durability of concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate recycling...
TRANSCRIPT
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Durability of concrete made with recycledconcrete aggregate
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Claudio S. Kazmierczak
WORKSHOP ON CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION
WASTE RECYCLING
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CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Why recycling?
Source:http://www.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.metaisjaimedias.com/userfiles/image/recolhas/residuos_construcao.jpg
Sustainability ?
conservation of non renovable materials
lower generation of CO2
lower energy consumption
New materials for the civil construction industry ?
adequate properties
enough production
competitive price
durability
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Recycling and reuse alternatives:
- reuse as unstabilized base or subbase
in highway construction
- concrete raw aggregate
- concrete and mortar fine aggregates
World Business Council for Sustainable
Development: “Recycling concrete”
- pressure to process demolished
concrete for reuse
- goal: end of concrete disposal sites
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Concrete recycling:
- Conservation of raw aggregate
- Reduced land disposal and
dumping
- Reduce impacts to the landscape
- Significative reductions of CO2
generation (up to 80%)
- Metal recovery
Source:http://www.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.metaisjaimedias.com/userfiles/image/recolhas/residuos_construcao.jpg
Why recycling concrete?
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País /Norma
Máxima substituição de agregados
naturais por
Condições de
aplicação
Classe de
Resistência
máxima
Graúdos Miúdos
Brasil
ABNT NBR
15116:2004
100% 100% Concreto sem função
estrutural
15 MPa
Alemanha
DasStb 1998
20 a 35%,
conforme a
aplicação
0%
Não é permitido em
concreto protendido
C30/37 (20%
substituição)
C25/30 (35%
substituição)
Hong-Kong
20 ou 100% 0% Concreto de baixa
resistência ou
concreto estrutural
20 MPa (100%
substituição)
35 MPa (20%
substituição)
RILEM:1997 100%
Apenas se
cumprirem os
requisitos
impostos aos
naturais
Ambiente seco, úmido
e
marítimo
C50/60
Holanda
CUR:1994
100%
Apenas se
utilizados com
agregados graúdos
convencionais
Ambientes não
agressivos
C40/50
Portugal
E 471:2006
25% 0%
C40/50
20% 0% C35/45
Suíça
SIA 162/4:1994
100% 20%
São requeridos testes
adicionais para
utilização em
concreto protendido
C30/37
Dinamarca
DCA:1990
100% 20% Ambientes não
agressivos
40 MPa
Regulations related to recycling concrete aggregates
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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País /Norma
Máxima substituição de agregados
naturais por
Condições de
aplicação
Classe de
Resistência
máxima
Graúdos Miúdos
Brasil
ABNT NBR
15116:2004
100% 100% Concreto sem função
estrutural
15 MPa
Alemanha
DasStb 1998
20 a 35%,
conforme a
aplicação
0%
Não é permitido em
concreto protendido
C30/37 (20%
substituição)
C25/30 (35%
substituição)
Hong-Kong
20 ou 100% 0% Concreto de baixa
resistência ou
concreto estrutural
20 MPa (100%
substituição)
35 MPa (20%
substituição)
RILEM:1997 100%
Apenas se
cumprirem os
requisitos
impostos aos
naturais
Ambiente seco, úmido
e
marítimo
C50/60
Holanda
CUR:1994
100%
Apenas se
utilizados com
agregados graúdos
convencionais
Ambientes não
agressivos
C40/50
Portugal
E 471:2006
25% 0%
C40/50
20% 0% C35/45
Suíça
SIA 162/4:1994
100% 20%
São requeridos testes
adicionais para
utilização em
concreto protendido
C30/37
Dinamarca
DCA:1990
100% 20% Ambientes não
agressivos
40 MPa
Regulations related to recycling concrete aggregates
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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Generation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
removal of
steel
reinforcement
crushing
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Tam et al. (2005)
recycled concrete aggregate
original aggregate
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
RCA:
- original aggregate
- mortar
- old aggregate/old mortar ITZ
- new mortar/RCA ITZ
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Recycled Concrete Aggregate: main characteristics
- mortar (from the original concrete) are attached to raw
aggregate particles;
- higher porosity compared to the original concrete: water
absorption capacity of recycled coarse aggregate is large;
- irregular shape: coarser and more angular: new concrete
tends to be harsh and unworkable;
- some unhydrated Portland cement is present;
- high amounth of microfines, due to the crusher process;
- particle size distribuition after crushing is diferent to raw
aggregate, and frequently need some adjustments mixing
some natural aggregate;
- lower bulk density.
