu|fxLdf cGof}ntf b]lvPsf]df

;xhLs/0f ug]{ k4lt g/x]sf], ljrf}lnofdfkm{t ;]jf lng'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] h:tf ;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f]

/x]sf] kfOof] . dftxt sfof{nodf 6f]sg k|0ffnL nfu" u/L klxn] cfpg] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ klxn] ;]jf kfpg]

Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;xhLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ tyf ;]jfu|fxLn] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ;]jf

z'NseGbf a9L e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x] g/x]sf] ;DaGwdf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ cg'e"lt x'g] u/L cg'udg

tyf lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

125. p8fg /2 – g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudsf] of] jif{ cGt/f{li6«otkm{ # xhf/ %$$ p8fg ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df #

xhf/ #%* p8fg u/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/stkm{ ( xhf/ !^* p8fg ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df $ xhf/ %#* dfq

p8fg ePsf] 5 . p8fg /2 / l9nfO ePsf] sf/0f ofq'x?nfO{ ;]jf k|fKt ug{ sl7gfO{ k/]sf] 5 . ;f]sf]

cltl/Qm lgudsf] vr{ j[l4 eO{ cfDbfgLdf sdL cfPsf] 5 .

gLlt sfo{qmd, :jLs[lt tyf sfof{Gjog

126. lj1fkg/lxt gLlt — lj1fkg/lxt gLlt, @)&# sf] a"Fbf * df @)&# efb|;Dddf sfo{of]hgf :jLs[t

u/L @)&$ >fj0fb]lv lj1fkg/lxt k|zf/0f k"0f{?kn] sfof{Gjog x'g] pNn]v ePsf]df ;f] gLlt

sfof{Gjog :yug ePsf] 5 . k|zf/0fsf nflu !%% ljb]zL 6]lnlehg RofgnnfO{ 8fpgln+s Ohfht,

cg'dlt÷gaLs/0f ubf{ lj1fkg/lxt gLlt adf]lhd gaLs/0f u/]sf]df xfn ;f] gLlt :ylut ePsf]n]

ljb]zL lj1fkgx? lgjf{w ?kdf k|zf/0f e}/x]sf 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ :jb]zL lj1fkg lgdf{tf Pj+

Joj;foLsf] sf/f]af/ ;ªs'rg eO{ /fh:j tyf /f]huf/df c;/ k/]sf] 5 . :jb]zL lj1fkg ahf/nfO{

lj:tf/ u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ /fh:jdf j[l4 ug{ of] gLlt tTsfn nfu" ug'{kb{5 .

127. l;FrfO gLltsf] sfof{Gjog — l;+rfO{ gLlt, @)&) df g]kfn ;/sf/n] l;FrfO ;'ljwf k|fKt If]qnfO{

l;+lrt If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ / 3f]lift If]qleqsf] hUuf :jLs[t a]u/ u}/s[lif k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ug{

gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 . l;+rfO{ ljefuaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fdf l;+lrt If]q 3f]if0ff gubf{ l;+lrt If]qnfO{

38]/Ldf kl/0ft u/L laqmL ug]{ ljs[lt a9\g uPsf], gf/fo0fL lnˆ6 of]hgfaf6 l;+rfO{ x'g] gx/ g} aGb

eO;s]sf], ;'g;/L df]/ª l;+rfO{ of]hgfsf] lj/f6gu/ zfvf d"n ?kdf / xl/gu/ zfvfsf] cflz+s

efudf 3/38]/L ljsf; ePsf], kf]v/f pkTosf cGtu{tsf km]jf gx/ k|0ffnL, ;]tL hn pkef]Qmf


40

l;+rfO{ k|0ffnL Knl6Ën] k|efljt ePsf] / ?kGb]xLsf] e}/xjf n'lDagL e"ldut kl/of]hgfaf6 l;+rfO{ x'g]

If]q k|efljt ePsf] pNn]v 5 . gLlt cg';f/ u'?of]hgf agfO{ l;+lrt If]q Knl6u ug]{ k|0ffnLdf

lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 .

128. l;+rfO{sf] cj:yf – hn;|f]t /0fgLlt, @)%& n] @)&$ ;Dd l;+lrt If]qsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ efudf jif}{el/

l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . /fli6«o hn of]hgf, @)^@ n] klg @)&$ ;Dd ^$

k|ltzt l;+lrt If]qdf jif{}el/ l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf s/La @^ nfv

x]S6/ s[lif of]Uo hdLg /x]sf]dWo] sl/a !* nfv x]S6/df l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .

;f] If]qkmndWo] @)&#.&$ ;Dd !$ nfv ## xhf/ x]S6/ If]qdf l;+rfO{ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . o;

cg';f/ cem} klg s/La $ nfv x]S6/ -!%=#* k|ltzt_ s[lif of]Uo hdLgdf l;+rfO{ ;+/rgf k'Ug afFsL

/x]sf] 5 . ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ePsf]dWo] sl/a $ nfv && xhf/ x]S6/ -## k|ltzt_ df dfq jif{el/

l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf]n] @)&$ ;Dd ^$ k|ltzt l;+lrt If]qdf jif{}el/ l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw

u/fpg] nIo xfl;n ePsf] 5}g .

129. sfo{qmd a]u/ vr{ – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod ## df cfly{s jif{sf] cGt;Dd vr{

geO{ afFsL /sd sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . sf7df8fF}+ pkTosf

ljsf; k|flws/0fn]] utjif{ d]nDrL vfg]kfgLsf] hUuf d"cfjhf / Ifltk"lt{ lbO{ afFsL df}Hbft ?=% s/f]8

*@ nfvaf6 of] jif{ 3/ hUufsf] Ifltk"lt{df ?=$) nfv / sf7df8fF}sf] ljleGg :yfgsf] af6f] lj:tf/

tyf hUuf ;+/If0f sfo{df ?=$ s/f]8 @& nfv ;d]t ?=$ s/f]8 ^& nfv vr{ u/]sf] 5 . ut jif{

lgsf;f ePsf] /sd lk|mh gu/L of] jif{ sfo{s|d :jLs[t gu/L vr{ u/]sf] 5 .

sf7df8fF}+ pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f, lhNnf cfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] @)&@.&# df sn+sL gfu9'Ëf

;8s / rfjlxn ;fFv' ;8s v08sf] d'cfjhf / Ifltk"lt{ ljt/0f ug{ ?=*) s/f]8 k|fKt u/]sf]df ;f]sf]

Aofh ;d]t s'n ?=*) s/f]8 #% nfv lhDd]af/L ;f/]sf] 5 . pQm /sdaf6 of] jif{ sfo{s|d :jLs[t

gu/L sn+sL / rfjlxn ;8s v08sf] Ifltk"lt{ ?=$% s/f]8, sf7df8fF}sf ljleGg ;8sdf $^

JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ ?=@ s/f]8 $( nfv / ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fdf ?=#@ s/f]8 &% nfv ;d]t ?=*)

s/f]8 @$ nfv vr{ u/]sf] 5 .

130. lgdf{0f :yn 5gf}6 Y l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, tgx'Fn] d:of{ª\bL gbLdf lgdf{0f ul//x]sf gofFk'n /

ljdngu/sf k'nx? jLrsf] b"/L sl/j !=% lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf], gofFk'n glhs ;fgf ;jf/L;fwg rNg]

csf]{ k'n rfn' xfntdf /x]sf], k'n /x]sf] ;8sdf /0fgLlts jf ;xfos dfu{ g/x]sf]n] tL k'n lgdf{0f

ug{] :yn 5gf}6 ubf{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u Pj+ clwstd nfe x'g] u/L ePsf] b]lvPg .

o;}u/L k'n cfof]hgf dWo;]S6/ g+=@ af6 lqz'nL gbLdf * k'n / ;'gsf]zL gbLdf % k'n lgdf{0ffwLg

/x]sf]df b'O{ k'njLrsf] Go"gtd b"/L ;DaGwL dfkb08 gtf]s]sf]n] Pp6} gbL vf]nfdf w]/} glhssf] b"/Ldf

k'n lgdf{0f x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf

131. cfof]hgfsf] k|ult – d'n'ssf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; tyf hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug{ pRr

k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfof{Gjog ul/Psf /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?sf] @)&#.&$ ;Ddsf] vr{ / k|ult

lgDgfg';f/ 5M

-?=s/f]8df_

qm=;+= cfof]hgfsf] gfd z'? jif{ ;DkGg x'g] jif{ s'n nfut

cg'dfg

xfn;Ddsf]

vr{

ef}lts÷ ljQLo

k|ult k|ltzt

1 d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf 2058/59 2074/75 3554 2271 90.10

2 dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL cfof]hgf 2067/68 2074/75 4172 3345 90.50

3 k'iknfn -dWokxf8L_ nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgf 2064/65 2074/75 3337 1896 58.81*

4 a'9Lu08sL hnljB't cfof]hgf 2069/70 2077/78 27819 563 20

5 uf}tda'4 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn 2070/71 2075/76 856 758 30

^ /fgLhd/f s'nl/of l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf 2066/67 2074/75 1263 850 55.8


41

qm=;+= cfof]hgfsf] gfd z'? jif{ ;DkGg x'g] jif{ s'n nfut

cg'dfg

xfn;Ddsf]

vr{

ef}lts÷ ljQLo

k|ult k|ltzt

7 l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf 2059/60 2076/77 2502 1323 56

8 aaO{ l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf 2044/45 2078/79 1269 552 49

9 e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g ax'pb]ZoLo cfof]hgf 2068/69 2077/78 1643 234 20

10 klZrd ;]tL hnljB't cfof]hgf ck|fKt ck|fKt ck|fKt ck|fKt ck|fKt

11 kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if 2057/58 2073/74 203 - 43.5

12 n'lDjgL If]q ljsf; sf]if 2066/67 2074/75 610 134 72

13 kf]v/f If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn 2071/72 2077/78 2151 303 14.08*

14 bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lghu9 2071/72 2078/79 12000 10 0.08*

15 sf7df8f} t/fO{ kmfi6 6\ofs 2064/65 2077/78 25000 409 1.63*

16 k"j{ klZrd /]ndfu{ 2066/67 2075/76 69517 684 8.8

17 pQ/ blIf0f nf]sdfu{, s0ff{nL 2064/65 2079/80 410 24 12.5

18 pQ/ blIf0f nf]sdfu{, sf]zL 2065/66 2077/78 408 118 47.2

19 pQ/ blIf0f nf]sdfu{, sfnL u08sL 2066/67 2076/77 2551 134 28.5*

20 x'nfsL nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgf 2063/64 2074/75 4724 1093 23.14*

21 /fi6«klt r'/]–t/fO{ ;+/If0f ljsf; ;ldlt 2067/68 - 196 - -

* ef}lts k|ult pknAw gePsf]n] ljQLo k|ult ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

131.1 l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] d]nDrLaf6 @&=% lsnf]ld6/ ;'?Ëdfkm{t k|yd r/0fdf b}lgs !& s/f]8 ln6/ kfgL

pkTosfdf cfk"lt{ u/fpg d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf @)%*.%( df z'? eO{ @)^$.^% df ;DkGg ug]{

nIo /x]sf]df rf}yf] k6s ;+zf]wg u/L @)&$.&% ;Dd k'¥ofPsf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut ?=#% ca{

%$ s/f]8 /x]sf]df @)&#.&$ ;Dd ;dli6ut ef}lts k|ult ()=!) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;'?Ë lgdf{0fsf]

sfo{;DkGg x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]df x]j8S;{tkm{ &) k|ltzt dfq sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . kfgL k|zf]wg

s]Gb| @ dWo] *=% s/f]8 ln6/ Ifdtfsf] Ps lgdf{0f ePsf] 5}g . pkTosfdf kfO{k lj5\ofpg] sfo{

k"0f{?kdf ;DkGg gePsf] l:ylt 5 . kfgL k|zf]wg s]Gb| ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos km]lasn tyf kfj/

;KnfO{, ;'?Ëdf sdhf]/ r§fg, lgdf{0f sfo{df cj/f]w, pks/0fsf] ;d:of / lgdf{0f Joj;foLaf6

;fwg ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f cfof]hgf nlDaPsf] 5 .

131.2 dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgfn] $%^ d]3fjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . cfof]hgf

@)^&.^* b]vL sfof{Gjog eO{ @)&@.&# df ;DkGg ug]{ /x]sf]df e"sDk tyf cGo cj/f]wsf] sf/0f

@)&$.&% df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf] z'? nfut ? #% ca{ @( s/f]8 /x]sf]df lgdf{0f

cjlw nlDjg uO{ nfut ? $! ca{ &@ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf] ;dli6ut ef}lts k|ult ()=%)

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . 7"nf ef/jxg ePsf pks/0fsf] 9'jfgL sfo{, ljb]zL d'b|f e'StfgLdf k|lqmofut

l9nfO{ / lvDtLsf] ;j:6]zg lgdf{0f sfo{df l9nfO{ nufotsf ;d:ofx? cfof]hgfdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;j

:6]zgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f gePdf @)&% kf}if;Dd ;j} o'lg6jf6 ljB't k|jfx x'g] ;+efjgf sd 5 .

131.3 kfFry/sf] lrof]eGHofËb]lv a}t8Lsf] e'mnf3f6;Dd hf]8\g] ! xhf/ &&^ ls=ld= nDafO{ /x]sf] dWokxf8L

-k'iknfn_ nf]sdfu{sf] cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f @)^$.^% b]lv z'? eO{ @)&$.&% df ;DkGg x'g] z'?

cg'dfg /x] klg @)&&.&* df ;DkGg x'g] ;+zf]lwt nIo /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf nflu @)&#.&$ df

?=@ ca{ *% s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf]df /sdfGt/af6 ?=@ ca{ #@ s/f]8 -*!=$) k|ltzt_ yk eO{

?=% ca{ !& s/f]8 ah]6 sfod ePsf]df ?=% ca{ !% s/f]8 %! nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . of] jif{ %%

ls=ld= sfnf]kq] ug]{, !)) ls=ld= u|fe]n ug]{ / !% k'n lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /fv]sf]df @@=% ls=ld=

sfnf]kq], (% ls=ld= u|fe]n / ( k'n lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . of] jif{;Dd ! xhf/ &&^ ls=ld= 6«ofs v'n]sf],

!@% ls=ld= u|fe]n u/]sf] / $$% ls=ld= sfnf]kq] u/]sf] tyf !!) k'ndWo] $) ;DkGg eO{ #)

lgdf{0ffwLg /x]sf 5g\ .

131.4 uf]/vf / wflbË lhNnfsf] l;dfgfdf ! xhf/ @ ;o d]3fjf6 hl8t Ifdtfsf] ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ a'9L

u08sL hnljB't cfof]hgf @)^(.&) df z'? eO{ @)&&.&* df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 .


42

cfo]hgfsf] nfut ?=@ va{ &* ca{ /x]sf] 5 . hnfzodf cfwfl/t o; cfof]hgfn] sl/a & xhf/

x]S6/ hUuf 8'jfgdf kfg]{ / hUuf clwu|x0fdf @)&#.&$ df ?=% ca{ ## s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg eO{

?=$ ca{ #^ s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] 5 . s'n %* xhf/ !%# /f]kgL lghL hUUff clwu|x0f u/]sf]dWo]

uf]/vftkm{ cf?3f6 / cf/v]t ahf/ tyf wflbutkm{ cf?3f6 / vx/] ahf/ If]qsf] d"cfJhf lgwf{/0f x'g

;s]sf] 5}g . hUuf clwu|x0f, d'cfJhf ljt/0f, k"g{jf; tyf k'g{:yfkgf Joj:yfkg / kml08Ë d]sflghd

nufotsf ;d:of ;dodf lgSof}{n x'g g;Sbf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ljnDa x'g] cj:yf

b]lvPsf] 5 .

131.5 uf}tda'4 ljdfg:ynnfO{ cGt/fli6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ?kdf :t/f]GgtL u/L bLuf] ?kdf ko{6g If]qsf]

ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] @)&).&! af6 sfo{ z'? eO{ @)&%.&^ df ;DkGg ug]{ ck]Iff u/] cg'?k k|ult

gePsf] l:ylt 5 . clwu|x0f ePsf] / ug'{kg]{ hUUffsf] d"cfAhfsf] ljt/0f sfo{ k"/f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

8]l8s]6]8 On]lS6«s lkm8/ nfO{g h8fg ug]{ sfo{ klg k"/f gePsf] l:ylt 5 . cGt/f{li6«o 6ld{gn ejg,

ck|];g tyf sG6«f]n 6fj/, cUgL tyf hLjgf]4f/ ejg tkm{sf sfo{x? eO/x] tfklg lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf

lgdf{0f sDkgLx?aLr cfGtl/s ljjfb x'g' nufotsf Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofsf sf/0fn] cfof]hgfsf] sfo{

ck]Iffs[t ?kdf cufl8 ga9]sf] l:ylt 5 .

131.6 /fgLhd/f s'nl/of cfof]hgfdf g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljZj a}+saf6 vr{ x'g] Joj:yf 5 . cfof]hgf ljZj

a}+sn] tof/ u/]sf] k|f]]h]S6 Pk|]hn 8s'd]G6df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfdf xfn;Dd ?=$ ca{ %@

s/f]8 *! nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . plNnlvt vr{ l8=lk=cf/=df cfwfl/t x'g'kg{]df vl/b u'? of]hgfdf

cfwfl/t /x]sf] b]lvof] . cfof]hgfsf] PsLs[t l8=lk=cf/= tof/ x'g'k5{ .

/fgLhd/f s'nl/of cfof]hgfdf k|lt;]s]08 !)) 3gld6/ Ifdtfsf] ;fO6 OG6]s lgdf{0fsf] 7]Ssfdf

?=! ca{ @@ s/f]8 ** nfv e'QmfgL e};s]sf] 5 . s0ff{nL gbLn] cfˆgf] wf/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] eO{ ;'Vvf

df};d / lxpFbdf kfgLsf] cefj x'g] Joxf]/f ljZj a}Ín] tof/ u/]sf] k|f]h]S6 Pk|fOhndf pNn]v 5 . To:t},

OG6]ssf] ckl:6«dtkm{ dflyNnf] s0ff{nL cfof]hgfn] ljB't pTkfbg ug{ s0ff{nL gbLsf] kfgL k|ltlbg # 306f

5f]8\g] x'gfn] ;f]sf] c;/ o; cfof]hgfnfO{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)!$ df nufgL af]8{ / ljB't pTkfbs

sDkgLaLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf ^=# df l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfnfO{ kg]{ c;/ ;DaGwdf ^ dlxgfleq cWoog

u/L k|ltj]bg k]; ug'{kg]{ pNn]v ePsf]df tLg jif{ JotLt eO;s] tfklg k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] 5}g .

s0ff{nL gbLdf afFwnufotsf :yfoL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f gx'g' / ljB't cfof]hgfn] ;d]t l;+rfO{sf] nflu kfgLsf]

pknAwtfdf c;/ k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf lg/Gt/ ?kdf !)) 3gld6/ k|lt;]s]08 kfgL pknAw x'g ;Sg] cj:yf

g/x]sf]n] ;dodf g} of] ;d:ofsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ h?/L 5 .

131.7 l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] @)%(.^) df z'? eO{ @)&^.&& df ;DkGg x'g] nIo /fv]sf] !! jif{ JotLt

eO;Sbf ;d]t kfgL ljt/0fsf] nflu zfvf gx/ tof/ ePsf] 5}g . sdf08 Pl/of tf]lsPsf] k"j{tkm{

/fKtL ;f]gf/L ufpFkflnsfsf] l;FrfO{ of]Uo :yfgdf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg %#=%) ls=ld=sf] d"n

gx/ lgdf{0f z'? x'g afFsL g} 5 . lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo gx/df 7fpF7fpFdf a]8

km'6]sf], ;le{; /f]8 elTsPsf], gx/sf] :nf]k km'6]sf] / elTsPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljt/0f k|0ffnL g} tof/

geO{ d"n gx/sf] w]/} 7fpFdf gf]S;fg k'u]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfn] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] u'0f:t/df 5fglag u/L

lhDd]jf/L olsg ug'{kb{5 .

131.8 aaO{ l;RffO{ cfof]hgfn] jlb{of lhNnfsf] #^ xhf/ x]S6/ s[lif of]Uo e"dLdf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg

@)$$.$% b]lv z'? eO{ @)^(.&) df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df ;doleq ;DkGg x'g g;s]kl5 ;f]

cjlw @)&*.&( ;DDf k'u]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf] ;+zf]lwt nfut ?=!@ ca{ ^( s/f]8 5 . cfof]hgfaf6

&& lsnf]ld6/ gx/ lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df %% lsnf]ld6/ lgdf{0f ePsf] / ;DkGg gx/sf] l/df]8lnË

sfo{ k"0f{?kn] ;DkGg ePsf] 5}g . cfof]hgfsf] ;dli6ut ef}lts k|ult $( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lgdf{0f

;fdu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ / hUuf clwu|x0fsf] ljjfbn] cfof]hgfsf] cjlw nlDaPsf] cj:yf 5 .

131.9 e]/L gbLsf] $) So";]s kfgLnfO{ aaO{ gbLdf ld;fO{ ljB't pTkfbg / %! xhf/ x]S6/ hdLgdf l;FrfO

;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^*.^( b]lv e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g cfof]hgf ;'? ePsf] 5 . cfof]hgf

cGtu{t e]/L gbLdf x]8jS;{, !@ ls=ld=;'?ª / aaO{ gbLdf kfj/ xfp; lgdf{0f ;d]t d'Vo tLg sfo{

kb{5g\ . aaO{ gbLdf v;flnPsf] kfgL aaO{ gx/ dfkm{t alb{of / afFs] lhNnfsf] %! xhf/ x]S6/


43

hldgdf l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] / $* d]ufjf6 ljB't ;d]t pTkfbg x'g] cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut ?=!^

ca{ $# s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/ @)&$ cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd cfof]hgf

Joj:yfkg, lgdf{0f sfo{ tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf ;d]tdf u/L ?=@ ca{ ## s/f]8 ^) nfv vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

cfof]hgfn] tof/ u/]sf] k|ult ljj/0fdf cBfjlws k|ult v'nfPsf] kfOPg . cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut /

vr{sf] t'ngfdf xfn;Ddsf] cBfjlws ef}lts k|ult !$=@$ k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

131.10 klZrd ;]tL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] s'n &%) d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ nIosf ;fy lgdf{0f ug]{

of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / lrlgof Ps sDkgLaLr ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] df]8]ndf lgdf{0f

ug]{ ;dembf/L adf]lhd lrlgof sDkgLn] k|ltj]bg ga'emfPsf]n] k|ult gePsf] cj:yf 5 . cfof]hgfsf]

sfof{Gjog df]8fln6Lsf] 6'Ëf] ;d]t nfUg ;s]sf] 5}g . b'j} kIfaLrsf] ;+o'Qm nufgL ;Demf}tf @)&$

sflt{s #) df ;DkGg eP tfklg ;do ;Ldf ;lxtsf] sfo{tflnsf ;lxtsf] ;+o'Qm nufgL of]hgf

gaGbf lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 ga9]sf] cj:yf 5 .

131.11 kz'klt If]qsf] u'?of]hgfdf s]Gb|Lt /xL kz'klt If]qnfO{ wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ kof{ko{6gsf] gd"gf

If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] @)%&.%* df z'? ePsf] o; cfof]hgf @)&#.&$ df ;DkGg ug]{

nIo /x]sf] 5 . u'? of]hgfdf s]Gb|Lt /xL !& ljifo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt af6f] lgdf{0f, ;Qn ;+/If0f,

;Da4{g Pj+ lh0ff]{4f/, pBfg ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f, 9n lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{x? qmdfut ?kdf eO/x]

tfklg ck]Iff u/] cg'?k ;dodf sfo{;DkGg ePsf] 5}g . cfof]hgfsf] nfut ?=@ ca{ # s/f]8 /x]sf]

5 . lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj, l9nf] 7]Ssf Joj:yfkg cflbsf sf/0f cfof]hgfn] lnPsf]

nIo lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;DkGg gx'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .

131.12 af}4dfuL{ Pjd\ zfGtL k|]dL hg;d'bfosf] nflu eujfg uf}tda'4sf] kljq hGd:ynnfO{ cGt{/fli6«o

cfsif{0f s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ n'lDjgL If]q ljsf; sf]if cfof]hgf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

cfof]hgfsf] ;+zf]lwt nfut cg'dfg ?=^ ca{ !) s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . n'lDjgL u'?of]hgf adf]lhd @)$@

b]lv sfo{ z'? eP tfklg sfo{ ;DkGg x'g] ;do lglZrt 5}g . cfof]hgfsf] ;dli6ut ef}lts k|ult

&@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu 8lDkË ;fO{8 cefj, hgzlQmsf] cefj, ;Dj]bgzLn

If]qdf ;'/Iffsf] cefj nufotsf ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . slknj:t'sf k'/ftflTjs If]q b]jbx /fdu|fdsf]

hUuf vl/b sfo{, u'?of]hgf cg'?k :6fkm sf]nf]gL lgdf{0f, ;le{; /f]8x?sf] sfnf]kq], ljB't k|zf/0f

nfO{g k"0f{?kdf ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

131.13 kf]v/fdf If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f u/L ko{6g k|a4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] @)&!.&@ b]lv z'?

ePsf] cfof]hgf @)&&.&* df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ / rLg ;/sf/aLr @)&#

r}qdf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjo ;Demf}tf ePsf]df @)&# h]i7b]lv C0f ;Demf}tf k|efjsf/L eO{ @)&$

cfiff9 @& b]lv sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 . rLgsf] PShLd a}Ísf] C0f ;xof]udf lgdf{0f x'g] of]

cfof]hgfdf OlGhlgol/Ë k|f]Sof]/d]G6 sG:6«S;g df]8]ndf lgdf{0f x'g] u/L Ps ljb]zL sDkgL;Fu

;Demf}tf eO{ /gj] lgdf{0fsf] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .

131.14 af/fsf] lghu9df j}slNks cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f u/L bLuf]?kdf ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon]

@)&!.&@ b]lv cfof]hgf z'? ePsf] xf] . ljdfg:ynsf] OcfO{P sfo{ k"/f gePsf], hUufsf] d"cfJhfsf]

ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg gePsf], l86]n l8hfOg tof/ ug{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] k/fdz{bftf 5gf}6df l9nfO{

ePsf] cj:yf 5 . ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu nufgLsf] df]8fln6L to ug{ ul7t ;ldltaf6 k|ltj]bg

k|fKt ePsf]df pQm sfo{ 6'Ëf] gnufPsf] cj:yf 5 . l8hfOg, nfut, nufgLsf] df]8fln6L, jg If]qsf]

?v s6fg / wfjg dfu{sf] cjl:ylt ;DaGwL ljifo :ki6 gx'Fbf cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ljnDj x'g

uPsf] 5 . @)&*.&( df ;DkGg ug]{ ck]Iff u/]sf] o; cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut ?=! va{ @) ca{ /x]sf]

5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&#.&$ df ?=! ca{ %) s/f]8 ljlgof]hg ePsf]df ?=!) s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] 5 .

131.15 /fhwfgLnfO{ t/fO{ dw]z;Fu hf]8\g] sf7df8f}+ t/fO{ dw]z b|'tdfu{sf] nDafO{ &^ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . kmf:6

6«ofs cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ @)^$.^% df z'? ePsf]df @)&#.&$ df d"cfAhf / Ifltk"lt{, 7]Ssf

Joj:yfkg / k/fdz{ ;]jf ;d]t ?=!) ca{ !# nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf]df /sdfGt/af6 ?=& ca{ **

s/f]8 &^ nfv -&*=*& k|ltzt_ 36fO{ eO{ ?=@ ca{ !! s/f]8 #& nfv ah]6 sfod ePsf]df ?=! ca{


44

(% s/f]8 (# nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . cfof]hgfn] of] jif{ d'cfAhf ljt/0fsf nflu ?=^) s/f]8 k]:sL lbg]

afx]s cGo s'g} ef}lts k|ult u/]sf] 5}g .

ah]6 jStJo @)&!.&@ af6 cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fe]mbf/L cGtu{t ug{

k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng ug{ ;g\ @)!$ df k|:tfj cfXjfg ubf{ tLg sDkgL 5gf}6

eO{ b'O{ sDkgLn] k|:tfj k]; u/]sf]df Ps ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ 7]Ssf k|bfg ug]{ cfzosf] ;"rgf hf/L

u/]sf] lyof] . @)&#.&$ sf] ah]6 jStJo dfk{mt lgdf{0f sfo{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]{ / 5gf}6 ePsf]

sDkgL;Fu ePsf ;a} k|lqmof /2 u/L dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] @)&$.!.@! sf] lg0f{oaf6 $ jif{df ;DkGg ug{

g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ePsf] 5 .

131.16 k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd ($^ ls=ld= nDafO{sf] /]n ;~hfn lgdf{0f Pj+ ;~rfng nIo lnO{

@)^^.^& b]lv /]n tyf d]6«f]sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfsf nflu @)&#.&$ df ?=!

ca{ (* s/f]8 $@ nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf]df /sdfGt/af6 ?=#$ s/f]8 $) nfv -!&=#$ k|ltzt_ yk

eO{ ?=@ ca{ #@ s/f]8 *@ nfv sfod u/]sf]df ?=@ ca{ #@ s/f]8 &% nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . cfof]hgf

cGtu{t alb{jf;–sfs8le§f v08sf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf], a'6an–u•frf}sL v08sf]

lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ eO/x]sf] 5 . To:t} alb{jf;b]lv lghu9;Dd 6«ofs j]8 lgdf{0f sfo{

*) k|ltzt ;DkGg ePsf] 5 / alb{jf;b]lv lghu9;Dd !) k'nsf] vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .

131.17 pQ/ blIf0f nf]sdfu{, sf]zL sf]l/8f]/ cGtu{t t]x|y'd lhNnfsf] j;Gtk'/b]lv ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf]

lsdfyf+sf;Dd !^@ ls=ld= ;8s lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . of] jif{ * ls=ld= 6«ofs

vf]Ng] / !) ls=ld= u|fe]n ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df %=% ls=ld= 6«ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd *)

ls=ld= 6«ofs vf]Ng] sfd ePsf] tyf !@ k'ndWo] !) sf] l8hfOg tof/ ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

131.18 sflnu08sL sf]l/8f]/cGtu{t gjnk/f;Lsf] u}+8fsf]6b]lv d':tfªsf] sf]/nf;Dd $#% ls=ld= ;8s

lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . of] jif{ !@ ls=ld= 6«ofs vf]Ng] / @* ls=ld= u|fe]n ug]{

nIo /x]sf]df !) ls=ld= 6«ofs vf]Ng] / @& ls=ld= u|fe]n ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd k"/} 6«ofs

vf]n]sf]df @&^ ls=ld= ;8s rf}8f u/]sf], &( ls=ld= u|fe]n ePsf] / ## ls=ld= Uofljg jfn nufpg]

sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

131.19 s0ff{nL sf]l/8f]/cGtu{t sflnsf]6sf] v'nfn'b]lv x'Dnfsf] l;ldsf]6 !(^ ls=ld= / lxN;f l;ldsf]6 **

ls=ld= ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . of] jif{ & ls=ld= ;d]t xfn;Dd *#=@ ls=ld= 6«ofs

vf]lnPsf], @% ls=ld= ;8s rf}8f ul/Psf] / )=&% ls=ld= Uofljg jfn nufPsf] 5 . lxN;f–l;ldsf]6

v08df &# ls=ld= 6«ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

131.20 t/fO{ If]qdf /x]sf] x'nfsL dfu{nfO{ :t/f]GgtL u/L j}slNks /fhdfu{sf] ?kdf lgdf{0f ug]{ u/L x'nfsL

/fhdfu{sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ @)^#.^$ df z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfsf nflu @)&#.&$ df %=% ls=ld=

sfnf]kq], #$ ls=ld= u|fe]n / !% k'n lgdf{0f ug{ ?=# ca{ ^% s/f]8 %# nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 .

cfof]hgfn] of] jif{ sfnf]kq] %=% ls=ld=, u|fe]n #) ls=ld= / !) k'nsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf]df xfn;Dd !

xhf/ ^$$ ls=ld= df6]:t/df, ^* ls=ld= u|fe]n :t/df / *) ls=ld= sfnf]kq] :t/df tyf !%)

k'ndWo] %) lgdf{0f ;DkGg / &) lgdf{0ffwLg /x]sf 5g\ .

131.21 /fi6«klt r'/]–t/fO{ cfof]hgf @)^&.^* b]vL z'? eO{ ;fnj;fnL sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .

/fli6«o uf}/jsf] ?kdf @)&).&! b]lv auL{s/0f ePsf] o; cfof]hgfn] pkNnf] / tNnf] t6Lo

jftfj/0fLo cGt/;DaGwaf6 t/fO{ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . gofF lj?jf vl/b, ljleGg

k|hftLsf lj?jf pTkfbg, 89]nf] lgoGq0f, jg cltqmd0f tyf rf]/L lgsf;L lgoGq0f, ljkGg ju{sf

nflu /f]huf/d"vL j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng / t6Lo afl;GbfaLr ;d"x ;+hfnLs/0f ug]{

sfo{qmdsf nflu @)&#.&$ df ?=! ca{ *$ s/f]8 ah]6 Joj:yf ePsf]df ljQLo k|ult (# k|ltzt

/x]sf] 5 . r'/] If]qdf PsLs[t j:tL Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg', lghL hldgsf] 9'ËfvfgL pTvGfg\df lgodg

gx'g', e"–pkof]u gLlt s8fO{sf ;fy nfu" gx'g', lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox? :yfgLo txdf x:tfGt/0f

x'Fbf sfo{qmd ah]6 sfo{Gjogdf låljwf /xGf', ;ldltdf b/aGbL cg';f/sf] ljifout lj1x?sf] kbk"lt{


45

gx'g' / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?af6 pknAw x'g] k|ultx? ;dodf k|fKt x'g sl7g /xg' h:tf ;d:ofn]

ck]lIft ef}lts k|ult k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

/fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfsf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf pNn]vgLo Joxf]/f ljifout v08df

;dfj]z 5 . afFsL Joxf]/f dGqfnout v08df ;dfj]z 5g\ .

gD;{ / nfut cg'dfg

132. gD;{ :jLs[lt — ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !)-@_ df g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n]

gD;{ :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;8s ljefun] l8hfOg P08 laN6 k|lqmofaf6 k'n lgdf{0f ubf{

dxflgb]{zsaf6 :jLs[t u/]sf] / zx/L ljsf; dGqfno dftxt sfof{nox?n] zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefun] :jLs[t u/]sf] gD;{\sf] cfwf/df sfdsf] nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . g]kfn

;/sf/af6 :jLs[t x'g'kg]{ gD;{\ ljefuLo k|d'vn] :jLs[t ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g .

133. gD;{df lalawtf — ;8s ljefun] k|of]u ug]{ gD;{\df kmnfd] 808Lsf] sfo{ ubf{ sf6\g], afFWg], lkmS;

ug]{ cflb sfo{df !% k|ltzt hlt{ hfg] pNn]v ePsf]df ejg, l;FrfO nufotsf lgsfon] k|of]u u/]sf]

gD;\{df o:tf] hlt{ % k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k ;8s ljefutkm{ of] jif{ !@ lgsfon] &% vl/b

;Demf}tfdf kmnfd] 808Lsf] sfo{df ?=( s/f]8 @! nfv nfut a9\g uPsf] 5 .

;8s ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] gD;{df !M$ l;d]06sf] hf]8fO{df 9'Ëfsf] ufx|f] nufpg] Ps 3gld6/

sfd #) ld6/ 9'jfgL ;lxt $=% lbg >lds nfUg] pNn]v 5 . ejg ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] gD;{\df

;f]xL sfd !) ld6/ 9'jfgLsf] nflu % HofdL lbg nfUg] pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L ejg ljefun] ;f]xL

sfddf Ps 3gld6/ sfdsf] nflu )=!%( d]l6 \s 6g l;d]G6 nfUg] gD;{\ tof/ u/]sf] 5 eg] ;8s

ljefun] k|of]u u/]sf] gD;{\df )=!%% d]l6\s 6g nfUg] pNn]v 5 . lhNnf cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no sf7df8fFn]

of] jif{ @!! Kofs]hdf %$ xhf/ %@^ 3gld6/ sfd u/fpFbf ;8s ljefusf] gD;{\eGbf ?=@ s/f]8 *

nfv a9L bfloTj kfg]{u/L nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t u/]sf] 5 .

134. clwsf/ a]u/ gD;{\ :jLs[t – /fgLhd/f s'nl/of l;FrfO{ cfof]hgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t gD;{\

k|of]udf gNofO{ l;FrfO ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaf6 @)%( df :jLs[t ePsf] gD;{\cg';f/ k|ltd]l6«s6g !@

hgf l;kfn' sfdbf/ nfUg] u/L kmnfd] 58sf] sfo{df k|ltd]l6«s6g $ hgf a9L nfUg] u/L nfut

cg'dfg tof/ u/]sf] sf/0f d"n gx/, Aof/]n, ;]6lnª j]l;g, gx/ nfOlgª, ;8s ;'wf/ nufotsf]

sfo{df ?=# s/f]8 @( nfv nfut cg'dfg j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

135. OF6fsf] ;fOh — ;8s ljefun] k|of]u ug]{ gD;{\cg';f/ l;d]06 / afn'jfsf] !M$ hf]8fO ePsf] OF6fsf]

ufx|f] nufpg] sfo{df k|lt3gld6/ ufx|f] nufpg ;fgf] -@@$x!)*x%& Pd=Pd=_ ;fOhsf] %^) j6f OF6f

nfUg] / OF6fsf] ;fOh, cfsf/ 36L a9L ePdf ;f]xL cg'kftdf OF6fsf] kl/df0f 36L a9L x'g] u/L nfut

cg'dfg tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . Jofkfl/s dfu{ lj:tf/ cfof]hgf ;'g;/Ln] b'O{ lgdf{0f sfo{df $#) /

rf/ lgdf{0f sfo{df %^) OF6f k|of]u ug]{ u/L b/ laZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . lgdf{0f sfo{df 7"nf] -@%)x!@%x&%

Pd=Pd=_ ;fOhsf] OF6f k|of]u ePsfn] Ps 3gld6/ ufx|f]df ##% uf]6f;Dd k|of]u x'g] b]lvG5 . tL lgdf{0f

sfo{x?df $#) k|of]u ug]{u/L b/ laZn]if0f ubf{ ?=% s/f]8 @* nfv sd nfut nfUg] b]lvG5 . ctM

OF6fsf] ;fOh cg';f/ k|of]u x'g] kl/df0f olsg u/L nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug'{kb{5 .

136. 9'jfgL b/ — ?s'dsf] ;b/ d'sfd;Dd g} kSsL ;8ssf] ;'ljwf eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf lhNnfdf lgdf{0f

x'g] ;8ssf] nfut cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ l;d]06 tyf kmnfd] 808L t'N;Lk'/, bfËb]lv 9'jfgL ug]{ u/L b/

laZn]if0f u/]sf] sf/0f of] jif{ dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgf klZrd v08n] ?s'd lhNnfdf lgdf{0f

u/]sf] ;8s v08df l;d]06 / 808L 9'jfgL afkt ?=@ s/f]8 && nfv nfut a9\g uPsf] 5 .

137. dd{tsf] nfut cg'dfg – ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/ d]l;g, cf}hf/, pks/0f dd{tsf]

nfut cg'dfgdf cf]e/x]8 / gfkmf cfO{6d /]6df g} ;dfj]z ug]{' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf

ljefun] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf jfx]ssf &# lhNnfsf c:ktfn tyf :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] nflu d]l;g/L,

pks/0f dd{t ;Def/ ug{ :jLs[t u/]sf tLg n6sf] ?=%@ s/f]8 #& nfvsf] nfut cg'dfgdf


46

cf]e/x]8 !) k|ltztn] x'g] ?=$ s/f]8 !( nfv / gfkmf !% k|ltzt;d]t ?=^ s/f]8 @* nfv ;d]t

?=!) s/f]8 $& nfv a]Un} ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . o;/L cfO6d /]6df g} ;dfj]z x'g] gfkmf / cf]e/x]8

k'g ;dfj]z u/L nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{, ;f]xL cfwf/df yk]/ e'QmfgL lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf]

sfg'g;Ddt b]lvPg . o; ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{noaf6 k'g/fjnf]sg x'Fbf

dGqfnoaf6 5fglag ug]{ pNn]v u/]sf]df ;f]adf]lhd 5fglag gu/L 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t u/]sf] 5 .

138. Psd'i7 nfut cg'dfg — ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !! df dfn;fdfgsf] nfut

cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ To:tf] dfn;fdfgsf] ahf/ efp, cl3Nnf jif{df vl/b u/]sf] b/ jf pBf]u jfl0fHo

;+3n] hf/L u/]sf] b/nfO{ cfwf/ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f l8lehg sfof{no

g'jfsf]6n] ;efxn lgdf{0f ug{ ?=@@ s/f]8 * nfvsf] nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t u/]sf]df ;efxnsf]

lecf/Pkm l8l; OGe]:6/ l;i6d, ;fp08 l;:6d, Po/ s'lnª l;:6d nufotsf sfdsf] Psd'i7 ?=#

s/f]8 nfut cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] ;f] cfO{6ddf ?=% nfv saf]n u/]sf]] 5 . pQm

sfo{sf] nflu cfaZos ;fdfgsf] ljj/0f ;lxt cfO{6dut b/ laZn]if0f u/L nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug'{

kg]{df gu/]sf] tyf 7]Ssf d"NofÍg ubf{ pQm cfO{6dsf] d"NofÍg ;d]t gu/L 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .

139. a9L d"NofÍg — uf}tda'4 cGt/fli6«o ljdfg:yn cfof]hgfn] clwu|x0fdf kg]{ $(* la3fsf] d'cfJhf

afkt ?=@# ca{sf] nfut cg'dfg agfPsf] 5 . cfof]hgfn] @)&$ c;f9 d;fGt;Dd ?=&& nfvdfq

d'cJhf lat/0f u/]sf]df @)&$.!!.! ;Dddf ?=% ca{ &) s/f]8 lat/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d"cfJhf

lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] d"cfJhf lat/0fnfO{ oyfy{k/s dfkb08sf] cfwf/df tof/ ug'{kg]{df u/]sf] b]lvPg .

;/sf/L b//]]6, rngrNtLsf] /lh:6]«zg lnvt d"No / a}Ín] lwtf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sfod u/]sf] d"Nosf]

cf};t lnO{ ;f]df d"n ;8ssf] % u'0ff / cGo If]qsf] * u'0ff yku/L d"No sfod u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cg'?k

hUufsf] d"NofÍg c:jfeflas a9L sfod uO{ d'cfJhfdf yk x'g uPsf]n] cfof]hgfsf] nfut a9]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg

140. vl/bdf k|lt:kwf{ – ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{, k|a4{g ug{ /

lagf e]befj ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . of] jif{ ;8s ljefu cGtu{tsf $! sfof{non] ?=! va{ # ca{ @% s/f]8 $% nfv nfut

cg'dfg ePsf lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ ! xhf/ @(! af]nkq cfJxfg u/]sf]df ?=*@ ca{ &( s/f]8 ^@ nfvdf

vl/b ;Demf}tf ;du| eO{ nfut cg'dfgsf] t'ngfdf !(=*! k|ltzt sddf vl/b ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 .

of] jif{ vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]sf s]xL sfof{nosf] k|lt:kwf{sf] l:ylt b]xfoadf]lhd )=!$ b]lv #=$(

k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-/sd ?=nfvdf_

sfof{no vl/b ;Demf}tf

;+Vof

nfut

cg'dfg :jLs[t /sd 36L k|ltzt

;8s ljefu, j}b]lzs dxfzfvf 8 10313 10299 0.14

dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{ klZrd v08 6 56060 55696 0.65

w/fg–rt/f–ufO{3f6–s6f/L–l;Gw'nL–x]6f}+8f ;8s 4 187159 183488 1.96

pQ/–blIf0f / Jofkfl/s dfu{ lj:tf/ of]hgf lgb]{zgfno

-/fgL–lj/f6gu/–O6x/L–w/fg_ 2 18648 18074 3.08

;8s ljefu-uN5L–lqz'nL–/;'jfu9L ;8s _ 1 32630 31490 3.49

o; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf k|d'v Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M

140.1 j}b]lzs dxfzfvfn] ;8s If]q ljsf; cfof]hgf nfu" ePsf lhNnfdf k'n tyf ;8s ;'/Iff ;DaGwL

sfo{ ug{ af]nkqsf] dfWodaf6 ?=@ ca{ ^ s/f]8 !@ nfvsf] !! vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]sf]dWo] * df @.@

af]nkq k/]sf]dWo] Ps nfut cg'dfgeGbf a9L / Ps nfut cg'dfgsf] xf/fxf/L -)=))# b]lv )=$^$

k|ltzt dfq 36L_ df k]; eO{ ;f]xL;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ klZrd

v08n] @)&#.&$ df vl/b ePsf ^ vl/b ;Demf}tfdf )=^% k|ltzt 36Ldf dfq 7]Ssf jGbf]a:t

ePsf]n] Go"g k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] 5 .


47

140.2 w/fg–ufO{3f6–l;Gw'nL–x]6f}8f v08sf] @%^=^ ls=ld=;8s, &^ k'n lgdf{0f / uN5L–:ofkm|'a];L–/;'jfu9L

v08sf] *@ ls=ld=;8s :t/f]Gglt sfo{sf] b]xfoadf]lhd % Kofs]hsf] ?=@! ca{ (& s/f]8 *( nfvsf]

nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t u/L af]nkqsf] dfWodaf6 36Lsf] af]nkq )=%! b]lv #=$( k|ltzt :jLs[t eO{

;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 .

-/sd ?=nfvdf_

ljj/0f nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t jf]nkq 36L k|ltzt

w/fg rt/f ufO{3f6 s6f/L l;Gw'nL x]6f}8f ;8s :t/f]Gglt -k"jL{ v08_

!#(=( ls=dL= 63854 63037 1.28

w/fg rt/f ufO{3f6 s6f/L l;Gw'nL x]6f}8f ;8s :t/f]Gglt -klZrd v08_

!!%=& ls=dL= 64384 63619 1.19

uN5L lqz'nL d}n'u :ofkm|'a];L /;'jfu9L ;8s :t/f]Gglt *@ ls=dL= 32630 31490 3.49

w/fg rt/f ufO{3f6 s6f/L x]6f}8f ;8s -k"jL{ v08_ v08df kg]{ $# k'n 33177 33009 0.51

w/fg rt/f ufO{3f6 s6f/L x]6f}8f ;8s -klZrd v08_ df kg]{ ## k'n 25744 25608 0.53

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]t kl/rfng u/L # jif{leq lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug]{ w/fg–ufO{3f6–l;Gw'nL–x]6f}8f

;8s cfof]hgf / @ jif{leq ;DkGg ug]{ uN5L–:ofk|m'a];L–/;'jfu9L ;8s cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu

/fli6«o:t/sf] af]nkqdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{noaf6 :jLs[t af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhftdf pNn]v

ePeGbf km/s k|fjwfg /flv af]nkq cfJxfg u/]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] pko'Qm

kl/df0fsf] Kofs]h lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg]df 7"nf] Kofs]h lgdf{0f u/]sf] / pQm sfo{ k|lt:kwf{ ;Lldt ug]{,

d"No kof{Kt / cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lvPsf], af]nkqbftfsf] ;xeflutf ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a} af]nkqdf Ps}

;+Vofdf af]nkq laqmL ePsf], Ps} ;+Vofdf af]nkq bflvnf ePsf], ljB'tLo af]nkqdfk{mt s'g} klg

af]nkq bflvnf gePsf], ;a} af]nkq nfut cg'dfgs} xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf], lglZrt af]nkqbftf dfq

af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/Psf], af]nkqdf ;xefuL ;a}n] s'g} g s'g} 7]Ssf k|fKt u/]sf] cflb s'g} cfsl:ds

;+of]hg geO{ ;'lgof]lht / of]hgfa4 ePsf], lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] of]Uotf dfu ubf{ lgdf{0f sfdsf]

;fOh hl6ntf / :6\of088{n] tf]s]eGbf a9L k|of]u u/L cf};t sf/f]af/ a9L dfu u/]sf]] dd{ tyf

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf :yflkt dfGotf / l;4fGt cg's"n ePsf] gb]lvPsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;

;DaGwdf olsg x'g'kb{5 .

