duns scotus-the basic thoughts on philosophy of ethics_thanh minh

8/6/2019 Duns Scotus-The basic thoughts on philosophy of ethics_Thanh Minh

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JOHN DUNS SCOTUS

NHNG T TNG CH YU V TRIT HC O C

Hc vin: Philipph Trn Thanh Minh

Lp: Trit Nm I

Mn hc: Trit hc Trung c

Gio s: Lm. Phaol u Vn Hng

Hc vin Thnh Giuse - Dng Tn Vit Nam

Th c, ngy 5 thng 9 nm 2010

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Th mc ti liu tham kho

BRAGUE, Rmi, The legend of the Middle Ages, Philosophical Explorations of MedievalChristianity, Judaism, and Islam, (trans. Lydia G. Cochrane), The University of ChicagoPress, Chicago, 2009.

COPLESTON, Frederick,A History of Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, vol. 2, ContinuumPress, New York, 2003.

WILLIAMS, Thomas (ed), The Cambrige Companion to Duns Scotus, Cambrige UniversityPress, Cambrige, 2003.

New Catholic Encyclopedia (ed. 2nd), The Catholic University of America Press and GaleGroup, 2003.

PH, M.A. Trn, O.F.M, Chn phc John Duns Scotus, Hc Vin Phan Sinh Th c, Thc, 2006.

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Mc lc

Gii thiu 1

1. Lun l tnh ca hnh vi con ngi 2

2. Lut lun l v mun thn linh 3

3. Lut lun l v s min tr 4

Kt lun 5

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Gii thiu

Tiu s

Sinh Duns trong qun Berwick, Scotland, John Duns Scotus (1265/6-1308) thuc

dng di mt gia nh giu c. Trong nhng nm v sau, ng c gi l John Duns Scotus

ghi du ni sinh trng. ("Scotus" l ch Latinh thay cho "Scotland" ). Scotus vo dng tu

Phanxic Dumfries. Sau thi k tp vin, ng theo hc Oxford v Paris v th phong

linh mc nm 1291. Sau Scotus tip tc theo hc Paris cho n nm 1297, ng tr v

lm gio s Oxford v Cambridge. Bn nm sau, ng tr li Paris dy hc v hon tt

lun n tin s.

John Duns Scotus l mt trong ba gng mt tiu biu nht trong nn trit hc v thnhc Trung c bn cnh Tomas Aquinas v William Ockham. c gio hun trong truyn

thng utinh v Phan Sinh, Duns Scotus d vy to ra mt trng phi t tng kinh vin

mi, nh hng ln c nhng nh t tng sau ny, k c nhng ngi nm ngoi truyn

thng Phan Sinh. Duns Scotus qua i tui 42, ngy 8-11-1308 ti Cologne v c an tng

ti tu vin Phan Sinh Cologne.

T tng trit hc o c chnh yu

Ni dung chnh ca bi vit ny tp trung vo mt vi t tng trong trit hc o c

ca Duns Scotus, c th l v tnh lun l ca hnh vi con ngi v s t do ca Thin Cha

i vi lut lun l. Scotus cp n s t do tuyt i ca mun ni Thin Cha v s

ni bt ca t do con ngi. y l tin ng tip tc i vo lnh vc lut lun l v cho

rng quy lut khch quan ca lut lun l c tnh cht thn linh, do n lun lun ph hp

vi l tr t nhin v ng n. ng cho rng Thin Cha c t do tuyt i nhng khng

ng rng Thin Cha c th hnh ng mt cch c on v m qung, v hot ng ca

Thin Cha trong bn cht ca n lun hp l, k c khi Ngi thay i nhng gi tr lun l

ca mt s hnh ng no v gi l s min tr.1 Bi vit ny s ln lt i vo nhng

nt chnh yu trong trit hc o c ca Duns Scotus, bt u t tnh lun l ca hnh vi con

ngi, k n l mi quan h gia lut lun l v mun thn linh (Thin Cha) v cui

cng l s min tr trong lut lun l.

