Biometric-based Voters Identity Management to Combat Impersonation Vulnerability for A Credible E-Voting

Process in Nigeria

Duke, Etim Bassey 25831127

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Master of Science

(M.Sc) Degree in Computer Science at the Mafikeng Campus of the North-West University

Supervisor: Prof. B. M. Esief arienhre Co-Supervisor: Dr. N. Gasela

November, 2015 C.-<;..L tu:

DECLARATION

I declare that this research project on the Biometric-based Voters Identity

Management to Combat Impersonation Vulnerability for A Credible E­

V oting Process in Nigeria is my work, and has never been presented for the

award of any degree in any University. All the information used has been dully

acknowledged both in text and in the references.

Signature .... z ..... . Date ....... . ... ... ~;q~o/.'~ .. .

Duke, Etim Bassey

Approval

Signature......... ·······";1 Date ............ 9. . . ... 1-~~··t<vdb Supervisor: Prof. B. M. Esiefarienhre

Department of Computer Science North-West University Mafikeng Campus South Africa.

Signature .. ~·············

Date . . fl 3f:1/ ?:'?.(k? .......... .

Co-Supervisor: Dr. N. Gasela Department of Computer Science North-West University Mafikeng Campus South Africa.

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my loving wife and children

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank the Almighty GOD for allowing me to finish this

research in good health and mind.

I am truly indebted and thankful to my supervisor - Prof. B. M. Esiefarienhre

and co-supervisor - Dr. N. Gasela. Thank you for the support, the wisdom you

shared and encouragement throughout the course of this research.

Many thanks, to the members of staff in my department especially my lecturers

Prof. 0 . 0 . Ekabua, Dr. Bassey Isong, Ms Ohaeri and Ms Nochipo for offering

valuable advice. Without you, it would not have been possible for me to finish

this research project.

I owe sincere thanks to my mother, brothers and sisters for their support and

love throughout the course of this year.

Lastly, I would like to thank my wife for the undying love and support

throughout the course of this project.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE -------------------------DECLARATION ------------------------DEDICATION 11 ------------------------AC KNOWLEDGE MEN TS lll

TABLE OF CONTENTS Iv LIST OF FIGURES Vll

LIST OF TABLES Vlll

ABSTRACT IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

Chapter 1

Introduction and Background 1.1 Introduction 1

------------------------1. 2 Background Information 2 1.3 Problem Statement 3 1.4 Research Questions 4 1.5 Research Goals and Objectives 4 1.5.1 Research Goals 5 1.5.2 Research Objectives 5 1.6 Rationale of Study 5 1. 7 Research Methodology 6 1. 7 .1 Literature Survey 6 1.7.2 Framework Analysis and Design 6 1.7.3 Framework Implementation 6 1.8 Research Scope 6 1.9 Research Organization 6

Chapter 2

Review of the Literature 2.0 Chapter Overview ______________________ 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 E-democracy and e-voting 9 2.3 Terminologies 10 2.4 Elections in Nigeria and Challenges 11 2.4.1 Election Process in Nigeria 13 2.4.1.1 Voters Registration 13 2.4.1.2 Actual Voting 14 2.5 Identity Management 16 2.6 Biometric System 17 2.6.1 Properties of Biometrics 18 2.6.2 Biometric Working Process 19 2.7 Fingerprint Identification System 20

iv

2.7.l Fingerprint Matching Algorithms ________________ 22 2.7.2 Performances 23 2.8 Related Works 24 2.9 Chapter Summary 25

Chapter 3

Biometric-based Framework Analysis and Design 3.0 Chapter Overview ______________________ 26 3.1 Introduction 26 3.2 Justification for FIS 26 3.2.1 Desirable Properties of Biometrics 27 3.2.2 Mode of Operation 27 3.2.3 Others 28 3.3 System Requirements and Analysis 28

3.3.1 System Requirement Specification 29 3.3.1.1 System Login 30 3.3.1.2 Voter registration 30 3.3.1.3 Voter identification and authentication 30

3.3.2 System Use Case Analysis and Model 31 3.3.3Use Case Description 32 3.3.4Sequence Diagrams 34 3.4 System Components and Design 35

3.4.1 INEC Central Voters Database Design 36 3.4.2 INEC System Interface 37 3.4.3 INEC Network Connectivity 37

3.5INEC System Framework Design 38 3.6 Chapter Summary 39

Chapter 4

INEC System Implementation 4.1 Chapter Overview 40 4.2Proposed INEC System Overview _________________ 40 4.3The INEC System 41 4.3.1 Technoiogy Used 41 4.3.2 INEC System Access 41 4.3.3INEC System Administrator 42 4.3.4INEC Staff 43 4.3 .4.1 Voter Registration 44 4.3 .4.2 Voter Identification 44 4.3.5Voter 45 4.3.6Voted Personnel and Election Results 47 4.3.6.1 Voted Personnel 48 4.3.6.2 INEC Results 49 4.4 Proposed System Benefits 49 4.5 Limitations 50 4.6 Chapter Summary 50

V

Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusion and Future Work 5.lSummary ________________________ 51 5.2 Conclusion 52 5.3Future Works 52

References 53 --------------------------

Appendix ___________________________ 57

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 INEC Voters Registration _________________ 14 Figure 2.2 INEC Voting Process 15 Figure 2.3 Human physiological and behavioral traits 18 Figure 2.4 Biometric System 20 Figure 2.5 Minutia template 21 Figure 2.6 Minutia Based Algorithm [44] 22 Figure 2.7 Pattern Based Algorithm [44] 23 Figure 3 .1 System Actors 31 Figure 3.2 System use Case Model 31 Figure 3.3 INEC Staff Sequence Diagram 35 Figure 3.4 INEC central database schema 37 Figure 3.5 INEC Biometric-based election framework design 38 Figure 3.6 Voter fingerprint authentication architecture 39 Figure 4.1 INEC Election process 40 Figure 4.2 INEC system front page 42 Figure 4.3 Unsuccessful logon page 42 Figure 4.4 Successful logon page 42 Figure 4.5 System admin page 43 Figure 4.6 INEC Staff page 43 Figure 4.7 Voter registration page 44 Figure 4.8 Voter identification page 45 Figure 4.9A Electronic ballot paper 46 Figure 4.9B Electronic ballot paper 46 Figure 4.10 Successful voting 47 Figure 4.11 INEC information printing page 4 7 Figure 4.12 INEC voter register printing page 48 Figure 4.13 INEC Voters Register 48 Figure 4.14 INEC Results printing page 49

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table2.l Key Terminologies ___________________ 10 Table 3.1 Biometric Systems Evaluation 27 Table 3.2 System FR and NFR 29 Table 3.3 System login 33 Table 3.4 Voters registration 33 Table 3.5 Voters Identification and authentication 34 Table 3.6 Vote for a candidate 34

viii

ABSTRACT

Today, democracy has become a de facto standard of every form of government

in the world, nations and organizations. People are given the power to vote for

candidates of their choice to represent them in offices. These require that

elections are organized in a manner that is unbiased, fair and free of

manipulations. This is because confidence can only be gained and the results

generally accepted if the electorate sees the electoral process as being

transparent, accurate and fair. Although Information and Communication

Technology is being applied during the Nigerian electoral process, the process

is yet to be efficient, transparent and trustworthy. Nigerian elections are marred

with violence, voters' fraud such as rigging, impersonation, multiple voting and

vote count falsification. These are seen as threats to the integrity of the election

process. The major cause is the lack of strong security measures in place to keep

these activities under check. Therefore, in this research, a possible solution is

offer to the challenges faced by the Independent National Electoral Commission

(INEC) today in conducting a credible e-voting process in Nigeria. In this

research work, a framework was designed for managing voters' identity for

credible elections and electronic voting in Nigeria. The objective was to protect

the electoral system integrity by ensuring that an eligible voter has one

registration and vote only once for a candidate in an election. The approach was

by collecting potential voters' information during the voter registration exercise

and the actual identification of voters on Election Day in a real-time mode using

biometric as authentication factor. In addition and as a proof of concept, this

research implemented a web-based system prototype for INEC that demonstrate

ix

the effective operation of our idea. The system was tested and the results

obtained showed an improved and credible electoral process through ICT

application.

X

Acronym

ICT

INEC

FIS

ID

IDm

PVC

WLAN

DREs

LIST OF ABBREV ATIONS

Meaning

Information and Communication Technology

Independent National Electoral Commission

Fingerprint Identification System

Identity

Identity Management

Permanent Voters Card /uUt¾ J Wireless Local Area Network

Direct Recording Electronic Voting Machine

xi

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background

1.1 Introduction

In recent years, democracy has become a de facto standard of every form of government in

the world, nations, and local governments and even in organizations. It has been described as

the healthiest, participatory and most acceptable form of government that encourages

coordination and collaboration between the private and public sectors as well as the citizens

and government. Democracy promotes electoral processes and within the sphere of a

democratic government, elections occur frequently. The function of elections is chiefly to

elect representatives and more infrequently to take decisions about representatives regarding

issues that are specific [ 1]. In other words, elections are formal decision-making processes by

which a population chooses individuals to hold public office [2]. With the proliferation in

infonnation and communication technology (ICT) in the e-world today; elections have taken

a new dimension as they can be electronically monitored where a number of possible

technological applications can be used. One such application is electronic voting (hereafter

referred to as e-voting). E-voting is used to describe several types of voting approaches

which involve both casting of a vote and counting a vote electronically [3]. The approach in

its mode of operations does not involve a new electoral or voting process but rather, a

modification of the existing voting process [3]. In this case, it is geared towards re­

engineering the existing manual or traditional electoral process to make it more advanced.

In electoral systems today, the introduction of e-voting has been to enhance the existing

approach with respect to transparency and efficiency especially, when it comes to national

elections [ 4]. This goes with the critical need to organize elections in such a way that is

unbiased, fair and free of manipulations [ 4]. The rationale is that the public can only gain

confidence in the electoral system if it is based upon transparency, accuracy and fairness [5 ,

6, 7]. In many developed nations of the world today such as the US, the UK, France, Brazil,

Israel and Russia, they have witnessed the advantages of e-voting. Though the benefits are

numerous, e-voting also comes with pitfalls. The electoral technology is viewed by many as a

threat to the integrity of elections where new sets of risks, doubts and opportunities for fraud

and failure are created [8]. In other words, they are not as safe, accurate and trustworthy as

they were promised to be [8]. Most of these problems have been experienced in the US

1

elections, especially the year 2000 elections where several security issues, design and

certification flaws, difficulty in auditing or recounting [9, 10, 11, 12], were reported. Though

most of the reported problems have been fixed, it is still considered a serious and complex

problem in a continent like Africa.

In the Nigeria of today, though some elements of ICTs have been incorporated into the

electoral system, the manual process is still in use. However, the greatest challenges are the

issues of frauds and malpractices stemming from rigging and impersonation. These forms of

practices have been seen as undermining the integrity of the elections, often creating an

atmosphere of instability. Though impersonation gives way to rigging, the cause is due to the

inability of the process to effectively manage the identity of voters. These lapses will not only

give room for impersonation, but also threaten the credibility and integrity of the election as

has always being. Given the critical context, it becomes imperative that the identities of

potential voters are effectively managed using a biometrics-based approach to uphold

elections integrity in Nigeria.

1.2 Background Information

With the exponential growth of the Internet, activities on the Internet have expanded to

various areas and sectors and have reached even hard to reach areas of the world . In life, a

person is known to have one name and identity, but the case is not the same on the Internet as

one person can have several identities [13]. Consequently the different identities can be used

by the person for different purposes or services. When people have multiple identities as this,

it becomes a problem as human can control several identities. Thus, a scheme that

differentiates the person for an online identity is indispensable [ 13]. This is the challenge

faced by elections in the African continent today, Nigeria in particular which has been marred

with impersonation which in turn gives room for rigging.

In order to solve the problem and enhance the existing electoral process, effective identity

management of voters is required. Identity Management (IDm) covers the processes and

systems for management and control of identities of individual principals, their

authentication, authorization [ 14, 15] with the objective of increasing security and

productivity while minimising cost and repetitive tasks. IDm constitutes a practice where

features that can uniquely identify individuals in a given setting are managed [ 16]. Today,

there are several ways to identify an individual which are broadly classified (1) by something

2

he knows or memonzes, (2) by something he cames and, (3) by a personal physical

characteristic (17]. All these approaches have their strengths and weaknesses which are some

of the determinant factors for their choice of application.

In particular, the approach which uses personal physical characteristic of humans called

biometrics has been one effective approach of IDm. Today, biometrics has gained

considerable interest and attracted widespread usage such as in immigration control system,

crime investigation by Police etc. Biometrics offers a natural identity management tool that is

characterized by greater security and convenience than traditional methods of personal

recognition (17) which include, name, passwords, PINs, ID Cards, etc. In biometrics,

identification or identity verification of a person is based on the physiological and

behavioural characteristics of the person [ 18, 19]. This is made possible due to the

permanence, uniqueness, and universality of human characteristics (17]. In this case,

biometrics is used to overcome the danger of loss and failure to recall by other methods of

identifications. Biometrics assures that each person has only one identity in the system and

that only one person can access each identity (20]. Common individual biometrics used for

recognition includes finger and palm friction ridges, iris, face, voice, handwriting, hand

shape, and hand vein patterns [ 1 7).

As one of the core objectives of electoral system is to ensure free and fair elections, where

one voter is allowed to register and vote once, it is imperative that employing biometrics into

the system would definitely help protect its integrity. Using biometrics such as fingerprint

instead of identification with names, passwords, PINs, ID Cards, PVCs during the process of

registration and voting in Nigerian elections will go a long way to c3reate an electoral system

that is credible, trustworthy and transparent.

1.3 Problem Statement

Today, ICT has played a critical role in every walk of life and electoral process is not an

exception. The application of ICT in the form of e-voting has been valuable as experienced

by the majority of the developed nations of the world. In the same way, they come with

several challenges which we believe cannot be contained in the Nigerian elections context

especially when it comes to issues such as registration mix-ups, system failures and audit

prevention due to software glitches (9, 10, 12]. In addition, the existing manual electoral

process in Nigeria is marred by malpractices such as voter impersonation which provide

3

room for rigging votes and vote count falsification. In the event of these problems elections

can be disastrous. Consequently, this could lead to situations ranging from national

instability, endless wars resulting to deaths of citizens. Also, in Nigeria, biometrics is

collected during registration locally and not in a real-time mode [27, 46]. In addition, ID

cards or permanent voter cards (PVC) are used as a means of identification on Election Day

while the collected biometrics are sometimes not used.

Given the critical context it becomes imperative that the existing electoral system in Nigeria

has to be reengineered for fitness of purpose such as ensuring the privacy of individual voter

as well as one person having one registration and vote. In addition, other benefits ( efficiency,

speed, and accuracy) can also be derived from the system. This therefore forms the

motivation for this research study.

1.4 Research Questions

In consideration of the above stated problem, this research would be addressing the following

research questions (RQs).

RQl: What existing biometric technology can be applied to manage a credible electoral

process in Nigeria?

This research question is answered in Chapter 3. The basis to explore the different

biometric systems to identify which one is convenient and suitable for use in this

research as the authentication factor.