141. hUuf vl/b – ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf % tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf]

lgod !! cg';f/ ;fa{hlgs lgsfon] s'g} vl/b sf/afxL ubf{ :yfgLo ahf/df k|rlnt b/efpsf]

cfwf/df nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds tl/sfn] vl/b sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{df ;f] a]u/

g]kfn cfon lgudn] emfkf, lrtjg / ?kGb]xLdf (! la3f hUuf ?=@ ca{ #! s/f]8df vl/b

;Demf}tfdWo] &% lj3f * s¶f vl/b u/L ?=! ca{ (^ s/f]8 e'QmfgL ePsf] 5 . g]kfn cfon lgudsf]

cfly{s k|zf;g tyf vl/b ljlgodfjnLdf nfut cg'dfg ?=@) nfveGbf a9L ePdf ;~rfns

;ldltaf6 :jLs[t ug{'kg]{ k|fjwfg eP klg ;~rfns ;ldltn] (! la3f hUuf ?=@ ca{ #! s/f]8df

vl/b ug{ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] 5 .

?kGb]xLdf vl/b u/]sf] @^=* la3fsf] ?=^) s/f]8 &* nfvdWo] gfd;f/L gePsf] !$=#%

la3fsf] ?=#! s/f]8 %) nfvsf] !!) k|ltztn] ?=#% s/f]8sf] a}Í Uof/]G6L lnO{ ?=@( s/f]8 e'QmfgL

u/]sf] 5 . emfkfdf @) la3f hUuf vl/bsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/] klg k|:tfjeGbf a9L kl/df0fdf @#=!%

ljufx ?=^@ s/f]8 ^$ nfvdf vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;nf{xLdf vl/b u/]sf] hUufdf ;"rgfdf pNn]v

u/]cg';f/sf] kx'Fr ;8s k'u]sf] gb]lvPsf] / lrtjgdf vl/b u/]sf] hUufdf /x]sf] kf]n tyf ?vx?

gx6fO{ @!=@% la3f hUuf ?=^& s/f]8 $( nfvdf vl/b u/]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] bkmf % tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !( cg';f/

nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t u/L af]nkq ug'{kg]{df dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] d"NofÍg / ;f] If]qsf] rng rNtLsf]

d"No pNn]v u/L emfkfdf ?=!#=%! nfv, ;nf{xLdf ?=(=^! nfv, lrtjgdf ?=!%=*% nfv /

?kGbxLdf ?=!)=(# nfv k|lt s¶fsf b/n] ?=! ca{ (^ s/f]8 e'QmfgL u/]sf] b]lvof] . hUuf kf; ubf{

dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] d"NofÍgeGbf !& u'0ff;Dd a9L /x]sf] 5 . af]nkqdfk{mt ;Demf}tf u/L cfk"t{sn]

e'QmfgL lnPsf] t/ hUuf wgLaf6 ;Lw} lgudsf] gfddf hUuf kf; u/fPsf] 5 . plNnlvt sfo{


48

;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !( adf]lhd :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lnPsf;Fu dfq vl/b

sf/f]af/ ug'{kg]{df tbg';f/ gu/L hUuf vl/b u/]sf] sfg'g;Ddt b]lvPg .

142. ljdfg vl/b – g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudn] jfO8 a8L P ##)–@)) ljdfg vl/b ug{sf] nflu k|ltljdfg

cd]l/sL 8n/ !! s/f]8 *! nfv ^# xhf/ &&# nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljlgodfjnL,

@)^% sf] ljlgod @#^-!_ cg';f/ gofF ljdfg vl/b ubf{ ljdfg lgdf{tf sDkgL;Fu dfq ug{ ;lsg]df

;f] gu/L cGt/f{li6«o af]nkqsf] k|:tfj cfXjfg ePsf] 5 . k]; ePsf af]nkqdWo] ;a}eGbf sd saf]n

ug]{ Ps cfk"t{s -d'VotM ofq', dfn;fdfg / kf6{\;x? 9'jfgL ug]{, xjfO{ rf6{/ ug]{ / xjfO{ oftfoftsf

pks/0fx? lnh tyf ef8fdf lbg] p2]Zon] :yflkt_ ;d'xsf] saf]n cÍ k|ltljdfg cd]l/sL 8n/ !)

s/f]8 $* nfvsf b/n] @ ljdfgsf] cd]l/sL 8n/ @) s/f]8 (^ nfv :jLs[t u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .

gofF ljdfg vl/b ubf{ ljdfg lgdf{tf sDkgL;Fu dfq af]nkq cfx\jfg ug'{kg]{df dWo:y lgsfo dfkm{t

vl/b ug]{ k|lqmof sfg"g ljk/Lt 5 .

Po/a;sf] j]e;fO6df plNnlvt ;"rLs[t d"Nodf Po/a; sDkgLn] laqmLdf 7"nf] 5'6 lbg] u/]sf]

kfOG5 . ljutdf klg lgdf{tfaf6 Po/a;sf] Gof/f]a8L ljdfg vl/b u/]sf] / Po/a;;Fu lgudsf]

k|ToIf ;~rf/ ;Dks{ /x]sf]] cj:yfdf Po/a;;Fu ;f]em} vl/b ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ d"No / af]nkqaf6 sfod

d"NoaLr t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfdf t'ngf u/]sf] 5}g . cfk"lt{stf{n] lglZrt /sd gfkmf glnO{

ljdfg cfk"lt{ ug{] ;Defjgf g/xg] x'Fbf lgudn] dWo:y dfk{mt vl/b ubf{ ldtJooL ePsf] olsg ug{ ;lsg]

cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPg .

143. nfO6 x]lnsf]K6/ vl/b – g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ljkb Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu nfO6 x]lnsf]K6/

vl/b ug{ o'/f] #! nfv () xhf/ *&@ sf] nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t u/L af]nkq dfu ubf{ k|mfG; /

cd]l/sfsf] x]lnsK6/ lgdf{tf sDkgLn] af]nkq k]; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sd saf]n ug]{ k|mfG;sf] sDkgLsf]

tkm{af6 l;+ufk'/ l:yt Ps Ph]G6n] saf]n u/]sf] o'/f] @% nfv ^& xhf/ #&^ -!(=%$ k|ltzt_ 36L

saf]ncÍ :jLs[t u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] @)&#.#.!^ df Pp6f ldl8od / b'O{j6f nfO6

x]lnsf]K6/ vl/b ug{ :jLs[lt lbPsf]df b'O{j6f nfO6 x]lnsf]K6/ vl/b ug]{ u/L af]nkq cfXjfg u/] klg

Pp6f dfq vl/b u/]sf] 5 .

csf]{ Ps nfO6 x]lnsf]K6/ vl/b ug{ cfly{s k|:tfj dfu u/]sf]df cd]l/sfsf] j]n x]lnsf]K6/

sDkgLsf] dfq cfly{s k|:tfj k]; ePsf]n] ;f]xL sDkgLaf6 cd]l/sL 8n/ #* nfvdf vl/b ug]{ u/L

;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o u/L tf]lsPsf]eGbf km/s :k]l;lkms];gsf] x]lnsf]K6/ vl/b

u/]sf] dgfl;a b]lvPg .

144. l8hfOg P08 laN6 – ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod @@ cGt/ut cg';"rL $ df

Psd'i6 /sd ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;8s ljefu cGtu{t lgdf{0ffwLg k'nx?dWo]

!$^ k'n l8hfOg P08 ljN6 k|lqmofaf6 lgdf{0f eO{ /x]sf] kfOof] . o; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf Joxf]/f lgDg

cg';f/ 5g\M

144.1 l8hfOg P08 ljN6 k|lqmofaf6 lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, lgoddf lj:t[t

Joj:yf gu/]sf] Pj+ ;f]sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] gd"gf af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft

tof/ gu/]sf]n] d"No ;dfof]hg / e]l/Pzg cfb]z nufotsf kIfdf Ps?ktf /x]sf] b]lvPg . ;fy} o;

ljlwaf6 ul/g] lgdf{{0f sfo{sf] gD;{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] ;d]t 5}g .

144.2 k'nsf] cfsf/ k|s[lt / husf] k|s[lt cg';f/ nfut km/s km/s x'G5 . :ofnf] kmfp08]zgsf] t'ngfdf

l8k kmfp08]zgsf] nfut lgs} a9L x'G5 . ;8s ljefun] l8hfOg P08 ljN6 cGtu{t lgdf{0f x'g] ;a}

k|sf/sf kmfp08]zgsf] nfut ;dfg x'g] u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] nfut sd nfUg]

l8hfOg tof/ ug{ k|fyldstf lbg] u/]sf] sf/0fn] klg a9L k'nx?sf] :ofnf] kmfp08]zgdf lgdf{0f ug]{

u/L l8hfOg tof/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

144.3 vl/b ;Demf}tf ubf{ lj:t[t ;j]{If0f, k'n lgdf{0f, kxF'r ;8s lgdf{0f, gbL lgoGq0f sfo{ ;d]tsf]

;Demf}tf u/L s'n ;Demf}tf /sdsf] cfwf/df df]lanfOh]zg k]:sL lbg] u/]sf] 5 . l8hfOg :jLs[t

geP;Dd lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? gx'g] t/ ;Demf}tf /sdsf] cfwf/df k]:sL lnO{ pkof]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . h:n]

ubf{ b'O{ ah]6 pkzLif{sdf ?=% ca{ ( s/f]8 #! nfv k]:sL afFsL /x]sf] 5 . ctM lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{


49

z'?df l8hfOg sfo{sf] nflu dfq k]:sL lbO{ l8hfOg :jLs[t ePkl5 lgdf{0f sfo{sf] k]:sL lbg] Joj:yf

ug'{kb{5 .

145. 7]Ssf Joj:yfkg – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ adf]lhd 7]Ssfk§f :jLs[t ug]{ sfo{ k|yd

rf}dfl;s cjlwdf ul/;Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, l;FrfO, zx/L ljsf;, vfg]kfgL

nufotsf ^ dGqfno cGtu{t ?=! va{ &% ca{ $# s/f]8sf] % xhf/ #$$ 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t u/]sf]

dWo] ?=! va{ @$ ca{ *# s/f]8sf] $ xhf/ *&# 7]Ssfk§f bf];|f] / t];|f] rf}dfl;sdf aGbf]a:t u/]sf]

kfOof] . t];|f] rf}dfl;sdf ul/Psf] 7]Ssf aGbf]a:tdWo] ?=#) ca{ &^ s/f]8sf] ^^$ 7]Ssf cfiff9

dlxgfdf u/]sf] 5 . jflif{s sfo{qmddf plNnlvt sfo{ rfn' jif{ ;DkGg gu/L csf{] jif{ sfd ug]{

k|lqmofdf lgoGq0f tyf ;'wf/ x'g'kb{5 .

146. x]8jS;{ tyf ;'?Ë lgdf{0f Y d]nDrL vfg]kfgL ljsf; ;ldltn] cfof]hgsf] x]8jS;{ nufotsf ;+/rgf

lgdf{0f ug{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf /2 u/L ?=& ca{ &@ s/f]8 #% nfv saf]n cÍ

/x]sf] csf]{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu !$ h'nfO{ @)!^ leq sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ u/L !% h'nfO{ @)!# df

;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . @)&$ kmfNu'0f d;fGt;Dd ;'?u lgdf{0f sfo{sf] (*=*# k|ltzt / x]8jS;{sf]

df6f] vGg] sfo{ u/L ?=^ ca{ !$ s/f]8 @& nfv e'QmfgL ePsf] 5 . ;Demf}tfsf] pkbkmf !#=% cg';f/

;Demf}tf /sdsf] !% k|ltztn] x'g] ?=! ca{ &$ nfv;Dd slG6Gh]G;L afkt vr{ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf

/x]sf]df @)&$ cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd e]l/Pzgdf ?=!) s/f]8 #@ nfv, d"No ;dfof]hgdf ?=#& s/f]8

#* nfv, bfaL e'QmfgL ?=! ca{ % s/f]8 ^^ nfv, l8:k'6 af]8{ ;f]wegf{df ?=$ s/f]8 #* nfv /

8]jS;{df ?=!# s/f]8 ;d]t ?=! ca{ &) s/f]8 &$ nfv vr{ u/L ;Demf}tfsf] zt{eGbf ?=&) s/f]8

a9L e'QmfgL e} yk Jooef/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

147. k]:sL cg'udg – ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %@s df ?=@ s/f]8eGbf a9L nfut cg'dfg

ePsf cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ lbPsf] k]:sL /sd 5'§} vf]lnPsf] a}Í vftf dfk{mt e'QmfgL x'g] / k]:sL

/sdaf6 vr{ u/]sf] k|of]hg v'Ng] dfl;s ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k]; ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno dftxtsf lgsfodf utjif{;Ddsf] k]:sL ?=!^ ca{ %) s/f]8

%) nfv ;d]t of] jif{;Dd ?=@& ca{ !@ s/f]8 !# nfv afFsL /x]sf]df ;f] k]:sL vr{sf] k|of]hg v'Ng]

dfl;s ljj/0f lnO{ cg'udg u/]sf] b]lvPg .

148. ;dGjo Pj+ lgdf{0f:yn – ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod ^-#_ df lgdf{0f:ynsf]

Joj:yf geO{ vl/b sfo{ z'? ug{ gx'g] / cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod @)-#_ df

cGo lgsfo;Fu lng'kg]{ ;xof]u / :jLs[lt af/] kqfrf/ / 5nkmn ug]{ sfo{ k|yd rf}dfl;sdf ;dfKt

ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . o; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf Joxf]/f lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

148.1 g]kfndf ;8s tyf k'n lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ;8s ljefu, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf s[lif ;8s

ljefu, sf7df8fF} pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f, :yfgLo tx ;d]taf6 eO/x]sf] 5 . tL lgsfon] lgdf{0f

ug]{ ;8s Pj+ k'nsf] sfo{ If]q ls6fg u/]sf] 5}g . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfnosf cltl/Qm

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf !! ah]6 pkzLif{sdf, ;x/L ljsf; dGqfnodf $

ah]6 pkzLif{sdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg eO{ ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{ eO{ /x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/ ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{

lgsfo w]/} ePsf]n] ;8s lgdf{0fsf] ;dGjo u/L sfd ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

148.2 k'n cfof]hgf dWo;]S6/ g+= @ n] lqz'nL gbLdf k'n lgdf{0f ug{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;+u ?=!% s/f]8

^^ nfvsf] ;Demf}tf u/]sf]df of] jif{;Dd ?=! s/f]8 @* nfv e'QmfgL ePsf] 5 . k'n lgdf{0f x'g] If]qdf

Ps kfj/ lnld6]8n] ljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] egL hfgsf/L u/fP cg';f/ k'n lgdf{0f sfo{

rfn' x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

148.3 l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ ! cGtu{t dgf]x/f sl/8f]/df ;8s lgdf{0f ug{ ?=!( s/f]8 !!

nfvdf vl/b ;Demf}tf eO{ ?=& s/f]8 @) nfv ^^ e'QmfgL ePsf] 5 . lgdf{0f sfo{ /f]Sg sf7df8f}+

pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8 / clwsf/ ;DkGg afudtL ;Eotf PsLs[t ljsf; ;ldltn] cg'/f]w u/]sf]

/ 3/fo;L 9n cf]5\ofpg] sfo{ pQm ;ldltn] ug]{ ePsfn] ;8s lgdf{0f qmddf tof/ ePsf ;a}

;+/rgf Iflt x'g] b]lvG5 .


50

l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, sf7df8fF} @ cGt/ut gofF ahf/ k'nb]lv l/Ë/f]8k'n;Dd ;8s

lgdf{0f ug{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ?=!@ s/f]8 !% nfv ;Demf}tf eO{ ?=* s/f]8 ## nfv e'QmfgL

ePsf] 5 . clwsf/ ;DkGg jfUdtL ;Eotf PsLs[t ljsf; ;ldltn] ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{ tTsfn :yug

ug{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] 5 .

148.4 l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, sf7df8fF}+ @ n] lgdf{0f:ynsf] Joj:yf geO{ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf u/]sf] sf/0f

;fdfv';L, uNsf]kfvf, a;'Gw/f, wfkf;L, 6f]vf nufotsf] If]qdf #$=)% ls=dL=;8s lj:tf/ ug{ !(

lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ?=! ca{ &! s/f]8 &% nfvsf] ;Demf}tf eO{ of] jif{;Dd ?=*! s/f]8 @$ nfv -

$&=#) k|ltzt_ e'QmfgL u/]sf]df lgdf{0f sfo{ cw'/f] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . lgdf{0f If]qdf lah'nL tyf

6]lnkmf]gsf] kf]n, d7 dlGb/, kf6L, 3/ sDkfp08 nufotsf $&) cj/f]w /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L

sf7df8fF} pkTosf ;8s lj:tf/ cfof]hgfn] ljleGg ( ;8s lgdf{0f ug{ !% vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]sf]df

z"Gob]lv #@ k|ltzt;Dd ef}lts k|ult ePsf] 5 . pQm ;8s v08df ! xhf/ ^^( ljB't kf]n, ()

6«fG;km/d/, *## 6]nLkmf]gsf] kf]n, @ xhf/ *^* 3/ 6x/f nufotsf ;+/rgf gx6fO{ vl/b ;Demf}tf

u/]sf]n] lgdf{0f sfo{df l9nfO ePsf] b]lvG5 .

149. ;f]e}m vl/b — ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * -@_ df vl/b ubf{ k|lt:kwf{ ;Lldt x'g] u/L

6'qmf6'qmf kf/L vl/b sfo{ ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf 5 . P]gsf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt l;FrfO, zx/L ljsf;, ;xsf/L,

vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo / u[x dGqfnon] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / dfn;fdfg vl/b sfo{nfO{ ljleGg 6'qmfdf

ljefhg u/L ?=! ca{ $) s/f]8 (# nfvsf] sfo{ k|lt:kwf{a]u/ ;f]e}m u/]sf] kfOof] . af]nkq a]u/

nfut cg'dfg 6'q\mofO{ ;f]em} vl/b ug]{ pk/ sf/afxL u/L o:tf] vl/b sfo{df lgoGq0f x'g'kb{5 .

150. d"No ;dfof]hg — ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %%-!_ df !% dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf] vl/b

;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ubf{ d"No ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsg], bkmf %%-@_ df vl/b ;Demf}tf ug]{sf] l9nfOsf]

sf/0f sfd ;DkGg gePdf / lglZrt ah]6sf] cfwf/df vl/b ;Demf}tf ePsf]df d"No ;dfof]hg ug{

g;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, l;FrfO, vfg]kfgL nufPtsf ^ dGqfno cGtu{tsf

lgsfon] ljleGg lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ ?=! ca{ $* s/f]8 ^) nfv d"No ;dfof]hg e'QmfgL u/]sf]df

k|d'v Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ b]lvPsf] 5 M

150.1 dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ k"jL{v08n] sfddf l9nfO{ ug]{ !^ lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ ?=^ s/f]8 @@ nfv,

l8lehg ;8s sfof{no etmk'/, ;'v]{t / dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgf klZrd v08n] km/s ;"rs

k|of]u u/L ?=@# nfv ;d]t ? ^ s/f]8 $% nfv gkfpg] d"No ;dfof]hg e'QmfgL lbPsf] 5 .

150.2 ;8s ljefu cGtu{tsf sfof{non] l8hfOg P08 ljN6 ;Demf}tfdf lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ lglZrt /sd

e'QmfgL lbg] u/L ;Demf}tf ePcg';f/ lglZrt /sddfq e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . pko'{Qm k|fjwfgljk/Lt

k'n cfof]hgf k"jL{ ;]S6/ g+=!, dWoIf]q ;]S6/ g+=@ / klZrd ;]S6/ g+=# n] ?=@) s/f]8 % nfv ^@

xhf/ d"No ;dfof]hg e'QmfgL u/]sf] b]lvof] . k'n lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;Dk"0f{ hf]lvd lgdf{0f Joj;foLdf

/xg] / k'nsf] ;+/rgfsf] nfut Psd'i6df /fvL ;Demf}tf u/]sf]n] d"No ;dfof]hgsf] Joj:yf u/L

e'QmfgL ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g .

150.3 d]nDrL vfg]kfgL ljsf; ;ldltn] lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ ## cf}+ lan;Dd g]kfnL d'b|fsf] e'QmfgLdf ?=#)

s/f]8 @* nfv / ljb]zL d'b|fsf] e'QmfgLdf ?=& s/f]8 !) nfv ;d]t ?=#& s/f]8 #* nfv d"No

;dfof]hg e'QmfgL lbPsf] 5 . lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] k|fKt u/]sf] bfaL /sddf d"No j[l4 lbg gldNg]df

lbPsf], gofF cfO6dsf] e]l/P;gdf ;d]t d"Noj[l4 lbPsf], lanadf]lhd e'QmfgL x'g] k|f]lehgn;ddf

;d]t d"No ;dfof]hg e'QmfgL lbPsf] ;d]t ?=^ s/f]8 ^( nfv e'QmfgL lbg gldNg] x'Fbf pQm /sd

c;'n x'g'kb{5 .

151. e]l/P;g Y ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"g / vl/b ;Demf}tfadf]lhd lgdf{0f sfo{sf] e]l/Pzg hf/L ug{ ;Sg]

Joj:yf eP tfklg k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsg] k|s[ltsf] sfo{df ;d]t e]l/Pzg u/]sf], clwsf/ k|fKt gePsf]

txaf6 e]l/Pzg yk u/]sf], cfaZostf lgwf{/0f gu/L a9L ;fdu|L k|fKt x'g] u/L e]l/Pzg u/]sf] Pj+

;fs{ ;Dd]ng cjlwdf u/]sf] sfo{sf] e]l/Pzg cfb]z hf/L gu/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] nufotsf] sf/0f

ef}lts k"jf{wf/, l;FrfO, vfg]kfgL, zx/L ljsf; nufotsf % dGqfno cGtu{t lgsfox?n] of] jif{ ?=!

ca{ @ s/f]8 @@ nfv e]l/Pzg yk u/L vr{ u/]sf] sfg"g;Ddt\ b]lvPg .


51

152. u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 lgdf{0f – pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f lhNnf cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no sf7df8fF}n]

pkTosfsf] ljleGg :yfgdf !$& u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 af6f] lj:tf/, d];g/L jfn lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{

u/fO{ of] jif{ ?=$( s/f]8 !% nfv / wf]lavf]nf sf]/L8f]/ cfof]hgfsf] sfo{If]qdf #$ u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfaf6 af6f] lj:tf/, d];g/L jfn lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{ u/fO{ of] jif{ ?=!) s/f]8 () nfv e'QmfgL

u/]sf] 5 . vl/b P]g, lgoddf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpg] Joj:yf gePsf]n] o;/L sfo{

u/fO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] dgfl;j b]lvPg .

153. slG6Gh]G;L vr{ – ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !)-&_ df lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nfut

cg'dfgdf js{ rfh{ :6fkm vr{ @=% k|ltzt / ;fgfltgf cGo vr{sf] nflu @=% k|ltzt;Dd ;dfj]z

ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . sG6]Gh]G;L vr{ ug]{ :ki6 gLlt to gePsf] cj:yfdf ef}lts k'jf{wf/, l;rfO{,

vfg]kfgL, phf{, zx/L ljsf; nufot ^ dGqfno dftxtsf] lgsfon] of] jif{ ?=^ ca{ () s/f]8 (@

nfv ;jf/L ;fwg / k|zf;lgs k|of]hgdf vr{ n]vsf 5g\ . slG6Gh]G;Laf6 vr{ ug]{ :ki6 gLlt

th'{df u/L cBfjlws clen]v /fVg] Pj+ tf]lsPsf] ;Ldfleq /lx vr{ ug]{ Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjog x'g'kb{5 .

154. OGhLlgol/Ë ;'lawf — cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/ lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nfut cg'dfg tof/

ubf{ lgdf{0f sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt cfO6dfq ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ / @)^(.(.@ kl5 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ubf{ ;8s

lgdf{0f;Fu c;DalGwt vr{x? 7]Ssfdf ;dfj]z gug{ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . of] jif{

zx/L ljsf;, phf{, l;FrfO, vfg]kfgL dGqfno cGtu{tsf sfof{non] ljleGg lgdf{0f sfo{sf] 7]Ssfdf

?=^ s/f]8 !% nfvsf] ;jf/L;fwg, Nofk6k, lk|06/, df]6/;fO{sn, uf8L ef8f cflb cfk"lt{ ug]{ u/L

7]Ssf ;Demf}tf u/]sf 5g\ .

sf7df8fF}+ lbuf] zx/L oftfoft cfof]hgfn] lgo'Qm k/fdz{bftfsf] nflu pknAw u/fpg] clkm;,

uf8L, sfof{no ;~rfng, ;xfos sd{rf/L nufot cfO6d lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf]

lan ckm SjfG6L6Ldf ;dfj]z u/L !! cf}+ /lgª lan;Dd ?=@ s/f]8 ^) nfv e'QmfgL u/]sf] 5 .

lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] sfdsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ tyf sfdsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf] k/fdz{bftfn]

k|fKt ug]{ ;'lawf lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfk{mt e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf]n] :jfy{ aflemg] cj:yf

b]lvof] . o:tf] sfo{df tfn's lgsfon] ;d]t cg'udg u/L lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 .

