dula sa panahon ng kastila

8/19/2019 Dula Sa Panahon Ng Kastila

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Hudb:

Hudb sb bfboaf fk Ibstedb

Gkb Xbkbpbk-udbt:

Darmf Bddbkb

Bigbh Begbf

Jezmddm Buhetar

Mrmd Jay @mfetmz

Obzmd Lbd

Jmbf Cdar Gbduyb

mfhbtaf

Jay Gbrem Xuybl

rapmsar:

rap. Pasmddm G. \egaf

2



m rmra =, 0>23

H]DB \B BFBOAF FK GKB IB\XEDB

\b daa fk gboeket fb tbtdafk hbbfk tbafk pbfbfbiap fk gkb Ibstedb by

fbgbybfe bfk eb―t-ebfk ure fk hudbfk smiudbr bt pbfrmdeoeyaf. Byaf iby Hr.

Felbfar Xeafksaf, bfk gkb hudbfk smiudbr by ehefbrbas edbfk bobke fk

pbkherewbfk sb pestbfk bybf, sbgbftbdbfk bfk gkb hudbfk pbfrmdeoeyaf by

fbpbpbfaah edbfk gbiudby fb pbkdbdbrbwbf fk gbobdbkbfk ibpestbobf bt

pbfboaf sb deturoeyb fk seg bobfk Ibtadeia.

Bfk gkb ure fk hudb fb pbdbsbi sb pbfboafk eta by du as fb gbuufbwbbf

iufk gudefk susureef bfk tufby fb hboedbf fk pbkibibsbiap fk gkb Ibstedbsb btefk bfsb. Oefhe ibedb sb btef fb esb sb gkb dbyufef fk gkb Ibstedb by bfk

kbwefk Iresteybfa bfk gkb edepefa. Hboed fbguteitei bfk gkb iagmhyb fb

etefuturefk fb pefbibgbobdbkb bt pefbibseibt fb hudbfk smiudbr faafk

pbfboafk ybaf. \bgbftbdb, pugbdbat bt fbkfefkfefk bfk smfbiudafk btby sb

pbsyafk omfmsms, bfk tudbfk-ibsbysbybf fk uoby bt ibgbtbybf fe

Omsuiresta.

Byaf ref iby Xeafksaf bfk gkb hbtefk hudbfk pbfrmdeoeyaf by gbbbrefk

obteef byaf sb obb feta: bfk gkb gbeeidefk pbksbsbhudb tudbh fk \bdu afk bt

pbfufuduybf: bfk gkb gbobobbfk hudb tudbh fk \mfbiuda fb fbksesegudb

sb Defkka fk bdbspbs obfkkbfk Defkka fk bkibuoby kbyaf hef bfk tebk.

0



\b pbfboafk eta by h tudbh fk Hupda bt Ibrbkbtbf fb hbte fbfk kefbkbwb

heta sb btefk bfsb bka pb gbf hugbtefk bfk gkb Ibstedb. Fbkibraaf eta fk

gkb gahepeibsyaf iufk ibyb―t fbusa bfk gkb hudbfk pbftbobfbf fb tudbh fk

udbidbibf bt oumka hm prmfhb.

\b bfhbfk oude by pugbsai bfk gkb sbrsuwmdb fb pbwbfk fbibsudbt sb

weibfk Ibstedb. Kbyaf hef, gby edbfk edepefa bfk fbktbfkibfk sugudbt fk

sbrsuwmdb fkufet bfk gkb eta by sb weibfk Ibstedb ref.

Eb―t-Ebfk ]re fk Hudb

2. GAPA-GAPA

Bfk Gara-Gara by esbfk hudbfk gbib-rmdeoeyaf fb iefbkekedewbf fk gkb

edepefa faafk pbfboaf fk gkb Ibstedb. Bfk gkb pbfkufboefk tbuobf fk hudb

by gkb Iresteybfa bt gkb Gusdeg.

Fbksegudb bfk ure fk hudbfk eta faafk ibsbduiuybfk ibefetbf fk dbbfbf

fk gkb Ibstedb bt Gusdeg sb Gefhbfba. Faafk mrmra, 23<;, gbtbkugpby fb

fbpbbksbi bfk trapb fk gkb Gusdeg sb Iatbbta. Eta―y sb pbgugufa fe

Kamrfbhar Omfmrbd \mbstebf O. Larlumrb.

Bfk pbfkybybrefk eta by fbkefk efsperbsyaf fk gkb btbfk fbkdbdbra sb

hbdbgpbsekbf fk Ibetm. Fbsb bfyafk hudb, kefbkbyb fk gkb btb bfk

dbbfbfk Gusdeg bt Iresteybfa, fb iedbdb sb tbwbk fb Gara. \b hudb bfk gkb

Gara by gbtbtbpbfk bt gbkukuda, sbgbftbdbfk bfk gkb Iresteybfa fbgbf by

<



gb bbet bt tboegei. \b dbrafk eta, fedusa fk gkb Iresteybfa bfk gaak fb

pefbgugufubf fe Lbloed Larradbt. ]bgbbteibafk dbbfbf sb pbgbgbketbf

fk mspbhbfk kbwb sb iboay bt pbtpbt. Eta by fbkwbwbibs sb pbkhbiep iby

Lbloed Larradbt. Bfk dbrafk eta fbkefk ibufb-ufbobfk Gara-Gara fb

etefbtbfkobd sb edepefbs.

\e bhrm Jmrafega by fbkefk efsperbsyaf bfk gara-gara upbfk sudbtef

bfk —K]MPPB EPBXELB\‗ fb bfk pbisb by bfk pbkibdupek fk gaak fe

Larradbt. Eta―y etefbfkobd sb Lbsb hmdb Lagpbfeb sb Gbyfedb faafk Oudya =,

23<;. Esbfk pbktbtbfkobd fb gby kbfetafk ure hef by kebfbfp sb bfkbsefbf

faafk B red 05,2;=> fbfk efefybkbf se \udtbf Bde Guhef fk Jada. \efufhbf

eta fk prebhafk pbktbtbfkobd faafk Mfmra 00, 2;;0 sb pbdbsya fk

Kamrfbhar Omfmrbd sb Gbyfedb.