RQ2: How can we manage the identity of each voter to ensure its privacy?

This research question is also answered in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. The basis to

identify different information to be collected from voters and how to access them

using biometrics.

RQ3: How can we develop a generic framework for a credible electoral p rocess in Nigeria

that can identify an intending impersonator?

This research question is answered in Chapter 3 and the implementation prototype is

in Chapter 4. The basis to design the overall idea as a blue-print for implementation.

1.5 Research Goal and Objectives

The main goal and objective of this research are as follows:

4

1.5.1 Research Goal

The main goal of this research is to develop a novel framework for managing voters' identity

using a biometric-based approach to combat impersonation in Africa's elections.

1.5.2 Research Objectives

In order to achieve the main goal of this research, the following four objectives will be

carried out:

1) To analyse current or existing biometric-based identity management technology to see

which one is suitable in this context and how it can be applied to ensure voters '

pnvacy;

2) To evaluate existing electoral processes to find out how identity management can be

incorporated effectively and efficiently;

3) To develop a framework for electoral system in Nigeria that incorporate biometric

identification both at registration and actual voting; and

4) To analyse the benefits that can be derived from the systems.

1.6 Rationale of Study

The credibility of any election depends solely on the processes involved, how transparent it

is. Having substantial public confidence in the electoral process and its results is a major

issue [ 4]. In Nigeria today, most people have lost confidence in the traditional election

process due to malpractices such as fraud, ghosts voting or impersonation and chain voting

and multiple voting [12]. The above situations have brought about lack of transparency and

accuracy and have also reduced public confidence and trust in the democratic process. In

addition, the reported flaws and problems associated with e-voting are also the rationale why

aii developing countries are currently rejecting and criticising the voting technology. With the

problems of e-voting and the current challenges facing the traditional electoral system in

Nigeria, there is therefore the need to restructure the traditional electoral system.

This research is therefore seeking to provide lasting solutions to the elections system in

Nigeria. The research work aims to eliminate to the barest minimum, the case of

impersonation and rigging practices, whether acted directly by officials or indirectly by

voters. In achieving this, a biometric-based IDm approach is implemented which can operate

in a real-time mode for both registration and identification on Election Day to thwart

5

impersonation or rigging activities. The objective is to ensure that Nigerian elections can be

run with one man having one registration and one vote.

1.7 Research Methodology

Research method is necessary to provide clarity and transparency in terms of research

reporting methods, procedures in order to responsibly show how data have been collected,

synthesized, analysed and discussed [21]. Therefore, in this research, the following research

methodologies will be used:

1. 7.1 Literature Survey

In this study we carried out a comprehensive literature survey and review of some closely

related literature in the area of biometrics identification and privacy, election processes and

their challenges. The knowledge gained from this review will then provide the current

research with what has been and has not been researched. The researched material would be

acknowledged to provide easy reference for future research.

1. 7. 2 Framework Analysis and Design

The knowledge and information gained from the literature review will be used to formulate a

generic framework for credible elections in Nigeria that will ensure privacy of voters and

ensure that one individual may register and vote once. This is indeed necessary to ensure that

the integrity of the elections is upheld always.

1. 7. 3 Framework Implementation

As a proof of concept for this research work, we shall implement the design framework to

ascertain its suitability in combating electoral security vulnerabilities.

1.8 Research Scope

The scope of this research will be centred on the design. However, implementation shall be

limited to a prototype system. This is due to the time constraint associated with this research.

1.9 Chapter Organization

The remaining part of this research work is organized as follows:

Chapter two is on review of related literature and it looks at what has been done in the

literature in the areas of elections integrity, Nigerian election systems and challenges as well

as biometrics identification system.

6

Chapter three is the biometrics-based framework analysis and design which describes

the system requirements and design components.

Chapter four presents the system evaluation and implementation by g1vmg an

explanation of the system functionalities and their working, while

Chapter five presents the summary, conclusion of the research work.

7

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.0 Chapter Overview

This Chapter focuses on what has been done so far with specific reference to the areas of the

use of ICT in electoral systems. It starts with an introduction and progresses to biometrics

system that will be deployed to enhance the authenticity and integrity of the elections in

Nigeria. In addition, we discuss the different terminologies and concepts that are of essences

in this research study.

2.1 Introduction

In today's modern society, for people to be served fairly, democracy has become the most

reliable process used by many countries in the world to elect persons into government. With

democracy, people are given the power to choose, elect or vote for candidates of their choice

they consider capable to represent them in public office. This is carried out through the

process of elections which can be manually done in a traditional way or through the use of

ICT tools in the form of e-voting.

In today's e-society, the exponential growth of ICT especially the Internet has been valuable

and produced positive results. The impact of these ICTs has been felt in all walks of life

through e-services and e-practices [5, 22]. Withe-services, e-government which is considered

more democratic, transparent, trustworthy and efficient has emerged [23, 24]. E-government

has been well-known in the enhancement of e-democratic process that has been known for

effectiveness in engaging citizens' support for democratic decision-making processes. It has

also strengthened representative democracy via ICTs tools such as e-voting. The application

of these tools in electoral processes has been commendable as experienced in some

developed countries of the world like the US, the UK, Japan, Brazil, Israel, India, etc.[9, 25].

In order for democracy to function effectively, the issues of building trust and confidence in

the voters is critical to the success and failure of the process. This ensures that the electoral

process is transparent and all participants are allowed to exercise their rights as stipulated in

the constitution [23] . A study shows that there is a decline in levels of voters' participation if

there is a lack of confidence in the freedom and fairness of the elections [ 10, 24]. Hence,

elections which are at the core of a democratic government have to be conducted in an

orderly manner which is free of fraud and malpractices [5]. This research is therefore of the

8

opinion that voters' confidence in electoral processes in Nigeria should be improved and the

integrity upheld. This can be achieved through the use of biometrics technology in both

voters' registration and actual voting on Election Day.

2.2 E-democracy and Voting

Today, most nations in the world that is considered legitimate is one that is democratic.

Democracy is a system of government by all the eligible members of a state through elected

representatives [3]. Due to advances in ICT, today elections can be improved using a number

of possible technological applications that allows it to be done electronically. In this case, it is

called electronic voting or simply e-voting. This has however given birth to electronic

democracy which a new form of democracy that is boosted by e-government [25]. E­

democracy is simply the use of ICT tool, network and other related technologies like the

Internet to improve democratic processes within a democratic nation [23, 25]. It involves

activities such as voting, registration, electoral campaigns, communication exchange,

participation, consultation and public opinion polling [3) . The application of ICT in electoral

processes has been quite commendable as it is used to strengthen the democratic processes

and institutions, promote participations, build trust and confidence on the election process

and so on [23, 24).

In the perspective of the e-voting, it is not a new form of electoral process as it is viewed by

some people. It is rather a process that modifies or re-engineers the existing voting process

making it possible to be conducted electronically. In this case, voters can cast their votes

electronically using technologies such as the internet, telephones, interactive digital

television, SMS text messaging and Direct Recording Electronic Voting Machine (DREs) [3].

By e-voting, the ballot paper which is a hardcopy document is replaced with digital ballot

which is electronic thereby making the process paperless. In e-voting, for example in the UK

and US, some of the processes that can be automated electronically are the Voter registration,

ballot boxes, smartcard for voter identification and ballot paper counting [3]:

l NWU· '··1 LJBRARY_

The application of technology in the electoral process especially in developed countries has

been advantageous and has strengthened their democratic system. However, the technology

has also introduced risks and opportunities for fraud and manipulation [26]. Cases such as

vote counting inegularities, software bugs that prevents auditing, design flaws, confusing

inte1faces and so on have been reported mostly from the US [26]. This has however reduced

9

the trust and confidence people have in the system. Therefore, in this research, we believe

that the Nigerian INEC will meet some challenges in handling these types of issues. Instead,

the current system has to be reengineered especially in the identity management of voters

using real-time biometrics-based registration and voters ' identification.

2.3 Terminologies

In this section, we shall discuss the various terminologies that will be used throughout this

study.

Table 2.1: Key Terminologies

Term Definition Authentication It is the establishment of whether a claim is true or not. Biometrics Technology that measures and analyses human body characteristics, such

as DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements, for authentication purposes.

Ballot paper A paper used for voting where names, party and other information about the candidate is written.

Biometric One or more stored biometric samples, biometric templates or biometric reference models attributed to a subject and used for comparison. Biometric sample Analogue or digital representation of biometric characteristics prior to

the feature extraction process, obtained from a biometric. Biometric Stored biometrics features which are compared directly to biometrics template features of a recognition biometric sample. Confidentiality Ability to protect our data from those who are not authorized to view it. Democracy This simple government of the people, by the people and for the good

and benefit of the people. E-voting The application of electronic system to help in casting and counting of

votes in an election. Elections A process by which citizens in a democratic nation, organization or

society choose candidates that they want to represent them in public offices. It includes registration, verification, voting and declaration of results

Fingerprint An impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger and extracted with the aid of an electronic device.

Identification It is the claim of what someone or something is. Integrity ability to prevent our data from being changed in an unauthorized or

undesirable manner. Manual system A system that is manipulated by a human operator and is not done

automatically or electronically. Polling Station A place set aside for voting during elections. Security The degree of resistance to, or protection from potential harm or

vulnerabilities. Vote The process of choosing candidates in an election. Voter A person who is eligible to vote in an election.

10

2.4 Elections in Nigeria and Challenges

Nigeria is currently a democratic nation in Africa where candidates are voted into offices to

represent their people. Nigeria operates a-three-tiers of government: the Local, State and the

Federal [ 45]. Elections take place in each tier of government to elect councillors, chairmen,

and members of the state house of assembly, state governors, and members of the federal

house of representative, the senates and the president [ 45]. All these divisions are based on

effort to ensure that democracy or government is felt at all levels and to assist in managing

the nation effectively. All elections are conducted and monitored by a body called the INEC

which was established by the 1999 constitution [ 45]. The values, mission and vision

statements of INEC can be found at [ 45]. The mission of INEC is to serve as an independent

and effective Election Management Bodies (EMB) committed to the conduct of free, fair and

credible elections for sustainable democracy in Nigeria. The vision is to be one of the best

EMB in the world that meets the aspirations of the Nigerian people and they are guided by

the following values:

Autonomy: INEC shall carry out all its functions independently, free from external control

and influence.

Transparency: INEC shall display openness and transparency in all its activities and in its

relationship with all stakeholders.

Integrity: INEC shall maintain truthfulness and honesty in all its dealings at all times

Credibility: INEC shall ensure that no action or activity is taken in support of any candidate

or political party.

Impartiality: INEC shall ensure the creation of a level playing field for all political actors.

Dedication: INEC shall be committed to providing quality electoral services efficiently and

effectively, guided by best international practice and standards

Equity: INEC shall ensure fairness and justice in dealing with all stakeholders.

Excellence: INEC shall be committed to the promotion of merit and professionalism as the

basis for all its actions.

Team work: INEC shall create a conducive environment that promotes teamwork among its

staff at all levels.

11

INEC have the sole responsibilities of registering voters, political parties, and conduction of

elections and so on.

The Challenges of Electoral Processes in Nigeria according to [50] includes the following:

ethnicity and communal tensions, ethnic and religious divides, injustice and culture of

impunity, economic vulnerabilities, confidence in electoral tribunal, no internal party

democracy, electoral malpractice, media inflammatory statement as well as power sharing

problem. These, for some time now have continued to affect the electoral processes in

Nigeria and currently, are still eating deep into the electoral system. Most Nigerians today,

vote for candidates from their ethnic group while some look at religious affiliations. There

northerners will prefer to vote for a candidate from the northern part of the country while

southerners will equally bring in such sentiments. Whenever candidates and any political

parties are identified with a particular region, state or religious group, sentiment will be

brought into play. This was found in the case of 2011 elections in Nigeria where all voters

from the south rallied round to ensure that Goodluck Jonathan was voted in as the next

president of Nigeria. Thus, electoral violence is triggered by individuals and political groups

to use all available means, like the use of violence to defend their communal honour

Electoral malpractices have also been seen as a serious challenge to Nigeria electoral

processes.

Insecurity in Nigeria cannot be left out as one of the challenges in the electoral processes.

According to [ 50] political assassination, intimidation, ballot snatching, arson, thuggery,

harassment of election observers, militancy and insurgency has always been responsible for

why a very successful electoral processes cannot be completed in Nigeria.

According to [50], cases of inter-communal clashes, political upnsmgs, sharia-induced

unrests and economic sabotage, ethno-based organizations from Afenifere, Arewa, Ohaneze,

Ijaw union became pronounced and that the 2007 election registered repeated violence. The

level of killing and intimidation was high. Candidate for any political office should be ready

for assassination and other unprecedented violence, since Nigeria's April 2007elections,

every other election held in Nigeria records violence, assassination, intimidation as well as

kidnapping.

12

For some years now, the democratic governments in Nigeria have been in principle

considered as stable. A number of people in all the tiers of government have voted and been

voted into offices and replaced as well. However, the process involved in the elections has

been questionable and undemocratic. Elections are often marred by insecurity mostly at the

North East and South South zones of Nigeria, violence, malpractices and voter fraud such as

impersonation, rigging and hijacking. These threaten the democratic system, the election

integrity and the voters' confidence are being degraded. This is made possible because there

are no strong security measures in place to ensure that elections are free and fair. In this case,

it is important that strong security measures supported by ICT tool are in place. The section

that follows discusses the election process in Nigeria.

2.4.1 Election Process in Nigeria

In Nigeria, the election system assumed the traditional-based approach enhanced with little

ICT tools. E-democracy and ICTs application is limited to the communication of information

and services, participation promotion and voters registration. In this case, much has not been

done to protect the integrity of the elections especially during voting. In the Nigerian

elections point of view, though it employs some ICT in its electoral process of voter

registration, relevant tools such as dedicated bandwidth for high speed internet access, very

fast and accurate verification with latent print image removal that can encrypt fingerprint

templates with a multi device connection reader and has high performance with optical

fingerprint sensor. A very high configuration computer system with not less than 4 gigabytes

RAM (Random Access Memory) with Hard Disk Driver (HDD) in terabytes and not less than

3.0GHz speed are not effectively employed during the voters registration and voting which

aim at ensuring the integrity of the process. This makes it cumbersome to keep voter fraud

and malpractice under control. in essence, protecting elections' integrity is to ensure one

registration and one vote for every eligible citizen. The process involved in elections starts

from voter registration, voting on Election Day, collation and counting of results, decision on

the out is made and finally, a winner is declared or announced.

2.4.1.1 Voter Registration

Voter registration is the first step towards achieving successful elections. In this process,

eligible voters ' information is captured for statistical purposes and for identification during

the Election Day. Eligible voter must be a Nigerian citizen who is not less than 18 years as at

13

the time of registration and must have registered in the constituency where he intends to vote

as well as possesses a registration card obtained during voters' registration.

To enhance the authenticity of voters in an attempt to promote one man one vote, recently,

the biometric-based registration has been introduced by INEC. Though, the fingerprints of

potential voters are captured, it still does not protect the integrity of the election for the

reason that the data bases where the finger prints are held are fragmented and are not used on

a real-time mode, thereby giving some people the opportunity to register more than once in

different places [27, 46]. We therefore consider this approach a weak security measure to

protect the integrity of the elections. Given this critical context, it is important that strong

security measures be in place in the form of real-time biometric-based identity management

in order to ensure that each potential voter registers only once irrespective of their location.