155. k/fdz{bftf ;]jf – ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @( cg';f/ sfof{nosf] cfˆg} hgzlQmaf6 x'g]

sfdsf nflu k/fdz{ ;]jf lng gldNg]df ;DefJotf cWoog, l8hfOg, nfut cg'dfg, af]nkq

sfuhft tof/L cflb sfo{ k/fdz{bftfdfkm{t u/fO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf s]xL Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\ M

155.1 of] jif{ ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f, zx/L ljsf; / vfg]kfgL dGqfno dftxtsf OsfO{n] ?=^! s/f]8 ^&

nfv k/fdz{bftf ;]jf lnO{ vr{ u/]sf 5g\ . ljefuLo hgzlQmaf6 u/fpg ;lsg] sfddf ;d]t

k/fdz{bftf /fvL vr{ u/]sf]n] cfof]hgfsf] nfut a9\g uPsf] 5 . cTofjZos ;]jf afx]s ljefuLo

hgzlQm kl/rfng u/L k/fdz{bftfsf] vr{df lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 .

155.2 s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf $ cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut ?=!* ca{ @( s/f]8 *) nfvdWo] ?=!# ca{ %* s/f]8

^( nfv vr{ u/]sf]df k/fdz{ ;]jfdf dfq ?=! ca{ (! s/f]8 !# nfv vr{ u/]sf] 5 . k/fdz{ ;]jfdf

lgDgfg';f/ ^=^& b]lv @!=*$ k|ltzt;;Dd vr{ u/]sf]n] k/fdz{ vr{df lgoGq0f x'g'kb{5 .

-/sd ?=nfvdf_

cfof]hgfsf] gfd s'n nfut of] jif{sf]

vr{

xfn ;Ddsf]

vr{

k/fdz{

;]jfsf] vr{

k/fdz{ ;]jfsf]

vr{ k|ltzt

Joj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgf 60000 19232 56878 5422 9.53

;fgf tyf demf}nf s[ifs cfo:t/ j[l4 cfof]hgf 25920 2349 21204 4632 21.84

s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff cfof]hgf 49300 14403 37604 7713 20.51

ls;fgsf nflu pGgt aLp lahg sfo{qmd 47760 6963 20183 1346 6.67

hDdf 182980 42947 135869 19113 14.64

155.3 d]nDrL vfg]kfgL ljsf; ;ldltn] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;'k/lehg ug{ lgo'Qm k/fdz{bftfnfO{ hfkfgLh o]g

%% s/f]8 e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L & km]a|'c/L @))@ df ;Demf}tf ePsf]df kfgL k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] lgdf{0f


52

sfo{df ePsf] l9nfO{ nufotsf sf/0faf6 lgdf{0f sfo{df l9nfO{ eO{ k/fdz{bftfsf] Dofb yk ug'{k/]sf]

b]lvG5 . k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] ^ k6s e]l/P;g u/L ;Demf}tf /sd hfkfgLh o]g (& s/f]8 @! nfv -z'?

;Demf}tfsf] &^=$& k|ltzt j[l4_ sfod x'g uPsf] 5 . lgdf{0f sfo{sf] cjlw;Dd k/fdz{bftfsf] cjlw

/xg] / lgdf{0f sfo{ gePsf] cjlwsf] klg kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

155.4 ljs]lGb|t u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ tyf hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf ljsf; ;fem]bf/;Fu ;Demf}tf x'Fbf lgdf{0f

sfo{df ?=@ ca{ && s/f]8 #^ nfv / k/fdz{bftf vr{df ?=@! s/f]8 $ nfv vr{ x'g] pNn]v

ePsf]df ;+zf]lwt ljj/0fcg';f/ qmdzM ?=$ ca{ (& s/f]8 ^& nfv / ?=^@ s/f]8 (# nfv vr{ u/L

lgdf{0f nfutsf] !@=^$ k|ltzt k/fdz{ ;]jfdf vr{ u/]sf] 5 .

155.5 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @( cg ';f/ sfof{nosf] cfˆg} hgzlQmaf6 x'g] sfdsf nflu

k/fdz{ ;]jf lng gldNg]df ;DefJotf cWoog, l8hfOg, nfut c'gdfg, af]nkq sfuhft tof/L cflb

sfo{ k/fdz{bftfdfkm{t u/fO{ ;8s ljefu / dftxt $ OsfO{n] ?=*) s/f]8 *# nfv vr{ u/]sf 5g\ .

xfOj] OlGhlgo/, hLcf]6]lSgsn OlGhlgo/, xfO8«f]lnlhi6 h:tf hgzlQm pknAw x'Fbfx'Fb} k'n tyf

;8ssf] lj:t[t ;j]{If0f, ;DefJotf cWoog, l8hfOg tof/L sfo{ afXo k/fdz{bftfaf6 u/fPsf] 5 .

ljefuLo hgzlQmsf] pkof]u gu/L k/fdz{bftfaf6 sfd u/fPsf] dgfl;a b]lvb}g .

k/fdz{ ;]jfdf vr{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf gLlt tyf dfkb08 to gePsf] sf/0f ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf]

sfdsf] nflu ;d]t k/fdz{bftf /fVg] kl/kf6L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L vr{df ldtJolotf

cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

lgdf{0f sfo{ / j:t'sf] u'0f:t/

156. k'ndf Iflt — l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, g]kfnu~hn] aaO{ gbLsf] hJbL3f6df k'n lgdf{0f sfo{ $@

dlxgfleq ;DkGg ug]{u/L @)^*.#.@@ df Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;+u ?=!^ s/f]8 ^* nfvdf vl/b

;Demf}tf ePsf]df ?=!( s/f]8 &% nfv e'QmfgL ePsf] 5 . k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ lng] u/L @)&#.&.#)

;Dd Dofb yk ePsf]df ?=! s/f]8 ^& nfv Ifltk"lt{ c;'n u/]sf] 5}g . pQm k'nsf] clwsf+z lgdf{0f

sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] cj:yfdf @)&$.$.@( df

cfPsf] jf9Ln] k'ndf Iflt k'¥ofPsf]n] lgdf{0f

Joj;foLnfO{ pQm Ifltsf] ;dfwfg u/L

oyfzL3| sfo{;DkGg ug{ tfs]tf ubf{ klg

@)&$ df3;Dd sfd z'? u/]sf] 5}g . :ynut

cjnf]sg ubf{ Ps lkn/ hldgdf wl:;Psf] /

cGo s]xL lkn/ aflËPsf], s]xL :Nofj 5'l§Psf]

/ k'nsf] dflyNnf] ;tx tn–dfyL eO{ k'n

k|of]u ug{ gx'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf], lgdf{0f

sfo{;DkGg x'g} nfu]sf] k'ndf Iflt x'g'df

lhDd]af/ kbflwsf/L klxrfg u/L sf/afxL x'g'kb{5 .

157. ;8sdf Iflt — l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, sf7df8fF}+ @ n] lslt{k'/ Nofa|6f]/L :s'nb]lv lslt{k'/ k|j]z

åf/;Dd !=! ls=ld= ;8s sfnf]kq] Pj+ k'm6kfy lgdf{0f ug{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ?=( s/f]8 #@

nfvsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf]df ?=% s/f]8 (% nfv e'QmfgL ePsf] 5 . pQm lgdf{0f sfo{sf] :ynut

cjnf]sg ubf{ ;8ssf] ljleGg v08df hldgaf6 kfgL /;fPsf], sfnf]kq] rs{]sf], pKs]sf], kfk|f p7]sf]

Pj+ ba]sf] b]lvof] . sfof{non] pQm lgdf{0f sfo{sf] gfkhfFr u/L e'QmfgL ug{ afFsL /x]sf] hgfPsf]n]

5fglag u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ ;Rofpg' kb{5 . To:t} lgjf{rg If]q sfo{qmd cGtu{t ?=# s/f]8 *@ nfv

nfutdf ;DkGg ePsf] Ps ;8ssf] :ynut cjnf]sg ubf{ ;8s lgs} psfnf] ePsf], 7fpF 7fpFdf

klx/f] v;]sf] Pj+ Uoflag kvf{n nufPsf] :yfgdf ;8s efl;Psf] b]lvof] . q'l6 ;Rofpg] cjlw leq

/x]sf]n] lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ lju|] eTs]sf] :yfgdf dd{t ug{ nufpg' kb{5 .

158. cf]6fl;n k|ljlw — /fli6«o u|fdL0f oftfoft ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmdtkm{ ;8s sfnf]kq], dd{t / :of08l;n

ug{ ^& of]hgfdf cf]6fl;n k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ e]l/Pzg ;d]taf6 ?=^ ca{ #( s/f]8 ^ nfvsf] ;Demf}tf


53

ePsf] 5 . pQm cf]6fl;n u/]sf] $)–$% lbgkl5 dfq} :of08l;n ug{ ;lsg], cf]6fl;nsf nflu

cfjZos Go"gQd tfkqmd !& l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 x'g'kg]{, 3'DtL, ;]lknf] Pj+ le/fnf] e"–efudf cf]6fl;n

pko'Qm gx'g], ;km]{; sfo{ ;dfKt ePsf] slDtdf !( lbg tof/L cj:yfdf /xg'kg]{ / pQm cjlwdf

kfgL gk/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq cf]6fl;n ug{ ;lsg], ;8s sfnf]kq] x'g'k"j{ / kZrft\sf] ;jf/L rfk a9L

kg]{ nufotsf ljifodf kof{Kt ljZn]if0f gu/L cf]6fl;n k|ljlw k|of]udf NofPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ljlwsf]

pRr glthf / pkof]usf nflu cfwf/e"t dfkb08 adf]lhdsf sfo{ ;DkGg x'g] u/L ;Demf}tf

sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 .

;jf/L rfk /xg] / pRr u|]8 ePsf] :ofuhfsf] jflnu x'jf; u|fdL0f ;8s / afF8vf]nf 6S;f/

b'n]uf}8f u|fdL0f ;8s Pj+ dsjfgk'/sf] s'n]vfgL kmfv]n x'dfg] eGHofu ;8sdf of] k|ljlw k|of]u

u/]sf]df q'6L ;Rofpg] calwd} cf]6fl;n lau|LPsf]df ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5}g .

159. ;+/rgfdf Iflt – l;S6f l;FrfO cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] !! jif{ JotLt eO;Sbf ;d]t kfgL

ljt/0fsf] nflu zfvf gx/ tof/ ePsf] 5}g . sdf08 Pl/of tf]s]sf] k"j{tkm{ /fKtL ;f]gf/L

ufpFkflnsfsf] l;FrfOof]Uo :yfgdf l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg %#=%) ls=ld= sf] d"n gx/ lgdf{0f

z'? x'g afFsL g} 5 . @)&!.&@ df lgdf{0f ePsf] cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo gx/df 7fpF 7fpFdf a]8 km'6]sf],

;le{; /f]8 elTsPsf], gx/sf] :nf]k km'6]sf] / elTsPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljt/0f k|0ffnL g} tof/ gePsf]

cj:yfdf d"n gx/sf] w]/} 7fpFdf gf]S;fg k'u]sf] 5 .

cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog

160. Go"g k|ult – of] jif{ ^ dGqfno / lgsfo cGtu{t ;~rflnt ! xhf/ %!) cfof]hgfdWo] @*)

sfo{qmddf z"Go k|ult, !)! sfo{qmddf @% k|ltzt;Dd, !^$ sfo{qmddf @^ b]lv %) k|ltzt / (^%

sfo{qmddf %! b]lv &% k|ltzt;Dd k|ult ePsf] 5 . cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod

@^ adf]lhd ef}lts / ljQLo kIfsf] ;dLIff;lxt k|ult sd x'g'sf sf/0fx? klxrfg u/L tfn's

lgsfoaf6 sf/afxL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePklg tbcg'?k u/]sf] 5}g .

161. cw'/f of]hgf – vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ljefu cGtu{t @)&#.&$ ;Dd qmdfut cfof]hgf @ xhf/

^(# / gofF cfof]hgf @ xhf/ #$$ u/L hDdf % xhf/ #& vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf

/x]sf 5g\ . qmdfut cfof]hgfdWo] ^# lhNnfsf $$( cfof]hgf @)^*.^( eGbf cufl8 z'? eO{ cw'/f

/x]sf 5g\ . tL cfof]hgfsf] nfut cg'dfg ?=!( ca{ #) s/f]8 ^# nfvdWo] xfn;Dd ?=( ca{ @@

s/f]8 *( nfv -$&=*) k|ltzt_ vr{ ePsf] 5 . Onfd dsjfgk'/, sf7df8f}+, /f}tx6, 88]nw'/f,

bfr'{nf nufot @% lhNnfdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg÷;j–l8lehg sfof{noaf6 ;~rflnt

vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx?dWo] @#& cw'/f cfof]hgfsf] z'? nfut ?=^ ca{ ^@ s/f]8 ^ nfv ePsf]df

e]l/o;gaf6 ;+zf]lwt nfut cg'dfg ?=* ca{ !$ s/f]8 * nfv sfod eO{ cfof]hgfsf] nfutdf ?=!

ca{ %@ s/f]8 @ nfv j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;dodf ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf tL cfof]hgfaf6 nfeflGjt

x'g'kg]{ hg;+Vof @& nfv ^$ xhf/dWo] @! nfv ** xhf/ -&(=!^ k|ltzt_ hg;+Vof vfg]kfgL ;]jf

k|flKtaf6 jl~rt x'g' k/]sf] 5 .

162. cw'/f lgdf{0f sfo{ – vl/b ;Demf}tfadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq sfo{;DkGg ug'{kg]{df u/] gu/]sf]

;DaGwdf gd"gfsf] ?kdf l8lehg ;8s sfof{no sf7df8fF}+ ! / @, eQmk'/, nlntk'/, lrtjg nufot

!( sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;Demf}tf /sd ?=# ca{ *^ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ePsf] @#!

7]Ssfsf] sfd cw'/f] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cw'/f /x]sfdWo] dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ klZrd v08, l8lehg ;8s

sfof{no s~rgk'/, bfË, kfNkf, sf7df8fF}+ ! nufot !) sfof{no cGtu{tsf lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf]

gfddf ?=( s/f]8 $( nfv df]ljnfOh]zg k]:sL afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

163. cw'/f k'n – k'n dxfzfvfdf /x]sf] k'n Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL cg';f/ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] /0fgLlts

k'n ! xhf/ &() /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L /0fgLlt ;8s k'n tyf :yfgLo ;8s k'n ;d]t ! xhf/

%%% lgdf{0ffwLg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgdf{0fwLg k'ndWo] @)&) cufl8 lgdf{0f ;'? ePsf !)( k'n z'?

Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] jiff}{ lalt;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;DkGg geO{ cw'/f] cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOof] . cw'/f


54

cj:yfdf /x]sf oL k'nsf nflu ?=& ca{ @% s/f]8 $@ nfvsf] vl/b ;Demf}tf ePsf]df of] jif{;Dd

?=$ ca{ #) s/f]8 ^! nfv e'QmfgL ePsf] 5 .

164. sfo{;Dkfbg – lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt !^ n] 7]Ssfsf] sfo{ sfo{tflnsf adf]lhd sfd gug]{ @( lgdf{0f

Joj;foLaf6 ?=! s/f]8 ^^ nfv k"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ c;'n gu/]sf] / #% lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn]

k|fs[lts ;|f]t pkof]u afkt c;'n ug'{kg]{ ?=$$ s/f]8 && nfv c;'n ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s

cfosf] t'ngf #@ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] k|zf;lgs vr{df ?=@@ s/f]8 #& nfv a9L vr{ u/]sf /

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt @% n] lk|mh ug'{kg]{ ?=!# s/f]8 *^ nfv lhNnf ljsf; sf]ifdf 6«fG;km/ u/]sf

5g\ . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt !$ n] !)^ of]hgfdf ?=#) s/f]8 !$ nfv vr{ u/]sf]df of]hgf cw'/f]

/x]sf]n] pQm vr{ pknlAw ljxLg l:yltdf 5 .

165. ejg tyf cGo lgdf{0f – lzIff ljefusf] clVtof/L ;DaGwL lgb]{zg cg';f/ ejg tyf cGo lgdf{0f

sfo{sf] nflu ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;Fu k|yd rf}dfl;sdf ;Demf}tf u/L ;Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ah]6

lgsf;f l9nf] ePsf] sf/0f ;dod} laBfno 5gf}6 x'g g;sL cfiff9 d;fGtleq} lgdf{0f sfo{;DkGg

gePsf] cj:yf 5 . of] jif{ ljBfnonfO{ ef}lts lgdf{0f, 5fqf zf}rfno / laBfno dd{ttk{m ?=$ ca{

!! s/f]8 #@ nfv vr{ ePsf]df sfo{;DkGg ePsf] 5}g . To:t} :jf:Yo dGqfno cGtu{t s'n (!(

:jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] ejg lgdf{0ffwLg /x]sf]dWo] @$ ejg ;DkGg x'gg;sL ;d:ofu|:t cj:yfdf /x]sf

5g\ .

166. cg'dltkqsf] gaLs/0f — ljB't P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %-!_ df ljB't ;e]{If0fsf] nflu lbg] cg'dlt

kqsf] cjlw a9Ldf kfFr jif{;Ddsf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;f] ;dofjlw leq gaLs/0f gu/fPdf :jtM /2

x'g] Joj:yf 5 . laB't ljsf; ljefun] ;e]{If0f cg'dlt lbPsf] ldltn] % jif{ ;dfKt eO{;Sbf klg !)

cfof]hgf /2 u/]sf] 5}g . To:t} ef/tLo sDkgL dfkm{t sfo{ ug]{ u/L ;e]{If0f cg'dlt kq k|fKt u/]sf

! xhf/ *)) d]ufjf6sf c?0f # xfO8«f]kfj/ tyf ck/ s0ff{nL xfO8«f]kfj/ lnld6]8n] :yfkgf ePsf]

ldltn] ( jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg ;e]{If0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg .

167. ;'?Ë dfu{ — lghL nufgL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^$ adf]lhd ?=#$=** ca{ nfut

cg'dfg /x]sf] sf7df8fF}–x]6f}8f ;'?Ë dfu{ kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L #) jif{ ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn k"jf{wf/

ljsf; sDkgL ln=;Fu @)&).!.#! df ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . ;Demf}tf ePsf] nfdf] ;do;Dd klg lgdf{0f

sfo{ z'? gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tfsf zt{x? kl/jt{g u/L @)@! l8;]Da/;Dd lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg

ug{ @)&$.&.!# df Dofb yk u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf] 5gf}6 k|lt:kwf{Tds ?kdf gePsf] / nfdf]

;do;Dd lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? gePsf] ;DaGwdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;j{;fwf/0faf6 ;d]t ;Íng ePsf]

;fwg ;|f]tsf] cj:yf ;DaGwdf cg'udg x'g'kb{5 .

cg'bfg lat/0f tyf cg'udg

168. cg'bfg ljt/0f – s[lif DfGqfnon] of] jif{ Ps lhNNff Ps pTkfbg, Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg, k'ik Joj;fo

k|j4{g, /f;folgs dn vl/b, kmnk"mn aLp lahg, dT:o ljsf;, afnL ;+/If0f, afnL ljsf;, s[lif k|;f/,

s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff, t/sf/L v]tL, kf]v/L lgdf{0f, s[lif cf}hf/nufotsf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ @(

cfof]hgfsf] nflu ?=!# ca{ ($ s/f]8 *) nfv cg'bfg lbg] u/L ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf]df ?=!) ca{ &*

s/f]8 @^ nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . ljut % jif{df s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ nIo /fvL b]xfocg';f/

cg'bfg ljt/0f u/]sf]df pTkfbgsf] cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5M

cfly{s jif{ cg'bfg

?=s/f]8df

vfBfGg pTkfbg -d]=6g

xhf/df_

t/sf/L pTkfbg -d]=6g

xhf/df_

kmnk"mn pTkfbg -d]=6g

xhf/df_

nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult

2069/70 489 8580 8738 3301 3421 939 939

2070/71 899 9968 9563 3472 3589 940 979

2071/72 1071 10210 9266 3600 3629 1180 992

2072/73 1004 10881 8614 3656 3643 1260 1097

2073/74 1078 9325 9345 3700 4125 1211 975


55

cg'bfg / pTkfbgsf] t'ngf ubf{ @)&).&! df cg'bfg *#=#* k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf]df vfBfGg,

t/sf/L / kmnk"mn pTkfbgdf qmdzM (=$$, $=(! / $=@% k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf] / @)&!.&@ df cg'bfgdf

!(=!# k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf]df vfBfGg pTkfbg #=!) k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . To;}u/L @)&@.&# df cg'bfg

^=%# k|ltztn] 36L ePsf]df vfBfGg pTkfbgdf &=)# k|ltzt 36L / t/sf/L / kmnk"mndf qmdzM )=#*

/ !)=%* k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cg'bfg @)&#.&$ df &=#& k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf]df vfBfGgdf *=$* /

t/sf/Ldf !#=@# k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] kmnk"mndf !!=!@ k|ltzt 36L pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . s[lif

pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf w]/} tTjx?n] k|efj kfg]{ eP tfklg cg'bfg / pTkfbg j[l4 jLr tfnd]n ldn]sf]

b]lvPg\ . cg'bfgnfO{ pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj;Fu cfa4 u/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 .

of] jif{ s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgLnfO{ ?=# ca{ #@ s/f]8 & nfv / ;fN6 6«]l8ª skf]{/];g lnld6]8nfO{

?=! ca{ $@ s/f]8 #@ nfv /f;foflgs dn vl/bsf] cg'bfg lbPsf]df dGqfnon] /f;foflgs dn vl/bdf

nfUg] ;~rfng vr{sf] ljZn]if0f gu/L plNnlvt /sd nfutdf ;dfj]z u/L cg'bfg lbg] sfo{n] g]kfn

;/sf/nfO{ a9L cfly{s Jooef/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . ;~rfng vr{df lbOg] cg'bfgsf] :ki6 cfwf/ to u/L

o:tf] vr{nfO{ j:t'k/s agfpg'kb{5 .

169. s[lif shf{ cg'bfg – cy{ dGqfnon] s[lif ljsf; a}Í, ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; a}Í, lgIf]k tyf shf{

;'/If0f lgudnfO{ ;fd'bflos sfo{qmd, kz'wg shf{ ;'/If0f, kz'jfnL aLdf, zLt3/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu

?=@% s/f]8 #@ nfv lbPsf]df dGqfnon] vr{sf] cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg u/L ljj/0f tof/ u/]sf] 5}g .

s[lif shf{ Aofh cg'bfgsf nflu @)&!.&@ df ?=%) s/f]8 cg'bfg pknAw u/fPsf]df xfn

;Dd ?=#@ s/f]8 @) nfv dfq vr{ eO{ ?=!& s/f]8 *) nfv df}Hbft g} /x]sf]n] o:tf] cg'bfgaf6

nlIft ju{n] k|ltkmn kfPsf] l:ylt 5}g .

s/ s§L Pj+ bflvnf

170. kfl/>lds s/ – k//fi6« dGqfno cGtu{t s"6gLlts lgof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] j}b]lzs eQfsf] &%

k|ltzt /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ af‘sL /xg] /sddf cfos/ u0fgf ug'{kg]{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf]

kfngf gu/L of] jif{ #& lgof]un] ljleGg txsf !&# kbflwsf/Lsf] tna tyf j}b]lzs eQfsf] cfodf

nfUg] s/dWo] ?=@ s/f]8 36L s§L u/]sf]n] ;f] s/ c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudn] of] jif{ q'm ;b:ox?nfO{ ?=!@ s/f]8 $@ nfv vfgf eQf e'QmfgL vr{

n]v]sf]df ;f] /sd ;DalGwt JolQmsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOPg . t;y{ cf};tdf @% k|ltztn]

?=# s/f]8 !) nfv kf/L>lds s/ 5'6]sf] 5 .

g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;x'lnot C0f k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf]df cfos/

P]g, @)%* bkmf @& adf]lhd k|rlnt Aofh b/ / ;x'lnot Aofh b/aLrsf] km/s b/n] u0fgf ubf{

x'g cfpg] s/ ?=% s/f]8 %) nfv c;'n u/]sf] 5}g . kfl/>lds s/ c;'n u/L /fh:j bflvnf

ug'{kb{5 .