Bfk FA GB\ G]LOBLOA\ by epefbdbbs sb Gbyfedb faafk Gbya 0, 2?8?.

Eta―y prbfkbd sb pbkibdupek fk Esdb @bdbfkuefkue fk gkb Ibstedb sb pbgugufa

fe Kamrfbhar Fbrlesa Ldbvmreb.

BfkIagmhyb by esbfk gbibrmdeoeyafk hudb fb fbksbsbdbysby fk gkb

tufkkbdebf fk gkb Gusdeg bt Iresteybfa. Bfk smftra fk pbisb by gbhudbfk

pbieiepbksbpbdbrbf. Ibhbdbsbf, bfk bfkoby by ugeefak sb dbdbiefk Gusdeg

fb eeek bt sbsbkutef fk bbefk Iresteybfa. Bfk gkb gbkudbfk fk bbm by he

pbpbybk. Gbpbpbibsbd dbgbfk bfk bbm iufk bfk dbdbie by gbkpbpbefybk.

8



BfkHudb by fbpbpbdaabf fk gkb gedbkra bt ibibbdkobfk du as fb

iefbkekedewbf fk gkb Efhea. Eta by fbsusudbt sb gkb mrsa fb bfk suibt by ;,

?, 2>, 20, 28 fb pbftek sb bwbt bpbt fb tbduhtah. Bfk iagmhyb by gbefhbyak

bt gboegek. Bfk ibrbgebofk sugudbt feta by gkb pbrm, fkufet fbpbtbfybk

sefb Jasm hm db Lruz (Jasmfk \esew) bt Crbflesla @bdtbzbr (Ieiafk @bdbktbs)

hboed sb edbfk iagmhyb fb fbesudbt.

Iagmhybfk Esefudbt fe @bdbktbs:

2. APA\GBF BX ZBCEPB - esbfk iagmhybfk gby bpbt fb yukta.

0. HAF FEŋA BX \MDEFHB - esbfk iagmhybfk gby tbtdafk yukta.

<. B]PMHBXA BX B\XPAFAGM - esbfk iagmhybfk gby tbtdafk yukta.

8. LDBPB @MDGAPE - esbfk iagmhybfk gby tbtdafk yukta.

=. B@HBD BX GE\MPMFB - esbfk iagmhybfk etefbtbfkobd sb B uiby faafk

2?=5.

3. @BUBLMXA BX HAPDE\LB - esbfk iagmhybfk gby < yukta fb

etefbtbfkobd sb ]hyafk faafk \mtymg rm 05, 2?=;.

;. BDGBF\AP BX PA\BDEFB - esbfk iagmhybfk etefbtbfkobd sb ]hyafk

fbfk epbkhewbfk bfk pestb fk bybf faafk Gbya ?,2?82,sb daa fk 20

brbw fb bfk pbktbtbfkobd by sefesegudbf fbfk eib-0 fk obpaf obfkkbfk

eib-; fk kbe.

?. DB EFHEB MDMKBFXM MD FMKPEXA BGBFXM - esbfk sbyfmtmfk gby esbfk

yukta dbgbfk bt etefbtbfkobd sb ]hyafk faafk eib-? fk Gbya, 2?32,

esbfk tbaf bka gbgbtby se @bdbktbs. Byaf iby Omrgekedha Lruz, bfk

=



hudbfk eta―y obfka sb tufby fb uoby fk hbdbwbfk bdedb sb boby fk gkb

@bdtbzbr, bfk tufby fb fkbdbf by Gefbfkke, esbfk gbutefk gbfk-bbwet

bt sbib se Xagefk esbfk etb fb obdas pbdbie sb boby fk @bdtbzbr hef.

Iagmhybfk Fbpbtbfybk sb Xafha Xombtmr fb Esefudbt fe Ousmfk \esew:

2. DB K]BPHEB LESED HM KPBFBHB

0. PMUFB MFLBFXBHB LB\BGEMFXA AP C]MPZB

<. OMPFBFHMZ BX KBDE\BFHPB

8. JB\AF BX GMHEB

=. PAHPEKA HM SESBP

\eOafarbta hm Smrb by etefurefk fb pbfkufboefk iagmhybftm faafk

hmibhb 2??>. Fbpbbftak bfk esefudbt feybfk —HAòB EFM\ L]MDDA HM

KBPZB U MD PEF\EM FELBFAP.

\e Bfsmdga Jarkm Cbjbrha bfk ‗Bgb fk bfeteibfk bgpbfka‗. Bfk

iagmhybfk ibfybfk esefudbt by etefbfkobd faafk 2??2 fb gby pbgbkbt fb

—SEHB HM KAFZBDB HM LAPHA@B‗.

\e Burmdea Xadmftefa bfk sugudbt fk gara-gara sb weibfk ibstedb fb

pefbgbkbtbfk —DB SMFKMBFZB HM LAFHM PA]HMDD.

\b bidbt feHr. Cmdelehbh Gmfhazb fb pefbgbkbtbfk —XOM LAGMHEB

(Gara-Gara) PM-HE\LASMPMH‗ efbfkket bfk edbfk gkb pbfkibt dbdbwekbf fb

sb eb―t-ebfk pbfek fk bfsb fb fbkpbpbdbbs fk gara-gara. Ibedbfk bfk

gkb ss.

3



2. @brrea bfbgetbf, Ibwet, Ibetm sb pbfkbfkbsewb fe Lafstbftefa

Gafsaf fb fbkpbdbbs faafk 252?.