Name Date_of_Birth

id_number FINGERPRINT

Sex Town Ward

Local_ Government State_ Origin

Database

INEC REGISTRATION CENTER

.................... ~,~ INE~ration Staff

Electorates

Figure 2.1 INEC Voters registration

As shown in Figure 2.1, as the electorate enters the registration centre, his/her information is

captured by the registration officer and stored in the database that is local and not central. The

information collected from each voter is shown in the database in Figure 2.1.

2.4.J.2 Actual Voting

Voting is what is done on the Election Day aimed at choosing candidates the electorate wants

to represent them. However, for the elections to be transparent and results generally accepted, 14

every voter has to be identified as a valid voter. One effective approach is the biometric­

based approach. Unfortunately, in Nigeria today, though biometrics is collected during voter

registration, the biometrics information is not used for identification and authentication on

Election Day [27]. Instead, the manual approach is used where a voter is identified against

their names on the voters' roll. In this case, a voter is allowed to vote if his/her name is found,

otherwise, not allowed. In this study, we consider this approach a weak security measure as it

is difficult to ensure one man one vote. The process involve in the actual voting during

elections is captured in Figure 2.1.

As shown in Figure 2.2, the diagram depicts the voting process during elections in Nigeria.

As the electorate enters the voting station, he/she is identified first. If he is a registered voter,

he/she is given a ballot paper and allowed to vote, otherwise, sent away or apprehended by

security bodies.

In this study, we aim to curb voter fraud in the form of multiple registrations, multiple voting,

vote count falsification and impersonation as they are common-place in Nigerian elections.

The trustworthiness and the integrity of the elections will continue to be compromised if

electoral system is surrounded by irregularities and democracy will fail [3, 12, 41). Thus, an

approach that increases the trustworthiness, is cost-effective and is reusable is needed to

protect the integrity of Nigerian elections.

Bal.ot Paper

Voter ld•ntifi..ci

V rs ' Id ritlfic;;, ion Dosk

(Voter's Card)

Vourtob• ld•ntified

C VOTI G STATI

Voter coi n,g to 11<ot .•

Figure 2.2 INEC Voting process

15

, 1'4 Vlt tJ _ I lLJBRARYJ

~-----~ Br, llol Box

After Vot in,g

INEC A uditoi-s

The new approach is not the introduction of e-voting into the system but the enhancement or

the re-engineering of the traditional approach using biometric-based identification. The

justification for not e-voting is due to the series of irregularities that have been reported about

e-voting such as software flaws, problematic voting machines and so on. We believe that

Nigeria is technologically less advanced and will have difficulty to manage such risks

associated withe-voting.

2.5 Identity Management

With the growth in economic importance of the Internet, activities that are performed online

are increasing in prominence just as is the case with other online activities [13, 28]. In recent

years, online identity management issues have gained considerable prominence. While in

real-life or physical activity a person can have one name to identify him/her, online. An

individual may assume a variety of identities. In this case, different identities can be assumed

by a single person for different services [13]. This however becomes a problem in identifying

uniquely a person who is responsible for certain actions. That is, several identities can be

controlled by a single human being. One effective solution is the proper management of

people's identities.

The uniqueness and distinctness of an individual can be established using individual identity

feature [30, 31]. This is determined by the features owned by the individual which are

temporary or permanent [31]. The concept of identity management (IDm) is basically the

practice of managing the essential features that individuals can be identified uniquely within

a given context [28]. IDm comprises of all the processes, systems and technologies that are

employed in the management and control of entities' identities either in computer or re lated

devices [31]. IDm can take different forms such as access control authorization, through

authentication, entity genuineness verification, and so on [29]. Today several tokens exist that

can be used for individual identity such addresses, mobile phone numbers, date of births,

driving license, social security numbers and so on [29]. The tokens used for identity can be

used for verification activities in traveling, receiving, sending, banking, insurance etc.

16

Though the management of identities on the Internet has attracted considerable attention in

recent years, there are still issues of identity in the real-life situation. One area is the

management of identities in the electoral system practiced by developing countries like

Nigeria. This is a serious issue which has threatened the nation's democracy, reducing

people ' s confidence and trust on elections and their results. Electorates are not effectively

identified thereby providing avenue for frauds, malpractices such as rigging, impersonation

and ghost voting [29]. To solve this problem, biometric-based IDm is proposed. The

justification for this choice is that biometrics has been known for its security and strength and

can help to eliminate the threats and vulnerability posed by other forms of tokens like the

permanent voters card (PVC) which can be lost, stolen, forged or forgotten as they originates

from authentication type dependent on what you know and what you have respectively.

2.6-Biometric System

Today, biometric-based IDm is increasingly being used by organizations, governments and

other agencies for the purposes of verifying identity and enforcement of the law [32].

Biometrics offers a natural identity management tool that is characterized by greater security

and convenience than traditional methods of personal recognition [33]. In biometrics,

identification or identity verification of a person is based on the physiological and

behavioural characteristics of the person [19, 34]. This approach is found advantageous as

every individual has unique traits that cannot be forged, stolen or lost. Biometrics focuses on

unique characteristics that are measurable, hence consisting of properties including

universality, uniqueness, permanence, collectability even though they all may be fit and

convenient for a specific environment [32, 33]. Biometrics assures that each person has only

one identity in the system and that only one person can access each identity [20]. Common

features for individual biometrics used for recognition includes finger and palm friction

ridges, iris, face, voice, handwriting, hand shape, DNA and hand vein patterns [33]. (see

Figure 2.3)

17

Biometrics

Behavioral Physiological

Signature ~ ft ' .....___D_NA _ _____,

Voice Hand

Keystroke - Iris

Fingerprint

Face

Figure 2.3 . Human physiological and behavioural traits

Biometrics technology exists today that is used to automate the recognition of individuals

using biological and behavioural traits as shown in Figure 2.3. The technology is utilized

today because of its ability to minimise errors made by users during the identification

process. It is also able to increase both user satisfaction and automatic control for security.

However, the main concern when using biometric technology for authenticating users is to

provide storage for the captured biometric feature in a secured manner [34]. In addition,

while biometrics usage has been praised in tenns of efficiency and scalability, several

challenges in the form of loss of privacy, and the potential for fraud and abuse have been

reported [32].

2.6.1 Properties of Biometrics

Desirable properties of human physiological and behavioural features chosen for

authentication as biometrics are universality, uniqueness, permanence and collectability [32,

35, 48]. Other characteristics such as performance, acceptability and circumvention are

regarded as the qualities attributed to biometric systems [35, 48]. The characteristics are

discussed as follows:

18

1) Universality means that the characteristics should be owned by every individual.

2) Uniqueness means that every individual should have a different characteristic.

3) Permanence means that the characteristics should not show any variation that may be

caused by the ageing process.

4) Collectability means that the characteristic should be able to be captured and stored.

5) Performance means achievable and acceptable identification accuracy, resource

requirements and environmental factor that affect identification accuracy.

6) Acceptability means the degree to which people are willing to accept it as a

biomehics.

7) Circumvention means how easy it is to carry out fraudulent act on the system.

As shown in Figure 2.3, fingerprints have been one of the biomehics used for identification

and authentication for quite some time now. They are used for verification purposes wherein

they are matched with the identity that the user is claiming to be. The factors that make

fingerprint based systems to be more considerable for use is the fact that the devices used to

capture the fingerprints are not expensive and are not frustrating since they are not huge, the

computing hardware they use are fast and the rate and speed it takes to recognize is not too

long in a way that a user can find it not usable. Based on this factor, in this study, fingerprints

will be used as an authentication factor.

2.6.2 Biometric Working Process

The process involved in the application of biometrics 1s twofold: enrolment and

authentication or verification as shown in Figure 2.4 [33, 35]. In the enrolment stage,

biomehics data is collected from persons or individuals and stored in the database together

with their identity. The captured biomehics data is subject to processing in order to extract

only the significant and distinctive features which are the only features to be stored and the

raw data are cast-off [33, 35]. In using biometrics systems, what is needed is a scanner, the

software that will be used in encoding the information about a user into digital data for

comparison purposes and also an encrypted database that will be used for storing captured

data. Identification process using this method is quick, harmless and eliminates identity theft

[20].

19

ENROLLMENT

Present B1ome nc Ca pture Process

NO MATCH

Compare

AUTHENTI CA TION

MATCH Capture Process

Figure 2.4 Biometric system

On the other hand, during the course of the authentication or verification, currently captured

biometric data collected from individuals are compared against the ones stored in the

database for authentication purposes. This is then captured as shown in Figure 2.4.

In general, biometrics has two applications: identification and authentication. In addition,

biometrics systems have heen used for managing attendance as well as identification. These

two forms of application directly corresponds to the security issues facing INEC today. In

this study, we aim at utilizing these capabilities to protect the integrity of our elections in

Nigeria by ensuring that one man has one registration and vote.

2.7 Fingerprint Identification System

In this study, we have adopted the use of fingerprints as an authentication factor to be used in

the process of curbing election malpractices such as impersonation and other forms of fraud .

Law enforcement agencies and others have successfully used fingerprint matching

technology for over a century now [19, 32, 42]. The scientific foundation for using

fingerprints as a method for identification for a person was documented by Henry Faulds,

Francis Galton, and Edward Henry, among others [ 42]. For the reason that all other biometric

traits as shown in Figure 2.3 do not exhibit the characteristic of extreme uniqueness

associated with fingerprint, the fingerprint is considered the most dominant [ 42, 43] .

20

A fingerprint recognition system provides the two basic functionalities of verification and

identification. In verification, an input fingerprint is compared to the "enrolled" fingerprint of

a specific user to ascertain a match or mismatch (this is referred to as 1:1 match). In

identification, the system first maintains a database of fingerprints against which it compares

an input fingerprint to determine a match (this is referred to as 1: N match). The process is

captured in Figure 2.4. The operational principle of an automated Fingerprint Identification

System (FIS) is divided into three functional modules namely: sensor, feature extractor, and

matcher.

Enrolment: As shown in Figure 2.5, during the enrolment phase, the sensor scans the user's

fingerprint as a user places his or her finger on the scanner and converts it into a digital

rmage.

Minutia extractor: The image taken in the enrolment phase is processed by the minutiae

extractor to identify specific details known as minutia points that are used to distinguish

aifferent users. Locations where friction ridges end abruptly or where a ridge branches into

two or more ridges as shown in Figure 2.5 are known as minutia points [ 42, 43]. This

minutiae information is stored along with the user's demographic information as a template

in the enrolment database.

Figure 2.5 Minutia template [43)

Matching: During the identification phase (matching), the user touches the same sensor,

generating a new fingerprint image called a query print. Minutiae are extracted as explained

earlier and the results are compared by the matcher module to the stored minutia templates in

the enrolment database to find the number of common minutia points. In the process, the

matcher is able to determine the number of pairs of matching minutiae that is two minutia

points that have similar location and directions.

21

2.7.1 Fingerprint Matching Algorithms

In this section we discuss two main algorithms commonly used to recognize fingerprints:

minutia based and pattern based matching. The difference between these algorithms is based

on their method of evaluating fingerprint images [ 44].

Minutia Matching: In a fingerprint, there are a number of ridges and valleys - ridges are the

upper skin layer segments of the finger while valleys are the lower segments. The ridges

constitute what is called minutia points [ 43, 44]. The minutia matching algorithm simply

analyses the points at which the fingerprints split, intersect or end. Figure 2.4 represents the

three phases involved in the fingerprint identification process as discussed earlier using the

minutia extraction algorithm.

Pre-processing Minutia Extraction Template

(33, 11 , 4, 1) (10011001)

(25, 18, 2, 0) (10101001) .. (18, 13, 0, 1) (10010011)

(13, 27, 2, 0) 1111 (11010100)

(75, 4, 8, 0) (10100110)

Figure 2.6 Minutia Based Algorithm [ 44]

Pattern Matching: Pattern matching algorithm in contrast to minutia matching takes into

account the overall fingerprint characteristics, not just individual points. This makes it less

prone to difficulties of recognizing a finger with varying fingerprint quality [ 44]. Basically,

this algorithm identifies fingerprints through the graphical comparison of fingerprint image,

as shown in Figure 2.7.

22

Pre-processing Minutia Extraction Template

(10011001)

.. (10101001)

(10010011)

(11010100)

(10100110)

Figure 2.7 Pattern Based Algorithm [44]

2.7.2 Performance

A fingerprint matcher can make two types of errors: a false match and a false non-match [ 43,

44]. A false match is one in which the matcher declares a match between images from two

different fingers. This type of error is sometimes statistically referred to as false acceptance

rate (FAR) and a false non-match, in which it does not identify images from the same finger

as a match. This is also called false rejection rate (FRR).

The classification strength of a biometric algorithm is determined by these two statistical

measures. "A system's fa lse match rate (FMR) and false non-match rate (FNMR) depend on

the operating threshold and are dependent operational threshold set [ 42]. In summarizing the

above challenge, [44] further maintained that FAR and FRR are diametrically opposed,

suggesting that increasing FAR will lower FRR and vice-versa. FIS performance is measured

in terms of its false positive identification rate (FPIR) and false negative identification rate

(FNIR). A false positive identification occurs when the system finds a hit for a query fin­

gerprint that is not enrolled in the system. A false negative identification occurs when it finds

no hit or a wrong hit for a query fingerprint enrolled in the system. The relationship between

these rates is defined by FPIR = 1 - (1 - FMRt, where N is the number of users enrolled in

the system. Hence, as the number of enrolled users grows, the fingerprint matcher's FMR

needs to be extremely low for the identification system to be effective [ 42].

23

2.8 Related Works

In this section, we provide several works that have been carried out which concerns the

integrity of election system and the applications of biometric system.

A study carried out by Jones [36] shows that the voting system provided by e-voting does not

pledge that the vote is cast by an authentic person or one person, one vote. In addition, this

type of situation can give way to foul practices in the electoral process like chain voting,

multiple voting, ghosts voting or impersonation. In another study by Simons [ 1 O] , it was

stressed that having a voting system like an e-voting system cannot bring about

trustworthiness and the integrity of the elections can be threatened and compromised [26].

Also in a press release on e-voting [24], it was emphasized that the voting system can bring

about failures or corruption of democracy. Furthermore, it was stressed that if the democracy

is compromised by corrupt practices, the people inversely will also be corrupt. The study by

[36, 37, 38, 39] also reiterated that for any election to be completely conducted in a manner

that no room is made for doubt and opportunities for fraud and failures the entire systems has

to be made more transparent, trustworthy, accurate and reusable. lL,:~i,J In an attempt to reengineer the traditional electoral systems in Africa since e-voting cannot be

practiced due to the risks associated with it, several approaches have been proposed. One of

such approach is the proposal by Isong et al [ 12, 41]. In their studies they proposed an

approach to ensure that one man has one registration and vote through real-time registration

and identification of voters on Election Day. [12, 41] Proposed the use ofRFID-based Voters

Card and biometrics in the South African elections.

