dsa alert january-2010
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editor-in-chief
From the entire team at DSA I extend our warmest seasonsgreetings and happy new-year to you, dear reader. We ride into thenew-year on the back of an exciting period at DSA. We launchedDSA in the last quarter of 2009, and in this limited time, wehave made a mark. There is an audible appreciation for DSA, andthe response has been positive, to say the least. All that we haveachieved thus far is entirely owed to you dear reader!
While your response has been our best guide in taking DSAforward, what has really changed the nature of our work is how
you have taken an interactive and participative role in making eachcopy. We value our relationship with you, and this will always be the
driving force between us, at DSA, and the dear reader. A numberof valuable suggestions have already come from you, and we lookforward to more such inputs, in the months and years to come.
While we are not soothsayers it is certain 2010 promises to be anexciting year. Having made a modest start in late 2009 we are certainthat 2010 brings exciting days ahead for us. And that sentiment isdictated by our belief in your contributions, intellectual as well asliterary. We will continue to welcome contributions from you dearreader, rather we call upon you for your articles and pieces.
DSA is all about the reader and the environment and that is why we
believe evolution is a part of our ethos. We at DSA will continue toevolve our, your, product so as to keep pace with the demands anddesires of the readers. There will be nothing static in DSA, for that
would be an intellectual disaster for us all.
We, therefore, begin 2010 by highlighting the importance of ournaval capability. Vice Admiral (Retd.) P.S. Das sets the agendafor what we would like to be a nationwide debate. No country hassurvived its ambitions if it has not developed its naval capability.India is remarkably reticent in naval matters despite being the onlycountry anywhere in the world that has an ocean named after it. Nocountry dominates an ocean by the happenstance of geography, asdoes India with the Indian Ocean. The sheer size, location and theshape of the Indian mainland make it appear over its ocean with alook that neednt always be so neglectful.
By any stretch of imagination, and expectation, India has ambitions
in the 21st century. Some of it is of course riding piggyback onthe expected Asian century phenomenon. On the other hand areresponsible members of the country who sincerely believe thatIndia should, can, and will, play a global role in the current century.
Accident of its geography dictates that India cannot play such a roleif it continues to neglect its naval forces. There are no shortcuts forgreat power status is a sine qua nonof sea dominance.
manvendra singh
DSA is as much yours,as it is ours!
January 2010 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT 3
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publisher s view
chairmans yamsun erpublisher & ceopawan agrawaeditor-in-chiemanven rasngsales & advertisings s r us anconsultantyoges srvastavinternational business uk & europes rey agrawacommunicationsswetase gacorrespondent europe
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defence and security alert is printed, published
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delhi (india). editor: manvendra singh
Vol 1 Issue 4 January 2010
The power of a king l ies in his mighty arms
Chanakya
Aswe enter 2 1 we rea ize t at weare stepping into t e secon eca e ot e new mi ennium. It was in t e veryfertile breeding ground of the events anddevelopments of the first decade thatt e i ea o Deence An Security Aertgerminate an ossome .
um ai 2 /11 con rme our resove toproduce a magazine that will stoke up theembers of awareness among the people of
t is nation o t e grim prospects presentey go a terrorism emanating rom our ownneig our oo . Terrorism a ecome t efirst echelon of unconventional means ofundermining the deterrence and restraintt at nuc ear weapons were suppose toimpose y t eir a e u presence.
It was in t e wi esprea terrorism t at we aso un erstoo t e mac inations e in t egreater assertiveness by China in its cross-border relationship with India. Its ULFAexus underscored the security perimeter in the North-east throughout the first decade
o t e mi ennium. It was reveae in its u star ness ony ater a c ange o regime inBang a es an t e mysterious return o t e top guns o t at separatist grouping.In ians came to reaize t e convoute rami cations o C inese gran esign an t reatsto Balkanize India. It made our mission that much more urgent.
Our rst issue came in Octo er, 2009 an t e ourt is in your an s now. T e journeyso ar as een a great reveation, an enric ing experience. T e tremen ous responsean positive ee ac rom our rea ers, especia y e ence an security personne , aseen an wi remain, our eacon as we navigate an c art our course to ma e DSA t e
most read and respected defence and security magazine.
e wi a ways en eavour to a vaue to t e magazine in every ort coming issue yurt er improving its ayout an quaity o its a rea y ig y regar e content. Wea so propose to intro uce many nove an useu eatures an reent ess campaignshighlighting importance of security and creating awareness among the masses.
Team DSA is growing. Hig y competent an committe proessiona s are joining t eMission. Circu ation is aso ga oping, t an s to iscerning rea ers rom a parts o In iaan aroun t e wor .
