duration of exercise and anaerobic energy share assesment ... of anaerobic capabilities... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Assesment of anaerobic capabilities in elite athletes
Dušan Hamar
Dept. of Sports MedicineInst. of Sports SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
Duration of exercise and Duration of exercise and anaerobic energy shareanaerobic energy share
01020304050607080
0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120Exercise duration
Ener
gy s
hare
(%)
aerobic anaerobic
(Bangsbo, et. al. 1990)
0
1
2
3
4
0 60 120 180 240
Time (s)
VO
2 (l/
min
)
March May
100
150
200
250
300
0 60 120 180 240
Time(s)
Pow
er (W
)
March May
37,849
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mach May
Wor
k (k
J)
3,31 3,42
0
1
2
3
4
March May
VO
2 (l/
min
)
7,1
9,4
2
4
6
8
10
March May
Lac
tate
(mm
ol/l)
Evaluation of anaerobic capabilitiesEvaluation of anaerobic capabilities
Oxygen debtOxygen debt
Blood lactate after allBlood lactate after all--out exerciseout exercise
Mechanical powerMechanical power
Oxygen debtOxygen debt
Problem with setting the baseline oxygen Problem with setting the baseline oxygen uptakeuptake
Unreliable!Unreliable!
2
Blood lactate after allBlood lactate after all--out exerciseout exercise
ProblemsProblemswashwash--out, compartment distribution, out, compartment distribution, elimination complicate indirect assessment of elimination complicate indirect assessment of energy produced in anaerobic pathwaysenergy produced in anaerobic pathwaysIndividual differences in oxygen uptake Individual differences in oxygen uptake kineticskineticsalone does not provide any clue on efficiency alone does not provide any clue on efficiency of mechanical work performedof mechanical work performed
Unreliable!Unreliable!
Mechanical PowerMechanical Power
AP = ----------
t
F x sP = -------------
t
A = F x s
P = F x v
sv = ----------
t
An An ““AllAll--outout”” Exercise on the Cycle Exercise on the Cycle ErgometerErgometer
Widely usedmeans for the assessment of
anaerobic capabilities
Wingate Anaerobic TestWingate Anaerobic Test
Resistance:7.5 N/kg of BW
Power = Force x Velocity
(Velocity = Revolution Rate x 2 x 3.14 x Crank
Length)
Classic Wingate test Classic Wingate test -- constant constant braking forcebraking force
0 5 10 15 20 25 30ČAS (s)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500POWER (W)
0
40
80
120
160
200REVOLUTION RATE (1/min)
Pmax
Pmin
Pmean
Pmax-PminFatigue index = ------------------
Pmax
Isokinetic cycle ergometerIsokinetic cycle ergometer
Tensometer
Revolution rate sensor
Brake
3
““AllAll--outout”” Bouts on an Isokinetic Bouts on an Isokinetic Cycle ErgometerCycle Ergometer
Force and power at different
revolution rates
Mean throughout the cycle: 539 N
Mean throughout the cycle: 389 W
10-second „all out“ pedalling
Force and power at various Force and power at various revolution ratesrevolution rates
100
300
500
700
900
1100
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Revolution rate (1/min)
Forc
e (N
)
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Pow
er (W
)
Pmax
Optimumrevolution rate
VELOCITY
POW
ER
ST
FTO
FTG
4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200REVOLUTION RATE (1/m)
0
500
1000
1500
2000FORCE (N)
0
500
1000
1500
2000POWER (W)
UNTRAINED
TRACK CYCLISTSROAD CYCLISTS
Force-velocity and power-velocity curves of different groups of cyclists
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200REVOLUTION RATE (1/min)
0
500
1000
1500
2000FORCE (N)
500
1000
1500
2000POWER (W)
JANMARAPR
Specific effect of training in track cyclists
Force and power at various Force and power at various revolution ratesrevolution rates
100
300
500
700
900
1100
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Revolution rate (1/min)
Forc
e (N
)
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Pow
er (W
)
Pmax
Optimumrevolution rate
Classic Wingate test Classic Wingate test -- constant constant braking forcebraking force
0 5 10 15 20 25 30ČAS (s)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500POWER (W)
0
40
80
120
160
200REVOLUTION RATE (1/min)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200CADENCE (rpm)
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600POWER (W)
Wingate test in isokinetic mode at Wingate test in isokinetic mode at 100 rpm100 rpm
0 5 10 15 20 25 30CAS (s)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500POWER (W)
0
40
80
120
160
200REVOLUTION RATE (1/min)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200CADENCE (rpm)
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600POWER (W)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30TIME (s)
020406080
100120140160
REVOLUTION RATE (1/min)
Modeisokinetic constant force
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30ČAS (s)
0
400
800
1200
1600POWER (W)
MODECONSTANT FORCE ISOKINETIC
Parameters of Wingate test performed Parameters of Wingate test performed in different modesin different modes
0
500
1000
1500
constant force isokinetic
MODE
POW
ER (w
)
maximum minimum mean
30-second “all out”
workloads at 40, 60, 80, 100
a 120 rpm. 200
400
600
800
1000
1200
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
REVOLUTION RATE (1/min)
POW
ER (w
)
0-5 s
25-30 s
Fatigue and optimum revolution rate
VELOCITY
POW
ER
ST
FTO
FTG
Theoretic optimum time course of revolution Theoretic optimum time course of revolution rate to achieve highest possible power in 30rate to achieve highest possible power in 30--
second second ““all outall out”” testtest
0 5 10 15 20 25 30TIME (s)
40
60
80
100
120
140REVOLUTION RATE (1/min)
6
before rehabilitation
after rehabilitation
7
For many sports cycling is not a specific form of For many sports cycling is not a specific form of exerciseexercise
An An ““AllAll--outout”” Exercise on the Exercise on the Cycle Cycle ErgometerErgometer
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75TIME (s)
VELO
CIT
Y (k
m/h
)
RUNNING at 22 km/h, 7.5 % slope
Time toexhaustion:
65.1 s
Constant Power “All-Out” Exercise
““TTetheredethered runningrunning““ on the treadmillon the treadmill
FORCE(F)
VELOCITY(v)
Energy demand of running itself +Power produced due to pulling work at given velocity
P = F x v
Anaerobic power and specificity of Anaerobic power and specificity of the test exercise?the test exercise?