In the area of biometrics, large scale biometric-based IDm system, the fingerprint in

paiiicular, have found application in immigration control of several countries, vehicle

licensing offices for vehicles and driver's license, ministry of transportation, social security

departments, health ministry, [19, 32].

However, this research aims at providing a solution to the elections problems in Nigeria,

especially in the aspect of registration and identification. In this case, the major goal is to

design and implement system prototype that will assist in automating voters registration and

24

identification in a real-time mode to ensure that one person votes only once in an election and

is the authentic person without impersonation.

2.9 Chapter Summary

In this Chapter, we have discussed the various concepts and what has been done so far in the

literature. We have presented the election system in Nigeria and the challenges thereof. We

have also discussed biometrics system and have chosen fingerprints to be used as an

authentication factor. Also presented are related studies, key terminologies and identity

management issues. In the next Chapter, the analysis and design of the system will be

discussed.

25

Chapter 3: Biometric-based Framework Analysis and Design

3.0 Chapter Overview This Chapter focuses on the framework analysis and design of the system which is based on

biometric system. It starts with an introduction and progresses to a justification of using

fingerprint as authentication factor, requirements analysis and the design which includes the

components identification and architecture. The objective here is to analyse and design an

approach that will be used to meet the overall goal of this research.

3.1 Introduction

An election is considered free and fair if the electorate has confidence in it, the process is

transparent, trustworthy and the result is generally acceptable as the people's will. This is the

situation we want the election system in Nigeria to be. As discussed in Chapter 2, currently

the election process in Nigeria does not pledge that the person who cast the vote is an

authentic voter. This is due to the weak security measures that are in place which in turns

have given room for impersonation, rigging and other forms of malpractice.

Therefore, this Chapter 3 will specify and design an approach to assist INEC in combating

these threats that are gradually eating up Nigeria nascent democracy. In this case, we have

chosen the use of biometrics, fingerprints in particular, to help protect the integrity of the

system ranging from voter registration to actual voting in the capacity of identification and

authentication. The intuitive belief is that if voters are in real-time identified in both

registration and actual voting, it will go a long way to uphold elections integrity, not only in

Nigeria but in all nations where it is adopted and as well boost citizens confidence in the

election system.

3.2 Justification for Fingerprint Identification System

In today's e-society, identification and authentication problems have been considered

challenging [ 47]. As we have witnessed in a world today that is complex, increasingly

interconnected electronically and geographically mobile, identifying individuals accurately is

increasingly becoming important in the same way it becomes difficult to identify an

individual [ 47]. However, the importance associated with accurate identification is that it

26

could work as a deterrence in crime commission and fraud, protect resource that are critical

and so on [ 47].

Of the several approaches to curb this situation the biometrics-based approach is considered

the best. There are several biometric systems with each having its own strengths and

weaknesses in terms of security, cost, usage, etc. [ 4 7, 48]. Among the different biometric

traits captured in Figure 2.3 of Chapter 2, this study has adopted the fingerprint as a feature to

be used in identifying individual as authentic voters during elections. The justification for this

choice is its desirable properties and mode of operation.

3.2.1 Desirable properties of Biometrics

We chose the fingerprint to be used in this research based on the satisfaction of the essential

properties of any human physiological and behavioural features to be consider as biometric

system as discussed in Section 2.6.1 of Chapter 2. We used the assessment scale of low,

medium and high to evaluate each known biometrics system.

Table 3.1: Biometric systems evaluation

Biometric Univer- Unique- Perma- Collec- Perfor- Accep- Circum-sality ness nence tability mance tability vention

Human Medium Low Low medium Low High Low Voice Finger Medium High High Medium High Medium High print Face High Low Medium High Low High Low

Iris High High High Medium High Low High

DNA High High High Low High Low Low

Signature Low Low Low High Low High Low

Hand Medium Medium Medium High Medium Medium Medium Geometry

As shown on Table 3.1, we have chosen fingerprint based on its strengths in satisfying the

desirable properties. This is in line with the evaluation studies carried out by [ 4 7, 49]. With

these strengths, we believed it will be advantageous to employ it in the real-time

identification of voters.

3.2.2 Mode of Operations

Another factor that prompts our choice of fingerprint is due to the mode of its operations

which is also applicable to other biometric systems. These are the enrolment and the

verification or authentication process. Firstly, the process of enrolment corresponds to the

27

voter registration where potential voter's information 1s captured into the database for

identification purposes.

Secondly, the verification or authentication process corresponds to the actual identification of

voters against information on voters register before they are allowed to vote. In this research

since the biometrics process is synonymous to elections activities of registration and

identification for voting, it will become an added advantage to deploy them in elections to

uphold its integrity.

3.2.3 Others

Other essential factors that justify our choice of fingerprint are factors such as portable and

low-cost fingerprint capture devices, support for real-time identification and fast computing

hardware, its speed and recognition rate, ease-of-use and its security reliability [ 47, 49].

3.3 System Requirements and Analysis

In a software project, requirements constitute a critical building block of every system that is

to be developed for quality. In addition, for a better and efficient design for onward

development, there is a need to specify the basic and necessary requirements of the system.

Requirements elicitation and analysis are two important activities aimed at gathering and

analysing the requirements from the point-of-view of validity, consistency, and feasibility. As

we stated above, the elicitation method we applied is the observation approach and the source

is mainly the personal knowledge, INEC Officials and related stakeholders.

While concentrating on the detailed analysis of the requirements of the proposed system, use

cases description and other related diagrams will equally be used and the step by step

approach to achieve the objectives in this section will be as follows:

1) Identify and specify the system functionalities

2) Establish the role of different system model of the user

3) Use cases model description

4) Interaction diagrams analysis

This approach will be followed to achieve comprehensible requirements that can easily be

transformed to the proposed system design.

28

3.3.1 System Requirement Specification

In this section we will specify the requirements to be achieved by the proposed system. This

is j.mportant because they form the fust task for designing and developing the system.

Though, there are several requirements that the system needs to satisfy in order to function as

expected, in this research we will only specify the requirements that satisfy the overall goal of

this work which is indicated by prioritising and the order is from 1 to 5. 1 is represented as

the lowest priority while it moves to 5 as the highest.

To satisfy the overall goal in this research work, the following basic system requirements are

expected to be satisfied by the proposed system. Table 3.2 shows the basic functional

requirements (FR) and non-functional requirements (NFR) as well as their priority.

Table 3.2 system FR and NFR

Id Requirements priority

-FUNCTIONAL

FRI It shall grant access to VALID users 4

FRl.l Each user shall be authenticated before being granted access to the system 4

FR2 The system shall allow the system administrator to create and view user 5 accounts.

FR3 The system shall allow INEC officials to register voters once 1

FR4 It shall accept biometrics (fingerprint) for authentication 1

FR5 It shall allow INEC officials add, delete and update voter information 2

FR6 It shall be able to identify and authenticate registered voters based on 1 fingerprint on a real-time

FR7 The system shall create attendance registers of voters for auditing 3

FR8 Each VALID user shall be granted a privilege to view the attendance register 5

NON-FUNCTIONAL

NFRl The system shall be easily accessible from the web 1

NFR2 The system shall be secure 1

NFR3 The system response time shall be very minimal 1

NFR4 The system shall consume a few resources as possible (space and time) I

As shown on Table 3.2, for FR, FR2, RF4 and FR6 has the highest priority because they deal

with identification and authentication which are the core objectives of this research. RF3, and

29

RF4 one voter, one registration while RF4 and RF6 will implement one voter, one vote. This

is necessary to protect elections ' integrity.

In this study, only the basic requirements that reflect the objective of this work will be

analysed. In this case, requirements such as system access, voters' registration and

identification requirements will be analysed in terms of their description and justification.

The functionalities expected of the system are to grant access, register, identify and

authenticate voter, search, and update, create and maintain a database and so on.

3.3.1.1 System Login

Only authorized users shall be given access to the system. Valid users are the INEC staff and

system administrator.

Requirement Name: Login

Description: Feature that enables only authorized user to have access to the system.

Justification: Only authorized users that have valid credential can access the system.

3.3.1.2 Voter Registration

Functionalities to achieve effective registration of voters:

Requirement Name: Check Registration Status

~ NWU _ _l luoRARIJ ~ . -·

Description: It checks if the voter has already registered through biometric authentication.

Justification: One voter, one registration.

Requirement Name: Register Voter

Description: To register voter if not already registered

Justification: For a voter to participate in election, he/she must be registered.

Requirement Name: Update/Delete Voter

Description: To modify voter's information

Justification: Voters database has to be regularly maintained

3.3.1.3 Voter Identification and Authentication

The functionalities to authenticate a voter in order to vote:

Requirement Name: Identify Voter

Description: To check if a voter is actually registered and is the authentic voter.

Justification: Only registered voter is allowed to vote and do so once.

30

In the section that follows, we shall identify the actors and their roles using the use cases

analysis for comprehension effectiveness.

3.3.2 System Use Case Analysis and Model

This section shows the use case of the system which is applied to enhance the analysis and

modeling of the proposed system. In this case, system model of user is identified with their

interactions with the system. The system actors are shown in Figure 3 .1

Voter INEC Staff System A.dmin istrait<>r

Figure 3.1 System Model of the User

INEC System

Vote

r--------. 1

INEC System Access I I

Login

: System ~-··--·····

· ··· · ···-······--- -· ········ ·· ·······----·----------- ---·-------------- ·

Figure 3.2 system use case model

31

The roles of each actor are stated below:

A. Voter:

The role of the voter is:

1. Vote for a candidate

B. !NEC Staff:

The roles of the election officials are:

1. Register voters

11. Update/Delete Voter

lll. Identify Voter

IV. Print voters' register

V. Print election results

C. System Administrator:

The administrator roles ar-e:

1. Create User's Account

11. View users

n1. Create and maintain database.

3.3.3 Use Case Description

This section provides detailed description of the process involved in the use case analysis of

the requirements specified above. Table 3.3 gives a description of the system access; Table

3.4 gives a description of the voter registration process while Table 3.5 provides description

for voter identification and authentication process. Each use case table provides the name, the

actor, pre-condition, main scenarios and alternative scenarios. The descriptions are as

follows:

32

A. System Login

Table 3.3 System login

USE CASE ID Ucl Use Case Login Name Created By Duke, B. I Last Updated By I Duke, B Date Created 10/ 11/2014 I Last Revision date I 1911112014 Actor(s) Voter, INEC Staff, System Administrator Pre-condition The users should have valid user id and password to have access to the system

Main 1. To have access to the system, the voter, INEC staff or the admin must first Scenarios login

2. For a successful login (Voter) , a page which contains the ballot papers to cast votes is displayed

.., For a successful login (INEC staff), a page is displayed to perform voter .:, ,

registration or identification 4. for successful login (Admin), a page is displayed to create user account,

create database, view, print, etc. Alternative 1. unsuccessful login Scenarios • system inform of incorrect credentials

• step 1 in the main flow 2. not a valid or authorize user

B. Registration of voters

Table 3.4 Voters registration

USE CASE ID Uc2 Use Case Register Voter Name Created Bv Duke, B. I Last Updated Bv I Duke, B. Date Created 10/1 1/2014 I Last Revision date I 1911112014 Actor INEC Staff Pre-condition The staff have to first use the fingerprint of the voter to check the voter registration

status Main 1. To register a voter, the INEC Staff must first login Scenarios 2. If given access, he/she must first authenticate to check if voter has already

registered or not. 3. If no match, the official must capture the voter ' s information: ame,

ID._Number, Sex, Date_of_Birth, Town, Ward, Local_Government, State, Photo, Blood_group and Fingerprint

4. A voter is issued with a proof of registration, if necessary Alternative #status: if there is a match Scenarios I. Registration is denied

ii. The voter is issued proof of registration

33

C. Identification and Authentication

Table 3.5 Voters Identification and authentication

USE CASE ID Ucl Use Case Identify voter Name Created By Duke, B. I Last Updated By I Duke, B. Date Created 10/11 /2014 I Last Revision date I 1911112014 Actor INEC Staff Pre-condition The staff must first authenticate a voter

Main 1. To identify a voter, the official must first login Scenarios 2. If given access, he/she must perform fingerprint authentication on the voter

3. if he/she is a VALID voter and have not voted before, he/she is allowed to vote

4. after voting, the official registers the vote

Alternative 1. if not a valid voter, he/she is sent away Scenarios 2. if voted already, voting is denied OR voter sent away OR get arrested

D. Actual voting

Table 3.6 Vote for a candidate

USE CASE ID Ucl Use Case Vote Name Created By Duke, B. I Last Updated By I Duke, B. Date Created 10/ 11/2014 I Last Revision date I 19/1 1/2014 Actor Voter Pre-condition The staff must first authenticate a voter to check if registered or already voted

Main 1. To vote in an election, the voter, the official must authenticate the voter Scenarios using fingerprint

2. If the voter is a regi stered voter and has not voted before, he/she must first login

3. If given access, he/she is allowed to vote using the electronic ballot paper 4. After voting, the register is automatically created 5. the user logout successfull y

Alternative 1. if not a valid voter, he/she is sent away Scenarios 2. if voted already, voting is denied OR voter sent away OR get arrested

3.3.4 Sequence Diagrams

This section provides the sequence diagram which shows how INEC staff achieves the

objective of voters' registration and identification in the proposed INEC system. This is

captured in Figure 3.3.

34

CSTAFF

Login I

authenticate

Logged in or wrong acknowledge

oassword I I

Register Voters ~

store captured information

Capture "vOters info if not acknowledae the storaae

..--- i C, ♦ .:.. ..-~rt I I

,....._ Identify Voters

compare \.IC>ter finaerorint for a match

Voter allow to "vOte if acknowledge match or not

registered, otherwise - -not a l lowed

I T I Logout I

D ____ l_o-=g'-o_u_t_ s_ u _c _c _e_s_s_fu_ l __ _.l~I CJ

Figure 3.3 INEC Staff sequence diagram

As shown in Figure 3.3, for an INEC officer to have access to the system, he/she must first

submit a valid usemame and password otherwise he/she will not be allowed access. In the

event of a successful login, he/she will be authorized to perform the tasks of registering

voters during voter registration exercise or identify voters for voting on Election Day.

3.4 System Components and Design

In this section, we will start by identifying the various components and sub-components that

will be used to design the proposed system for effective implementation. The components

identified in this section will together act to meet the objective of combating impersonation

vulnerability during voter registration and voting. Without much detail, it is simply an

implicit transformation of the above stated requirements for onward implementation in the

Chapter that follows. Given the proposed system as discussed in this research, the

components that are of importance to realize our objectives are as follow:

35

1. INEC central voters' database where all registered voters' information is stored for

future use, updates, etc. on a real-time basis.

11. Fingerprint capturing device for obtaining the voters' biometrics (fingerprint) for the

purpose of authentication during voter registration and actual voting on Election Day.

n1. Network connectivity which will cover the entire country that will assist in the real­

time registration and identification of voters.

1v. INEC mobile computer system.

These identified components will be discussed one after the other, highlighting their

requirements for better operation.

3.4.1 INEC Central Voters Database Design

Database will play a crucial role in the success of this proposed system. In order to

effectively and efficiently achieve the overall goal stated in this research, a central voters

database is required to store, retrieve and update voter information on a real-time basis. This

requires that the INEC maintain a relational database of all registered voters information.