0. Rumzaf Iagmhyb Efl.(258;) sb pbgugufa fe bda . Bkuedbr.

<. bmtm, Dbkufb Hrbgb Kraup fb fbktbtbfkobd fk HAF J]BF XEFA\A,

PEF\EM BGBFXM, CDAPMFXEFB BX GAG OAP sb Zareddb Xombtmr gudb

pb faafk 250>

8. \efedabf, Dbkufb Hrbgb Kraup sb pbgbgbobdb fe mhra Bsmra bt

fbkpbdbbs fk PEF\EM HAF J]BF XEFA\A, PEF\EM ADESBPM\,

OBPEFK LAF\XBFXEFA BX PMUFB MDMFB, JBLA@EFB BX P]@MF

MDHAPBHA BX DM@B\L] sb hermisyaf fe Crbflesla Bg bs.

=. bfkibt gudb sb edb, Dbkufb fb pefbfkbsewbbf fe Gbrebfa Lrespef bt

fbkpbdbbs fk PAHBFXM, BHM\GBF bt MHG]FHA.

3. bfkibt gudb sb Dufb, Db ]feaf fb pefbgufubf fe Lerebla Pmyms bt

gboeket fbfk sbfhbbfk tbafk fbktbtbfkobd fk gara-gara.

;. bfkibt gudb sb bfkbsefbf sb pbgbgbtfuby fe \bftebka Gbklbr bt

fbkpbpbdbbs bka pb hugbtbd bfk pmdeiudb sb edepefbs.

?. Krupa gudb sb bgpbfkb sb pbfkbfkbsewb bt hermisyaf fe Jubf

Lresastaga \atta bt fbkhbas fk gkb iagmhyb sb weibfk bgpbfka

tudbh fk EFK \]DXBFB bt MPDB, ZBCEPA bt P]@E.

5. \bgbobf gudb sb @elad fb pefbgbobdbbf fe Feladbs \mrrbfa bt

fbkpbdbbs fk B\XEFA DM BX BHPEBFA bt APBFXE\ APBFXEB\.

2>. bfkibt sb bleb, Edaeda fb fbktbfkobd hef fk gara-gara sb

pbgbgbobdb

;



fe Mremrta Kug bf tudbh fk LBPGMDEFB (2??5), CMDEM (2?5>), bt

LDAHASMM (2?50).

22. Kupa sb Lmu fb fbktbfkobd fk O]B\ (2?53) fb pefbgbobdbbf fe

Lbpetbf \mrbpea.

20. Krupa sb Edalas Fartm fb fbkpbdbbs fk CDAPBFXM IMF GEFMSMPB.

0. \MFBI]DA

Bfk smfbiuda by pbdbsbi sb Duzaf bt Ibesbybbf tuwefk Iuwbrmsgb a

Gbobd fb Brbw. Hefbrbas eta sb gkb bibftmfk datmbt oedekbfk bdewbf fk gkb

edepefa ibpbk kbe fb. Iufk gefsbf, kugbkbwb sedb fk tbfkobdbf fb kbwb sbiboay a ibwbybf. Bfk gkb tba―y fbkhbhbdb fk sbrede fedbfk upubf.

Eta―y pbksbsbhudb fk uoby bt pbkpbpbibsbiet fe Omsus. Bfk gkb peymsb sb

smfbiuda by btby sb gkb pbsyaf. Faafk ufb bfk gkb pbsyaf fb eta―y

efeekibs a efbbwet ibpbk gby pbbsb sb boby a sb ibpedyb.

?



\e Mucrafea G. Bdep fb esbfk gbfbfbdbysby, byaf sb ibfyb bfk ufbfk

pbsyaf by fbsudbt sb Xbkbdak bt fbdeg bk faafk 2;>8 bt epefbseibt fe bhrm

Kbspbr Bquefa hm @mdmf fb tbkb-Pasbrea, @btbfkbs. Eta―y fbpbpbdaa sb bidbt

5



fb —Gkb bfbdbfkef fb Fbktbtbkuedef sb Ibduduwb fk Xbafk Fbkoeoefkbda‗.

Eta―y sefufhbf fe Haf Dues Kuebf faafk 2;=>. \efufhbf fbgbf eta fe bhrm

Gbrebfa edbped faafk 2?28 fk ibfybfk —bsyafk edbped‗. Fbfk 2?=0 dugbbs

bfk mrsyaf fe bhrm Bfelmta hmdb Gmrlmh . \b bpbt fb fbbfkket bfk oeket fb

iefbkedewbf fk gkb tba bfk mrseyaf fe bhrm edbped, tbkb-Farzbkby, @udbibf.

Byaf fbgbf iby Bkasta Gerbfhb, esbfk gbfufudbt, bfk mrsyaf fe bhrm

hm @mdmf bfk pefbibseibt.

Byaf sb esbfk brteiuda fe \atmra A. Falas bfk pbsyaf by esb sb degbfk ure

fk gkb tudbfk pbfrmdeoeyaf fb pbdbsbi sb Duzaf bt @esbybs faafk eib-2?

hbbftbaf.

Gkb ure:

Oegfa bt mrsafk pbfrmdeoeyaf

Bwet bt uoby

Hbdet-gkb hbsbd fb pbtudb

Gkb mrsafk sbtereibd bt pbfkgarbd

Hbdbwbfk ure fk pbk-wbet fk pbsyaf sb @btbfkbs:

Dbgmftbsyaf - iefbibftb fk gby ibbkbdbf sb sbdew fk ketbrb a bfhuryb. Efbbat fk <-= gefuta bka gbtbpas bfk esbfk sbifafk.

Mstedafk pbdbkah - gbedes bt gbtbtbpas sb daa fk esbfk gefuta bfk esbfk

sbifafk.