1 Cf.New Catholic Encyclopedia (ed 2 nd), vol. 4, Duns Scotus, John, Bl.

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Tc phm

Duns Scotus li nhiu tc phm thuc lnh vc thn hc v trit hc, trong ng

k nht l cc sch bnh gii b Tng lun cc ch thn hc (The Sentences) ca Pierre

Lompard, gi l Ordinatio hay Opus Oxonienoe, cc tc phm ni danh nh Lectura,Reportationes, Reportata Parisiensis v mt s tc phm ng gi khc.2

1. Lun l tnh ca hnh vi con ngi

i vi Duns Scotus, mt hnh vi phi hi bn yu t sau tr thnh mt hnh vi

c xt n phng din lun l, l l tr lnh mnh, s t do, hng ngay lnh v

tnh khch quan.

L tr lnh mnh c th hiu l kh nng nh mt ngi c th thc hin s phnbit ng sai trong hnh vi ca mnh. L tr lnh mnh l iu kin u tin xt n tnh

lun l ca mt hnh vi con ngi trc khi i vo tm hiu cp trt lun l ca hnh vi .

bc vo mt cp trt lun l, hnh vi con ngi phi xut pht t s t do, v Duns

Scotus cho rng mt hnh vi khng ng ca ngi cng khng khng ng xu h tr khi n

xut pht t mt ch t do3. Tt nhin iu ny p dng cho c hnh vi tt ln hnh vi xu

v mt lun l. Mt hnh vi l tt v mt lun l phi thch hp vi l tr lnh mnh v phi

lun tt xt v mt khch quan, v d nh khng th yu Thin Cha vi mt hng xucng nh khng th ght Ngi vi mt hng tt. Hnh vi tt v th phi ph hp vi l tr

lnh mnh. K tip, xt mt hnh vi l tt khi xt n hng ca hnh vi , cn gi l

mc ch ca hnh vi . Scotus cho rng mc ch gi vai tr ch yu xt n tnh lun l

ca hnh vi, v mc ch ca hnh vi phi c phn bit r vi nhng hon cnh xung

quanh n. V mt hnh vi khng n thun l tt v mt lun l nu ch v mc ch n l tt.

Nh vy, Scotus ng vi nguyn tc rng mc ch khng th bin minh cho phng tin.

ng cn nhn mnh thm rng khng c lm vic xu d vic xu dn n kt qu

tt4.

Duns Scotus ch trng n nhng yu t gip nh ngha mt hnh vi con ngi l tt

v mt lun l, trong ng n s hi ha v y ca nhng yu t , v coi

nh l nhng i hi cho bn cht t nhin ca hnh vi tt. Qua nhng yu t ng a ra,

2 Sau y l cch vit tt p dng cho cc tc phm ca Duns Scotus c trch dn trong bi vit: Ord.(Ordinatio) = Ox. (Opus Oxoniense); Rep. (Reportatio parisiensis); no. (s ca on); nos. (s cc on).

3

Cf. Ox., distinction ultima, nos. I and 2.4 Ibid., 4, 5, 2, and 7.

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chng ta c th i n kt lun rng mt hnh vi l tt v mt lun l khi hnh vi xut pht

t ch t do hng n mc ch tt v c coi l tt mt cch khch quan do ngi c

l tr lnh mnh thc hin trong mt cch th ng n.

Khi xem xt mt hnh vi l tt v phng din lun l, Duns Scotus cng nu ra mttrng hp ng ch , l trng hp ca hnh vi m ng gi l hnh vi bnh tm

(indifferent act). Theo ng, mt hnh vi l tt i hi phi tt trong mi trng hp v phi

hi nhng yu t va nu trn xt l tt. Tuy nhin, c nhng trng hp mt hnh vi

khng hi nhng yu t phi c ca n xt l tt, v d nh trng hp b th. C ba

kh th lun l xung quanh hnh vi b th. Th nht, hnh vi b th s l tt hon ton khi n

hi nhng yu t lm nn gi tr ca hnh vi tt. Th hai, hnh vi b th s l xu khi n

c thc hin vi mt hng xu. Trng hp th ba xy ra l hnh vi b th n gin chn t mt thi quen hay mt s bt pht tc thi, n khng phi l mt hnh vi xu cng

khng phi l mt hnh vi y gi tr lun l tt. Duns Scotus gi trng hp ny l hnh

vi bnh tm. Hnh vi bnh tm khng trc tip quy hng v Thin Cha nhng n t mt

thi quen. Theo Scotus, mt hnh vi c thc hin theo thi quen th khng lm nn

mt hnh vi y gi tr lun l.