That is, a relational database management system (RDBMS). As shown in Figure 3.4 is a

database schema created using SQL in particular, MySQL as the RDBMS. The business

rules that guide the creation of the schema are as follows:

1) Election has many voters

2) Each voter registers ONLY once

3) Each registered voter have to vote once

4) All INEC staff have to have one and only one account

1--- NWU- . I LIBRARYJ

The information to be captured for each voter is shown in Figure 3.4. The information needs

to be collected on a real-time mode. In this case, a voter can be identified and authenticated

using the fingerprint as input. This is simply the primary key of the database.

36

Vat•

ld_N~ irt(2 ~ Lat__ um: 111rc r[3 Fint__Num: 11rtha ·,C

Daa_olBirlb:: m!e Sc.: .. rctur Fq~_prir:it 'lll'Cl"ar~ m1e: .. !'rN~l)) To. · ,.rc!ur( \\rd: .. rct...-{ L« IL Go,,-i: \ll'tna( sw,_of_Or\Jm: .. rcu (3!l) Blood_G p: 'lllrclllr(

INEC_Slaf Us . _Acoouri

Vat• _ldentfi.caiio

Ti.int,.-: · ;;

U&t_ um: lll"C. ~ij Finl_Namt: •• rct..-(.?l}

'-----<------=-=--t .Dm_of.]3irtb:d,o

Regshtion

ld_Nmbr. iru(2()) Lat_,.~ um: \SChar{W} Fint~ 11n1: lllrma(~ Dafe_o{_Birtb: d,;ite

« 111rct:ar{11) Fqer_prirt: 111rcu{3!l} fflJe'. lli lCl'la"{3!)) Tc,,rn: wt:l'llr{W)

Wad: -..ctar{W} L«aLCicM: 111rdla(~ Statt_of_Oricin: 111iclla-{3!l) Blco _G10 ,P: 111rclur{t0}

c;: •char{t 1}

Fq.-_prirt: 'IIIICIIA'

mp: .. reu(3!l) Ta.mc\ll'c r{W} \\m: \ll'Ch r{W) L«ll_ Oovt '!llrd.a Siatt_d _Oriljo: 'lllrcblr :Blood_ G10 p: 'lllrella j

Figure 3.4 INEC central database schema

3.4.2 INEC System Interface

With the nature of the system, m order to simplify the visibility of voter's identity, we

propose the use of a mobile or a portable PC with the following configurations: 40 RAM,

5000b HDD, 2.8Hz, with at least a 40 wireless connection capabilities and a webcam. The

recommended computer has an-installed software with the required interface which can be

used to carry out all the tasks shown in Figure 3.2. In this case, INEC staff should be able to

login, register, search, identify print, display, and update voters' information.

3.4.3 INEC Network Connectivity

Due to the real-time mode of operation, a secure INEC network infrastructure has to be in

place with a good and strong coverage of the entire nation. The network is expected to be fast

and reliable in order to preserve quality and timely election. In this case, it requires that there

be a fast network connection between the central voter database and the INEC registration

and voting stations to ensure fast storage and retrieval of voter's informat ion during the

exercises. In this research, the wireless LAN (WLAN) is recommended for network

connection.

37

3.5 INEC System Framework Design

In this section, we present a biometric-based framework for identity management in the

Nigerian elections. This is shown in Figure 3.5. The framework is designed to help build a

credible election in the country which would help to ensure free and fair, transparent,

trustworthy elections by ensuring that one voter has only one registration and one vote.

Voter

REGISTRATION

Registrat ion Center

INEC COMPUTER

Voting Station

IDENTIFICATION

Other Info

AUTHENTICATION PROCESS CENTRAL DATABASE

Yes

Figure 3.5 INEC Biometric-based election framework design

As shown in Figure 3.5, the operation of the system is twofold: registration and identification

for onward voting.

Registration: During the registration exercise, each eligible voter is registered and the

necessary information as shown in Figure 3.4 are collated and stored in the INEC central

database in real-time basis. However, before each other is registered INEC staff must

determine if the voter has registered or not. In this case, he or she must be authenticated using

the fingerprint capturing device. The process involved is shown in Figure 3.6. This involves

capturing, processing and querying the database to find a match with the fingerprint image

already stored. If there is a match, the person is denied a second registration, otherwise he or

she is registered. 38

Query Feedback ()

resent fingerprint Registration

esent fing rint ~---~

Identification

SQL Generator

SOL queries

Figure 3.6 voter fingerprint authentication architecture

RDBMS

( Registration J

Identification: Identification of voters is conducted on Election Day. For every registered

voter to vote in an election, he or she must first be identified against registered information

stored in the database. This is done through authentication using the fingerprint capturing

device which operates in a real-time mode. It will also involve capturing, processing and

querying of the database to find a match with the fingerprint image data stored. If there is a

match, the person is allowed to vote, otherwise he or she does not get registered and is denied

the opportunity to vote.

With the operation of the election system in this manner, it is therefore possible to prevent or

to thwart all forms of malpractices such as rigging and impersonation or ghost voting. This

wi ll in tum go a long way to protect the elections' integrity and amassing peoples' confidence

in the system.

3.6 Chapter Summary

In this Chapter, we have provided a comprehensive analysis of the proposed system and the

major system components and their design specifications. All the components are required to

help build a credible election system in Nigeria. In the next chapter we shall show the

implementation of a system prototype and give explanation of their interfaces.

39

Chapter 4: INEC System Implementation

4.1 Chapter Overview

In this Chapter, we focus on the prototype implementation of the INEC system. It begins with

an overview of the system operation and then progresses to the explanation of the interface

functionalities offered by the system. In addition, the Chapter discusses the benefits of the

system. In a nutshell, the objective is to demonstrate how the proposed system can help INEC

to produce free and fair elections by protecting its integrity.

4 2 Proposed INEC System Overview

This presents an overview of the entire election process that is expected of INEC in order to

eliminate all forms of election malpractices from both voter registration to the actual voting

on Election Day. The overview is developed from the framework shown in Figure 3.9 of

Chapter 3. We captured this in Figure 4.1.

INEC Voter Registration Station

Voter Identification

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I

I I

I I

I

-

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

INEC Polling Station

Figure 4.1 INEC election process

Voting

INE C Network

INEC Database Server

Figure 4.1 shows INEC election process during voter registration exercise and actual voting

on Election Day. The process starts with registration of voters where their personal

information considered vital including a fingerprint image is collected and stored onto the

40

INEC central database on a real-time mode. In the same vem, on Election Day, each

registered voter is first identified against their vital information stored in the database using

the fmgerprint as an authentication feature. The overall objective is to ensure that each voter

has one registration and one vote.

4.3 The INEC System

This section presents the system prototype developed for INEC election processes to ensure

security (confidentiality and integrity), efficiency and transparency. The system is simply a

prototype that demonstrates the operations of INEC towards credible e-voting. We discuss

them as follows:

4.3.1 Technology Used

To ensure quality of the system and to meet the overall goal that underpins this study, the

technologies used in the development of the system are Java programming language, MySQL

for the database using W AMP server and the NetBeans integrated development environment

(IDE). The system runs on windows operating systems from win7 to 8 and it is web-based.

4.3.2 INEC System Access

As shown in Figure 3 .1 of Chapter 3, three entities or participants are required to interact with

the system: the voters, INEC staff and the system admin. However, before each participant

can use the system, he/she must logon to the system for access to be granted. Only the system

admin and INEC staff have to login using the process of submitting valid usemame and

passwords. On the other hand, voters must first be identified using fingerprint authentication

before he/she is allowed to login for actual voting using their id_number as usemame and

surname as password.

To use the system, the first page that must first pop up is captured in Figure 4.2 . Then, the

user can click on the button NEXT in order to see the login page interface. If valid credentials

are submitted, access is granted, otherwise it is not granted. See Figure 4.3 and 4.4

respectively.

41

Figure 4.2 INEC system front page

Figure 4.3unsuccessful logon page

Figure 4.4 Successful logon page

4.3.3 INEC System Administrator

The system administrator, as already shown on Figure 3.2 of Chapter 3, has the

responsibilities of creating and viewing accounts of all the system users. In addition, the

admin is responsible for maintaining the INEC system and database. For the admin login into

the system, the page shown in Figure 4.5 is displayed.

42

ID>oaI ­nat~ ~

JI!!!!!_ ....., ~-~--~-~-~~.____,

O=IRKUJ~ ~E~"-",,""'°"='°=,--,1-=-=:'c"---=--..._~~c;;•"",=---',l::~,"'°"'="''c---i Q 1omnacsaoll!

ittlUll •I ~ ~

tftlll

CUil

Figure 4.5 system admin page

With the interface shown in Figure 4.5, the admin can perform the tasks of creating accounts,

view users, save users, delete users, clear, update and print user information. He/she can also

maintain INEC database such as restoring, formatting, and so on.

4.3.4 INEC Staff

INEC staff are employees of INEC, having the responsibilities for voter registration, voter

identification and printing of voter registers and election results. In order to carry out these

tasks, the INEC staff must first logon to the page shown in Figure 4.6.

- .;. INDEPENDENT

2014/ 11 /30 Sun 4: 13:33 .\\I

Figure 4.6 lNEC staff page

We shall present these responsibilities one after the other as follows: 43

4.3.4.1 Voter registration

Voters ' registration is the first exercise m the INEC election process. In this exercise,

potential voter information is collected and stored into the database for the purposes of future

identification and subsequent voting. In order to capture voter information, the INEC staff

must first click on the button REGISTRATION to get to the page shown in Figure 4.7 .

.;. INDEPENDENT

• A

~ 2014/11 /30 Sun 4:43:21 A\1 ~

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"11 L TISST At'4 Cab:. o,;u_ ~ FIW-.. 1i~- .. l... 1>t.i 8-r.;nL 0!00t£ .HI W Croll- .... ;, L M,lf.f 1~- ~ 0tul1i Jfr

Figure 4.7 voter registration page

With the form shown on Figure 4.7, INEC staff have the responsibilities of entering, storing,

clearing, capture photographs and capture fingerprint images of the voter on a real-time basis.

The information that is required to be collected is shown in Figure 3.4 of Chapter 3.

However, to meet the overall goal of one man, one registration, the voter must first be

authenticated using the fingerprint to verify if he/she has already registered. If a match is

found, for registration, against the information stored on the INEC database, he/she is sent

away, proving that the voter is already registered. Otherwise, he/she is registered by the

INEC staff.

4. 3.4. 2 Voter identification

On Election Day, all registered voters are required to vote for candidates of their choice.

However, due to cases of election malpractices such as multiple voting, chain voting,

impersonation, etc. in INEC elections, voters need to be identified and documented first

before they are allowed to vote. Though in the existing practice, only physical identification

44

is done and is difficult to identify malpractices. We therefore, aim to solve this problem by

using biometrics authentication.

Given our system, as the voter tum up for voting, he/she is first authenticated to verify that

they are registered and have not voted earlier either in the same polling station or another

one. The interface shown on Figure 4.8 offers this capability.

l )JL flRST_j LAST_,_ TOWtl jSTA.TE WN<!J_ 1COJ;L °"TE.. MA.GE jLOCA... Bl.00.~ IFNGL RE.CL

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Pil::;t 4 0f 4 ilWOll~ ;' I 9 - - I + ooi>.

Figure 4.8 Voter Identification Page

Figure 4.8 presents the page used in identifying voters as registered voters on the database of

registered voters. The authentication factor is the fingerprint but in this demonstration, we

used the voter id_ number in place of fingerprint. When once there is a match with the

information in INEC database, the information shown on the form will displayed and the

voter is allowed to vote by automatically enabling the button VOTE. If there is no match, the

form remains blank and the voter is denied voting and the button VOTE remains disable. The

overall objective in this case is to ensure one man, one vote.

4.3.5 Voter

The voter is the registered individual who is eligible to vote in an election. On Election Day,

the voter must first be identified and authenticated before he/she can vote. With our system,

PVC is not allowed. Instead, as the voter is verified as shown in Figure 4.8, the button VOTE

is enabled and he/she can then login onto the e-voting and is allowed using the id_number

and surname as usemame and passwords respectively when once the button is clicked. The

login page is still the page shown in Figure 4.4.

45

When once he/she is granted access, the page shown in Figure 4.9A and Bis displayed .

.;. INDEPENDENT

2014/11 /30 Sun 4:56:45 A\1

0 • \J - LI "' - M""-'-c,...i-..C. -·· ..,,.

■ -- U <ff "" c..i.,...,..,.., ......

l~ u • --

Figure 4.9A Electronic Ballot Paper

.;. INDEPENDENT

2014/ 11/30 Sun 4:57:6 A\t

Figure 4.9B Electronic Ballot Paper

Figure 4.9A and B are the electronic ballot papers which contains all the registered political

parties quaiified to contest the election. In this case, the voters can cast their vote by clicking

on the political party' s logo of their choice. As he/she votes, the vote is registered

automatically against the party with the voter information such as state, local government,

electoral ward, and so on. The name and the id_number are excluded to preserve voters'

anonymity. When the voter votes, an acknowledgement is seen, showing that he/she voted

successfully (see Figure 4.10)

46

n • INDEPENDENT

2014/11 /30 Sun 4:58: 17 A\1

Figure 4.10 Successful Voting

With this system, a voter can vote in all elections such as federal, state, local government and

wards. In addition, as the voter login and vote, a voters register is created of all who have

voted this register can be accessed at all levels of government. The voter will be logged out

after voting and will not be granted access anymore for another voting.

4.3.6 Voted Personnel and Election Results 1--- NWU j LJBRARYJ

One of the most essential tasks of the INEC staff is the printing of voters' registers and

election results when needed. As shown in Figure 4.6, once the INEC staff click on the button

VOTED PERSONNEL, the page shown in Figure 4.11 will display. In this page, voters '

register can be created and election results printed .

.;. INDEPENDENT

2014/ 11/30 Sun 4:54:49 :\\1

Figure 4.11 INEC Information Printing Page

47

4.3.6.1 Voted Personnel

One of the problems INEC faces in their elections is the falsification of vote counts. That is

inflating vote values even more than the numbers of voters who voted. In this case, our

system provide solution to this problem by permitting vote audit. Here, voters who

participated in an election can be counted against the number of votes claimed and the

register be printed as well either in federal , state, local government or wards (see Figure

4.12).

.;. INDEPENDENT

2014/11 /30 Sun 5:19:27 A\I

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'""" ... - --.... ... c..ie.- ~-?WY "' Call~ cm,Aiwtr """'£ ,_

"' --

Figure 4.12 JNEC voter register printing page

When once a selection criteria is chosen, the register can be printed. For instance, Figure 4.13

shows the pdf generated register of voters in Cross River State during a presidential election.

F!RDfAAL filCT10NS R6'0!U B.!!:ll'fllfTB>:5170.lrlJ

Di&.TE PRlNTfD: lOU-11-'30

~by U.SHW.E. XAVI 0911 1123W>l2

NOTf Tt9$ REPORT IS FOR OFflCf:: USE ON:n

Figure 4.13 JNEC voter register

48

4.3.6.2 !NEC results

After actual voting, election results can be printed out of the system for public viewing by the

appropriate authorities. The results are shown against each political party that participated in

the elections, as shown in Figure 4.14.