Xbuobf sb \mfbiuda -pedefk-pede, esefbsbbdbfk-bdbfk bfk oetsurb, dbie fk

2>



ibtbwbf bt tefek.

- Bfk gkb Ouhya by efedbdbrbwbfk gbsbsbgb bt bfk ibsuutbf by

gbsbdeguat bt ibibeb.

- Bfk pbfkufboefk tbuobf by sefb Omsuiresta, @eromfk Gbreb, \bf Jasm bt

Gbreb Gbkhbdmfb. Bfk pbksbsbhudb by ibhbdbsbfk efbbat fk edbfk brbw bt

kbefk sufuh-sufah.

IBPBKBXBF

Bfk Ibrbkbtbf by gbbbrefk segudbf fk esbfk eg uibsyaf “ bfk

pbktbwbk sb pbfkefaaf upbfk gbkefk pbtfuby fk dbra. Eta―y gby bfyafk hudb

sbpbkibt fbktbtbkdby eta fk bfkoby, suderbfef bt tufkkbdebf, bt gby ibdutbsbf

bt ibibdbsbf. Bfk Ibrbkbtbf by btby sb bdbgbt fk esbfk prefsmsbfk obfkbh

fb gbib-esbfk hehe bfk efbtbfk gboerbp fb ibfybfk efeeek by fbibesep fk

gbefbg fb pbrbbf. Oefbgaf feyb bfk dbobt fk gbfdedkbw sb ibfyb fb seseref

bfk sefksefk efeoudak feyb sb hbkbt. Bfk gbibibiuob feyaf by ibfybfk

pbpbibsbdbf. Bfk fbktbkugpby by bfk ibfybfk ibseftbobf fb

pefbibgbkbdefk fb gbfefeseh.

\b pbkdbdbra, bfk gkb efbtb by fbkpapargbfk pbedak. Gbkpbpbeiat fk

esbfk dug a fb gby tbfhbfk pute. Iufk sefa gbf bfk tbgbbf feta by

tbtbfufkef fk gkb hbdbkb fk tbdefkobkb a pbdbesepbf. Ibpbk eta―y fbsbkat,

eobobfhak feyb bfk ibfybfk sefksefk sb hbdbkbfk ibfybfk fbpupusubf.

22



Bfk gkb Edafkka by gbyraaf hefk dbrafk pbtudb bt pbbwet fb kefbkbfbp

ibpbk gby mdbseyaf fk tefbtbkurebfk \efk-sefk bdbrbf.

H] DA

\b weibfk Ibstedb, bfk sbdetbfk hupda by fbfkbfkboudukbfk hadm a

ebya. Eta by tbkesbf fk tbdefa sb pbgbgbketbf fk pbktudb. Bfk gkb fbkdbdbra

feta by fbkpbpbkbdefkbf sb pbkekibs fk mrsa bt fbkpbpbtbyukbf fk

fbdbdbgbf. Bfk gkb ibesepbf bt mrsa by ibhbdbsbfk oefbobfka fedb gudb sb

gkb bwet, iareha, sbdbweibef bt ibsbeobf. Bfk pbktbtbdafk pbtudb fb eta by

ehefbrbas sb biurbf fk fbgbtbybf pbksbpet fk eibseybg fb kbe gbtbpas fb

gbedeefk bfk yugba. Dbyufef fetafk bdewef bfk gkb ibgbk-bfbi fk fbgbtby.

Efedbdbra eta sb pbgbgbketbf fk pbkobobte fk gkb gbfdbdbra sb

hbdbwbfk pbfkibt. \b gbkibedbfk pbfek fk dbgmsb by gby hbdbwbfk obfby

fk gbobobbfk bfkia. efbfkufkuduobf eta fk obre a pufafk obdbgbf. \b

hbiafk ibfbf by fbibupa bfk gkb mdybib, bt sb ibdewb fbgbf by gkb

mdybia. \b ketfb fk dbgmsb by gbieietb bfk bfhmob fk oetsa bt sekbredya b

esbfk tsefmdbs fb seybfk seg ada fk ibpbfkybreobf fk pufafk obdbgbf.

Bfk dbra by fbksesegudb sb pbkobwbi fk obre fk pbdgbtarya fb

ibhbdbsbf by esbfk tsefmdbs bt gbksbsbdetb fk Xreudbleaf. \bsbkutef fbgbf

eta fk dbobt fk Xreudbleaf bt susufhbf fk obre fk Mstbrmgas mf @umfb

lagpaseleaf. Gude by sbsbkat bfk dbobt fk lagpaseleaf. bkibrbbf feta by

gbkououhybt bfk obre fk pbksesegudb fk dbra bt susufhbf eta fk gkb hbsbd

20



fb Bgb Fbgef, B b Kefaafk Gbreb, Pmquemg Mtmrfbg fb efeuuiad sb

ibduduwb fk yugba.

Bfk dbra by gbksesegudb sb pbgbgbketbf fk pbkeedbfk fk gkb

gbfdbdbra. Iufk gefsbf, sb Fugmrbleaf pb dbgbfk by gby fbpbpbrusbobf fb

sb gkb gbfdbdbra. \usufhbf eta fk pbtudbfk pbkeeftbfkbf. Ibhbdbsbf,

ibpbk bfk fbpbkeftbfkbf by gbkbfhbfk hupdmrb, epefbktbtbfkkad eta fk esbfk

hupdmrafk gby deoeg fb pbktefkef sb fbufb. Ibhbdbsbf, bfk gkb pbfkybybrefk

eta by fbuuwe sb gbkbfhbfk pbktetefkefbf fk hbdbwb bt ougbobftafk sb pbk-

eesbfk hehe sb seg bobf.

Bfk esbfk mdybia a mdybib fb fbtbda sb pbkeeftbfkbf by

pefbrurusbobf sb pbgbgbketbf fk pbkekibs fk hbsbd pbrb sb fbgbtby.