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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Padovan, 2013
author size fraction (mm)volume of mortar attachedto natural gravel particles
(%)
Sanchez (2004)
4 - 8 32,6 - 54,6
8 - 16 23,4 - 44,4
4 - 16 27,2 - 45,4
Etxeberria et al. (2007)4 - 10 40
10 - 25 20
Ferreira (2007) - 69,4
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009)4 - 8 31,5
8 - 20 18
Butler et al. (2011) 4,8 - 9,5
20 - 32
30 - 41
46 - 56
Heineck (2012) ≤ 4,890
88
volume of mortar attached to natural gravel particles x
size fraction of RCA
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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Recycled concrete aggregate:
volume of mortar attached to natural gravel particles
2. aggregate/mortar crushing
1. thermal shock
3. acid attack
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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water absorption of RCA and raw aggregate
Werle (2010)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate:
Water absorption
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Padovan (2013)
Authorsize fraction - RCA
(mm)water absorption – RCA
(%)size fraction – natural
aggregate (mm)
water absorption – natural agregate
(%)
Levy (2001) 9,5 - 25 3,7 - 5,6 9,5 - 25 0,8
Buttler (2003) 0 - 19 4,74 - 6,25 0 - 19 1,96
Xiao et al. (2005) 5 - 31,5 9,25 5 - 31,5 0,4
Cabral (2007) 0 - 20 5,65 0 - 20 1,22
Ferreira (2007) - 5,8 - 1,2
Kou et al. (2008) 10 - 20 3,52 - 4,26 10 - 20 1,11 - 1,12
Berndt (2009)12,7 - 19 4,7
6,35 - 12,7 0,619 - 25,4 4,1
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009) 4 - 20 5,194 - 10 1,42
10 - 20 0,98
Fonseca (2009) 4 - 31,5 6,1 - -
Padmini et al. (2009)
10 4,6 - 5,0 10 0,3
20 3,65 - 4,86 20 0,3
40 2,2 - 2,8 40 0,3
Cabral et al. (2010) - 5,65 - 1,22
Limbachiya (2010) 5 - 20 4,8 - 5,5 5 - 20 1,2
Werle (2010); Troian (2010) 4,8 - 25 5,24-8,49 4,8 - 25 2,07
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
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Padovan (2013)
Authorsize fraction - RCA
(mm)water absorption – RCA
(%)size fraction – natural
aggregate (mm)
water absorption – natural agregate
(%)
Levy (2001) 9,5 - 25 3,7 - 5,6 9,5 - 25 0,8
Buttler (2003) 0 - 19 4,74 - 6,25 0 - 19 1,96
Xiao et al. (2005) 5 - 31,5 9,25 5 - 31,5 0,4
Cabral (2007) 0 - 20 5,65 0 - 20 1,22
Ferreira (2007) - 5,8 - 1,2
Kou et al. (2008) 10 - 20 3,52 - 4,26 10 - 20 1,11 - 1,12
Berndt (2009)12,7 - 19 4,7
6,35 - 12,7 0,619 - 25,4 4,1
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009) 4 - 20 5,194 - 10 1,42
10 - 20 0,98
Fonseca (2009) 4 - 31,5 6,1 - -
Padmini et al. (2009)
10 4,6 - 5,0 10 0,3
20 3,65 - 4,86 20 0,3
40 2,2 - 2,8 40 0,3
Cabral et al. (2010) - 5,65 - 1,22
Limbachiya (2010) 5 - 20 4,8 - 5,5 5 - 20 1,2
Werle (2010); Troian (2010) 4,8 - 25 5,24-8,49 4,8 - 25 2,07
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
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Padovan (2013)
Authorsize fraction - RCA
(mm)water absorption – RCA
(%)size fraction – natural
aggregate (mm)
water absorption – natural agregate
(%)
Levy (2001) 9,5 - 25 3,7 - 5,6 9,5 - 25 0,8
Buttler (2003) 0 - 19 4,74 - 6,25 0 - 19 1,96
Xiao et al. (2005) 5 - 31,5 9,25 5 - 31,5 0,4
Cabral (2007) 0 - 20 5,65 0 - 20 1,22
Ferreira (2007) - 5,8 - 1,2
Kou et al. (2008) 10 - 20 3,52 - 4,26 10 - 20 1,11 - 1,12
Berndt (2009)12,7 - 19 4,7
6,35 - 12,7 0,619 - 25,4 4,1
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009) 4 - 20 5,194 - 10 1,42
10 - 20 0,98
Fonseca (2009) 4 - 31,5 6,1 - -
Padmini et al. (2009)
10 4,6 - 5,0 10 0,3
20 3,65 - 4,86 20 0,3
40 2,2 - 2,8 40 0,3
Cabral et al. (2010) - 5,65 - 1,22
Limbachiya (2010) 5 - 20 4,8 - 5,5 5 - 20 1,2
Werle (2010); Troian (2010) 4,8 - 25 5,24-8,49 4,8 - 25 2,07
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