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' """' - WO,_ 11111 P101111Ct:IIOOlkiio,i_ 11111 201>11-:IO

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PAGfl()f~ O~\O~JS "..i E :;: ~ ---+--+ OB

Figure 4.14 JNEC Results Printing Page

As shown in Figure 4.14, election results can be monitored even as voting progresses. This

could be advantageous for INEC since election results are currently counted manually, this

takes several days to complete and not safe as it gives an opportunity room for rigging.

4.4 Proposed System Benefits

The system proposed in this research would offer lots of benefits if practically adopted for

implementation by INEC for use in their elections. The benefits are as follows:

1) This system protects the integrity of the electoral system as it ensures that a voter does

not have multiple registration and can vote only once through the use of biometric

49

technology in a real-time mode. In this case, all forms of election malpractices such as

multiple voting is eliminated,

2) Falsification of results is eliminated as the system can account for all voters vote in an

election.

3) Time, cost and resources are conserved as vote counting is done automatically. The

ballot papers are collated as physical evidence.

4) The creation of a central database can be used by other sectors of the economy for

developmental projects,

5) The implementation of this system can bring about national development in terms of

ICT as network coverage will be in every comer of the country.

4.5 Limitations

Though this system is geared towards re-engineering the existing traditional electoral

system practiced by INEC which aim at protecting the election integrity, there are also

several issues that will limit its operations. These include:

1) The security of the system is of great concern especially since it is a web-based

system. Given sophisticated cybersecurity threats that exist today, they could

affect the system operation adversely such as hacking, denial of service, etc.

2) The unacceptability of the system by politicians could be another limitation.

Considering the operation of the system, it is possible that Nigerian politicians

will not endorse the system since it will prevent them from rigging and other

forms of malpractices.

3) Maintaining the INEC network that will cover the entire country could affect the

adoption and implementation of the system, especially as it requires the

availability of electricity considering the challenges of electricity in the country.

These are some of the factors that could affect the operations of the system. However, if these

are the problems, strong measures can be taken to ensure they are not allowed to occur.

4.6 Chapter Summary

In this chapter, we have presented an overview of the system as well as the interfaces and the

functionalities offered by the INEC system prototype implemented in this research. We have

also highlighted the benefits and limitations of the system.

50

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion and Future Works

5.1 Summary

In order for democracy to function effectively confidence and trust in the electoral system is

very important. This requires having processes that are transparent and all participants are

allowed to exercise their rights as stated in the constitution. The fact remains that if voters

lack confidence in the freedom and fairness of the elections, their participation level could

decline. In this case, elections have to be conducted in an orderly manner which is free of

voter fraud and malpractice. However, the opposite is the case in Nigerian elections. This

research therefore, proposes a solution to the existing problems.

In this research, we have presented the technique and tool that can be used to protect election

integrity in Nigerian INEC. To achieve this, three research questions: RQl, RQ2 and RQ3

were asked in order to find acceptable and lasting solution to the existing election challenges.

RQl addressed the issues of a suitable security technology that will be used to protect

elections' integrity and voters ' identity. Here, our choice goes to the biometric system,

fingerprint in particular. The choice of this authentication factor was based on a number of

criteria such as mode of operation, satisfaction of desirable properties of biometrics and other

factors such as cost, security strengths, support for real-time identification etc.

RQ2 addresses how voters ' identity can be managed effectively. In this case, we proposed an

approach which involves the collection of voter's information including fingerprint and

which uses the fingerprint as an authentication feature to ensure that one individual has only

one registration and vote. In this approach, a voter' s identity can only be confirmed by the

voter only. RQ3 addresses the biometrics-based framework design that allows for credible

elections in Nigeria. Here, we designed a fingerprint-based authentication framework that

will protect elections integrity starting from voter registration to the actual voting. In this

case, voter registration is done in a real-time basis, using the fingerprint to ensure that every

voter registers once. Accordingly, on Election Day, every voter must be identified on a real­

time basis using the fingerprint as an authentication feature. In this case, only registered

voters are allowed to vote and vote only once.

As a means of re-engineering the existing traditional electoral system of INEC, a system

prototype was implemented that offers all the functionalities needed to meet the overall goal

51

of this research. In addition, the system offers an e-voting functionality with electronic ballot

papers that allows voters to vote electronically.

5.2 Conclusion

Having a credible election system should be a priority of every democratic government.

Though Nigerian elections have suffered a series of malpractice incidents which have brought

about corruption, the believe is that if strong security measures are put in place both the voter

registration and authentication during actual voting, the existing challenges faced by INEC

will be a thing of the past.

In this research, we have designed and implemented a biometrics-based electoral system that

can help INEC uphold electoral integrity. The system offers a number of benefits which are:

1. Ensuring one man has one registration and one vote

11. Protecting and managing voters ' identities

111. Eliminating resource and time wastage

1v. Promoting reusability by ensuring that information gathered are stored for future.

Considering these benefits, ·we conclude that if INEC is to conduct election in the manner

discussed in this research, it will go a long way to protect elections integrity and make it

attractive for adoption by other democratic countries in Africa.

5.3 Future Work

The system designed and implemented in this research is a prototype. The future work should

go in-depth and gather more quality requirements that will assist in the implementation of a

complete system that has all the functionalities needed. Once a completed system is

implemented, that can be presented to the INEC body for adoption and recommendations.

Additionally, we shall address the security of the system and any other factor that may affect

its smooth operations. It is also recommended that future works should endeavour to go

beyond prototype and we intend to use a distributed and parallel system to implement the

biometric samples collected.

52

References

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[2] Ballinger, C. & Coleman, S. Elections and the Internet Some Issues Considered, Hansard

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[3] Xenakis, A. and Macintosh, A., E-electoral administration: organizational lessons learned

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[4] Obeten, O.E. and Isong, B.E: Reengineering the Traditional Electoral Process via Real­

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[ 5] Gronlund, A. Democracy in an IT-framed society. Communications of the ACM, January

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[6] Bertrand Haas, ""'Engineering Better Voting Systems", DocEng'06, ACM, Amsterdam,

The Netherlands, October 10--13 2006, p-56-58

[7] Xenakis, A. and Macintosh, A.: Using Knowledge management to improve Transparency

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[8] Wagner, D: Risks of e-voting, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 50 Issue 11, ,

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[9] Dill, D. L: Electronic Voting: An Overview of the Problems, Computer Science, Stanford

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[10] Simons, B: Electronic voting systems: the good, the bad, and the stupid,

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[11] Gaines, J: Democracy's downfall: is the computing technology for electronic voting

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[12] B. Isong, 0 . Ekabua and M . Mbodila: Towards One Person, One Vote via Real-Time

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[14) Justus, I.B. "Identity Management Series - Role- and Rule-Basing Part 1:

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[15) Waters, J.K. "The ABCs of Identity Management". CSO. IDG Enterprise, 23 May

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[16) Barisch, M. Security and privacy enablers for future identity management systems.

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[17) Wayman, J.L. Biometrics in Identity Management Systems. IEEE Computer Society,

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[18) Prabhakar, S., Pankanti, S. and. Jain, A.K. "Biometric Recognition: Security and

Privacy Concerns," IEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 1, no. 2, 2003, pp. 33-42.

[19) Wayman, J.L. (Ed.), National Biometric Test Center - Collected Works Version 1.3,

http://www. ecc. unh. edu/biometric/biomet/public _ docs/nbtccw _TEST. pdf, 2 000,

requested April 2014

[20) Watson, A. "Biometrics: Easy to Steal, Hard to Regain Identity," Nature, vol. 449,

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[21) Creswell, J.W.: Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods

Approaches, 4th Edition, 2013 ISBN-13: 978-1452226101

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Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '03) IEEE, 2003

[23) Yanqing, G."Analysis on How to Enhance E-Democracy through E-Government",

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(MASS), August, 2011

[24) Norris, P. Deeping Democracy through E-Governance, Harvard University. The other

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[25) E-Democracy: Putting Down Global Roots, Janet Caldow, IBM Institute for

Electronic Government, January 2004

[26) Macintosh, A. Characterizing e-participation in policy making. In the Proceedings of

the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, USA, 2004

[27) INEC Biometric Voter Registration. http://www.osundefender.org/?p=84402 Access

date (16/07/2014)

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[28] Jesse Leskinen: Evaluation Criteria for Future Identity Management. IEEE 11th

International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and

Communications (TrustCom), pp. 801-806, 2012

[29] Thompson, C. and Thompson, D: Identity management. Internet Computing, IEEE,

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[30] L. Jean Camp: Digital Identity, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Fall 2004

[31] Dabrowski, M: Modular reference framework architecture for Identity Management.

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[32] Siraj A.Shaikh, JosephR.Rabaiotti: Characteristic trade-offs in designing large-scale

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Applications 33 (2010) 342-351

[33] J. L. Wayman, "Biometrics m Identity Management Systems" . IEEE Computer

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[34] S. Prabhakar, S. Pankanti, and A. K. Jain, "Biometric Recognition: Security and

Privacy Concerns," IEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 1, no. 2, 2003, pp. 33--42.

[35] Jain, A.K. , Bolle, R. and Pankanti, S.: BIOMETRICS: Personal Identification in

Networked Society. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 2002, pp. 1-42

[36] Douglas W. Jones, "Chain Voting", Threat Analyses & Papers, NIST, Aug 26, 2005

http://vote.nist.gov/threats/papers/Chain Voting.pd[ (16/04/14)

[37] Anthony D. F ., Andrew P., Emmett S. , and Vladimir V. "Small vote Manipulations

Can Swing Elections: Considering the effects and implications of changing only a single

vote per machine", COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM, October 2004, Vol 47, No. 10,

pp. 43-45

[38] Benjamin B. Bederson, Bongshin Lee, Robert M. Sherman, Paul S. Hermson, Richard

G. Niemi, "Electronic Voting System Usability Issues", CHI 2003, ACM, Ft. Lauderdale,

Florida, USA, April 5- 10, 2003, pp. 145-152.

[39] Chris A . and Ralph M. , "E-Voting and Computer Science: Teaching About the Risks

of Electronic Voting Technology", ITiCSE'05, ACM, Monte de Caparica, Portugal, June

27-29, 2005, pp. 227-231.

[ 40] Arthur M., David M., Joseph L. and Arnold U ., "Privacy Issues in an Electronic

Voting Machine", WPES '04, ACM, Washington, DC, USA , October 28, 2004, pp. 33-

34.

55 ' ' NWU-,\.l lfRRARY

[41) Isong Bassey and Ndwamato Netshipise: "Extending £-Democracy to Enhance Voter

Registration and Identification : South Africa Elections Perspective" International Journal

of Computer Science & Engineering Technology (IJCSET), India. Vol. 4 No. 01. Jan

2013, pp. 35-43

[ 42] Jain et al. On latent of fingerprint enhancement. Proc. SPIE 7667, Biometric

Technology for Human Identification VII, 766707 (April 14,201 O);

doi:10.1117/12.851411

[43] Nagar, A., Nandakumar, K. and Jain, A.K. A hybrid biometric cryptosystem for

securing fingerprint minutiae templates, Pattern Recognition Letters 31 (2010) 733-741

[ 44] Fingertec, T. Fingerprint technology white paper, 2005,

http: //www.fingertec.com/download/tips/whitepaper-01.pdf (22/10/2014)

[ 45] Independent Electoral Commission of Nigeria:

http://www.inecnigeria.org/?page _id= 14 Access date 28/9/2014

[ 46] INEC Voters Registration: http: //www.m2sys.com/biometric-fingerprint-software-

case-studies-nigerian-voter-registration/ Access date (20/07/2014)

[ 47) Jain, A.K. , Bolle, R. and Pankanti, S.: BIOMETRICS: Personal Identification in

Networked Society. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 2002, pp. 1- 42

[ 48) R. Clarke, "Human identification in information systems: Management challenges

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1994.

[49) O'Gorman, L. Fingerprint Verification : BIOMETRICS : Personal Identification m

Networked Society. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 2002, pp. 43-45

[50] Nnamani, Desmond Okechukwu: Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable

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2(3):78-99.

56

Appendix

/* * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties. * To change this template file, choose Tools I Templates * and open the template in the editor. */

package proto;

/**

* * @author DUKE */

import java.sql. *; import javax.swing. *; public class javaconnect {

Connection conn=null; public static Connection ConnecrDb() {

try {

Class. forN ame(" com.mysq l.j dbc.Driver"); Connection conn =

(Connection)DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql: //localhost:3306/prototype","app","a pp");

}

/*

return conn; } catch (ClassNotFoundException I SQLException e) {

J OptionP ane. show MessageDialog( null, e);

} }

return null;

57

* To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties. * To change this template file, choose Tools I Templates * and open the template in the editor. */

package proto;

import static java.lang.Thread.sleep; import j ava. util. Calendar; import j ava. util. Gregorian Calendar; import java.util.logging.Level; import j ava. util.logging.Logger;

/**

* * @author DUKE */

public class welcome extends javax.swing.JFrame {

/** * Creates new form welcome */

public welcome() { initComponents(); currentDate() ;

} public void currentDate() {

Thread clock; clock = new Thread() {

public void run() { for(;;) {

Calendar cal= new GregorianCalendar() ; int month= cal.get(Calendar.MONTH); int year= cal.get(Calendar.YEAR); int day= cal.get(Calendar.DA Y _OF_ MONTH);

int days= cal.get(Calendar.DA Y _OF_ WEEK); if( days== 1) jLabel9 .setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Sun"); else if( days==2) j Label9 .setT ext(year+" /"+( month+ 1 )+ "/"+day+" "+"Mon"); else if(days==3) jLabel9.setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Tue"); else if(days==4) jLabel9.setText(year+"/"+(month+l)+"/"+day+" "+"Wed"); else if( days==5) jLabel9 .setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Thur"); else if( days==6) jLabel9.setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1)+"/"+day+" "+"Fri"); else if(days==7) jLabel9 .setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Sat");

58

int second= cal.get(Calendar.SECOND); int minite= cal.get(Calendar.MINUTE); int hour= cal.get(Calendar.HOUR); if(hour==0) {

hour=l2;} int n=cal.get(Calendar.AM _PM); if(n==0)

jLabell 0.setText(hour+" : "+(minite )+": "+second+" AM"); else

};

jLabell0.setText(hour+":"+(minite)+":"+second+" PM");

try { sleep(l 000) ;

} catch (InterruptedException ex) { Logger.getLogger(admin.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);

} }

}

clock.start(); }I** * This method is called from within the constructor to initialize the form. * WARNING: Do NOT modify this code. The content of this method is always * regenerated by the Form Editor. *I