Gby gkb pbkibibtbafk hboed sb bfk gkb hupdmra bt hupdmrb by pbwbfk

gbkbkbdefk, bfk tbkesbf fk tbdefa by ugbbat fk hbdbwbgpu―t bpbt fb arbs.

\b Ibesbybbf bt Gefhbfbw, bfk hupda by ibobwek fk tefbtbwbk fedbfk

mrsa-mrsa. Eta by tbkesbf hef fk tbdefa sb pbgbgbketbf fk pbktudb bt

kefbkbwb ref tuwefk mdbseyaf a dbgbybf.

2<



\BD]@AFK

Xuwefk bsia sb pbkibuoby by kefbkbfbp bfk smrmgafyb fk sbdu afk

sb pbgbgbketbf fk pbksbdu afk fk hbdbwbfk prusesyaf: Bfk esb by bfk

prusesyaf fk Pmsurrmlteaf fb fbkuuobt sb boby fk gby-bre fk aaf bt

eibdbwb by bfk prusesyaf fk Gbobd fb @eromf fb fbfkkbdefk sb seg bobf.

bkibtbpas gbksbdu afk by fbksbsbgb bfk hbdbwbfk egbomf sb eesbfk

prusesyaf bt eefb bb sb pbgbgbketbf fk ibda. Fbsb daa fk pusafk eta fb

oefhe fbieietb fk gbhdb bfk esbfk btbfk suat-bfkomd.

bkhbtefk sb Kbdedmb, bfk efeefefk tefbtwbk fb tefymftb by fbksbsbybw

fb bfk teymgpa by gbbkbd bt he kbbfafk gbsekdb. bkibtbpas feta, seyb―y

tugutudb fk tefbtbwbk fb Heloa bt sb bobke fk tudb fb ugbbfkket tufkiad

28



sb pbku uibs fk pefta sb dbfket fb hbtefk fbibsbrb, by ekdbfk

gbkhbrbtefkbf bfk gkb eafk pbpmd fb tugutudby sb dueh fb fbibtbde sb

pufa, bt sb pkuibs fk pusa dbdbbs bfk esbfk btbfk suat-bfkomd. Bfk

btbfk suat-bfkomd by bwbet fk Pmkefb Ladem sb sbdew fk bfhb bt bpbt fb

btbfk bfkomdetb fb fbibtbya sb bpbt fb sudai fk Kbdedmb.

Iuiufef fk Bfkomdetb bfk bdbbd

fb eteg sb Gbobd fb @eromf edbfk

tbfhb fk pbkibibbdes fk obpes fb

sbftefbipbf, bt pbkbuoby fb gude

fk Hbiedbfk Gbfufuas. Bfk

susufah fb gbksbsbybw, sb

teymgpafk gbedes, gbsekdb, gbsbyb,

bt gby oegek tbkugpby by

efeefefk tefbtbwbk fb Ibpetbfb.

Bfk ibfybfk sbybw by sefbsbefk

pbkbte sb gudefk pbkibuoby fk bfkefaaf.

2=



23



]XMJM

Hudbfk etefbtbfkobd fk gkb Eftsei sb edepefbs faafk pbfboaf fk gkb

Ibstedb. Eta―y epefbpbdbbs sb gkb bibftmfk datm sb kbe.

Bfk kbfetafk ure fk pbktbtbfkobd by fbksegudb sb edepefbs faafk 2??3.

Oefhe eta kbbfafk sugeibt hboed ibhbdbsbf bfk weibfk kefbkbget by Gbfhbref

Loefmsm bt ibrbgeobf sb gkb gbfafaah by Lbftafmsm bt gkb edepefa.

J]MKA HM PMFHB

Fedbdbra ref eta ibpbk pbseybg a tefbtbwbk fb edbsbyaf. Gbrbgefk

pbrbbf bfk pbkdbdbra feta. Bfk gkb ibsbde by gbkibibet-ibet fk pbedak

ibobrbpbfk —Obre‗ fb gbgugufa fk dbra. \esegudbf bfk dbra sb pbksesefhe fk

2;



ibfhedb a segpdmfk paspara bt epbpbsbeta bt iufk sefa bfk gbfdbdbrafk

bbutbf fk pbkibgbtby fk sefhe by seybfk gbkibibget fk ibpbrusbobf.

[bdbfk degetbsyaf sb edbfk fk gbfdbdbra fb pwmhmfk gbkdbra. Bfk gkb

gbfdbdbra by uupa sb esbfk edak ibsbgb bfk dehmr sb ketfb. @bwbt gbfdbdbra

by iuiuob fk pbfkbdbf fk pufa a udbidbi fb ekby fk dehmr. @bbsboef fk

dehmr bfk starybfk "Bfk fbwbdbfk eaf fk obre".

@]DBIDBIBF

Eta―y pbdbsbi sb gkb Ibtbkbdukbf bt ibobwek fk Jumka hm rmfhb. Eta―y

esbfk ure fk pbdbesepbf fb gbkpbpbtuday obfkkbfk sb hugbge bfk pbfkbia bt

gbtu as eta gudb sb obre.

Bfk sbybw fb eta by esbfk hbflm fk ffarbd kbrdbfhs, fb fbibtuaf sb

@eromfk Gbreb sb pbfboaf fk Pagbfa Ibtadeia fb pbkherewbfk fk ibfedbfk

bfbd fb defkka.

2?



HBDEX/BDBU (Cdarms hm Gbya)

Bfk hbdet by kefbkbwb edbfk pbrbfkbd sb gkb sbfta bt sbftb. Esb sb gkb

hbdet fb fbkkefk ibukbdebf fb sb gkb dbdbwekbf fk Pezbd, @udblbf, Ibetm,

Rumzaf, Fumvb Mlejb, Gefhara bt Gbrefhuqum by efeobobfhak iby @eromfk

Gbreb. Eta by bdby fb kefbkbfbp tuwefk uwbf fk Gbya. Ibrbgeobf sb gkb

hbdet by esefudbt fe bhrm Gbrebfa \mveddb fb tbkb-Xafha, Gbyfedb fb oefbdbw

25



feyb gudb sb gkb bwetefk Etbdubfa fe Guzbrmdde bt tefbwbk feyb etafk Cdarms hm

Gbya.