171. d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'nL – d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf & adf]lhd c;'n u/]sf] d"No

clej[l4 s/ ljj/0f csf]{ dlxgfsf] @% ut]leq ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf s/ ljj/0f k];

ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ of] jif{ ^ dGqfno cGtu{tsf ^# OsfOn] vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]sf lgdf{0f

Joj;foLn] d"No clej[l4 s/ e'QmfgL lnPsf]df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] j]e;fO6df vf]hL ubf{ tL

lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf dfl;s s/ ljj/0f ga'emfO{ ggkmfOn/ b]vfPsf] x'Fbf

sfof{noaf6 e'QmfgL lbPsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ?=@! s/f]8 !$ nfv d"No clej[l4 s/ ;dodf ljj/0f

ga'emfP afkt pQm P]gsf] bkmf @( adf]lhdsf] hl/afgf ;d]t c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

d"No clej[l4 s/, @)%@ sf] bkmf !%-#_ df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] j:t'

jf ;]jf laqmL ubf{ d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;8s af]8{n] ;8s b:t'/

afktsf] /sd c;'n ubf{ !# k|ltztn] x'g] d"No clej[l4 s/ ?=! s/f]8 @# nfv (& xhf/ c;'n u/L

/fh:jdf bflvnf u/]sf] gkfOPsfn] c;'n u/L bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .


56

;l~rtsf]if bflvnf

172. ;l~rtsf]if — ljleGg lgsfon] sf]if v8f u/L ljlgof]hg ah]6af6 /sd hDdf ug]{, ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt

/sd vr{ geO{ df}Hbftd} /fVg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] pkof]udf gcfpg] /sd ?=^! ca{ #% s/f]8 *) nfv

;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvnf x'g'kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL Joxf]/f lgDg5g\ M

172.1 cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod ## df dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] lk|mh gx'g] egL tf]s]sf]

afx]s cGo ;a} /sd lk|mh x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ * dGqfno tyf lgsfo dftfxtnfO{ of] jif{ cg'bfg

lgsf;f lbPsf] ?=@* ca{ (@ s/f]8 *$ nfvdf ?=@@ ca{ #% s/f]8 @# nfv vr{ u/L jiff{Gtdf ?=^

ca{ %& s/f]8 ^! nfv df}Hbft /x]sf]n] pQm /sd ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .

172.2 b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf $%-#_ df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fnfO{ k|fKt /sdn] sfo{ ;~rfng

ug{ gk'u ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu dfu ug{ ;Sg] / ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fPsf] /sd a9L ePdf lkmtf{

ug'{kg]{ pNn]v 5 . k|flws/0fsf] utjif{;Ddsf] ;l~rlt ?=@( ca{ @& s/f]8 #) nfv /x]sf]df of] jif{

?=#@ ca{ !( s/f]8 *$ nfv k'u]sf] 5 . pQm ;l~rltdWo] u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ sf]ifafx]ssf] ?=!^ ca{

^) s/f]8 *$ nfv vr{ x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] ;l~rtsf]if bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .

172.3 dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] @)&@.&# sf] cfiff9 #! ut] ah]6 lk|mh x'g glbg] p2]Zon] ?=!* ca{ @^

s/f]8 /fli6\o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f sf]ifdf lgsf;f lbPsf]df ;f] /sd xfn ;Dd klg vr{ ePsf] 5}g .

To;} u/L k'gMlgdf{0f sf]ifdf o;cl3 df}Hbft /x]sf] ?=!) ca{ ;d]t ?=@* ca{ @^ s/f]8 df}Hbft /x]sf]

5 . k'gMlgdf{0f sf]ifsf] nflu @)&#.&$ df ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f 5'§} ah]6 ljlgof]hg eO{ of] jif{ ?=$(

ca{ ^( s/f]8 !& nfv lgsf;f Pj+ vr{ ePsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf sf]ifsf] pQm /sd kl/rfng ug'{kg]{

cj:yf geP klg ;f] /sd lk|mh gx'g] sf]ifdf df}Hbft /fv]sf] b]lvof] . art /x]sf] ;f] /sd dxfn]vf

lgoGqs sfof{non] tof/ u/]sf] s]Gb|Lo sf]if lx;fadf ;d]t b]lv+b}g . t;y{ o:tf] /sd ;l~rtsf]if

bflvnf x'g'kb{5 .

172.4 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|a4{g af]8{sf] ljut % jif{sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f ubf{ cfDbfgLsf]

t'ngfdf &=&$ k|ltztb]lv !)=$$ k|ltzt;Dd dfq vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sfo{ljlw agfO{ /f]huf/df

hfg] sfdbf/sf] xslxt ;+/If0f tyf kl/jf/sf] cfly{s pTyfg x'g] sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfjZos x'g]

lglZrt k|ltztdfq df}Hbft /fVg]tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;f] sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos /sd lglZrt

u/L afFsL /x]sf] ?=$ ca{ # s/f]8 $( nfv ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .

172.5 aLdf ;ldltsf] cfo Joosf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljut # jif{df cfoaf6 vr{ s6fO{ ;l~rt art ?=# ca{

!( s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos /sd g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf]n]

7"nf] /sd art /fVg' pko'Qm b]lv}b}g .

172.6 cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod ##-s_ df lk|mh gx'g] egL dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non]

tf]s]sf] afx]ssf ah]6 pkzLif{sdf vr{ gePsf] /sd ;fn tdfd x'g'cl3 lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{df ;8s af]8{

g]kfnnfO{ lgsf;f ePsf]dWo] vr{ eO{ afFsL /x]sf] ?=! ca{ @* s/f]8 @@ nfv / ;8s ljefusf]

slG6Gh]G;L vftfdf df}Hbft /x]sf] ?=^ s/f]8 #! nfv ;d]t ?=! ca{ #$ s/f]8 %# nfv ;l~rt

sf]ifdf bflvnf x'g'kb{5 .

172.7 g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgdf{0f ePsf 7"nf ;+/rgf OG6/df]8n oftfoft ljsf; ;ldltn] ef8fdf nufO{ cfo

cfh{g ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ef8faf6 k|fKt /sddWo] of] jif{sf] cGTo;Dd ;ldltsf] vftfdf

?=(( s/f]8 %^ nfv art /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] C0f lnO{ lgdf{0f u/]sf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]

axfnaf6 k|fKt cfo ;ldltsf] vftfdf lgliqmo ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;ldltsf] cfoaf6 yk ;+/rgf lgdf{0f

ug]{ jf k|fKt cfo g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fh:j vftfdf bflvnf ug]{ ;DaGwdf gLlt agfPsf] 5}g .

172.8 ;fN6 6«]l8ª skf]{/]zgnfO{ /f;folgs dn vl/bsf] nflu pknAw u/fPsf] cg'bfg ?=! ca{ $@ s/f]8 #@

nfvdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b/af6 laqmL x'Fbf k|fKt /sd, df}Hbft d"Nodf km/s kg{ uPsf] /sd /

cfoft x'g] kl/df0f Pj+ ah]6sf] sf]6fdf stf x'g] /sd ;dfof]hg kZrft\ ?=! ca{ @$ s/f]8 %$ nfv

dfq cg'bfg lbg'kg]{df ?=!& s/f]8 &* nfv a9L cg'bfg lbPsf]n] c;'n u/L ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf x'g'kb{5 .


57

173. ODaf]:8 gDa/ Kn]6 — oftfoft Joj:yf ljefun] ;jf/L ;fwgdf /fVg] gDa/ Kn]6 ODaf]:8 h8fg ug{

cGt/f{li6«o af]nkq k|lqmofaf6 cd]l/sL 8n/ # s/f]8 *& nfvsf] af]nkq :jL]s[t u/L vl/b ;Demf}tf

u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;Demf}tfdf ;Dk"0f{ nufgL af]nkqbftfn] u/L clGtd pTkfbgsf ?kdf ljefunfO{ Kn]6

cfk"lt{ u/]kl5 ;]jfu|fxLaf6 p7]sf] /sdaf6 #) lbgleq e'QmfgL ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ cfk"lt{stf{

sDkgLn] cfoft u/]sf] d]lzg tyf pks/0f, Kn]6 nufotsf ljleGg ;fdu|Ldf nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;'n,

b:t'/ / d"No clej[l4 s/ ;d]t ?=& s/f]8 (& nfv eG;f/ sfof{nonfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] 5 . k|:t't

vl/b sfo{df g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfly{s ef/ gkg]{ tyf cfk"lt{stf{ sDkgLn] gDa/ Kn]6 h8fg u/]kl5

k|fKt /fh:jsf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL ul/g] Joj:yf ePsf]n] ljefun] e'QmfgL u/]sf] pQm /sd c;'n u/L

;l~rt sf]if bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .

174. ljnsf] ;+Vof j[l4 — oftfoft Joj:yf ljefun] dftxtsf ;a} sfof{nox?nfO{ lecf/P; /

l8Pncf/P;sf] tYofÍ lk|06 ug{ O{–lan $@ nfv ^$ xhf/ ;]6 k7fPsf]df ^& nfv *% xhf/ ;]6

lk|06 u/]sf] b]vfO{ b'O{ k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ?=@ s/f]8 @# nfv e'QmfgL lbPsf] 5 . ljefun] dftxtsf

sfof{nonfO{ k7fPsf]eGbf @% nfv @! xhf/ ;]6 a9L lk|G6 u/]sf] b]vfO{ ?=! s/f]8 %^ xhf/ a9L

e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd c;'n x'g'kb{5 .

175. a9L lgsf;f — lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( adf]lhd a9L / bf]xf]/f] gx'g] u/L lgsf;f lbg'kb{5 . ;nf{xL,

/f}tx6 / sf7df8f}+ nufot #) lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] of] jif{ tnj eQfdf kfpg]eGbf ?=@ s/f]8 %%

nfv, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, sf7df8f}+, af/f ;d]t #) n] ;]jflgj[t / labf a;]sf lzIfsx?sf nflu

tnj eQf afkt ?=! s/f]8 *^ nfv, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, tfKn]h'Ë nufotsf ( sfof{non]

kf7\ok':ts Joj:yfkgdf ?=*) nfv ;d]t ?=% s/f]8 % nfv a9L lgsf;f lbPsf] /sd c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

176. a9L u|]8 – tnaL k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf]eGbf !# :jf:Yo sfof{no tyf c:ktfnn] ?=@) nfv,

;fljs u|]8nfO{ gofF u|]8 sfod u/L @) :jf:Yo sfof{no tyf c:ktfnn] ?=! s/f]8 !$ nfv / jg

ljefu / dftxt #* lgsfoaf6 ?=! s/f]8 & nfv ;d]t ?=@ s/f]8 $! nfv a9L e'QmfgL ePsf]

/sd c;'n u/L ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .

nufgL k|ltkmn

177. z]o/ nufgL k|ltkmn – dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg nufotsf !)* ;+:yfdf s'n ?=! va{ *! ca{ (! s/f]8 #% nfv z]o/ nufgL

u/]sf]dWo] ?=$@ ca{ %% s/f]8 @% nfv z]o/ nufgL ePsf !@ ;+:yfgn] @)&@.&# df ?=# ca{ $!

s/f]8 ^( nfv d'gfkmf k|fKt u/] tfklg nfef+z 3f]if0ff u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] b]lvPg .

dfly plNnlvt !)* ;+:yfdWo] !) ;+:yfaf6 ?=!% ca{ % s/f]8 *% nfv nfef+z k|fKt

ePsf] 5 . nfef+z pknAw u/fpg]dWo] g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] ?=& ca{ @% s/f]8, g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ?=^ ca{

(( s/f]8 (@ nfv, s[lif ljsf; a}Ín] ?=#* s/f]8 ^@ nfv d'Vo 5g\ . afFsL (* ;+:yfaf6 s'g}

nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . nufgLsf] t'ngfdf k|ltkmn Go"g /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;/sf/L ;+:yfgsf] bIftf

clej[l4 x'g'kb{5 .

178. k|zf;lgs vr{df C0f nufgL – ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df tnj, eQf, e|d0f vr{ tyf b}lgs eQf h:tf

k|zf;lgs tyf ;~rfng vr{sf] nflu @)&#.&$ df cf]l/PG6 DofUg];fO6 sDkgLnfO{ ?=! s/f]8 #*

nfv, g]zgn 6]\l8Ë sDkgL lnld6]8nfO{ ?=!! s/f]8, hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8nfO{ ?=* s/f]8

/ uf]/vsfnL /a/ pBf]u lnld6]8nfO{ ?=# s/f]8, g]kfn d]6n sDkgL lnld6]8nfO{ ?=%$ nfv ;d]t

?=@# s/f]8 (@ nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf] 5 . ctM ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ Joxf]g]{ u/L

C0f nufgL ug]{ sfo{ aGb ug'{kb{5 .

179. hUufsf] k|ltkmn / d"NofÍg – tf/fufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] !%) /f]kgL hUuf xfn tf/f

ufpF l/h]G;L xf]6N; lnld6]8nfO{ k§f ef8fdf lbPsf]df hUufsf] k'gd"{NofÍsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;ldltn] @)%).%! Dff tf/f ufpF l/h]G;L xf]6n lnld6]8sf] ;fwf/0f z]o/df ?=!& s/f]8 -!%) /f]kgL

hUufsf] d"No !% s/f]8 / 3/sf] d"No ?=@ s/f]8_ nufgLafkt #(=&& k|ltzt z]o/ k|fKt u/]sf]df


58

xfn;Dd pQm z]o/ nufgLaf6 s'g} k|ltkmn k|fKt ePsf] b]lvFb}g . xf]6nnfO{ lbPsf]] 3/ tyf hUufsf]

ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df ljz]if1af6 k'gd{"NofÍg gu/L cGo z]o/ xf]N8/x?n] nufgL a9fPsf] cfwf/df

tf/fufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] z]o/ :jfldTj #(=&& af6 36fP/ (=)! k|ltzt sfod u/]sf] pko'Qm

b]lvPg . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] lbPsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ hUufsf] k'gd"{NofÍg u/L ;/sf/L z]o/

:jfldTj j[l4 ul/g' kb{5 .

180. af]g; Joj:yf – af]g; P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf 5 df ljt/0f ug]{ af]g;sf] k|ltzt / af]g;;DaGwL cGo

s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd x'g] / P]gsf] bkmf (-@_ cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] cf7

dlxgfleq af]g; ljt/0f ug'{kg]{ tyf tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq af]g; ljt/0f ug{ g;s]df sf/0f;lxt >d

sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fn] @)^*.^( b]lv @)&@.&#

;Dd af]g;df 5'§\ofPsf] /sd ?=%( s/f]8 !# nfv ljt/0f ug{ ldNg] gb]lvFbf k'gM cfDbfgL afFWg'kb{5 .

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgn] @)&@.&# df ?=$ s/f]8 *# nfv v'b gfkmf b]vfO{ sd{rf/L af]g; afkt

of] jif{ ?=%# nfv yk u/L ?=@ s/f]8 *( nfv /fv]sf] 5 . pkbfg afkt vr{df ?=$$ s/f]8 ()

nfv sd Joj:yf u/]sfn] ;+:yfg gfkmfdf ge} gf]S;fgLdf k'Ug] b]lvG5 . o;/L gf]S;fgLdf hfg]

;+:yfn] vr{ n]vL af]g; Joj:yf u/]sf] /sd cfDbfgL afFw]sf] 5}g .

/fli6«o afl0fHo a}Ín] of] jif{sf] ?=#! s/f]8 &# nfv ;d]t jiff{Gtdf ?=%( s/f]8 !$ nfv &%

xhf/ sd{rf/L af]g; Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] /sddf @)%#.%$ / @)%$.%$ ;fnsf] af]g; ?=! s/f]8

!! Nffv ^& xhf/;d]t ;dfj]z 5 . ljt/0f ug{ gldNg] af]g; Joj:yf u/]sf] /sd cfDbfgL afFw]sf]

;d]t 5}g .

181. c;fdL – g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fn] ?=@ ca{ ^) s/f]8 c;fdL c;'npk/ ug'{kg]{dWo] ?=!

ca{ !@ s/f]8 z+sf:kb c;fdL c;'n gu/L gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf vr{ n]vL c;fdL 36fPsf] 5 .

o:tf] /sd sfg"gadf]lhd c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

182. x]lhË – g]kfn /fi6«a}Ísf] ;DklQsf] Ps lx:;f j}b]lzs d'b|f tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf] ;'gdf /x]sf]df

;6xL b/df x'g] ;fdfGo 36a9n] ;d]t g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] ljQLo l:yltdf 7"nf] c;/ ug]{ b]lvof] . of]

cfly{s jif{df cd]l/sL 8n/df #=^# k|ltzt lu/fj6 cfpFbf ?=@# ca{ &% s/f]8 / ;'gsf] d"Nodf

$=)@ k|ltzt lu/fj6 cfpFbf ?=# ca{ ** s/f]8 gf]S;fg ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x'g ;Sg] IfltnfO{

Go"gLs/0f ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf pko'Qm /0fgLlts pkfo cjnDag ug'{kb{5 .

cg'udg / lgodg

183. cg'bfgsf] cg'udg – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod $! df ;+:yfnfO{ ah]6df ;dfj]z

ePsf] /sd cy{ dGqfnon] lgsf;f lb+bf lgsf;f lbPsf] /sdaf6 ePsf] k|ult ljj/0f lnO{ h'g

sfdsf] nflu To:tf] /sd lbOPsf] xf] ;f] sfddf vr{ u/] gu/]sf], nIocg';f/ k|ult u/] gu/]sf],

k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd n]vfk/LIf0f u/fP gu/fPsf] cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . o; jif{

ah]6 ljlgof]lht eO{ ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;ldlt Pj+ af]8{, :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;zt{ rfn' tyf k"FhLut

cg'bfg ?=@ va{ @^ ca{ ^# s/f]8 / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cg'bfg ?=#& ca{ ^! s/f]8 ^! nfv k|bfg

u/]sf] 5 . ;ldlt af]8{nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] cg'bfgsf] cg'udg u/]sf] 5}g .

184. lgodgsf/L lgsfo – :jf:Yo ;+:yf :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf :t/f]Gglt dfkb08;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf,

@)&) df :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?sf]] cg'udg ug{ :jf:Yo dGqfno / cGt{utsf lgsfonfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 .

lzIff dGqfnosf] cg'dltdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf d]l8sn sn]h / 5'§} P]g cGtu{t ul7t k|lti7fgn]

;d]t :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfx ul//x]sf 5g\ . dGqfnoaf6 oL ;a} lgsfosf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg / lgodg

x'g g;Sbf c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng, gaLs/0f, z'Ns lgwf{/0f tyf dfkb08 adf]lhdsf] ;]jf

k|jfxdf sdL sdhf]/L x'Fbf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / nfut k|efljt ePsf] 5 . t;y{ ;a} :jf:Yo

;+:yfsf] lgodg / cg'udg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg P]gåf/f :jtGq / clwsf/ ;DkGg lgodgsf/L

lgsfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .


59

cf}iflw laq]mtf / pTkfbs, :jf:Yo ;fdu|L pTkfbs, laq]mtf, vfB kbfy{ pTkfbg, ljt/0f,

k|zf]wg Pj+ vfgof]Uo agfpg ;+nUg Joj;foLx?sf ultljlw tyf pTkflbt j:t'sf] kof{Kt ?kdf

cg'udg u/L u'0f:t/ cfZj:ttf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pQm sfo{ b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} lgsfo cf}iflw Joj:yf

ljefu / vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefuaf6 x'Fb} cfP klg k|efjsf/L b]lvPg . oL ljifox?

cGt/;DalGwt ePsf] / dfgj :jf:Yodf c;/ kfg]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo ePsf]n] k'gM;+/rgf u/L lgodg

ug{ clwsf/ ;DkGg vfB tyf cf}iflw lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L x'g'kb{5 .

185. cg'dlt Pj+ ;~rfng – :jf:Yo dGqfno cGtu{t d'n'se/ lhNnf c:ktfn / ;f] ;/xsf c:ktfn &#

If]qLo, pkIf]qLo, c~rn / ;f] ;/xsf c:ktfn !%, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf c:ktfn !$, d]l8sn sn]h !$,

ld;g c:ktfn & / lghL ;fd'bflos / ;xsf/L c:ktfn $!% ;d]t %#* c:ktfn ;~rfng /x]sf] /

z}of ;+Vof #) xhf/ @*& /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo ;+:yf :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf :t/f]Gglt

dfkb08;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)&) df ;fd'bflos jf ;xsf/L c:ktfnnfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{, gaLs/0f

u/fpg'kg]{ / gaLs/0f gePsf :jf:Yo ;+:yf :jtM vf/]h x'g] Joj:yf 5 . dGqfnon] $!% lghL

;fd'bflos tyf ;xsf/L c:ktfnnfO{ ;~rfng cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf]df %! z}ofeGbf a9Lsf *@

c:ktfndWo] !^ c:ktfnn] gjLs/0f u/]sf] / &^ c:ktfnsf] cg'dltsf] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf

klg gaLs/0f g} gu/fO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo h:tf] ;Dj]bgzLn ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{

c:ktfn gaLs/0f geO{ ;~rfng x'Fbf dGqfnon] s'g} sf/afxL u/]sf] 5}g .

186. km/f/ ;xsf/L ;~rfns – ;xsf/L ljefuaf6 pknAw tYofÍ cg';f/ !@ lhNnfsf *& ;xsf/L

;+:yfsf ;~rfns km/f/ /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf km/f/ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;~rfnsn] ?=@* s/f]8 ^) nfv

/sd lxgfldgf u/]sf 5g\ . km/f/ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ sf/afxL u/L lxgfldgf u/]sf] /sd c;'n

u/]sf] 5}g . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;~rfng glthf, art ;Íng tyf nufgL cj:yfsf] lgu/fgL /fvL

o:tf ;+:yfn] ljQLo cg'zf;g kfngf u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg u/L lgIf]k tyf artnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpFg]

km/f/ ;~rfnssf] vf]hL u/L z]o/ ;b:osf] art c;'n ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

187. ;xsf/L ;+:yf btf{ – ;xsf/L ljefusf] ljj/0fcg';f/ ut jif{;Dd btf{ ePsf ;xsf/L ;+:yf #$

xhf/ *&$ df of] jif{ yk %(% / sf/afxLdf k/L vf/]h ePsf (^! 36fFpbf @)&$ c;f/ d;fGt

;Dd #$ xhf/ %!@ k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm Ps /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;+3, Ps /fli6«o ;xsf/L a}Í, @)

s]Gb|Lo ljifout ;xsf/L ;+3, ^( lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3 / @%^ ljifout lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3 /x]sf 5g\ .

;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] k|s[lt x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L $)=% k|ltzt art tyf C0f ;xsf/L /x]sf], #)=# k|ltzt

s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt, !@ k|ltzt ljQ tyf pTkfbg If]qdf sfd ug]{, !@ k|ltzt ax'p2]ZoLo tyf $=@

k|ltzt pkef]Qmf ;xsf/L ;+:yf /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L :jf:Yo, ljB't, ;~rf/, hl8a'6L h:tf If]qdf

;d]t ;xsf/L ;+:yf lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . pQm ;+:yfdWo] & xhf/ ^^! sf] lgoldt tyf @ xhf/

$%! sf] ;3g cg'udg u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] @)^! ;fn cl3 ^* lhNnfdf /x]sf] l8lehg ;xsf/L

sfof{nonfO{ 36fO{{ #* lhNnfdf ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 eg] ! xhf/ @ ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]

;+Vof ;d]t s6f}tL u/L $ ;o /x]sf] 5 . t/ @)^! ;fnsf] ;xsf/Lsf] ;+Vof * xhf/ $% af6 a9]/

#$ xhf/ %!@ ePsf] cj:yfdf sd sd{rf/Laf6 ;xsf/L ;+3, ;+:yf btf{ / ;~rfng l:yltsf]

cg'udg sfo{ k|efjsf/L 5}g .

188. e"ldut kfgLsf] lgodg Y sf7df8fF} pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf & df

af]8{nfO{ cfKgf] ef}uf]lns If]qleq e"ldut ;|f]taf6 kfgL lgsfNg] / pkof]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgoldt

lgoGq0f jf lgif]w ug]{ jf pkof]u ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] pNn]v 5 . EofnLaf]8{ af6 xfn;Dd

$@! l8k af]l/Ësf] nflu cg'dlt lnPsf] tYofÍ /x]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no

sf7df8f}+, nlntk/'', eQmk'/ / vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefun] ;~rfng u/]sf]] l8k af]/LË ul/Psf

of]hgfsf] clen]v /fv]sf] 5}g . l8k af]/LË ug'{k"j{ pkTosfsf tL sfof{nox?n] cg'dlt lng] u/]sf]

kfOPg .