In the fast changing world, more so, in the emerging geo-strategic scenarios thereare t ings to earn an we reiterate our promise to sto e up your awareness o a t atimpinges on our e ence an security.
new decade, new vision
January 2010 DEFENCE AND SECURITYA ERT4
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contents
co
n
tent
s
Vol 1 Issue 4 January 2010
for on line edition o f Defence And Security Alert (DSA) log on to: www.dsalert.org
ISSUE JANUARY 2010
A R T I C L E S
F E A T U R E S
O T H E R S
ARTILLERY
buying hara-kiri 10Brig. (Retd.) Gurmeet Kanwal
MAOIST INSURGENCY
the war within 15Dr. Harsh V. Pant
DOMI NIONchinas pugnacity 22Rear Admiral (Retd.) Ravi Vohra
JIHAD
campaign ofterror: genesisand escalation 30
TERRORISM
Low-cost warfare 36Rohit Singh
MARITIME SECURITY
Indian NavyUnchart ed Mission 40Vice Admiral (Retd.) P. S. Das
NEI GHBOUR WATCH
Indo-Pak dtente?...prospects 50Maj. Gen. (Retd.)
Ramesh C. Chopra, AVSM
CENTRE N STATES
Nagaland:new overtures 60Bachaspatimayum Sunzu
MILITARY MIGHT
defence budgeting 68
GALLANTRY AWARDS
know our heroes 56
YOUNG INDIA
jaago India! 64ronen chatter
SECURITY TIPSresponding to abomb threat 66
CARTOON 79
JOKES 80
40 cover story
22
68
36
22
30 10
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dsa inbox FEEDBACK
Thank you for your letter of December 5, 2009 and for theissueof DefenceAnd
Security Alert (DSA).
I haveread theissuewith great interest and must compliment you on thequality of
thearticles. I wish you all success in taking this laudableventureforward.
Shyam Saran (Special Envoy of PM), PrimeMinisters Office, New Delhi
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Thank you for sending me three brilliant and enlightening issues of your magazine. Internal
and external security situation in the country is gri m. Corruption has become a national
pastime. DSA is providing lot of i nformation on which governments can act. I hope some
people at the top in central and state governments are perusing this magazine. I wish you every
success in your effort for making India strong and secure.
C.S. Dwivedi I.P.S (Retd.) Former Addl. Director General, C.R.P.F.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------Thanks for sending me DSA magazine. I have gone through the magazine and found it very impressive and
informative.I really want to congratulate you and your entire teamof the DSA for the excellent publication and
extend my best wishes for your future endeavours.
R. A. Goenka (Consulate of Kenya), Mumbai
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Thank you for sharing the October and November issues of your magazine Defence And
Security Alert. We will certainly visit your website to learn more about your organization and
also share the material with the UNICEF Security Officer.
Michel Saint-Lot, Chief, Hyderabad Field Office,UNICEF Office for the states of Andhra Pradesh / Karnataka
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Please refer to your letter dated 8th December 2009. The League of Arab States
Mission in New Delhi would like to thank you for sending a copy of DefenceAnd security Alert (DSA) magazine, which was perused with interest.
Amb. Ahmed Al- WahishiChief Representative, League of Arab States Mission, New Delhi @
January 2010 DEFENCE AND SECURITY A ERT8 January 2010 DEFENCE A D SECURITY ALERT
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I ndian army
The Bofors 155mm
howitzer purchase of
the mid 80s was the
mother of all scams.
But it is amazing
how successive
governments have
allowed a series
of scams to delay
by more than two
decades the acquisition
of guns that will be
needed to stop the
Chinese in their tracks
in the Himalayas. The
scamsters are doing to
Indian national securitywhat Ajmal Kasab, the
Pakistani terrorist, did
to Mumbai on 26/11.
Scamsters should be
tried for treason in
fast-track courts. If the
weapon is good, buy it.
Better still make your
own.
artillery
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artillery M DERNI ATI
The probability of the next conventional war
breaking out in the mountains is far higher than
that of a war in the plains. With this in view, the
artillery recently conceptualised requirement for a
light-weight towed howitzer of 155mm calibre for
employment in the mountains. A light-weight 39
or 45-calibre 155mm howitzer weighing less than
5,000 kg, with a light but adequately powered prime
mover, is ideal for the mountains
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artillery M DERNI ATI
In 2008, the MoD floated a Request for Proposal
(RfP) for 140 pieces of ultra-light 39-calibre 155mm
towed howitzers and invited UKs BAE Systems for
the M777 howitzer and Singapore Technologies for
the Pegasus SLWH. However, in June 2009, Singapore
Technology, was blacklisted for its suspected
involvement in an Ordnance Factory Board scam. This
is a new setback to artillery modernisation plans
maoist insurgency
Afer decades o dithering, the Centre and the twenty statesaicted by the Maoist menace must implement a coordinatedtwo-pronged strategy o military operations against its armedcadres complemented by a programme o simultaneousdevelopment. It is time to expose the intellectual vacuity o anideology that destroys inrastructure as a pre-requisite or itsown brand o supremacy o the proletariat.