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RCA water absorption: capillar absorption and saturation
HOW TO CORRECT IT?
Fedumenti (2013)
y = 1,2532x + 2,2414R² = 0,7802
y = 0,9997ln(x) + 6,7085R² = 0,9922
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0
Ab
sorç
ão d
e á
gua
(%)
tempo (min1/2)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
Water absorption
time
Wate
rabsorp
tion
(%)
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Schematic representation of a non saturated recycled concrete aggregate
in contact with water
Recycled concrete aggregate
Water transportation in fresh concrete
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
non saturated recycled concrete aggregate
aggregate surface
cement
water
water
water flow
cement barrier reducing
water flux
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Schematic representation of a saturated recycled concrete aggregate
in contact with fresh concrete
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
Water transportation in fresh concrete
saturated recycled concrete aggregate
water
water
cementwater flow
water
flow
aggregate
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Padovan (2013)
changes in concrete slump over
time
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
Effect of water transport on workability of fresh concrete
Slu
mp
(mm
)
Slu
mp
(mm
)
Time (min)
Time (min)
Time (min)
Slu
mp
(mm
)
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Werle (2010)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
RCA water content x new concrete water absoption
√ time (min)
√ time (min)
ca
pila
r a
bso
rptio
n(g
/cm
2)
ca
pila
r a
bso
rptio
n(g
/cm
2)
100% RCA 18MPa
100% RCA 50MPa
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Werle (2010)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
RCA water content x new concrete strength
Pre-wetting (%)
Com
pre
ssiv
estr
ength
(MP
a)
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Fedumenti (2013)
ARC 0%
7 28 63 91
Idade (dias)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55R
esis
tên
cia
à c
om
pre
ssã
o -
fc (
MP
a)
ARC 25%
7 28 63 91
Idade (dias)
ARC 50%
7 28 63 91
Idade (dias)
A/AGL 0,42
A/AGL 0,53
A/AGL 0,64
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
[ % of RCA x water/binder x age] x new concrete strength
Co
mp
ressiv
estr
en
gth
(MP
a)
age (days) age (days) age (days)
RCA 0% RCA 25% RCA 50%
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Werle (2010)
seazoning
carbonated specimen with
phenolphthalein
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WITH RCA :
carbonation
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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Werle (2010)reference concrete carbonation depth: 8.8 mm
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WITH RCA:
Carbonation depth
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
RCA
Type*
Recycled concrete
aggregate content
Pre-wetting rate
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
18 MPa
(w/c 0.85)
25% 10.6 8.4
50% 8.3 9.3 11.0
75% 11.6 11.9
100% 13.1 11.8 12.1
37 MPa
(w/c 0.56)
25% 9.3 9.7 8.4
50% 11.3 10.3
75% 11.4 10.2 9.8
100% 10.5 11.4
50 MPa
(w/c 0.43)
25% 10.5 8.8
50% 10.5 8.7 8.8
75% 9.7 8.8
100% 8.9 10.3 9.7
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Werle (2010)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
final w/c = 0,55
Ca
rbo
na
tion
dep
th (
mm
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
final w/c = 0,65 REF
TAG25%
TAG50%
TAG75%
TAG100%
RCA 18 MPa
Time (days1/2
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
final w/c = 0,75
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
carbonation depth
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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Werle (2010)