189. 6\ofÍ/sf] kfgL – sf7df8fF} pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{af6 @)&#.(.^ df 6\ofÍ/ Joj;fo ;]jf

;~rfng ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)&# :jLs[t u/]sf] 5 . o; cg';f/ @)&$.!.% df # kfgL 6\ofÍ/

Joj;foL btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lgb]{lzsfdf 6\ofÍ/ Joj;foLsf] ;]jf ;~rfngdf :t/Ls/0f ug]{,


60

clgjfo{ btf{ ug'{kg]{, 6\ofÍ/ Joj;foLn] 6\ofÍ/df lkpg of]Uo kfgLsf] nflu lgnf] /Ësf], 3/fo;L

k|of]hgsf] nflu xl/of] /Ë k|of]u ug]{ / lkpg of]Uo afx]s cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu kx]nf] /Ësf] l:6s/

6fF; ug'{kg]{ / cg'dlt lnPsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq clgjfo{ ?kdf kfgLsf] :t/ v'Ng] u/L /Ë/f]ug

u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf sl/j %)) vfg]kfgL 6\ofÍ/ ;~rfngdf /x] tfklg ;f]sf]

:ki6 clen]v b]lvPg . tLdWo] @^& n] cg'dlt kq ;lxt l:6s/ lnPsf] / !%^ n] cg'dlt lngsf]

nflu /fh:j bflvnf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;a} 6\ofÍ/nfO{ lgodgsf] bfo/fdf NofPsf] 5}g .

190. u'0f:t/ cg'udg – u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefun] (! pBf]usf] cg'udg ubf{ g]kfn u'0f:t/ -k|df0f

lrGx_ P]g, @)#& ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf], #^ pBf]udWo] Ps l;d]06 pBf]usf] sDk|Lx]G;Le

:6«]Gysf] dfg g]kfn u'0f:t/ cg'?k g/x]sf], csf]{ l;d]06 k|f=ln=n]] Ohfht kq /2 ePsf] cj:yfdf

pTkfbg u/]sf], Ps l:6n k|f=ln=sf] kmnfd] 58sf] df; k/ ld6/ /g g]kfn u'0f:t/ cg'?k gePsf],

To:t} Ps Knfl:6s P08 kfO{k pBf]un] Ohfht kq k|fKt gu/L g]kfn u'0f:t/ lrGx $) clÍt u/L

Pr=l8=lk kfOkx? laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf]df P]g ljk/Lt sfo{ ug]{ pBf]ux?nfO{ sf/afxL u/]sf] 5}g .

191. le;f l:6s/ – cWofudg ljefun] le;f l:6s/sf] cfDbfgL, vr{ / afFsLsf] ljj/0f k|dfl0ft u/L

/fv]sf] 5}g . of] jif{ @@ lsl;dsf % nfv ^! xhf/ #$) yfg le;f l:6s/ lhG;L vftfaf6 vr{

hgfPsf] 5 . ljb]z l:yt s'6g}lts lgof]u tyf b"tfjf;af6 hf/L x'g] # lsl;dsf (# xhf/ #^ yfg

le;f l:6s/ vr{ hgfPsf]df #^ lgof]uaf6 ?=$@ s/f]8 (% nfv $* xhf/ /fh:j c;'nL ePsf]

b]lvG5 . le;f l:6s/ vr{ eP cg';f/ /fh:j k|fKt eP gePsf] cg'udg u/]sf] b]lvPg . ;a}

cWofudg sfof{nox?n] cfudg / k|:yfg u/]sf ljb]zL gful/ssf] cgnfOg clen]v cWofudg

ljefusf] ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf hf]8\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fy} j]e a]; cgnfOg le;f k|0ffnL k"0f{?kdf

sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5}g .

192. sf/afxL tyf lgisfzg – cWofudg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{

cjlw tf]sL jf gtf]sL g]kfn k|j]z ug{ gkfOg] / cfk/flws lqmofsnfk ug]{ ljb]zL gful/snfO{

g]kfnjf6 lgisfzg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . cWofudg ljefujf6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/ P]g, lgod

ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft eO{ @)&).&! b]lv @)&@.&# ;Dd (#% ljb]zLnfO{ lgisfzg÷;'k'b{uL

u/]sf] / cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf ! xhf/ $ ;o !@ d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cWofudg sfg"g

pNn+3g, a+}lsË s;'/, snafOkf;, nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/, dfgj t:s/L, u}/ sfg'gL sfo{df ;+nUg

s;'/bf/ JolQmx? a9L dfqfdf lgisflzt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmsf]

Jojl:yt clen]v /fvL ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfoaLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ g]6jls{ª / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6«oflsª

k|0ffnL ljsf; u/L k|efjsf/L agfOg' kb{5 .

193. cGt/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] cg'udg — ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\af6 cg'dlt lnO{ g]kfndf ;~rflnt

cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;DkfbLt sfdsf] cg'udg ug'{kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf s]xL

Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

193.1 kl/ifb\n] of] jif{ () cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ?=@( ca{ @ s/f]8 *$ nfv / &$* u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfnfO{ ?=!* ca{ (% s/f]8 !& nfvsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt lbPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt ;xof]u ljsf; ;xfotf gLltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] If]qtkm{

s]lGb|t u/L kl/rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5}g .

193.2 cGt/fli6«o ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ubf{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df kl/rfng ug]{ u/L :jLs[lt

lbg'kg]{df Ps /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] kfb/LnfO{ k|lzlIft ub}{ ;a} lxGb'nfO{ kfb/Ldf ?kfGt/0f ug{

Ps cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;g @)!%.!^ / @)!^.!& sf] nflu ?=@ s/f]8 !& nfv ;xfotf

lng ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\;Fu :jLs[ltsf] b]lvof] . tLg lhNnfsf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/

Pj+ lbuf] hLjgofkgsf] nflu ;Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ !$ h"g @)!# df kl/ifb\;Fu ?=% s/f]8 @$

nfvsf] kl/of]hgf ;Demf}tf u/]sf] l6o/ km08, a]nfotsf] ;+:yfut p2]Zodf ;+;f/e/sf dflg;nfO{

ul/aL, kL8f / /f]uaf6 d'lQm lbnfpb} lqmlZrog lzIff / 1fgsf] k|rf/ ug]{] pNn]v 5 .


61

cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;xfotf k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf kl/rfng ug]{

gLlt cg'?k eP gePsf] cg'udg u/]sf] 5}g .

194. cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf – cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @-t_ / cfly{s sfo{ljlw

lgodfjnLsf] lgod (^ cg';f/ ;/sf/L sfof{nox?sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf lgoGqs

sfo{no / dftfxtaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\M

194.1 ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:Yffkgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg tyf Joal:yt ;~rfng ug{ cfGtl/s

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]klg cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+u7gfTds Joj:yf, ;+nUg x'g]

hgzlQmsf] :jfy{ aflemg] Jojxf/, b/aGbL, kbk"lt{ cj:yf Ifdtf clej[l¢ / n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbg

k|lqmof rf}dfl;s ?kdf x'g] gu/]sf], n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ pRr txaf6 lg/LIf0f cg'udg ug]{ gu/]sf],

;+nUg hgzlQmaLr :jtGq Pj+ lg:kIf 9Ën] sfd ug]{ cj:yf g/x]sf], bf]xf]/f] e'QmfgL, a9L e'QmfgL

h:tf ljifo klg gcf}+NofPsf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] x'Fbf cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ :jtGq Pj+ k|efjsf/L

agfpg h?/L 5 .

194.2 cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ;dodf gx'Fbf Joj:yfkgaf6 ePsf uNtL sdhf]/Lx? ;dodf ;'wf/ u/L cfly{s

sf/f]af/ Pj+ ljQLo ljj/0f oyfy{k/s agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . h;n] ubf{ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f

k|efjsf/L gx'Fbf sf/f]af/sf] z'¢tf / lgoldttf h:tf ljifo ;d]t clGtd n]vfk/LIf0faf6 olsg ug'{

k/]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;dodf cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/L sf/f]af/sf] z'¢tf / lgoldttf ;DaGwL

uNtL sdhf]/Ldf clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f x'g'k"j{ g} ;'wf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf

195. k'glg{df{0fsf] l:ylt — e"sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL P]g, @)&@ sf] bkmf # df

k|flws/0fsf] kfFr jif{sf] sfof{alwdf k'gMlgdf{0f sfd ;DkGg gePdf Ps jif{sf nflu yk ug{ ;Sg]

pNn]v 5 . /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] tof/ u/]sf] If]qut of]hgf / ljQLo k|If]k0f cg';f/ b'O{

jif{df lghL cfjf;, tLg jif{df z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo ;+:yf / kfFr jif{leq k'/ftflTjs tyf ;fF:s[lts

;Dkbfx?sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug]{ nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . e"sDk uPsf] sl/j # jif{ / k|flws/0f

:yfkgf ePsf] @ jif{df ePsf] k'gMlgdf{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf l:ylt lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

l;=g+= k'glg{df{0fsf] If]q k'glg{df{0f ug'{kg]{

;+/rgf

k'glg{df{0f

;DkGg

k|ult

k|ltzt

s}lkmot

1 lghL cjf; lgdf{0f &^&&)% 60003 7.81

@)&$.!@.! ;Dd k|jnLs/0f ug'{kg]{ @$((! 0 0

2 :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf ejg 1197 575 48.03

@)&$ dfu{

d;fGt;Dd

3 ;fd'bflos ljBfno 7553 2741 36.29

4 k'/ftflTjs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf 753 79 10.49

5 ljZjljBfno cGtu{tsf ejg 16 2 12.5

6 ;fj{hlgs ejg 483 177 36.64

7 ;'/Iff lgsfosf ejg 686 123 17.93

8 /0fgLlts ;8s -ls=dL=_ 140 0 0

9 lhNnf:t/Lo ;8s -ls=dL=_ 1060 0 0

10 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf 3112 904 29.04

11 ko{6sLo kbdfu{ 12 0 0

195.1 k'gMlgdf{0f l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ @)&$ kmfu'g;Dddf sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ sfo{ cufl8 a9]sf] 5}g .

of]hgf cg';f/ klxnf] b'O{ jif{df lghL cfjf; lgdf{0f u/L ;Sg'kg]{df t];|f] ls:tf ljt/0fnfO{ cfwf/

ln+bf &=*! k|ltztdfq ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . cGo ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f l:ylt klg nIo cg';f/ a9]sf]

b]lvPg . k'glg{df{0fsf] sfo{ cfufdL tLg jif{df ;DkGg ug{ sfof{Gjog lgsfox?nfO{ yk lhDd]jf/

agfpg], ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] / lgsfout ;dGjo u/L sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] lg/Gt/

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg x'g h?/L 5 .


62

195.2 lghL cfjf; Iflt ;j]{If0f ljj/0faf6 e"sDk clt k|efljt !$ dWo] ^ lhNnfdf @)^* ;fnsf]

hgu0fgfdf eGbf ;j]{If0faf6 sfod ePsf 3/w'/Lsf] ;+Vof %@ xhf/ %%! a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . tL

lhNnfdf e"sDkn] ;a} 3/df Iflt k'¥ofPsf] klg b]lvPg . pQm hgu0fgf ubf{ ljut !) jif{df cf}ift

@& k|ltztn] -k|lt jif{ @=& k|ltzt_ 3/w'/L j[l4 ePsf]df @)^* b]lv @)&@ ;Dd $ jif{df !) b]lv

!! k|ltzt j[l4 x'g'kg]{df wflbª / /fd]5fkafx]s cGo lhNnfdf cf};t jflif{{s j[l4 b/eGbf a9L /

bf]nvf lhNnfdf hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ 3/ w'/L 45 xhf/ 658 /x]sf]df cg'bfg lbg u0fgf ul/Psf 3/

w'/L ^# xhf/ $^& k'uL #(=)% k|ltztn] j[l4 b]lvPsf]n] ;j]{If0f sfo{ oyfy{tfdf cfwfl/t ePsf]

;'lglZrt x'g ;lsPg . k|efljt !$ lhNnfdf btf{ ePsf @ nfv % xhf/ u'gf;f] km5\of}{6 ubf{ @)&# r}q

!$ ;Dddf $! xhf/ nfeu|fxL ylkPsf]df ^ lhNnfdfdfq @$ xhf/ !@@ nfeu|fxL ylkPsf lyP eg]

@)&$ >fj0f b]lv sflt{s;Dd !$ lhNnfsf ! nfv $# xhf/sf] u'gf;f]stf{sf] lgj]bg cem} km5\of}{6

ePsf] 5}g . ;j]{If0f sfo{ oyfy{k/s gx'Fbf nfeu|fxLdf kg'{kg]{ 5'6]sf] / gkg'{kg]{ k/]sf] cj:yf 5 .

195.3 cfof]hgfnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L cg';f/ % jif{df & nfv ^& xhf/ &)% 3/w'/L k'gMlgdf{{0f ug{ ?=@

vj{ #) ca{ s/f]8 #! nfv nfut lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . cfof]hgfn] @)&$ kmfNu'0f d;fGt;Dd

?=^( ca{ @@ s/f]8 &) nfv vr{ ubf{ ^) xhf/ -&=*! k|ltzt_ dfq 3/ lgdf{0f eO{ nIoadf]lhd

k|ult ePsf] 5}g .

195.4 lghL cfjf; k'gMlgdf{0f cg'bfgdf klxnf] ls:tf ?=%) xhf/, bf];|f] ls:tf ?=! nfv %) xhf/ / t];|f]

ls:tf ?=! nfv kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ ;Demf}tf u/L a}+sdf vftf vf]n]]kl5 klxnf]

ls:tf, lKnGy tx;Dd lgdf{0f u/]kl5 bf];|f] ls:tf / 5fgf 5fpg' cl3;Ddsf] lgdf{0f ;s]kl5 t];|f]

ls:tf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ pNn]v 5 . 3/ lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu klxnf] ls:tf afkt ^ nfv *% xhf/

(^( nfO{ ?=#$ ca{ @( s/f]8 *$ nfv / bf];|f] ls:tf afkt @ nfv %( xhf/ @*@ nfO{ ?=@( ca{

*( s/f]8 e'StfgL u/]sf] 5 . klxnf] ls:tf lngdWo] ^) xhf/ -&=*! k|ltzt_ nfO{ dfq t];|f] ls:tf

?=!* ca{ ( nfv e'StfgL ePsf] 5 . o;/L klxnf] kl5 bf];|f] / t];|f] ls:tf cg'bfg glnbf tf]lsPsf]

l8hfOg cg';f/ lgdf{0f u/L cg'bfgsf] pkof]u u/]sf] ;'lglZrt x'g] cj:yf 5}g . o;af6 k'gMlgdf{0fsf]

sfo{ cw'/f] b]lvof] .

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / bLuf] ljsf;

196. jfo' k|b"if0f — jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL /fli6«o dfkb08, @)^( df pNn]v ePdWo] # k|b'ifsx? -PM10, PM2.5

/ TSP_ sf] dfqf dfkg ug{ pkTosfsf ^ :yfgdf jfo' k|b'if0f dfkg s]Gb|x? :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . k|b"if0f

dfkg ubf{ jif{df sDtLdf (% k|ltzt lbgdf dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{df jfo' k|b'if0f pRr ePsf]

hf8f] df};ddf ;LdfeGbf a9L b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefusf] :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf]

tYofÍ cg';f/ @)&!.&@ df la/fdLx? c:ktfndf cfpg'sf] k|d'v !) sf/0fdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L

dflyNnf] tyf tNnf] Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] qmdzM %=& / % k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ljZj ;Dkbf

;"rLdf ;"rLs[t sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf ;Dkbfx? / k'/ftlTjs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] cfsif{0f

3l6/x]sf], s[lif afnLgfnL, kl/l:ylts k|0ffnL / h}ljs ljljwtfdf ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofPsf]n]

/fli6«o dfkb08n] tf]s]sf ;j} k|b"ifsx?sf] dfkg ug]{ cfjZos k|ljlw / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/L k|b'if0fsf

sf/s tTjx?sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog u/L ;f]sf] cg'udg x'g'kb{5 .

197. 9n lgdf{0f Y vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ dGqfno dftxtsf] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfnoaf6

pkTosfleqsf gbL tyf vf]nf lsgf/x?df #^=^& ls=ld= OG6/;]K6/ 9n b'O{ jif{leq ;DkGg ug]{ u/L

lgdf{0f ug{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu @& dfr{ @)!^ df ?=^( s/f]8 ^) nfvdf ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 .

k/fdz{bftfn] l9nf] u/L k|ltj]bg lbPsf] sf/0f vl/b ;Demf}tfdf l9nfO{ x'g uO{ @)&#.&$ ;Dddf ;f]

sfo{sf] ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ult qmdzM @@=%& k|ltzt / !!=(! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tf

cg';f/sf] sfd ;dod} ;DkGg ug]{ ;Defjgf b]lvFb}g . d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfn] cfk"lt{ ug]{ b}lgs

!& s/f]8 ln6/ kfgLsf] k|of]u kZrft\\ ;f]sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] OG6/;]K6/ 9n

lgdf{0f sfo{df l9nfO{ x'Fbf kmf]xf]/ kfgL hDg] / gbLx?df ldl;g uO{ k|b'if0f a9\g] b]lvG5 .


63

198. qm;/ ;~rfng Y qm;/ ;~rfng ;DaGwL dfkb08, @)&# cg';f/ gbL, vf]nfsf] lsgf/ / /fhdfu{af6

#)) ld6/leq qm;/ pBf]u /fVg gkfOg] pNn]v 5 . l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf !), wflbªdf @^, lrtjgdf @,

dsjfgk'/df !) / nlntk'/sf] n]n] gNn' If]qdf Ohfht glnPsf / gaLs/0f gul/Psf ;d]t @)

qm;/ pBf]u dfkb08 ljk/Lt ;~rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 .

199. bLuf] ljsf; nIo – ljZjsf !(# b]zsf /fi6« tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vn] ;g\ @)!% ;]K6]Dj/df ;+o'Qm /fi6«

;+3sf] dxf;efjf6 lbuf] ljsf;sf Ph]08f @)#) kfl/t u/L lbuf] ljsf; nIox? cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ .

lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu !& d'Vo nIox?, !^( ;xfos nIox? / @#) ;"rsx? /x]sf 5g\ . lbuf] ljsf;

nIosf d"Vo :tDex? dfgj, k[YjL, ;d[l¢, zflGt / ;fem]bf/Ldf cfwfl/t 5g\ . k|To]s /fi6«n] cf–

cfˆgf] b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo sfof{Gjogsf] uGtJox?nfO{ /fli6«o kl/j]zdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{, k|fKt

k|ultnfO{ t'ngf ug{sf dWosfnLg uGtJox? Tff]Sg], pQm uGtJox?df k'Ugsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ gLlt

Pj+ ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf u/L ;f] adf]lhd ah]6 th'{df ug]{, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;+oGq ljsf; ug]{

sfo{x? kb{5g\ .

ah]6 agfpFbf d'Vo nIo cg';f/ ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug{ z'? u/] klg uGtJo / ;"rsnfO{ /fli6«o

kl/j]zdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{, ;+:yfut Joj:yf, kmf]snk;{g tf]Sg], ;"rgf k|jfx / cg'udg k|0ffnL :yfkgf

ug]{ sfo{ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg . bLuf] ljsf; nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr ;dGjo ug]{, ;"rgf

tyf k|ltj]bg cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ / tYofÍnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n] o;sf nflu /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u / k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng' kb{5 . cg'udgsf

nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf If]qut dGqfno tyf k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / lghL If]q tyf

gful/s ;dfhsf] ;d]t ;xefuLtf u/fpg' h?/L 5 .

k|fs[lts tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f

200. km]jftfn cltqmd0f — km]jftfnsf] hUuf cltqmd0f 5fglag ;ldltaf6 @)^(.@.$ df g]kfn ;/sf/

;dIf k]; u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/ /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t kf]v/fsf ( tfnsf] If]qkmn ! xhf/ @&#

x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 . ;f] dWo] (*% x]S6/ kfgLsf] efu /x]sf], &)=$& x]S6/ cfjfb gul/Psf] t/ tfn

k'l/Psf] / @!&=@% x]S6/ cltqmd0f u/L cfjfb u/]sf] b]lvof] .

km]jftfnsf] lj=;+= @)!( df lgld{t kfbL{ afFw @)#! kf}if !& df km'6L tfnsf] %) k|ltzt

kfgL au]/ uPkl5 kfgLn] 9fs]sf] efu hldg aGg uPsf] / @)##.#$ df ;kf]6{ gfkL x'Fbf ;f] tfnsf] !

xhf/ ^(@ /f]kgL hUuf ^&# JolQmsf] gfddf clgoldt ?kdf gfkL u/L JolQmut gfddf btf{ u/]/

cltqmd0f u/]sf] b]lvof] . gS;fsf] cWoogaf6 ;d]t pQm lsQfx? clgoldt ?kdf ^%) ld6/eGbf

nfdf] nDafO{df /x]sf], sltko lsQfx? xfn kfgLd'gL /x]sf, ;fdfGo hUufsf] gS;feGbf km/s k|s[lt /

ck|fs[ltdf /x]sf] pQm hUuf vf/]h ug{ 5fglag ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf]df xfn;Dd pQm hUuf btf{

vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvPg . cltqmldt hUufsf] btf{ vf/]h u/L tfnsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 .

201. k'gMlgdf{0f — /fgLkf]v/L k'gMlgdf{0f tyf ;f}Gbo{s/0f sfo{qmdsf nflu sf7df8fF} dxfgu/kflnsfaf6

afnuf]kfnsf] dlGb/ k'glgdf{0f, kf]v/L ;kmfO{ ug]{, /fgLkf]v/Lsf] ;f}Gbo{s/0f ug]{ sfo{ -xl/ofnL k|jw{g,

6«ofs lgdf{0f nufotsf sfo{_ / ljB'tLs/0fsf] sfo{ ug{ @)&# a}zfv !) df ?=^ s/f]8 @( nfvdf

7]Ssf ;Demf}tf eO{{ ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 @)&@ df3 @ ut] lznfGof; ePsf] lyof] . ;Demf}tf

cg';f/ @)&# sflQs d;fGt;Dd ?=@ s/f]8 #) nfv e'QmfgL ePsf]df afnuf]kfn]Zj/sf] dlGb/

k'/ftTj ljefuaf6 lgdf{0f ug]{ / k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{df l;d]G6sf] k|of]u u/]sf] sf/0f ljjfb eO{ lgdf{0f

:ylut ePsf] 5 . ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 lznfGof; ePsf] /fgLkf]v/L h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ :ynsf]

k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ dxfgu/kflnsf tyf k'/ftTj ljefuh:tf b'O{ lgsfosf] ljjfb g6'+UofO{ k'gMlgdf{0fsf]

sfo{ cnkq 5f]8\g' dgfl;a xf]Og .

o;}u/L e"sDkn] elTsPsf] a'ªdtLl:yt /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] dlGb/ k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{ @)&$

Ho]i7;Dd ;DkGg ug]{ u/L @)&# j}zfvdf ?=% s/f]8 @@ nfvsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm


64

sfo{sf] lznfGof; ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLaf6 @)&#.!).@ df ePsf]df xfn;Dd @@ k|ltzt dfq k|ult

ePsf] 5 .

:yfgLo tx

:yfgLo txtk{m @)&$ cfiff9 d;fGtdf sfod &$$ :yfgLo txdWo] &#* sf] ?=! vj{ *)

ca{ #! s/f]8sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf]df ?=!$ cj{ @% s/f]8 -&=() k|ltzt_ a]?h" b]lvPsf] 5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f c+s ;a}eGbf a9L k|b]z g+=# sf :yfgLotxdf ?=$) cj{ $( s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf

sd k|b]z g+= ^ sf :yfgLo txdf ?=!! ca{ !$ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . a]?h" t'ngfTds ?kdf ;a}eGbf 36L

k|b]z g+ & sf :yfgLo txdf cf};t #=^* / ;a}eGbf a9L k|b]z g+ @ sf :yfgLo txdf cf};t !#=@&

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL k|d'v Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

202. cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod #%-@_ cg';f/ :jLs[t /sdaf6

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfn] of] jif{ ;DkGg ug]{ u/L k/Lifb\af6 :jLs[t

sfo{qmddWo] %( sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?=%% s/f]8 ^& nfv lalgof]hg u/] klg s'g} klg of]hgf

sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] / b'wf}nL gu/kflnsf l;Gw'nLn] kl/ifbaf6 kfl/t ?=! s/f]8 ^@ nfvsf @* of]hgf

;~rfng u/]sf] 5}g .

203. ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod %# df s'g} sfof{no vf/]h jf

ufEg] lg0f{o ePsf] #% lbgleq lhG;L ;fdfgsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L To:tf] ;fdfg lng] lbg] Joj:yf

ldnfpg' kg]{ pNn]v 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&#.!!.@& b]lv ;fljssf &% lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

cGtu{t # xhf/ !%& ufpF ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ gofF ;+/rgf cg';f/ ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfdf

ufEg] lg0f{o u/L] cfly{s sf/f]af/ x:tfGt/0f ug{ nufPsf]df 3/, hUuf, df]6/, df]6/;fOsn,

6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/, Nofk6k, lk|G6/, b/fh, ;f]kmf nufot ljleGg lsl;dsf lhG;L ;fdfgsf] nut

tof/ u/L x:tfGt/0f u/]sf 5}gg\ .

;fljs # xhf/ !%& ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, &$$ ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsfdf uflePsf]df pQm

ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf afFsL /x]sf] gub ;d]t lhDd]jf/L ;fg'{kg]{df !@) ufpFkflnsf cGtu{tsf %$@

ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf afFsL /x]sf] ?=!% s/f]8 &$ nfv lhDd]jf/L ;f/]sf] b]lvPg . lgodfg';f/

;/sf/L ;DklQ ;+/If0f, x:tfGt/0f tyf pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .

204. lan e/kfO{ – :yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod $^-#_ df vr{ ubf{ vr{sf]

lan e/kfO{ ;lxtsf] n]vf /fVg'kg]{ pNn]v 5 . bf]/Daf ufpFkflnsf /fd]5fk, uf}d"n ufpFkflnsf afh'/f,

e/tk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf nufot @&* ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsfn] of] jif{ ljleGg zLif{saf6 sfo{qmd

;~rfng ug{ JolQm, kmd{ / lgsfox?nfO{ vr{sf] lan e/kfO{ g/fvL ?=@@ s/f]8 *@ nfv e'QmfgL

u/]sf 5g\ . pQm vr{sf ;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L sf/afxL ug'{kb{5 .

205. ;|]:tf k]; gePsf] – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod (& df sfof{no k|d'vn] cfly{s

ljj/0f k]; u/L clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ dxf]Q/Lsf] uf}zfnf gu/kflnsf /

lkk/f, dgx/f, dxf]Q/L, nf]xf/k§L, ;D;L ;d]t % ufpFkflnsf / k;f{sf] ^^, ;Kt/Lsf] !,

sfe|]knf~rf]ssf] ! ;d]t ^* ;fljs ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf 5}gg\ . wg'iffsf] !@,

af/fsf] $, l;/fxfsf] !, /f}tx6sf] %, nlntk'/sf] #, dsjfgk'/sf] !!, l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] !, d'u'sf] @,

uf]/vfsf] @, gjnk/f;Lsf] ! ;d]t $@ ;fljs ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] ?=@# s/f]8 &* nfvsf]

n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf 5}gg\ . ;|]:tf k]; gug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos sf/afxL u/L lgodfg';f/

n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kb{5 .

206. lxgfldgf d:of}6 – cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% bkmf @^ adf]lhd ;/sf/L /sd d:of}6 u/]sf] b]lvPdf

;f] ug]{ pk/ sfg"gadf]lhd sf/afxL u/L c;'n ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . 8f]6Lsf] ;fljs kf]v/L uf=lj=;=

sfof{nosf ;lrjn] @)&# ;fn >fj0fb]lv kmfu'g @& ;Dd k"FhLuttkm{ lgsf;f ePsf] nufot ?=#*

nfv lxgfldgf d:of}6 u/]sf], lzv/ gu/kflnsf, ;fljs lhhf]8fdf08f} uflj; 8f]6Lsf csf]{ ;lrjn]


65

?=#) nfv lxgfldgf d:of}6 u/]sf]n] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/afxL u/L ;'b ;lxt c;'n pk/

ug'{kb{5 .

:yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod @@-%_ cg';f/ cfly{s jif{sf]

cGTodf vr{ geO{ afFsL /sd cufdL jif{sf nflu lhDd]jf/L ;f/L n]vf /fVg'kg{] Joj:yf eP tfklg

vfFbjf/L gu/kflnsfn] sf]iftkm{ ?=! s/f]8 @# nfv, w/f}6Ltkm{ ?=!# nfv !# xhf/ / sNof0f sf]ifsf]

df}Hbft ?=!) nfv ;d]t ?=! s/f]8 $^ nfv lhDd]jf/L g;f/]sf], ;|]:tfeGbf a}Ídf v'b Go"g ?=&&

nfv Go"g b]lvPsf] / lgdf{0f vr{ ?=% s/f]8 $% nfv vr{ b]vfPsf]df ;f]sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f, ;|]:tf k];

gePsf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos 5fglag u/L lhDd]jf/ JolQmjf6 c;'n pk/ ug'{kb{5 .

207. a}Í ;dfof]hg – blIf0fsfnL gu/kflnsf kmlk{ª, lh/L gu/kflnsf bf]nvf, t]dfn ufpFkflnsf

sfe|]knf~rf]s nufot #@ n] ;|]:tfdfeGbf a}Ídf ?=!$ s/f]8 &^ nfv a9L tyf lkmlbd gu/kflnsf

kfFry/, gf}s'08 ufpFkflnsf /;'jf, pQ/uof ufpFkflnsf /;'jf ;d]t #( n] ?=$ s/f]8 *$ nfv 36L

b]vfPsf]df a}Í ;dfof]hg lx;fa tof/ gu/]sf]n] df}Hbft /sd olsg x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . a}Í df}Hbft

36L÷a9L b]lvPsf] ;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L 6'Ëf] nufpg' kb{5 .

sf7df8fF} dxfgu/kflnsfn] a}Í vftfx?sf] df}Hbft ?=^* s/f]8 %@ nfv ljut jif{x?b]lv g}

ljQLo ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z gu/]sf]n] gub tyf a}Í df}Hbftn] jiff{Gtdf /x]sf] jf:tljs a}Í df}Hbftsf]

;lx / oyfy{ lrq0f ug]{ cj:yf gePsf]n] ;a} k|sf/sf a}Í df}Hbft jf;nftdf b]vfpg' kb{5 .

208. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf – ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)&@ sf] bkmf @$-em_ adf]lhd

a}Í dfkm{t\ eQf ljt/0f ug]{ nfeu|fxLsf] ;DaGwdf Ps cfly{s jif{ e/L s'g} sf/f]af/ gug]{ nfeu|fxLsf]

vftf /f]Ssf u/L afFsL /sd lkmtf{ ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . x]6f}F8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] @)&!.&@ /

@)&@.&# sf] ;'?b]lv xfn;Dd klg nfeu|fxLn] /sd a'‰g gcfPsf] egL sfof{no / a}Ín] olsg u/L

sfod ePsf] ?=! s/f]8 ** nfv lkmtf{ gu/L df}Hbft /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm /sd /fh:j bflvnf

x'g'kb{5 .

209. cfGtl/s cfo – :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% df gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsfsf] sfof{non] s/,

b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns / laqmLaf6 cfo cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ljleGg ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsf @)&

n] ut ljutsf] ?=&) s/f]8 !# nfv / of] jif{sf] @*) ;+:yf Pj+ JolQm;Fu ?=# s/f]8 () nfv

;d]t ?=!! s/f]8 # nfv c;'n ug{ afFsL b]vfPsf] 5 . pQm /sd c;'n ug'{kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL cGo

Joxf]/f lgDg 5g\ M

209.1 jL/u+h dxfgu/kflnsf, k;f{sf] k/LIf0f ul/Psf & s/bftfaf6 dfq} ?=@^ s/f]8 (& nfv !! xhf/

PsLs[t ;DklQ s/ c;'n ug{ afFsL b]lvPsf] 5 .

209.2 lj/f6gu/ dxfgu/kflnsfn] 3/ hUuf s/sf] gd"gf k/LIf0f u/]sf]dWo] !@ s/bftfaf6 ?=# s/f]8 &*

nfv c;'n u/]sf] 5}g .

209.3 nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsfn] agfPsf] nut cg';f/ @)&).&! ;Dddf Ps l;g]df k|f=ln=n] ?=! s/f]8

ltg'{kg{] eP tfklg @)%%.%^ b]lv 3/ hUuf / dgf]/Ghg s/ lt/]sf] kfOPg . pQm k|f=ln=n] cfˆgf]

:yfkgf sfnb]lv g} dgf]/~hg s/ lt/]sf] 5}g . dxfgu/kflnsfaf6 /fh:j c;'nLsf] nflu tfs]tf

;d]t u/]sf] kfOPg .

209.4 sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfn] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ uf]+ua'F a;kfs{ l:yt Ps ax'p2]ZoLo ;+:yfaf6 hl/afgf

afx]s @)&#.&$ ;Ddsf] axfn ?=$ s/f]8 $* nfv, ;'Gwf/f l:yt Ps 6]«8;{af6 ?=#^ nfv /

cfsfz]k'n ;~rfnsaf6 ?=% s/f]8 ^ nfv axfn c;'n u/]sf] b]lvPg .

pko'{Qmfg';f/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ ef8f /sddf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ nfUg] hl/afgf ;d]t yk u/L

c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

210. e'StfgLdf s/ – cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ** / *( adf]lhd e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ s§f ug'{kg]{

Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsfsf] sfof{no ^&% n] lgodfg';f/ e'QmfgLdf s§L ug'{kg]{


66

kfl/>lds s/, clu|d cfos/ / axfn s/ ;d]t ?=% s/f]8 % nfv s§L u/]sf] kfOPg . pQm s/

c;'n u/L bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .

211. lk|mh gu/]sf] – cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod ## df ;fn tdfddf afFsL /x]sf] /sd

;l~rt sf]if bflvnf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] jif{ lrtjgsf] df8L, /Tggu/ nufot &!

ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsfn] jiff{Gtdf afFsL /x]sf] ?=@! s/f]8 (@ nfv ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf u/]sf]

b]lvPg . lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;l~rt sf]if bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .

212. gePsf] sfdsf] e'QmfgL – hgsk'/ pk–dxfgu/kflnsfn] Ps 7]Ssfdf lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ePsf]

;Demf}tfsf] cfO6d g+=*=! df vg]sf] ;a} ;fdu|L lj;h{g ug]{ u/L :k];Llkms]zgn] tf]s]kl5 k'gM yk

;fdu|L 9'jfgL u/L lj;h{g ug]{ Aoj:yf u/L e'StfgL lbPsf] b]lvof] . sfd ubf{sf] cj:yf lg/LIf0f ubf{

a9L ePsf] ;fdu|L lj;h{g gul/Psf], ;a}h;f] pTvgg\ ePsf] ;fdu|L ;8ssf] vfN8f] k'g]{ sfo{df

k|of]u ePsf]df ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu a]Un} cfO{6dsf] Joj:yf u/L lj;h{g gu/]sf] sfdsf] e'QmfgL

lbPsf] ?=! s/f]8 %# nfv c;'n u/L afFsL ?=@ s/f]8 %) nfv / ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] vg]sf] df6f]

Joj:yfkg u/]sf] egL lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfaf6 e'QmfgL ePsf] ?=#( nfv c;'n u/L afFsL

?=! s/f]8 # nfv e'QmfgL gx'g] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

213. 7]Ssf :jLs[lt – ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @^ df Go"gtd d"NoflÍt af]nkqsf] af]ncÍ

nfut cg'dfgeGbf ;f/e"t ?kdf a9L ePdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] To:tf af]nkq c:jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]

pNn]v 5 . hgsk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt nfut cg'dfg

?=*! s/f]8 *^ nfv /x]sf]df ;a}eGbf 36L saf]n ug]{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] saf]n cÍ ?=*&

s/f]8 $% nfv nfut cg'dfgeGbf ?=% s/f]8 %( nfv -^=*# k|ltzt_ a9L /x]sf]df ;f/e"t ?kdf

a9L gePsf] k':6\ofO{+ gu/Lsg pQm af]nkq :jLs[t u/]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L nfut cg'dfgeGbf a9L

/sdsf] af]nkq :jLs[t ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ / :jLs[t ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg' kb{5 .

214. k|zf;lgs vr{ – :yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod #$ df :jLs[t ah]6sf]

kl/lwleq /xL] P]g adf]lhd s/, z'Ns, ;]jf z'Ns, b:t'/ / ef8faf6 p7fPsf] cfDbfgLsf] cfwf/df

kRrL;b]lv ;f7L k|ltzt;Dd vr{ ug{ kfOg]df lj/f6gu/, k;f{, e/tk'/ / nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf

hgsk'/, x]6f}+8f, a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsf / wgs'6f, nxfg, ljb"/, Jof;, l;4fy{gu/, e]/L, ledbQ

gu/kflnsf ;d]t @% n] k|zf;lgs vr{sf] ;LdfeGbf a9L ?=&! s/f]8 ^^ nfv vr{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{non] of] jif{ ?=* s/f]8 !* nfv rfn' vr{nfO{ k"FhLut ah]6df

;dfj]z u/L ah]6 vr{ n]v]sf] b]lvof] . o;k|sf/ vr{ n]Vg] kl/kf6L pk/ lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 .

215. s/ jLhs – d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !$ adf]lhd k|To]s btf{ ePsf] JolQmn]

tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] cj:yf afx]s s'g} ;]jf cfk"lt{ ubf{ s/ jLhs lbg'kg]{, k|fksn] ;d]t jLhs lng'kg]{

/ tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf jLhs hf/L ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . lj/f6gu/ dxfgu/kflnsfn] kmf]xf]/ d}nf ;Íng

tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{sf nflu ! ;fem]bf/L ;+:yf;Fu % jif{sf] nflu ;]jf cfk"lt{ ug{ ^ s/f]8 *$

nfvdf 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;+:yfn] tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ jLhs hf/L

gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ?=! s/f]8 #& nfv e'QmfgL lbPsf]n] d"No clej[l4 s/ gf]S;fgL k/]sf]5 .

216. gS;fkf; Pj+ lgdf{0f ;DkGg – :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !$( df gu/kflnsf If]qdf

cg'dlt glnO{ s;}n] klg ejg lgdf{0f ug{ gx'g], bkmf !^) df ejg lgdf{0f ug{ cg'dlt kfPsf]]

ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq ejg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . sf7df8fF} dxfgu/kflnsfsf] gS;fkf; Pj+ lgdf{0f

;DkGg cj:yf kl/If0f ubf{ b]xfoaxf]lhd b]lvof] M

216.1 lghL tyf ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0fsf] :jLs[lt, gS;f kf; / lgdf{0f ;DkGg k|ltj]bg lbg] u/]sf] eP

tfklg xfn;Dd dxfgu/kflnsf If]qdf ePsf ;/sf/L, Jofj;flos tyf JolQmut 3/ lgdf{0fsf]

clen]v Jojl:yt u/L /fv]sf] b]lvPg . P]gcg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0fsf] O{hfht lnPsf ;+:yf Pj+ JolQmdWo]

lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? u/]sf] clen]v ;d]t Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5}g . lgdf{0f ;DkGg u/]sfdWo] lgdf{0f ;DkGg

k|df0f kq lng] / dfkb08 ljk/Lt lgdf{0f ug]{sf] cg'udg u/L clen]v Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 .


67

216.2 ljut s]xL jif{b]lv lghL If]qn] Jojl:yt a;f]af;sf] nflu ;+o'Qm cfjf; tyf ckf6{d]G6x?sf] lgdf{0f

sfo{ cufl8 a9fPsf]5 . dxfgu/leq lgdf{0f eO/x]sf o:tf ;+/rgfsf] plrt cg'udg gx'Fbf cfjf;sf]

nflu cg'dlt lbPsf] ;+/rgf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgdf pkof]u x'g] / Jofkfl/s ejgx?sf] nflu rflxg]

cfjZos k"jf{wf/ gx'g] cj:yf /xG5 . lgdf{0f cfrf/;+lxtf sfof{Gjog u/L ejg lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5 .

216.3 dxfgu/kflnsfn] @)%^ kl5 tYofÍ sDKo'6/ k|ljli6 ug]{ u/]sf], xfn;Dd () xhf/ ldl;nnfO{

l8lh6fOh ul/Psf] / ljut !* jif{df %* xhf/ ^!$ gS;f kf; ePsf]df !@ xhf/ %!& ejg lgdf{0f

;DkGg ePsf] hgfPsf]5 . afFsLsf] cj:yf dxfgu/kflnsfn] olsg u/L /fv]sf] b]lvPg .

216.4 :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, cg';f/ ;a} ejgx? gS;f kf; u/fP/ dfq ejg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg

ePsf]df clwsf+z ;/sf/L ejg gS;f kf; u/]sf] b]lvPg . dxfgu/kflnsfn] gS;f kf; gu/L ejg

lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf] cg'udg ug'{kb{5 .

217. sf7df8f}+ Eo" 6fj/ lgdf{0f – dxfgu/kflnsfsf] !* cf}+ gu/kl/ifb\n] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf k"/fgf]

a;kfs{sf] @# /f]kgL ^ cfgf hUufdf @( tn] ax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]] lyof] . ;f]sf]

nflu ;a}eGbf a9L /f]oN6L saf]n ug]{ Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] pQm 6fj/ agfO{ #) jif{ kl/rfng ug{

nfut cg'dfg ?=# ca{ &% s/f]8 /x]sf] / lgdf{0f ;DkGg gx'Fbf;Dd aflif{s ?=(* nfv / lgdf{0f

;DkGg kZrft\ @& jif{ jflif{s ?=@ s/f]8 #% nfvn] ?=^^ s/f]8 $) nfv /f]oN6L a'emfpg] / #)

jif{kl5 ejg dxfgu/kflnsfsf] :jfldTjdf cfpg] u/L cfzokq hf/L ubf{ @( tNnfsf] eP klg

e"sDksf sf/0f !@ tNnf dfq gS;f kf; ePsf] 5 . lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] @( tNnf agfpg ;Demf}tf

ePsf]n] ;f] adf]lhd :jLs[lt dfu u/]sf]df xfn;Dd :jLs[t ePsf] 5}g . ef}ule{s cj:yfnfO{

dWogh/ /fv]/ laafb 6'+uf] nufpg'kb{5 .

218. a9L e'QmfgL – sfe|] pkTosf PsLs[t vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfn] lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ !@ cf}+ /lgË lansf]

e'QmfgL ubf{ g]kfnL d'b|ftk{m ?=%* s/f]8 #( nfv / ljlgdo b/sf nflu j}b]lzs d'b|fdf ?=$ s/f]8

$! nfv ;d]t ?=^@ s/f]8 &( nfv e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{df ?=^$ s/f]8 @( nfv e'QmfgL lbPsf]n] ?=!

s/f]8 %) nfv &# xhf/ a9L e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

219. e]l/P;g – ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %$-!_-3_ df vl/b ;Demf}tf ubf{sf ;dodf

k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsPsf] kl/l:yltdf sf/0f v'nfO{ e]l/P;g cfb]z hf/L ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . lj/f6gu/

dxfgu/kflnsf cGtu{t demf}nf zx/sf] PsLs[t zx/L jftfj/0fLo ;'wf/ kl/of]hgfn] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f

sfo{sf] ?=@ ca{ #( s/f]8 !# nfv ;Demf}tf ePsf]df # e]l/P;g cfb]z kZrft\\ nfut cg'dfg j[l4

!#=*( k|ltzt / ;Demf}tf /sd @#=^@ k|ltzt j[l4 eO{ ?=@ ca{ (% s/f]8 ^# nfv sfod ePsf]

b]lvof] . e]l/P;g hf/L ubf{ nfut b/eGbf saf]n b/ a9L /x]sf] cfO{6ddf a9L e]l/P;g ePsf] / gofF

b/ :jLs[t u/]sf] sf/0f j[l4 eO{ ?=@# s/f]8 @& nfv a9L bfloTj k/]sf] 5 . a9L b/ saf]n u/]sf

cfO{6ddf j[l4 / 36L b/ saf]n u/]sf cfO{6d s6f}tL ubf{ lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug uPsf]

?=# s/f]8 *# nfv c;'n ug'{kb{5 .

220. gofF b/df d"No j[l4 – lj/f6gu/ dxfgu/kflnsfn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfg

cg';f/ s]xL cfO6ddf kl/df0f yk 36 Pj+ gofF cfO6d yk eO{ gofFb/ ;d]t sfod u/]sf] 5 . pQm

gofFb/ @)&).&! sf] >lds tyf ;fdu|Lsf] b/nfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ tof/ u/]sf] 5 . ;a} gofF b/ e]l/P;g

@ sf] @^ clk|n @)!^ / e]l/P;g # sf] @^ h'g @)!^ df b/ :jLs[t ePsf]df d"Noj[l4 k|of]hgsf]

nflu h'nfO{ #, @)!# sf] b/nfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf]n] a9L d"No j[l4 lbPsf] ?=# s/f]8 *# nfv

c;'n ug'{kb{5 .


68

kl/R5]b $

;'wf/sf If]qx?

1. ah]6 tyf vr{ Joj:yfkg – ;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotf ah]6df ;dfj]z gug]{, ;|f]t olsg geO{

j}b]lzs ;xfotf ah]6df ;dfj]z ug]{, cy{ ljljw zLif{sdf ah]6 /fvL cy{dGqfnosf] lg0f{on]

/sdfGt/ u/L lgsf;f lbg] sfo{df lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 . vr{sf] cfsf/dfq a9fpg 6«fG;km/ vr{ ug]{,

P]g lgod ljk/Lt /sdfGt/ ug]{, sfg'gdf Joj:yf g} gePsf] ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf lbg] kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo

x'g' kb{5 . cg'Tkfbs vr{ lgoGq0f ug]{, of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t lga[QLe/0f Aoa:yf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg],

ah]6 l;4fGt lakl/t sf]if v8f u/L vr{ ug]{ Aoa:yf lgoGq0f ug]{ / p2]Zo cg'?k ;~rfng gePsf

sf]ifdf /x]sf] art /sd ;l~rtsf]if bflvnf ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

2. ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg – ;DefJotf cWoog, la:t[t ;j]{If0f, nfut nfe

laZn]if0fu/L sfo{qmd/cfof]hgf :jLs[t Pj+ jftfj/0fLo k|efj cWoog, hUuf k|flKt, sfo{:ynsf]

Joj:yf, cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo kZrft\ 7]Ssf Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . cfjlws of]hgf / ah]6 tyf

sfo{qmdaLr tfnd]n ug]{, ljefuLo hgzlQmaf6 ug{ ;Sg] sfdsf] nflu k/fdz{bftf g/fVg],

sG6LGh]G;Laf6 vr{ ug]{ dfkb08 agfpg], k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgfdf ah]6sf] sdL x'g glbg]

Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . glthfd'vL ;"rssf] cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg u/L cfof]hgf k|d'vnfO{

lhDd]jf/ agfpg] Pj+ cg'udg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 . ;fy} ljsf; cfof]hgf

sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf cj/f]wnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ cfaZostf cg';f/ sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 .

3. ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg – vl/b ;Demf}tfadf]lhd ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0f /

lhDd]jf/ kIfsf] ls6fg u/]/ dfq Dofb yk ug]{, x]eL d]lzg tyf pks/0f cfjZos kg]{ / hl6n

k|s[ltsf sfd pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ glbg], ljB''tLo k|0ffnLaf6 af]nkq k]; ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{

ug]{, tf]lsPadf]lhd u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug]{, ;Demf}tfadf]lhd sfo{ k|ult gug]{, aLrdf 7]Ssf sfo{ 5f]8\g]

/ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf 7]Ssf ;DkGg gug]{ lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ sfnf] ;"rLdf /fVg'kb{5 . aftfj/0f d}qL

ljsf; lgdf{{0f Joj:yfkg, l8hfO{g Ph laN6 7]Ssfdf nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{ gD;{, af]nkq ;DaGwL

sfuhft, d"No ;dfof]hg nufotsf laifodf :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} ;]jf s/f/ ;DaGwL

dfkb08 tof/ u/L Ps?ktf sfod ug'{kb{5 .