2. Lut lun l v mun thn linh

Lin quan n tnh lun l ca hnh vi, Duns Scotus cng mun lm r u l quy tc

ca mt l tr lnh mnh v u l quy tc cho tnh lun l ca hnh vi con ngi. Vn ny

s dn chng ta n cu hi: Ci g khin mt hnh vi c gi l tt v mt lun l?

Scotus tr li rng: mun ca Thin Cha l nguyn nhn ca iu tt, v th, Cha mun

iu no th iu l tt5 l gii cho khng nh ny, Scotus ni n l do rng bn

tnh Thin Cha l tt, v th, Ngi khng th mun bt c iu g ngoi tr iu tt. V nh

th, ng ng rng lut lun l duy ch ph thuc vo mun thn linh. ng bn n tr

nng ca Thin Cha, l tr nng siu vit hiu r rng mun thn linh bit nhng hnh vino thch hp vi bn tnh con ngi, ng thi cng bit lut lun l s tn ti bt bin. Tuy

nhin, chnh mun thn linh mi lm cho lut lun l tr nn mt lut c tnh bt buc i

vi mi ngi ch khng phi do ni dung ca n. Nhn t gc nhn nhn loi, mt ngi c

th ni c rng chnh ni lut lun l t n c sc mnh b buc mi ngi. lm sng

t im ny, Scotus pht biu rng: Mnh lnh lun gn lin vi lng khao kht hoc

mun.6 R rng, Thin Cha khng phi dng nn con ngi ch v mun c ngi phc5

Cf. Rep., 48, quaestio unica.6 Cf. Ox., 4, 14, 2, no. 5.

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nhin theo ngha cht nhng theo ngha rng hn. Trong trng hp nhng iu rn thuc

bng th hai, Scotus cho rng Thin Cha c th thc hin vic min tr. L do ng a ra

l v nhng iu rn thuc bng th hai, tuy l lut lun l v c th thuc v lut t nhin

nhng khng phi tt yu n t nhng nguyn tc thc hnh hin nhin. Nh vy, cc gii

rn bng th hai ty thuc vo mun thn linh. mun thn linh l nguyn tc trc ht

ca s cng chnh, theo nh quan im ca Scotus. ng pht biu rng: Bt c ci g khng

bao gm s mu thun iu khng tri vi mun thn linh hay ni mt cch xc quyt rng

bt c iu g Thin Cha lm hoc mun u ng n v chnh trc.7 ng cn i n kt

lun rng nu nh Thin Cha a nhng gii lut bng th hai n ch ha hp vi nhng

nguyn tc thc hnh hin nhin chng tr nn b buc trong ngha lun l y th lc

Ngi cng c th thc hin vic min tr.

Kt lun

H thng t tng ca Duns Scotus c gi tr v nh hng mnh m c th ni snh

ngang vi thnh Thomas Aquinas v William Ockham, v th cc hc gi xp ng vo v

tr gia hai nh t tng ln ny. Nh Aquinas, Scotus ng rng c nhng nguyn tc lun

l khng th no thay i v ton b nhng lut lun l u ph thuc vo mun ca Thin

Cha. Tuy nhin, i xa hn Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus cho rng mun thn linh th

lun vt trn vic nh ra nhng trt t lun l v mun thn linh phi phn bit vi trnng thn linh. Nhng suy t mi m ny gip cho Duns Scotus xy dng mt nn trit

hc o c vi nhng im ht sc c o v tinh t, n mc ng c mnh danh l

Tin s tinh t. Hn na, v sau ny, cc l thuyt trit hc v o c, c th l ca

Ockham, da trn t tng ca Duns Scotus pht trin thm nhng hiu bit v mun

thn linh, mt kha cnh c bn ca trit hc o c thi trung c.

7 Cf.Rep., 4, 46, 4, no. 8.

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duns scotus-the basic thoughts on philosophy of ethics_thanh minh

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