@Suppress W amings( "unchecked") II <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Generated Code"> private void initComponents() {

jPanell = new javax.swing.JPanel(); jLabell = new javax.swing.JLabel(); jLabell 0 = new j avax.swing.JLabel(); jLabel9 = new javax.swing.JLabel(); jButtonl = new javax.swing.JButton();

setDefaultCloseOperationUavax.swing.WindowConstants.DO _NOTHING_ ON_ CLOSE); setUndecorated(true ); setResizab 1 e( false) ;

jPanell.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(0, 51 , 51));

jLabell .setBackground(new java.awt.Color(0, 0, 0)); jLabell.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Times New Roman", 1, 36)); II NOI18N jLabell .setForeground(new java.awt.Color(255 , 255, 255)); jLabel 1.seticon(new

javax.swing.Imageicon(getClass().getResource("lproto/logo.png"))); II NOI18N

59

jLabell0.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(0, 0, 0)); jLabell0.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Times New Roman", 1, 36)); // NOI18N jLabell0.setForeground(new java.awt.Color(255, 255, 255));

jLabel9.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(0, 0, 0)); jLabel9.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Times New Roman", 1, 36)); // NOl18N jLabel9.setForeground(new java.awt.Color(255 , 255, 255));

jButtonl .setText("NEXT"); jButtonl .add.ActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {

public void actionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) { jButtonlActionPerformed(evt);

} } );

javax.swing.GroupLayout jPanel 1 Layout = new javax.swing.GroupLayout(jPanel 1 ); jPanel 1.setLayout(jPanell Layout); jPanel 1 Layout. setHorizontalGroup(

jPanel 1 Layout. createParallelGroup(j avax. swing. Group Layout.Alignment.LEADING) .addGroup(jPanel 1 Layout.createSequentialGroup()

.addGroup(jPanell Layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADI NG)

.addGroup(jP anel 1 Layout. createSequential Group() .addGap(50, 50, 50) .addComponent(jLabel9, javax.swing. Group Layout.PREFERRED_ SIZE, 301 ,

javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE) .addGap(37, 37, 37) .addComponent(jLabell 0, javax. swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE,

223 , javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)) . addGroup(j Panel 1 Layout.createSequential Group()

.addGap(l 79, 179, 179)

.addComponent(jLabel 1)) . addGroup(j avax. swing. Group Layout.Alignment. TRAILING,

jPanel 1 Layout.createSequentialGroup() . addContainerGap() .addComponent(jButtonl , javax. swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE,

109, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE) .addGap(218, 218, 218)))

.addContainerGap(29, Short.MAX_ V AUJE)) ); jPanel 1 Layout.setVerticalGroup(

jPanel 1 Layout. createParallelGroup(j avax. swing. GroupLayout.Alignment. LEADING) . addGroup(j avax. swing. Group Layout.Alignment. TRAILING,

jPanel 1 Layout.createSequentialGroup() .addContainerGap(83, Short.MAX_ VALUE) .addComponent(jLabel 1) .addGap(44, 44, 44)

60

.addGroup(jPanellLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADI NG)

.addComponent(jLabel9, j avax.swing. GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, 53, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)

.addComponent(jLabell 0, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, 53, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE))

.addGap(35, 35, 35)

.addComponent(jButtonl , javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, 32, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)

.addGap(48, 48 , 48)) );

javax.swing.GroupLayout layout= new javax.swing.GroupLayout(getContentPane()); getContentPane(). setLayout(la yout); layout.setHorizontalGroup(

layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING) .addGroup(layout.createSequentialGroup()

.addComponent(jPanel 1, javax.swing. Group Layout.PREFERRED_ SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAUL T _ SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)

.addGap(0, 0, Sho11.MAX_ VALUE)) ); layout. set Vertical Group(

layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING) .addComponent(jPanell, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEF AULT_ SIZE,

javax.swing. GroupLayout.DEF A ULT_ SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)

);

pack(); setLocationRelativeTo(null);

}// </editor-fold>

private void jButtonl ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {

new login().setVisible(true); this.dispose(); // TODO add your handling code here:

}

/** * @param args the command line arguments */

public static void main(String args[]) { /* Set the Nimbus look and feel*/ //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc=" Look and feel setting code ( optional) "> /* If Nimbus (introduced in Java SE 6) is not available, stay with the default look and

feel.

61

* For details see http: //download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/lookandfeel/plaf.htrnl

*/ try {

for (javax.swing.UIManager.LookAndFeellnfo info : j avax. swing. UIManager. getlnstalledLookAndF eels()) {

if ("Nimbus".equals(info.getName())) { javax.swing.UIManager.setLookAndFeel(info.getClassName()); break;

} }

} catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {

j ava. util. logging.Logger. getLo gger( welcome. class. getN ame() ). log(j ava. util.logging.Level. SE VERE, null, ex);

} catch (InstantiationException ex) {

j ava. util. logging. Logger. getLogger( welcome. class. getN ame()). log(j ava. util .logging.Level. SE VERE, null, ex);

} catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {

java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(welcome.class.getName()).log(java.util. logging.Level.SE VERE, null, ex);

} catch (javax.swing.UnsupportedLookAndFeelException ex) {

j ava. util. logging.Logger. getLogger( welcome. class. getN ame() ). log(j ava. util.logging.Level. SE VERE, null, ex);

}

} //</editor-fold>

/* Create and display the form*/ java.awt.EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() {

public void run() {

} } );

}

new welcome().setVisible(true );

// Variables declaration - do not modify private javax.swing.JButton jButtonl; private javax.swing.JLabel jLabell ; private javax.swing.JLabel jLabell O; private j avax. swing.JLabel j Label9; private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel 1; // End of variables declaration

62

I* * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties. * To change this template file, choose Tools I Templates * and open the template in the editor. */

package proto;

import com.sun.glass.events.KeyEvent; import j ava.awt.HeadlessException; import j ava. awt. event.Window Adapter; import j ava. awt. event. Window Event; import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; import java.sql. Connection; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.SQLException; import j ava. util. Calendar; import j ava. util. Gregorian Calendar; import j ava. util.logging.Level; import java. util.logging.Logger; import javax.swing. *; import j avax. swing. UIManager;

/**

* * @author DUKE *I

public class login extends javax.swing.JFrame {

/** * Creates new form welcome */

public login() { addWindow Listener(new Window Adapter() {

@Override public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we){

Object[] options= {"YES","NO"}; final JOptionPane optionPane = new JOptionPane(); int n = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(rootPane,

"Do you really want to exit" + "?", "A Safety Question", JOptionPane.YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE, null, options,

63

options[l]); if(n==0) System.exit(0);

}

} ); initComponents(); currentDate();

conn=j avaconnect. ConnecrDb(); }

Connection conn=null; ResultSet rs=null; PreparedStatement pst=null; String l="LOGGED_IN";

public void currentDate() { Thread clock;

clock = new Thread() { public void run() {

for(; ;){ Calendar cal= new GregorianCalendar(); int month= cal.get(Calendar.MONTH); int year= cal.get(Calendar.YEAR); int day= cal.get(Calendar.DA Y _OF_ MONTH);

int days= cal.get(Calendar.DA Y _OF_ WEEK); if( days== 1) jLabel9.setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1)+"/"+day+" "+"Sun"); else if(days=2) jLabel9 .setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Mon"); else if( days==3) jLabel9.setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Tue"); else if(days==4) jLabel9 .setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Wed"); else if(days==5) jLabel9 .setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Thur"); else if( days==6) jLabel9.setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1)+"/"+day+" "+"Fri"); else if( days==7) jLabel9.setText(year+"/"+(month+ 1 )+"/"+day+" "+"Sat"); int second= cal.get(Calendar.SECOND); int rninite= cal.get(Calendar.MINUTE); int hour= cal.get(Calendar.HOUR); int n=cal.get(Calendar.AM _PM); if(hour==0) {

hour=12;} if(n==0)

jLabell 0.setText(hour+": "+(minite )+": "+second+" AM");

64

}

else jLabell 0.setText(hour+": "+(minite )+": "+second+" PM");

try { sleep(l 000);

} catch (IntenuptedException ex) { Logger.getLogger(login.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);

} }

}; clock.start();

}

/** * This method is called from within the constructor to initialize the form. * WARNING: Do NOT modify this code. The content of this method is always * regenerated by the Form Editor. */

@Suppress W arnings("unchecked ") // <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Generated Code"> private void initComponents() {

jPanel2 = new javax.swing.JPanel(); jLabel9 = new javax.swing.JLabel(); jLabell0 = new javax.swing.JLabel(); jButton8 = new javax.swing.JButton(); jDesktopPanel = new javax.swing.JDesktopPane(); jLabell = new javax.swing.JLabel(); jLabel2 = new javax.swing.JLabel(); jTextFieldl = new javax.swing.JTextField(); jPasswordFieldl = new javax.swing.JPasswordField(); jButtonl = new javax.swing.JButton(); jButton2 = new javax.swing.JButton(); jLabel3 = new javax.swing.JLabel();

setDefaultCloseOperation(javax.swing.WindowConstants .DO _NOTHING_ ON_ CLOSE); setF ocusable( false);

setModalExclusionType(java.awt.Dialog.ModalExclusionType.APPLICATION_EXCLUDE );

setUndecorated(true ); setResizable(false ); addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter() {

public void mouseClicked(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) { formMouseClicked( evt);

65

} } );

jPanel2.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(0, 51, 51)); jPanel2.addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter() {

public void mouseClicked(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) { jPanel2MouseClicked( evt);

} } );

jLabel9.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(255, 255, 255)); jLabel9.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Times New Roman", 1, 72)); II NOI18N jLabel9.setForeground(new java.awt.Color(255, 255, 255));

jLabell0.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(255, 255, 255)); jLabell0.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Times New Roman", 1, 72)); II NOI1 SN jLabell0.setForeground(new java.awt.Color(255 , 255, 255));

jButton8.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Tahoma", 1, 11)); II NOI18N jButton8. setT ext("EXIT"); jButton8. addActionListener( new j ava.awt. event.ActionListener() {

public void actionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) { jButton8ActionPerformed( evt);

} } );

jDesktopPanel .setBackground(new java.awt.Color(255, 255, 255)); jDesktopPane 1. setBorder(j avax. swing. BorderF actory. createTitledBorder(null,

"LOGGIN", javax.swing.border.TitledBorder.DEF AULT _JUSTIFICATION, javax.swing.border.TitledBorder.TOP, new java.awt.Font("Agency FB", 1, 24), new java.awt.Color(0, 0, 0))); II NOll SN

jLabell.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(255, 255, 255)); jLabell .setFont(new j ava.awt.Font("Dialog", 1, 18)); I I NOll SN jLabell.setText("USERNAME");

jLabel2.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(255, 255, 255)); jLabel2.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Dialog", 1, 18)); II NOll SN jLabel2.setText("P ASSWORD");

jTextFieldl .setBackground(new java.awt.Color(204, 204, 204)) ; jTextFieldl.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Dialog", 1, 18)); II NOI18N jTextFieldl .addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter() {

public void mouseClicked(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) { jTextFieldlMouseClicked(evt);

} } ); jTextFieldl .addKeyListener(new java.awt .event.KeyAdapter() {

public void keyTyped(java.awt.event.KeyEvent evt) {

66

} );

jTextF ield 1 Key Typed( evt ); }

jPasswordFieldl .setBackground(new java.awt.Color(204, 204, 204)); jPasswordFieldl .setFont(new java.awt.Font("Dialog", 1, 18)); // NOII 8N jPasswordFieldl .addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter() {

public void mouseClicked(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) { jPasswordField 1 MouseClicked( evt);

} } ); jPasswordField 1.addKeyListener(new j ava.awt.event.Key Adapter() {

public void keyPressed(java.awt.event.KeyEvent evt) { jPasswordFieldlKeyPressed(evt);

} });

jButtonl .setBackground(new java.awt.Color(255, 255, 255)); jButtonl.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Dialog", 1, 11)); // NOI18N jButtonl.setText("LOG IN") ; jButton 1. addActionListener( new j ava. awt. event.ActionListener() {

public void actionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) { jButtonlActionPerformed(evt);

} } );

jButton2.setText("FORGOTTEN PASSWORD"); j Button2. addActionListener(new j ava. awt. event.ActionListener() {

public void actionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) { jButton2ActionPerformed( evt);

} } );

javax.swing.GroupLayoutjDesktopPanelLayout = new j avax. swing. GroupLayout(jDesktopPane 1);

jDesktopPane 1.setLayout(jDesktopPane 1 Layout); j Desktop Pane 1 Layout.setHorizontal Group(

jDesktopPanelLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING) .addGroup(jDesktopPanelLayout.createSequentialGroup()

.addGap(132, 132, 132)

.addGroup(jDesktopPane 1 Layout. createParallel Group(j avax.swing. Group Layout.Alignment. LEADING, false)

.addGroup(jDesktopPanelLayout.createSequentialGroup() .addComponent(jButton 1) .addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED,

73 , Short.MAX_VALUE) .addComponent(jButton2))

67

.addGroup(jDesktopPanelLayout.createSequentialGroup()

.addGroup(jDesktopPanelLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment. LEADING, false)

. addComponent(j Label2 , j avax. swing. GroupLayout.D EF A ULT SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAUL T _ SIZE, Short.MAX_ VALUE)

.addComponent(jLabel 1, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEF AULT_ SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAUL T _ SIZE, Short.MAX_ VALUE))

.addGap(34, 34, 34)

.addGroup(jDesktopPane 1 Layout. createParallel Group(j avax. swing. GroupLayout.Alignment. LEADING, false)

.addComponent(jTextFieldl)

.addComponent(jPasswordFieldl, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAUL T _ SIZE, 155, Short.MAX_ VALUE))))

.addContainerGap(125, Short.MAX_ VALUE)) ); jDesktopPane l Layout.set Vertical Group(

jDesktopPane 1 Layout.createParallel Group(j avax. swing. GroupLayout.Alignment.LEAD ING) . addGroup(jDesktopPane 1 Layout. createSequential Group()

.addGap(80, 80, 80)

. addGroup(jDesktopPane 1 Layout. createParallel Group(j avax. swing. Group Layout.Alignment. BASELINE)

.addComponent(jLabel 1)

.addComponent(jTextField 1, j avax.swing. GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE))

.addGap(36, 36, 36)

. addGroup(jDesktopP ane 1 Layout. createParallel Group(j avax. swing. Group Layout.Alignment. BASELINE)

.addComponent(jLabel2)

.addComponent(jPasswordField 1, javax.swing. Group Layout.PREFERRED_ SIZE, j avax.swing. GroupLayout.DEF A ULT_ SIZE, javax.swing. Group Layout.PREFERRED_ SIZE))

.addGap(47, 47, 47)

.addGroup(jDesktopPanelLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment. BASELINE)

.addComponent(jButtonl)

.addComponent(jButton2)) .addContainerGap(48, Short.MAX_ VALUE))

); jDesktopPanel .setLayer(jLabell,javax.swing.JLayeredPane.DEFAULT_LAYER); jDesktopPanel .setLayer(jLabel2, javax.swing.JLayeredPane.DEFAULT _LAYER); jDesktopPanel.setLayer(jTextFieldl , javax.swing.JLayeredPane.DEFAULT_LAYER);