4. /fh:j k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ – cfoft lgof{t, 3/hUuf, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] laqmLdf Go"g aLhsLs/0f / Go"g

d"NofÍg lgoGq0f, cGt/ lgsfo ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ub}{ ;a} k]zf tyf Joj;fonfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf

Nofpg] / lglZrt /sd eGbf a9Lsf] z]o/, 3/hUuf tyf ;DklQ vl/b ubf{ s/ r'Stf k]; ug]{ Joj:yf

ldnfpg' kb{5 . eG;f/ d"NofÍgnfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg], eG;f/ b/aGbL JofVofnfO{ cBfjlws u/L yk

:ki6 kfg]{, /fh:j 5'6sf] clen]v Pj+ 5'6sf] sf/0f u'd]sf] /fh:j / ;f] sf] k|efjjf/] Joj:yflksfnfO{

k|ltj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . s/ k/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 / ahf/ cg'udg tyf lalnË

OGkmf];{d]G6 ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . s/ ljjfbnfO{ ;dod} lg?k0f ug]{, /fh:j aSof}tf s8fO{sf ;fy

c;'nL ug]{, s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu C0f k"FhLsf] cg'kft lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL cGt{/fli6«o cEof;sf]

cg'z/0f ub}{ s/ n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg'kb{5 . u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;d]t s/of]Uo sf/f]af/

ubf{ cfos/ ltg'{kg]{, ljB'tLo Aofkf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg], s]xL

k|rlnt sfg"gx?df cfos/ ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]gsf] Joj:yfeGbf km/s Joj:yf /x]sf]n] Ps?ktf

Nofpg] / s/ kl/kfngf ug]{tkm{ kxn ug'{kb{5 .

5. ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u – ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf 3/, hUuf, ;jf/L;fwg nufotsf

;DklQsf] clen]v cBfjlws u/L ;f]sf] ;+/If0f, pkof]u / dd{t ;+ef/, lnnfd ug'{kg]{ ;fdfgsf]

PsLs[t 9Ëaf6 lnnfd laqmL ;DaGwL sf/afxL x'g'kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] z]o/ C0fsf] Aoal:yt clen]v

/fvL k|ltkmn tyf ;faf+ Aofh c;'nL ug]{, ;/sf/L hUuf tyf jg If]qsf] lnh, pkof]u, ef]uflwsf/

lbg] tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clgolGqt bf]xgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ :ki6 dfkb08 tof/ u/L ;f]sf] ;d'lrt

pkof]u / k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] 9Ën] Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . vfgL pTvgg, ljB't pTkfbgsf] cg'dlt,


69

gaLs/0f Pj+ pTkfbg cg'udgsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs d7, dlGb/,

b]afno, u'Daf tLy{:yn nufotdf bz{gfyL{af6 r9fO{g] e]6L3f6L Aoa:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 .

6. ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx – ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / k|efasf/L agfpg ;]jf dfkb08

lgwf{/0f, rqmLo ;do k|0ffnL, 6f]sg k|0ffnL, Psåf/ ;]jf k|0ffnL / x]Nk8]:s k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf NofO{

dWo:y jf larf}nLofsf] e"ldsf Go"g ug]{, ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;do / nfut 36fpg ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;]jf

k|jfx ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;xh kx'Frsf nflu hgzlQm, pks/0f / ef}lts

k"jf{wf/sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f tyf cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;dodf vl/b Pj+ dfusf] cfwf/df cf}iflwsf]

cfk"lt{ / ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], lgsfox?n] gful/s a8fkq cg';f/ ;]jf k|bfg gu/]df

;]jfu|fxLnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Aoa:yf ldnfO{ cg'udg ug'{kb{5 . u'gf;f] Pj+ ;fa{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ k|lqmofdf

yk ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 .

7. n]vfÍg tyf k|ltj]bg – ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] nflu g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]q

n]vfdfg k"0f{?kdf nfu" ug'{kb{5 . dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] :jLs[lt ljgf ljleGg lgsfon] 5'§f–5'§} n]vf

;DaGwL ;ˆ6j]o/ lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf]df To:tf ;ˆ6j]o/sf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf k"j{:jLs[lt

lng'kb{5 . ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;l~rtsf]if lx;fa tof/ ug]{ 9fFrf :jLs[t u/fO{

sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg], k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ;+3df k|ltj]bg x'g] Joj:yf

ldnfpg], n]vf / n]vf+sg ;DaGwL kmf/fdx? ;do ;fGble{s agfpg kl/dfh{g ug'{kb{5 .

8. cfGtl/s lgoGq0f tyf cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f – ;a} txsf ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yfn]

;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ldtJooL, k|efjsf/L /

bIftfk"0f{ agfO{ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ yk ;'b'9Ls/0f ug{ ljifout tyf If]qut lgoGq0f

sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L nfu" ug'{kb{5 . If]qut cfrf/;+lxtf hf/L u/L ;f]sf] s8fO{sf ;fy kl/kfngf Pj+

cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ldnfpg' kb{5 .

sfof{Tds :jtGqtf, k];fut ;Ifdtf, dfgb08 / sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf, ;'k/Lj]If0fsf tl/sf,

k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ ;+u7gfTds Aoa:yf nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o c;n cEof;sf] cjnDjg u/L cfGtl/s

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg' kb{5 .

9. :yfgLo txsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg — :yfgLo txsf] laQLo cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;+3, k|b]z /

:yfgLo txsf] ;femf ;"rL cGtu{tsf ljifo ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] k|of]u tyf /fh:j ;Íng ;DaGwdf

dfkb08 agfO{ Joal:yt agfpg'kg]{, lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/LaLrsf] lhDd]jf/L / hafkmb]lxtf

:ki6 ug'{kg]{, n]vfkfng Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;j} lgsfosf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] 9fFrf :jLs[t u/L

Ps?ktf Nofpg'kg]{, ;ˆ6j]o/sf] k|of]udf Ps?ktf, :yfgLo tx ;l~rtsf]ifsf] lx;fa Joal:yt /fVg]

Pj+ cfalws?kdf k|b]z tyf ;+3df k|lta]bg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{, e'QmfgL s]Gb| gu/ jf ufpF

sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{nodf ;Lldt ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

ah]6, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / sfg"g lgdf{0fdf Ps?ktf, :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbg]

;'ljwf nufotsf ljifodf yk Jojl:yt ug{ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f Pj+ lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{kg]{,

;z{t cg'bfg, ;dk"/s cg'bfg / laz]if cg'bfg ;DalGwt k|of]hgdf vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg],

;fljssf lgsfodf /x]sf] sf]if tyf ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg, x:tfGt/0f, ;DklQ Pj+ ;+/rgfsf] pkof]u /

;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug]{, vr{ ldtJolotf / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf bIftf Pj+ k|efasf/Ltf Nofpg] /

vl/bdf kf/blz{tf Pj+ k|lt:kwf{ clej[l4 ug'{kb{5 .

10. lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf — n]vfpQ/bfoL clws[t / lhDd]jf/ JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L bIftfk"j{s

k"/f gu/]sf] sf/0f x'g uPsf] sdhf]/ hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu n]vfk/LIf0fsf ;'emfj sfof{Gjog,

a]?h" km5of}{6 / ;f]sf] cg'udg ug'{kb{5 . a]?h" sfod ePkl5 km5\of}{6 ug]{ tk{meGbf a]?h" cfpg}

glbg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . sd{rf/L Pj+ lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{odf hjfkmb]lxtf lng'kg]{ /

b'?kof]u ePdf sf/afxL x'g] Joj:yf ;lxtsf] ljQLo pQ/bfloTj ;DaGwL sfg"g th'{df ug{'kb{5 . sfo{ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs kbdf lhDd]jf/L lb+bf ljutdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfo{sf]

;d]t d"NofÍg u/L sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ / ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf kfngf u/]sf]nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .


70

11. ljQLo Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"g — ;fj{hlgs hafkmb]xLtf tyf kf/bzL{tf clej[l4 u/L ljQLo

;'zf;g sfod ug]{ cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !^, @^ / ## df /x]sf hl/afgf ;DaGwL

Joj:yf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{, cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{ ;dofjlw sd ug'{kg]{, ;fa{hlgs

If]qsf lgoGqs / lgolGqt lgsfo tf]sL lhDd]af/L / hafkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . ;a} e'StfgL

r]s dfkm{t u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ k]:sL lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf k'g/fanf]sg ug]{ / ;+u7gfTds ;'zf;gsf]

nflu n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldltsf] u7g ug'{kb{5 . cfly{s sfo{lalw P]g, lgodfjnLdf clGtd n]vfk/LIf0faf6

cf+}NofOPsf] a]?h" Ps jif{ kZrft\ ul/g] ;Dk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf sfg"gL?kdf :ki6 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ b]lvPsf ;Dj]bgzLn ljifosf] ;DaGwdf tTsfn k|ltj]bg lbg;Sg] Aoa:yf,

dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] ljifo / cfly{s cg'zf;g kfngf u/fpg] ;Gbe{df P]g lgodn]

tf]s]sf] lhDd]jf/L kfngf gug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ sf/afxLsf nflu n]vL k7fpg ;Sg] ljifo ;dfj]z u/L

n]vfk/LIf0f P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

k]:sL k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfd z'? u/]sf] k|df0fsf cfwf/dfdfq ;fj{hlgs

lgsfon] lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu k]:sL k|bfg ug]{ u/L sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ kb{5 . lgdf{0fsfo{sf] q'l6k"0f{

8«O{Ë, l8hfO{g jf nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{ / :jLs[t ug]{nfO{ lhDd]af/ agfpg yk :ki6 kfg{, Go"g

saf]nnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;a} k|efau|fxL af]nkqbftfdWo] ;a}eGbf pRr / Go"g saf]n ug]{nfO{ x6fO{ aFfsL

af]nkqbftfsf] cf}ift saf]n cÍsf] glhs x'g] af]nkqbftfsf] af]nkq :jLs[t x'g] Aoa:yf ug'{kg]{, Pp6}

lgdf{0f Aoa;foLn] Ifdtf eGbf w]/} sfd lnO{ ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{

k"Flh, pks/0f, hgzlQmsf] cfwf/df Ifdtf ljZn]if0f u/L lng;Sg] sfdsf] kl/df0f tf]Sg] Joj:yf

x'g'kb{5 . ;fa{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] bkmf ^& adf]lhd ;'/Iff, ;fdl/s jf k|lt/Iff, lghL If]q ;+u k|lt:kwf{

ug'{kg]{ lgsfo, cGt/fli6«o d]nf, dxf]T;a, 6]«8 km]o/, lab]zdf / lab]zL b'tfjf;n] ug'{kg]{ vl/b, ljdfg

;]af ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfon] ug]{ vl/bnfO{ Aoal:yt ug{ sfo{lalw agfpg' kb{5 .

12. clGtd n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;jnLs/0f – ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cGt/f{li6«o c;n cEof; adf]lhd

n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yf, ;+:yf k|d'v / ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?sf] k];fut :jtGqtf sfod /fVg k|zf;lgs tyf

ljQLo :jtGqtf k|Tofe"t ug{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g nufot ah]6 tyf ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw x'g'kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] gLlt, dfgb08 / sfo{ljlwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o c;n cEof; ;d]tsf] cfwf/df cBfjlws

ug'{kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f / u'0f:t/ cfZj:ttf k'g/fjnf]sg Joj:yfnfO{ yk

k|efjsf/L agfpg'kb{5 . ljQLo, lgoldttf, sfo{d"ns, jftfa/0fLo, ;"rgf k|ljlw, ;fdlos nufot

ljifout n]vfk/LIf0fdf sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu yk ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

:yfgLo txsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{u/L sfo{If]qdf ePsf] lj:tf/ cg'?k ;f+u7flgs ;+/rgf / b/aGbL

k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 .

13. ;+ul7t ;+:yf tyf ;ldltx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0f – ;+ul7t ;+:yf tyf ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] n]vfdfg adf]lhd

ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;dod} n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kb{5 . ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf ;/sf/n] u/]sf] nufgLsf]

t'ngfdf k|fKt k|ltkmn Go"g b]lvPsf] ;DaGwdf ;dLIff u/L Aoa:yfkgdf ;'wf/sf pko'Qm ljsNk

canDag ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k/fdz{ lnO{ ;dod} n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ug'{kb{5 .

14. ;"rgf k|afx Pj+ ;dGjo – clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no,

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no, ;DklQ z'l4s/0f

cg';Gwfg ljefu, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, eG;f/ ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í

h:tf lgodgsf/L lgsfoaLr ljQLo Aoa:yfkg kIf;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ ;+oGqsf]

ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .

15. ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog – dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg ;dod} 5nkmn ug]{,

;ldltsf] lg0f{o / lgb]{zg sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 .


71

kl/R5]b %

sfof{no ultljlw

1. /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df – sfof{non] ljut jif{ ;g @)!^ b]lv @)@) ;Ddsf] nflu t];|f] /0fgLlts

of]hgf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . /0fgLlts of]hgfn] æhglxtsf nflu hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/bzL{tf / lgi7f k|a4{g

ug{] ljZj;gLo ;+:yf x'g k|TogzLn /xg]Æ b"/b[li6 / æ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] bIftfk"0f{

pkof]u ;DaGwdf cfZj:t kfg{ :jtGq Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf k|bfg ug{]Æ uGtJo lgwf{/0f

ul/Psf] 5 . pQm of]hgfn] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efj clej[l4 ug{], :jtGqtf / sfg"gL cfwf/

;'b[9 ug{], ;f+u7lgs Ifdtf ljsf; ug{], afXo ;/f]sf/jfnf;+u k];fut ;DaGw a9fpg], cfGtl/s

Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpg] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu jflif{s

sfo{ ;~rfng of]hgf ;d]t tof/ eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . pQm /0fgLlts of]hgf / jflif{s

sfo{ ;~rfng of]hgf tof/ ug{ gj]{sf] dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

2. sfo{of]hgf – cfGtl/s / afXo jftfj/0fsf] ljZn]if0f kZrft\\ sfof{nosf] :jtGqtf, sfof{non]

;Dkfbg ug]{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ljlw k|lqmof, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, hgzlQm

Joj:yfkg, ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if ;'wf/sf If]q ;d]6L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfo{of]hgf

-@)&$—@)*)_ th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{ of]hgf tof/Lsf] qmddf ljQLo If]qdf ePsf ljleGg

cWoog, cg';Gwfg, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf ljutsf k|ltj]bg tyf sfo{of]hgfx? / cGo ;jf]{Rr

n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx?af6 ePsf] ;dsIfL k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 lbPsf ;'emfjnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbOPsf] 5 .

pQm ^ jifL{o sfo{ of]hgfdf ;+u7gfTds Joj:yf / sfo{k|0ffnL ;'wf/, gLltut tyf sfg'gL ;'wf/,

n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofdf ;'wf/, n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/, ljQLo cg'zf;g tyf

hjfkmb]lxtf, ;+:yfut ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g . of] sfo{of]hgf

/0fgLlts of]hgf / sfo{;~rfng of]hgfsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

3. n]vfk/LIf0f ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt – n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{, cGt{/fli6«o cEof; ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/

/fVb} n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmof, ljifoj:t' / k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf /fo ;Nnfx pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg If]qdf

ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf JolQm ;lDdlnt n]vfk/LIf0f ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt u7g eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 .

o;jif{ pQm ;ldltsf] a}7s @ k6s a;L n]vfk/LIf0f lalw, k4lt, n]vfk/LIf0fdf s]Gb|Lt x'g'kg]{ ljifo /

k|ltj]bg Joj:yf ;DaGwdf dxfn]vfk/LIfsnfO{ /fo ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

4. gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf – sfof{non] n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofdf cfjZostfcg';f/ gful/s ;dfhsf]

;xeflutf u/fpg] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o; cGtu{t sfo{d"ns n]vfk/LIf0fsf] of]hgf

th'{df r/0fdf hf]lvd klxrfg ug{ / sfof{Gjog r/0fdf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] :jtGqtfdf c;/ gkg]{ u/L

gful/s ;dfh Pj+ nfeu|fxL ;d"xnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] 5 . o;afx]s tof/ ePsf] k|ltj]bg

:yfgLo:t/df ;Dk|]if0fsf] nflu ;d]t ;xefuL u/fpg] of]hgf /x]sf] 5 .

5. ;+:yfut ;DaGw / ;~rf/ – n]vfk/LIf0f glthfsf] k|efj a9fpgsf] nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;DaGw

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o; tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fvL Joj:yflksf, ;+;bLo ;ldlt, ;/sf/L sfof{no,

Joj;flos k];fut ;+3 ;+:yf, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf kbflwsf/L, :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/L, lghL If]q,

;~rf/ dfWod / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu lg/Gt/ cGt/lqmof ub}{ ljQLo cg'zf;gsf] kfngf l:ylt

hfgsf/L u/fpg], n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{, ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf

cfd?kdf lzIff, tflnd / cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ Pj+ ;~rf/ /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog,

j]e;fO6 dfkm{t k|ltj]bgsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f, k|]; la|lkmª, a'n]l6g k|sfzg / ;~rf/ dfWod;Fusf]

;DaGw ;'b[9 ub}{ cfd gful/s tx;Dd /fHosf] ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] l:ylt hfgsf/L u/fpg] gLlt

lnOPsf] 5 .

6. cfGtl/s ultljlw – dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] %( cf}+ jflif{s pT;j @)&$ cfiff9 !% ut] ;DdfgLo

/fi6«kltHo"sf] ;d'kl:yltdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . u0ftGq lbj;sf] cj;/df sfof{nosf Ps lgb]{zsn]

k|jn hg;]jf>L lje"if0f k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;, @)&# sf] cj;/df Ps lgb]{zs


72

lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t x'g'ePsf] 5 . of] aif{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPsf

n]vfk/LIf0f clwsf/L !), n]vfk/LIfs clwIfs (, n]vfk/LIfs lg/LIfs %, ;xfos sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ @,

h'lgo/ On]lS6«l;og ! / h'lgo/ d]sflgS; @ ;d]t @( nfO{ gofF lgo'lQm Pj+ kb:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L gfojdxfn]vfk/LIfs @ n] jl/i7 sfo{sf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd, ljleGg #$ :jb]zL

tflnd÷;]ldgf/÷uf]i7Ldf @@( sd{rf/L tyf lg/Gt/ k]zfut lzIffdf #&) sd{rf/Lsf] ;xeflutf

/x]sf] lyof] .

7. cfGtl/s ;'wf/ – o; sfof{nocGtu{t s]Gb|df ;+u7g k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ tyf k|b]z tx;Dd sfof{no

:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf]n] of] jif{ # r/0fdf u/L :ynut?kdf ;a} sfof{nosf]

n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGf ul/Psf] 5 . xfnsf] sfof{no ejg e"sDksf sf/0f ;~rfng of]Uo gePkl5 gofF

ejg lgdf{0fsf] lznfGof; eO{ b'|tultdf lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o tyf

/fli6«o:t/sf] tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf] dfWodaf6 Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx?sf]

dgf]an pRr /fvL n]vfk/LIfssf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/df cfFr cfpg glbg sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t

k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] n]vfk/LIf0f tyf k|ltj]bg k4lt ;DaGwdf

n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf tof/ ePsf] 5 . ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;xhtf Nofpg ;+ul7t ;+:yf

n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g ;d]t :jLs[t u/fOPsf] 5 .` ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf

b]lvg] sdL sdhf]/L tTsfn /f]Sg / ;dod} ;'wf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;fdlos n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ ul/Psf]

/ k"j{lqmofzLn ;Dk/LIf0f k|0ffnL nfu" u/L n]vfpQ/bfoL clws[t tyf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?af6 ;doa¢

a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{of]hgf dfu u/L cg'udg ul/Psf h:tf cfGtl/s ;'wf/sf k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

8. cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw – ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] If]qdf c;n cEof;sf] cg';/0f u/L n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{

cGt/f{li6«o :t/cg'?k agfpg tyf sfof{non] u/]sf sfdx? c? d'n'snfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] tyf

If]qLo tyf cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfodf g]kfnsf] pkl:ylt a9fpg] p2]Zo cg'?k sfof{noaf6 o; jif{

b]xfosf lqmofsnfk ePsf 5g M

8.1 ;g\ @))* b]lv gj{]sf] ;jf{]Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfn] g]kfnnfO{ Ifdtf clej[l¢df ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

;f] cGtu{t @)!& sf] h'nfO{df n]vfk/LIf0f u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f sfo{zfnf, låkIfLo ;xof]u ;DaGwdf

5nkmn / :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxsf] sfo{d"ns n]vk/LIf0fsf] ;Gbe{df sfof{nosf # sd{rf/LnfO{ u'0f:t/

lgoGq0f ;DaGwL k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

8.2 dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] g]t[Tjdf tLg ;b:oLo 6f]nLn] ;g\ @)!& sf] cS6f]a/df ;+o'Qm clw/fHo a]nfotsf]

e|d0f u/L ToxfFsf lgoGqs Pj+ dxfn]vf k/LIfs;Fu e]63f6 Pj+ n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL cEof; /

cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg ub}{ cfufdL lbgdf x'g ;Sg] cfk;L lxt / ;xof]usf ljljw If]qdf 5nkmn

u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] 6f]nLn] P;f]l;o;g ckm rf6{8{ ;l6{kmfO{8 PsfpG6]G6\n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lgodg

;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf efu lnPsf]] lyof] . ;g\ @)!& sf] gf]e]Da/÷ l8;]Da/df ;+o'Qm /fHo

cd]l/sfsf] ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yf ueg{d]G6 PsfpG6]ljln6L clkm;sf sD6«f]n/ hg/n ;+u e]6

u/L kf/:kl/s ;DaGw j[l¢sf If]qx?, Ifdtf ljsf;, cfk;L cg'ejsf] cfbfg k|bfg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn

ePsf] lyof] . k|ltlglw d08nn] cGt/f{li6«o ah]6 ;fem]bf/L gfds ;+:yfn]] cfof]'hgf u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f

hjfkmb]lxtf ljifos ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] . ;f] ;Dd]ngdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] aflif{s

k|ltj]bgdf cf}+NofOPsf ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf nflu gful/s ;dfh;+usf] ;xeflutf / k|efjsf/L ;"rgf

k|0ffnLsf] e"ldsfjf/] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

o; sfof{nosf] Ps 6f]nLn] ;g\ @)!& sf] h'nfO{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] d'Vofnodf ;fdflhs

tyf cfly{s ljsf;sfnflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljefu / O{G6f];fO{ 8]enkd]G6 O{lgl;Pl6eåf/f cfof]lht

ælbuf] ljsf; nIosf] sfof{Gjogsf] tof/L of]hgfsf] n]vfk/LIf0fÆ ljifos a}7sdf ;xeflutf hgfPsf]

lyof] . pQm a}7sdf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo / o;;+u ;DalGwt cGo Ph]G8fsf] n]vfk/lIf0f ;DaGwdf

5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

8.3 ;g\ @)!& sf] d] df cli6«ofsf] leogfdf v'Nff tYofÍ tyf tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f / lbuf] ljsf; nIosf]

sfof{Gjog ;DalGw ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 / OG6f];fO{ l;Dkf]l;od, ;g\ @)!& ;]K6]Da/df lrgdf cfof]hgf


73

ePsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljifos uf]i7L / ;g\ @)!* sf] hgj/Ldf yfO{Nof08df ;DkGg PlzofnL

;jf{]Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Uf7gsf] ;ftf}+ jftfj/0fLo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;]ldgf/ tyf sfo{ ;d"xsf]

a}7sdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf pk dxfn]vf k/LIfs txaf6 ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

8.4 :yfgLo txsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{] ;Gb{edf sfof{nosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ tyf cGt/f{li6«o c;n cEof;

af/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{] p2]Zon] pkdxfn]vfk/LIfssf]] g]t[Tjdf !! hgfsf] 6f]nLn] ;g\ @)!& sf]

h'nfO{df ldq /fi6« OG8f]g]l;of, dn]l;of / l;Ëfk'/sf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] e|d0fsf]

dfWodaf6 sd{rf/LnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej lbnfpg'sf ;fy} ldq /fi6«sf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]

sfof{no;+u cfk;L lxt / ;xof]usf If]q af/] ;d]t 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

8.5 sfof{non] O{G6f];fO{ 8]enkd]G6 O{lgl;Pl6e tyf Pl;ofnL ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+u7gaf6 ;~rflnt

Ifdtf clej[l¢ sfo{qmdx?df sd{rf/LnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] / tL ;+:yfx?n] cfof]hgf u/]sf

sfo{qmddf ;|f]t JolQmsf] ?kdf ;d]t sd{rf/L k7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 .

8.6 ldq/fi6« rLg, ef/t, lkmlnlkG; / xË]/Lsf] ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf ljleGg tflnd,

uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ tyf cWoogF sfo{qmd / blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;xof]u ;+u7g -;fs{_ sf] ;lrjfno /

s]Gb|x?sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ ;+o'Qm 6f]nLdf sfof{nosf @ sd{rf/Lsf] ;xefuL u/fOPsf] / j}b]lzs

tflnd, cWoog tyf cjnf]sg e|d0f ;DaGwL @( sfo{qmddf $# sd{rf/Lsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

dxfn]vfk/lifssf] krkggf}fjflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&$...

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