0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,850
2
4
6
8
10
12
14 RCA 18 MPa
Carb
onation d
epth
(m
m)
0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85
RCA Content
25% calc
50% calc
75% calc
100% calc
25% obs
50% obs
75% obs
100% obs
Natural Aggregate
RCA 37 MPa
Final w/c
0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,850
2
4
6
8
10
12
14RCA 50 MPa
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
carbonation depth
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Werle (2010)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
dispertion of carbonation depth
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CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
research author year reference
Durability performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates
EVANGELISTA e BRITO 2010 NT Build 492
The Effect of Time Dependent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient on the Chloride Ingress in Concrete
CHENG, KARMIADJU e HUANG
2011 AASHTO T259
Water absorption, permeability, and resistence to chloride-ion penetration of lightweight aggregate concrete
LIU, CHIA e ZHANG 2011AASHTO T259
ASTM C1202, NT Build 492
Investigation on the corrosion resistance of bagasse-rice husk-wood ash blended cement concrete by impressed voltage
HORSAKULTHAI, PHIUVANNA e KAENBUD
2011 AASHTO T259
Compressive strength and resistance to chloride íon penetration and carbonatation of recycled aggregate concrete with varying amount of fly ash and fine recycled aggregate
SIM e PARK 2011 ASTM C1202
Influence of the applied voltage on the Rapid Chloride Migration (RCM) test
SPIESZ e BROUWERS 2012 NT Build 492
RCM: A new model accounting for the non-linear chloride binding isotherm and the non-equilibrium conditions between the free- and bound-chloride concentrations
SPIESZ, BALLARI e BROUWERS
2012 NT Build 492
Long-term mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete prepared with the incorporation of fly ash
KOU e POON 2013 ASTM C1202
Durability and mechanical properties of high strengthconcrete incorporating ultrafine Ground GranulatedBlast-furnace Slag.
TENG, LIM e DIVSHOLI 2013 NT Build 492
How to proceed ?
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Fedumenti (2013)
choride ions penetration determination
ASTM C1202
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
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Fedumenti (2013)
choride ions depth determination
NT BUILD 492
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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Fedumenti (2013)
choride ions depth determination
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
NT BUILD 492: sprinkling of AgNO3
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Troian (2010)
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
RCA 18 MPa
RCA 37 MPa
RCA 50 MPa
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Fedumenti (2013)
ARC, idade e a/agl X resistência à compressão
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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- Studies concernig the recycling of RCA should consider the most important
factors related with the subject, as mechanical properties, durability,
production coasts, environmental impact.
- Durability must be considered before using RCA in a new structural concrete;
- The methods to be used to acess carbonation or chloride íon penetration in
new concrete with RCA must be discussed.
Durability of new concrete with RCA
Recomendations
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
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Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Claudio S. Kazmierczak
WORKSHOP ON CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION
WASTE RECYCLING