Fit subjectsFit subjectsCyclistsCyclistsSprintersSprinters
400
500
600
700
800
900
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180REVOLUTION RATE (RPM)
POW
ER (w
)
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
VELOCITY (km/h)
POW
ER (w
)
0200400600800
1000120014001600
FIT SUBJECTS CYCLISTS SPRINTERS
POW
ER (w
)
CYCLE ERGOMETER TETHERED RUNNING
Maximal Power In Different Forms Of Exercise
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Velocity (km/h)
Pow
er (w
)
MaxiMaximalmal 55--sesecond cond ““drag powerdrag power”” at at different velocity of tethered runningdifferent velocity of tethered running
8
600650700750800850900950
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Velocity (km/h)
Pow
er (
w)
Sprinte r Endurance runne r
MaxiMaximalmal 55--sesecond cond ““drag powerdrag power”” at different at different velocity of tethered runningvelocity of tethered running
Power and velocity of contraction in Power and velocity of contraction in muscles with predominace of ST and FT muscles with predominace of ST and FT
fibersfibers
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Velocity (cm/s)
Pow
er (
W) gastrocnemius
soleus
Edgerton, 1989
Tihanyi, 1983
more than 50 % FT fibers
less than 50 % FT fibers 600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
RÝCHLOSŤ (km/h)
VÝ
KO
N (w
)
MaxiMaximalmal 55--sesecond cond ““drag powerdrag power””at different velocity of tethered at different velocity of tethered
runningrunning
0100200300400500600700
5 10 15 20 25 30TIME (s)
POW
ER (W
)
30-s “All-Out” Tethered Running at 18 km/h - Averaged Data Over 5-s Periods
9
0100200300400500600700
5 10 15 20 25 30TIME (s)
POW
ER (W
)
A B
Drag Power Produced In 30-s Test Of Tethered Running On The Treadmill
Pmax: 636 WPmean: 525 W
FI: 40 %
Pmax: 409 WPmean: 381 W
FI: 15 %
10
Assessment of explosive power of Assessment of explosive power of lower extremitieslower extremities
Dynamometric platformDynamometric platform Contact platformContact platform
Principles of parameter estimation Principles of parameter estimation from forcefrom force--time curvetime curve
F = (m x g) + (m x a)
F = m x (g + a)
Fa = ––– - g
mv = integral a (a . t)
h = integral v (v . t)
P = F x v
Principles of parameter estimation Principles of parameter estimation on contact platformon contact platform
Measurement of flight Measurement of flight and contact times and contact times during serial jumpsduring serial jumpsCalculation ofCalculation of
Height of the jumpHeight of the jumpPower in concentric Power in concentric phase of take offphase of take off
Formulae for calculations of Formulae for calculations of basic parametersbasic parameters
Height of the jumpHeight of the jump
g g . . TfTf22
h h = = ------------------88
Power in concentric phase of Power in concentric phase of take offtake off
gg2 2 . Tf . (. Tf . ( Tc +Tc +. . Tf)Tf)Pact = Pact = ------------------------------------------
4 . Tf4 . Tfh h –– (m)(m)Tf Tf –– (s)(s)Tc Tc –– (s)(s)Pact Pact –– (W.kg(W.kg--11))g g –– 9.81 m.s9.81 m.s--22
Screen during on line Screen during on line measurementmeasurement Pact in groups of athletesPact in groups of athletes
11
Pact before and after specific Pact before and after specific trainingtraining
Efect of counter movement on Efect of counter movement on height of the jump in two subjetcsheight of the jump in two subjetcs
0102030405060
A B
Hei
ght o
f the
jum
p (c
m)
without CM with CM
Height of the jump without and with Height of the jump without and with additional weight (50 % of body weight)additional weight (50 % of body weight)