Bfk gkb ibbtbbfk fbk7bbdby fk gkb udbidbi by hefbhbdet bfk gkb

pbpure, gby esbfk fbgugufa fb seybfk hbhbdet fb sbsbkutef fbgbf fk

ibbtbbf. bkibrbbf feta by esb-esb sedbfk gbk-bbdby fk gkb udbidbi sb bdtbr.

Bfk GMHEXBLEAFM\ L]F GBFKB GBOBD FB BKFEFEDBU FB \BHEB

\B \BFXAFK BK-M_MPLEA\ by esbfk hudb sb weibfk Ibstedb fe bhrm

Crbflesla \bdbzbr fb sugeibt faafk 238< bt esefbdef bsb Xbkbdak fe bhrm

mhra hm Omrrmrb fafk 238=.

\e bhrm Ldbef fbgbf bfk fbksudbt fk EFCEMPFAFK FB@]I\BF faafk

2=;< fb fbsufhbf fk \BPXBPEA HM MJMG DA\ B F]M\XPB \MFAPB.

\e bhrm Bftafea Smdbsla bfk fbksudbt fk BFK DE@PA FK BFBDBFKEF

BX BK@]@]DBU@]DBU faafk 2?=2.

Bfk ]\B LB @]DBF FB OEFBDBH LBF GBPEBBKHBFKBX \B

BK BFKOEGBDEL \B HEA\ \B GKB GBLB\B\BDB by fedeiob fe bhrm

Hmgmtrea Fbvbslub faafk 2??;.

Gbkefk bfk bgpbfka by gby hbdet hef fb esefudbt faafk 2??; fb gby

pbgbkbt fb FBFKA\ \BFBUBF FEFK XBFAFK @EFEFBKBF HER]ED RFK

BGBFEG@B, BGBKL]G E\BD, BGBR]EFB@BFK BX BDE[BBFK

BFBDBFKEFF B B]BFK GMBFK]FKBF RFK MJMPLELEA\.

0>



BFBFB BXBF

Bfk gkb pbgedybfk yugbybibp sb rmdeoeyafk Ibtadeia sbkbrha by

fbkhbrbas fk bbsb “ bfk pbk-bwet fk pbsyaf sb daa fk boby a ibpedyb.

bkibrefek sb gbpbfkdbw fb bwetef, eta by sbsbkutef fk gkb kugbkbdbfk

gbfk-bbwet sb dbbs fk boby. \edb by gbkpbpbdetbf a gbksbsbkutbf

obfkkbfk bfk dbobt by ibsbde fb sb pbk-bwet fbfk sbby-sbby. \b

Gbrefhuqum, eta by tefuturefk fb Xbpbtbf a bfbfbpbtbf.

Bfk gkb kugbkbdbfk gbfk-bbwet by efeg etb sb boby upbfk

epbkpbtuday bfk pbk-bwet. Bfk pefbibgbousby fb gbfk-bbwet by uupa fbfk

pbedak sb sbdb. \edb by pepede fk tbkbobtad gudb sb krupa. Bfk tbkobtad by bwbet

fk gkb uktafk bt sbdsbweibefk tufkiad sb pbsyaf bt pbkibtbpas by gudefk

sbsbkutef fk gkb gbfk-bbwet sb bfyafk mrsa. Bfk sefugbfk oefhe

gbibsbsbkat by pbduduoure edbfk pbrusb bt pbkibtbpas by eekibs fk edbfk

hbsbd pbtufkiad iby Omsus. Eta by efbbt obfkkbfk gbhbdefk brbw obbfk

fbk-eefugbf fk sbdbbt bt iugbibef fk eefkib bt fedbkbfk sbkefk a ibgatm.

GAPEAFM\

Kefbkbwb eta tuwefk gbobd fb brbw sb Gefhara. Bfk Gareafms by

fbksusuat fk gkb gbsibrbfk iudby rasbs, gbeteg fb gkb gbtb, sarb bfk

tbfkas fk edafk, eek fb bfega―y pbgpbef sb eshb “ eta by kbwb gudb sb iboay

fk hbphbp.

02



Eta by fbkrmrmprmsmftb sb gkb smfturyafk Pagbfa faafk ibpbfboufbf fe

Omsus. Bfk pefbibbybfe by se Dafkefas, bfk tbafk udbk bfk ibedbfk gbtb bt

kugbdefk fbfk eta―y ggbtudubf fk huka fe Omsus fbfk ibfybfk tefusai fk

sebt obbfk fbibpbia se Omsus sb irus. Hboed sb gedbkrafk eta, se Dafkefas

by fbkbkba bt fbkdbay sb ibdym obbfk efbbwet bfk pbpure fk bfkefaaf.

Fkufet eta by esbfk gbdefk pbfbfbgpbdbtbyb sb gkb Pagbfaibyb pefbrusbobf

seyb fk Lmftureafk Pagbfa. Xbtdafk udet seybfk fboude bt tbtdafk udet fb

fbibbdpbs. \b eibbpbt fb oude by pefukutbf seyb fk uda sb obrbp fk

tbug bybf. Bfk pukat fb uda by hbhbdoef sb seg bobf bt bfk gkb tba sb

Omrusbdmg by gbfbfbkoa bt gbkoeoefbkpes.

00



BFKBFKBD]D][B

Bfk kbe fk espmrbs fk ]fhbs a espmrbs fk Brbw fk gkb btby.