68

jDesktopPane 1.setLayer(jPasswordField 1, javax.swing.JLayeredPane.DEF AULT_ LA YER);

jDesktopPanel.setLayer(jButtonl,javax.swing.JLayeredPane.DEFAULT_LAYER); jDesktopPanel .setLayer(jButton2, javax.swing.JLayeredPane.DEFAULT _LA YER);

jLabel3 .setlcon(new javax.swing.Imageicon(getClass().getResource("/proto/logo.png"))); // NOI18N

j avax.swing. GroupLayout jPanel2Layout = new j avax.swing. GroupLayout(jPanel2); jPanel2.setLayout(jPanel2Layout); jPanel2Layout.setHorizontalGroup(

jPanel2Layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignrnent.TRAILING) .addGroup(jPanel2Layout.createSequentialGroup()

.addContainerGap(javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEF AULT_ SIZE, Short.MAX_ VALUE)

.addGroup(jPanel2Layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignrnent.TRAILI NG)

.addGroup(jPanel2Layout.createSequentialGroup() .addComponent(jButton8) .addGap( 42, 42, 42))

.addGroup(jPanel2Layout.createSequentialGroup() .addComponent(jDesktopPane 1,

javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEF AULT_ SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)

.addGap(388, 388, 388)))) .addGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING,

jPanel2Layout.createSequentialGroup()

. addGroup(jP anel2Layout.createParallel Group(j avax.swing. Group Layout.Alignment. TRAIL! NG)

. addGroup(j avax. swing. GroupLayout.Alignrnent.LEAD ING, jPanel2Layout.createSequentialGroup()

.addGap(142, 142, 142)

.addComponent(jLabel9, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, 525, j avax.swing. GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)

.addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)

.addComponent(jLabel 10, j avax.swing. GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, 527,javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE))

. addGroup(j avax. swing. Group La yout.Alignrnent.LEAD ING, jPanel2Layout.createSequentialGroup()

.addGap(544, 544, 544)

.addComponent(jLabel3))) .addGap(0, 164, Short.MAX_ VALUE))

); jPanel2Layout.setVe11icalGroup(

jPanel2Layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignrnent.LEADING) .addGroup(jPanel2Layout.createSequentialGroup()

69

.addGap(22, 22, 22)

.addComponent(jLabel3)

.addPreferredGap(j avax. swing.LayoutStyle. ComponentPlacement.RELA TED, 87, Short.MAX_ VALUE)

.addGroup(jPanel2Layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADI NG)

. addComponent(jLabel9, j avax. swing. Group Layout.PREFERRED_ SIZE, 105, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)

.addComponent(jLabell 0, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, 105, javax.swing. GroupLayout.PREFERRED _SIZE))

.addGap(46, 46, 46)

.addComponent(jDesktopPanel , javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, j avax.swing. GroupLayout.PREFERRED _ SIZE)

.addGap(23, 23 , 23)

.addComponent(jButton8)

.addGap(29, 29, 29)) );

javax.swing.GroupLayout layout= new javax.swing.GroupLayout(getContentPane()); getContentPane(). setLa yout(layout); layout.setHorizontalGroup(

layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING) .addComponent(jPanel2, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEF AULT_ SIZE,

javax.swing.GrnupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_ VALUE) ); layout. set Vertical Group(

layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING) .addComponent(jPanel2, javax. swing. GroupLayout.DEF A ULT_ SIZE,

j avax.swing. GroupLayout.DEF A ULT_ SIZE, Short.MAX_ VALUE) );

pack() ; }// </editor-fold>

private void formMouseClicked(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) { II TODO add your handling code here:

}

private void jButton8ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) { Object[] options= {"YES","NO"}; final JOptionPane optionPane = new JOptionPane(); int n = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(rootPane,

"Do you really want to exit " + "?", "A Safety Question", JOptionPane.YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION, JOptionPane.QUESTION _ MESSAGE,

70

null, options, options[l]);

if(n==0) System.exit(0); II TODO add your handling code here:

}

private void jTextFieldl MouseClickedUava.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) { jTextFieldl .setText(""); I I TODO add your handling code here:

}

private void jPasswordFieldlMouseClickedUava.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) { jPasswordFieldl.setText(""); II TODO add your handling code here:

}

private void jTextFieldl KeyTypedUava.awt.event.KeyEvent evt) { char c=evt.getKeyCharQ;

if(!(Character.isDigit( c ))) { evt. consumeO; getToolkitQ.beep();

} II TODO add your handling code here: }

private void jButtonl ActionPerformedUava.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) { Calendar cal= new GregorianCalendar(); int month= cal.get(Calendar.MONTH); int year= cal.get(Calendar.YEAR); int day= cal.get(Calendar.DA Y _OF_ MONTH); int second= cal.get(Calendar.SECOND); int minite= cal.get(Calendar.MINUTE); int hour= cal.get(Calendar.HOUR); String tim=hour+":"+minite+":"+second; String dat=year+"l"+(month+ l)+"l"+day;

String sql="select USERNAME,PASSWORD,USER_TYPE,LAST_NAME,FIRST_NAME,IMAGE from users where USERNAME=? and PASSWORD=?"; String emp=jTextFieldl .getText(); String pass=jPasswordFieldl .getText(); String job=null; String name=null; String lname=null; String pname=null; String fname=null; byte[] person=null ; int count=0;

String sta="LOGGED _IN"; try {

pst=conn. prepareStatement( sq l);

71

pst.setString(l , jTextFieldl .getText()); pst.setString(2, jPasswordFieldl .getText()); rs=pst. executeQuery();

}

while(rs.next()) {

person=rs.getBytes("IMAGE"); name=rs.getString("USERNAME "); lname=rs.getString("LAST NAME"); pname=rs.getString("P ASSWORD"); fname=rs.getString("FIRST_NAME");

job=rs.getString("USER _ TYPE"); count=count+ 1 ;

if( count== 1) { switch (job) {

case "ADMIN": JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Usemame and password is correct

","Loggin Users",JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); String Sql="insert into ' loggedusers ' ('USERNAME' , 'DATE_LOGIN' ,

'TIME_LOGGED_IN', ' PASSWORD', ' IMAGE', ' USER_TYPE' ,LAST_NAME,FIRST_NAME,LOGS) value(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?) 11

;

try { pst=conn. prepareStatement(Sql); pst.setString(l, emp ); pst.setString(2, dat); pst.setString(3, tim); pst.setString( 4, pass); pst.setBytes(5, person); pst.setString( 6, job); pst.setString(7, lname ); pst.setString(8, fname ); pst.setString(9, l); pst.execute();

} catch (SQLException e) { J OptionPane. show MessageDialog( null, e);

} new admin().setVisible(true); this.dispose();

break; case "CLERK":

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Usemame and password is correct ", "Loggin Users" ,JOptionPane.INFORMA TION _ MESSAGE);

String SQl="insert into 'loggedusers' ('USERNAME' , 'DATE_ LOGIN', 'TIME_LOGGED_IN', 'PASSWORD', ' IMAGE', 'USER_TYPE',LAST_NAME,FIRST_NAME,LOGS) value(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?) 11

;

try { pst=conn. prepareStatement(SQ 1); pst.setString(l, emp); pst.setString(2, dat);

72

pst.setString(3, tim); pst.setString(4, pass); pst.setBytes(5, person); pst.setString(6, job); pst.setString(7, lname); pst.setString(8, fname ); pst.setString(9, l); pst. execute0;

} catch (SQLException e) { J OptionPane. show MessageDialog( null, e);

} new clerk().setVisible(true ); this.dispose0;

} }

break;

else if( count==O) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Usemame and password is incorrect ","Loggin

Users" ,JOptionPane.INFORMA TION _ MESSAGE); } catch (HeadlessException I SQLException e) {

J OptionP ane. show MessageDialog( null, e); } II TODO add your handling code here: }

private void jButton2ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Please Contact your system Admin ","Loggin Users",JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);/1 TODO add your handling code here:

}

private voidjPanel2MouseClicked(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) { I I TODO add your handling code here:

}

private void jPasswordFieldlKeyPressed(java.awt.event.KeyEvent evt) { if( evt.getKeyCode()==KeyEvent. VK _ ENTER) {

Calendar cal= new GregorianCalendar(); int month= cal.get(Calendar.MONTH); int year= cal.get(Calendar.YEAR); int day= cal.get(Calendar.DA Y _OF_ MONTH); int second= cal.get(Calendar.SECOND); int rninite= cal.get(Calendar.MINUTE); int hour= cal.get(Calendar.HOUR); String tim=hour+" : "+minite+": "+second; String dat=year+"l"+(month+ l)+"l"+day;

73

String sql="select USERNAME,P AS SWORD, USER_ TYPE,LAST _ NAME,FIRST _ NAME,IMAGE from users where USERNAME=? and PASSWORD=?"; String emp=jTextFieldl .getText(); String pass=jPasswordFieldl .getText() ; String job=null; String name=null; String lname=null; String pname=null; String fname=null; byte[] person=null; int count=0;

try { pst=conn. prepareStatement( sq 1); pst.setString(l , jTextFieldl .getText()); pst.setString(2, jPasswordFieldl .getText()); rs=pst.executeQuery();

}

while(rs.next()) {

person=rs.getBytes("IMAGE"); name=rs.getString("USERNAME"); lname=rs.getString("LAST_NAME"); pname=rs.getString("PASSWORD"); fname=rs.getString("FIRST _ NAME");

job=rs.getString("USER _ TYPE"); count=count+ 1 ;

if( count== 1) { switch Gob) {

case "ADMIN": JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Usemame and password is correct

","Loggin Users",JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); String Sql="insert into 'loggedusers'('USERNAME' , 'DATE_LOGIN',

'TIME_LOGGED_IN', ··PASSWORD', ' IMAGE', 'USER_TYPE',LAST_NAME,FIRST_NAME,LOGS) value(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?) 11

;

try { pst=conn.prepareStatement(Sql); pst.setString(l, emp ); pst.setString(2, dat); pst.setString(3, tim); pst.setString( 4, pass); pst.setBytes(5, person); pst.setString( 6, job); pst.setString(7, lname); pst.setString(8, fname ); pst.setString(9, l); pst.execute();

74

} catch (SQLException e) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, e );

} new admin().setVisible(true ); this.dispose(); break;

case "CLERK": JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Usemame and password is correct

","Loggin Users",JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); String SQl="insert into 'loggedusers'('USERNAME', 'DATE_LOGIN' ,

'TIME_LOGGED_IN' , 'PASSWORD' , ' IMAGE', 'USER_TYPE',LAST_NAME,FIRST_NAME,LOGS) value(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?) 11

;

try { pst=conn.prepareStatement(SQl); pst.setString(l , emp); pst.setString(2, <lat); pst.setString(3, tirn); pst.setString( 4, pass); pst.setBytes(5, person); pst.setString(6, job); pst.setString(7, lname ); pst.setString(8, fname ); pst.setString(9, l) ; pst.execute();

} catch (SQLException e) { J OptionP ane. show MessageDialog( null, e);

} new clerk() .setVisible(true ); this.dispose();

} }

break;

else if( count==0) { String sqL="select * from information where ID_NUMBER=? and LAST_NAME=?";

try { pst=conn.prepareStatement(sqL); pst.setString(l , jTextFieldl .getText()); pst.setString(2, jPasswordField 1.getText()); rs=pst. executeQuery(); String gov=null; String town=null; String state=null; String ward=null;

while(rs.next()) {

person=rs.getBytes("IMAGE"); name=rs.getString("ID _ NUMBER"); lname=rs.getString("LAST _ NAME");

75

}

fname=rs.getString("FIRST _NAME"); gov=rs.getString("LOCAL _ GOV"); town=rs.getString("TOWN"); state=rs.getString("STATE"); ward=rs.getString("W ARD_ NO");

job="VOTER"; count=count+ 1 ;

if( count== 1) { if (job== "VOTER") {

if(national()==0) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Usemame and password is correct

","Loggin Users",JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); String Sql="insert into ' loggedusers'('USERNAME', 'DATE_LOGIN',

'TIME_LOGGED_IN' , ' PASSWORD', 'IMAGE' , 'USER_ TYPE' ,LAST _NAME,FIRST _ NAME,LOGS,' LOCAL_ GOV', ' TOWN', ' STATE',' WARD_ NO') value(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)";

try { pst=conn. prepareStatement(Sq 1); pst.setString(l, emp ); pst.setString(2, <lat); pst.setString(3, tim) ; pst.setString(4, lname); pst.setBytes(5, person); pst.setString(6, job); pst.setString(7, lname); pst.setString(8, fname ); pst.setString(9, l); pst.setString(l0, gov); pst.setString(l 1, town); pst.setString( 12, state); pst.setString(13, ward); pst.execute();

} catch (SQLException e) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, e );

} new voters().setVisible(true);

this.dispose() ;} else

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Personel Already Voted ","Loggin Personel",JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);

} else JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Usemame and password is incorrect

"+"\n"+"Voter Is Not Registered","Loggin Users" ,JOptionPane.INFORMA TION _MESSAGE);

}

76

} catch (HeadlessException I SQLException e) {

JOptionPane.show MessageDialog(null, e ); }

} } catch (HeadlessException I SQLException e) {

JOptionPane. show MessageDialog( null, e); }

} / / TODO add your handling code here: }

public int national() { int count=0; String coon=null;

String SQl="select * FROM 'loggedusers' WHERE 'USERNAME'=? AND ' LAST_NAME'=? AND 'LOGS'='LOGGED_OUT"';

}

try { pst=conn.prepareStatement(SQl);

pst.setString(l, jTextFieldl .getText()); pst.setString(2, jPasswordFieldl .getText());

rs=pst.executeQuery();

while(rs.next()) { count+=l ; }

} catch(SQLException e) { JOptionPane.show MessageDialog(null, e ); //return null; } return count;

/** * @param args the command line arguments *I

public static void main(String args[]) { /* Set the Nimbus look and feel */ //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc=" Look and feel setting code ( optional) "> /* If Nimbus (introduced in Java SE 6) is not available, stay with the default look and

feel. * For details see

http: //download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/lookandfeel/plaf.html *I

try { for (javax.swing.UIManager.LookAndFeellnfo info:

j avax. swing. UIManager. getlnstalledLookAndF eels()) { /*if ("Nimbus".equals(info.getName())) {

j avax.swing. UIManager. setLookAndF eel( info. getClassN ame());

77

}

break;

}*/ UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.jtattoo.plaf.mint.MintLookAndFeel");

} catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {

java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(admin.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEV ERE, nuli, ex);

} catch (InstantiationException ex) {

java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(admin.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEV ERE, null, ex);

} catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {

java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(admin.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEV ERE, null, ex);

} catch (javax.swing.UnsupportedLookAndFeelException ex) {

java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(admin.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEV ERE, null, ex);

}

}

/* Create and display the form*/ java.awt.EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() {

public void run() {

}

} } );

new login().setVisible(true );

I I Variables declaration - do not modify private javax.swing.JButton jButtonl; private javax.swing.JButton jButton2; private javax.swing.JButton jButton8; private javax.swing.JDesktopPane jDesktopPane 1; private javax.swing.JLabel jLabel 1; private javax.swing.JLabel jLabel 1 O; private javax.swing.JLabel jLabel2; private javax.swing.JLabel jLabel3; private javax.swing.JLabel jLabel9; private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel2; private javax.swing.JPasswordField jPasswordFieldl; private javax.swing.JTextField jTextFieldl; // End of variables declaration

78