Bt tudbh fk gkb fbfkbfkbradefk, eekybf hef fk gkb bryb bfk gkb

btb bt gbdeet fb sbdbpe bfk gbtbtbfhb. [bdbfk ougpby etafk pbfkbfkbduduwb

sb hbdbwbfk kbe, sufah-sufah. Xedb fbkibibbdetbbf pb fkb, tudbh sb

ibradefk, iufk sefa bfk gbhbgat bt gbpbkekby.

0<



Obdeg bwb:

Ibduduwb―y hugbrbtbd/\b tbpbt fk Hurufkbwbf

Ibgpbfedyb―y tefbtbftby/Kefekesefkbfk gby uoby

Iufk ibge pa―y degusbf/Hbde-hbdebf pa dbgbfk

@bib ibge gbpbksbrobf/Fk pefta fk ibdbfketbf

Ibduduwb ibgefk tbg efk/\b purkbtary fbfkkbdefk

08



BF]F]D]UBF

Bfk bfufuduybf by esbfk ibukbdebfkIresteybfa fk gkbCedepefa fb

fbktbtbfkobd fk gbsbdeguat fb pbkdbdbiby fefb \bfta Jasm bt @eromfk Gbreb

gudb sb Fbzbrmto pbtufkafk @mtodmomg upbfk gbkobfbp fk gbtutuduybf fb

gbpbksesedbfkbf iby Omsuiresta. Eta by obfka sbsbdetbfk-ukbt fb —tuday‗ fb

esbfk gbkedew fb pbk-bfybyb a pbkpbpbtuday fk pbfbuoef sb daa fk tbobfbf.

Hudbfk etefbtbfkobd sb dbfsbfkbf bt fbkpbpbgbdbs fk pbkobobfbp fk

pbfsbgbftbdbfk terbobf fefb Gbreb bt Jasm haafsb @mtodmomg. Bfk gkb

boby bfk gestudbfk hefuhudukbf fk gbk-bsbwb, fbougeoefke fk sedeh upbfk

gbibpbkpboefkb, dbda't ibkbgpbf se Gbreb. \bre-sbrefk bhbptbsyaf bfk efua

oefkked heta, gudbfk esirep obfkkbfk ibsuatbf. Ibrbfewbfk kefbkbwbfk

gbibtataobfbf bfk pbksbsbhudb bt pbdbgute sb gkb boby. @bwbt boby fb

0=

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hbdbwef fefb Gbreb bt Jasm by fbkobobfhak fk pbkibef, ibibfef, imfhe, bt eb

pbfk bkby sb gkb tbafk fbfafaah. Gbkwbwbibs bfk hudb sb obrbp fk

seg bobf a ibpedyb, bt haaf esesedbfk fe Gbreb se Omsus fb fbibtbihb fbgefk

gbkefk tbkbpbkdektbs fk hbekhek.

03



IB\BU\BUBF

Faafk pbfboaf fk pbfbfbiap fk gkb Ibstedb sb edepefbs by

fbgbybkpbk bfk ibdbibdbfk kbdyafk Gbyfedb-Blbpudla. Hbdb fk fbsbefk

gbtefhefk pbieiepbkibdbibdbf by oefhe dbgbfk gkb ibfdurbfefk prahuita,

iufhe gbkefk gkb trbhesyaf bt ibukbdebf. Gudb sb Gmxela by fbibrbtefk sb

edepefbs bfkbsbhbs (fbfkbfkboudukbfkeff aoatmd), esbfk trbhesyaf fb

fbkherewbfk bt fbkeekby-pukby sb kefbwbfk pbkobobfbp fk bfbd fb gbk-bsbwb fk pbsbhbs a atmd fb gbtutuduybf pbrb gbeduwbd se Omsus. @btby sb

gkb fbewbfk tbdb, tbafk 2=?> fbfk epbiedbdb fe \bfta Ekfbteus hm Dayadb bfk

pbkhbhbsbd fk bgbsiafk Favmfb edbfk pbk-bdbdb sb mismfb fk fbteehbh.

\efu uibf fbgefk kbwefk esbfk pbktbtbfkobd fe \bfta Jubf fk Irusb fk

fbsbefk mismfb bt gbibdepbs bfk petafk tbaf by pefbkybgbf fk gkb

gesyafmrafk Mspbfyad sb Gmxela bfk fbsbefk pbktbtbfkobd bt tefbwbk etafk

pasbhbs.

0;



XE@BK

Bfk Xebkby bfk pbksbsbhudb fk irus sb pefbkpbiubf iby Iresta fefb

Pmyfb Mdmfb bt refsepm Lafstbftefa. Bfk Hupdafk eta'y kefbkbfbp iufk

uwbf fk Gbya, sb gkb dbdbwekbf fk @udbibf, Fumvb Mlejb, @btbbf, Pezbd bt

fbfkkbdefk sb pbtebk fk gkb ufhai sb pbkobobfbp fk irus fe Pmyfb Mdmfb

bt refsepm Lafstbftefa.

Eta by bfk pbkpbpbdbbs a pbksbsbhudb fk ibgbtbybf fe Jmsus fefb

Pmyfb Mdmfb bt refsepm Lafstbftefa upbfk obfbpef bfk irus.

Ibrbfewbfk fbksesegudb bfk prusesyaf sb boby fk fe Pmyfb Mdmfb bt

refsepm Lafstbftefa upbfk obfbpef bfk irus fe Jmsus upbfk tuguday sb

@ufhui-ufhuibf. Bfk gkb tbuobf by gbksesepbkouiby sb pbksbpet sb

ufhai. Ibpbk fbiuob fb bfk irus, dbobt fk gbfafaah by gbksesepbkufye

bt gbkhbrbas fk prusesyaf pbpuftbfk seg bobf fb iufk sbbf, gby esbfk

pbrefk fbk eeftby upbfk gbksbkbwb fk smrmgafyb.

\bbf eta esefbsbkbwb1

Eta by esefbsbkbwb pbksbpet fk bdbs-trms fk obpaf upbfk segudbf bfk

estb. Eta by fbkbkbfbp tuwefk uwbf fk Gbya sb dbdbwekbf fk @udbibf,

@btbbf, Fumvb Mlejb bt Pezbd

@biet Eta esefbsbkbwb1

0?



Eta by tugutuiay sb pbkobobfbp fk irus, sb ibdbketfbbf fk eibdbwbfk

pbfhbekhekbfk hekgbbf ([APDH [BP EE). Eta by etefbkuyah fk gkb Ibstedb

faafk pbkhbtefk fedb sb edepefbs, feybibp eta fk gkb ibtutu a sb edbfk bobke

fk Duzaf. Dugbkbfbp hef eta sb eb't-ebfk rmoeyaf.

05



\BFXBIP]\BF

Obdas fbibdegutbf fb bfk Xebk bt fbpbdetbf fk \bftbirusbf, bfk

pbkobobteh fk irus sb seg bobf. Eta'y esbfk gbrbfkybfk pbrbhb fk gkb

sbkbdb bt gkb iafsartm fb dugedeat sb gkb ibdym. Bfk gkb sbkbdb by

fbkrmrmprmsmftb fk eb't ebfk tbuobf sb @edeyb. Fbrereybf se Gbreb

Gbkhbdmfb bt bfk Iafsmrtmfk @abfmrkms9 se Pmyfb \mftmfseybhb ,rmyfb fbfk

etefbiwed bt fbibpasbs bfk gkb ibgby: se Pmyfb Mstomr, "Cmggm Cbtbdm" fk

Pmyfb 9 Efcbftb Juheto ,obwbi bfk pukat fb uda fe Oadacufms, bfk ibbwby fb

ibpetbf, Pmyfb hm dbs Cdarms, bfk gbreiet fb rmyfb fk Gbya bt ibsefkrbfkyb fk

pbfboaf9 @bbmfk @bfhmrb ,bfk gby obwbi fk bfhedb fk edepefbs9 bt bfk

Pmyfb Omdmfb bt Iafsartm by se Lafstbftefa bfk pbfkufboefk btrbiseyaf fk

aibsyaf. Bfk ibtbpusbf a oudefk \bftbirusbf bfk pefbibgbkbstas bt

pefbibgbrbfkyb.

\b pbkibibtbafk eta hbpbt gbufbwbbf fb bfk \bftbirusbf by fbkefk

trbhesyaf dbgbfk bt oefhe ugufdbh edbfk esbfk bfya fk hudb.

<>



<2



B ]PE/ ]XAFK

Ibhbdbsbf, kefbkbfbp bfk pbpure ibpbk peymstb sb esbfk brya a

gufesepbdehbh. Kefbkbwb eta sb pbrbbfk pbtudb edbfk pbrbfkbd sb fbpedefk

rmyfb a prefsmsb fk ibpestbobf ibukfby fk pbkpuputafk fk iarafb fk

ibrbfkbdbf.

Faafk ufbfk pbfboaf, bfk iarafb by fedeiob dbgbfk uobt sb gkb

tefuoak fb gkb udbidbi tudbh fk sbgpbkuetb fkufet fbfk gbdbufbf by

<0



fbkefk tefkkb a pedbi bfk gkb eta. \b ebfk dukbr sb Dusaf, bfk pbpure/putafk

by efuua fk gkb mrsafk fbobobte sb tbtdafk bobke:

b.) bka tugbpbi sb obkhbf fk tbfkobdbf

.) obbfk ugbbiybt sb obkhbfbf

l.) obbfk pefuputufkbf fk iarafb bfk pefbrbrbfkbdbfk rmyfb.

Kefbkbwb ref eta edbfk pbrbfkbd sb gby ibbrbwbf bt eb pbfk

fbtbtbfkefk aibsyaf.

GKB H]DB \B [EIBFK IB\XEDB

Faafk gkb ufbfk yukta fk pbfbfbiap fk gkb Ibstedb by wbdbfk

gbfhuhudbfk edepefa fb sugudbt fk hudb sb weibfk Ibstedb. Bfk gkb pbdbbs

faaf by kbdefk sb Mspbffyb.

<<



Fbfk gbkefk kamrfbhar se Ldbvmreb (2?88) esbfk iedusbf bfk sefegudbf

upbfk gbpbufdbh bfk pbktbtbfkobd fk gkb hudb. Hboed heta, gbrbgefk gkb

sefmobf bfk etefbya iufk ibyb't gbrbgefk gbfhuhudbfk Ibstedb bt edepefa

bfk fbksesudbt fk hudb. Bfk pbfybybrefk eta bfk fbkekby-hbbf sb edbfk

edepefa upbfk sugudbt fk hudb sb weibfk Ibstedb, gbkefk obfkkbfk sb

pbfboaf fk gkb Bgmreibfa.

Ibedbfk sb gkb gbfufudbt bt ibfedbfk sefudbtbfk gkb sugusufah:

2) Jubf Zudumtb hm Bfkmdms - JA\M MD LBP EFXMPA

0) Darmfza H' Byat. - MD AHMP HM ]FB B\EAF bt \]MÒA\ HM BGAP

<) Jmsus @bdgare- BSM\ HM PBEÒB, hudbfk tudeksb sb gkb pudeteiafk

edepefa.

8) Ldbra G. Pmlta - DB PAXB HM HBGB\LA

=) Hr. Jasm Pezbd - J]FXA BD B\EK bt \BF M]\XBR]EA , GBPXEP

3) [edcreha Gb. Kumrrmra - FA XAHA M\ PE\B , MD M\DBHAP PAXA bt

BPXE\XB\ HM LEFM

<8



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