THE
WITHIN
AR
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Te writer teaches in Kings College, London and is presently a Visiting Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, USA.
It is indeed surprising because India has been rather ruthlessin fighting other challenges to its internal security, be it inJammu and Kashmir or in the North East where all kinds ofinsurgencies have challenged the might of the Indian State andthe Indian State has never been diffident in responding in kind
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Rear Admiral (Retd.)Ravi Vohra
Like many things Chinesethe timing of the current stateof confrontation withIndiais a bit of a mystery. The clues mayie on the far horizon not in theborder issue which is an excuse, not thecause.Pakistanspredicament with thejihadis, the creation of
which the Chinese are equallyresponsible for giving Islamabad the nuclearweaponsfrom behind which theterroristscould operate in JammuandKashmir. Besides, India is not about to hand over the umbilical relationshipwithBuddhismto the godless and its stand on theDalai Lamais inwelcome contrast to the rest of the kowtowing world.Indiamust be prepared for
another 1962to giveas good as it gets.
CHINASpugnacity
dominion BELLIGERENCE
anuary I January 2010 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT 23
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Sea frontChina is extending its reach southwards to
America does not want to upset the number two economic power of the world
especially when its own economy is wobbling. Whether US efforts to contain
China east of Malacca would succeed is a moot question. But this is no long term
assurance that Indias interests would not get compromised. India would simply
have to look after itself
dominion BELLIGERENCE
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dominion BELLIGERENCE
The Chinese have thus
mastered the art ofduplicity. One level
blows hot and another
level blows cold. We
should never take their
insults and accusations
as a matter of routine
but must give it back
to them as good as
they dish out
Satellite picture of western Tibet Xinjiang highway
No matter which side India looks to whether north towards Tibet and off late
Nepal, east towards Bangladesh or Myanmar or west to Pakistan it seems to bump
into China. This is because both countries want to establish their own spheres of
influence in the region which are beginning to cross each other
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Modern infrastructure along the Indo-China borders for movement of troops and material for rapid deployment is required.
dominion BELLIGERENCE
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j ihad M DI PERANDI
To be able to defeat
terrorism of any kindit is necessary toidentify the cruciblein which it has germinated; decrypt its
genes and look for locations where its
spores may have been disseminated. As
these words suggest it is as difficult as
looking for microbes under a scanner.
But it has to be done,methodically andclinically.
a oy r s na ar
genesis and
campaignof
t er r o r :
ESCALATIONanuary 2010 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT30 January 2010 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT 1
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j ihad M DI PERANDI
Trainings by the CIA (some in US based camps),ISI and Royal Saudi Intelligence had created a new
breed of faith-warriors - jihadis. Maos and Guevarasideological tactics were replaced by religiousfervour and faith which instilled the theory
of inevitability of success of jihadagainst the jahil, kafir and
Dar-ul-Harbenemies
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low-costSUICIDE BOMBERS
Suicide terrorismis distinct fromguerrilla warfare.Jihadhas noreligious or political
sanction and thatis why when itsmentors resort tosuicide terrorism itcomes into directconflict with itsown milieu. That iswhat is happeningin Pakistan. Forsuicide terrorismto have long-termpolitical effect itwill have to convertitself to conventionalwarfare mode. Inthe meantime thenation-State candevelop its counter-measures andspectacular suicidestrikes will bringdiminishing returnsas is happening in
Jammu and Kashmir.
warfareRohit Singh
terrorism
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terrorism
Contrary to
perception, a suicide
bomber is by and
large not a volunteer.
There is a deliberate
selection process
conducted under
the parameters
of commitmentto religion, desire
for revenge, belief
in cause and
fearlessness. The
selection is done by
a religious teacher
where the bomber is
imbibing education
A study of the lives of 25 human bombs who had
blown themselves in the period 2002-2005 showedthat none of them came from the elite class; they
were all from the lower middle class and middle classfamilies. A poor family background was a common
thread in all of them
SUICIDE BOMBERS
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maritime security ARADI M
Vice Admiral (Retd.)
P. S. Das
I N D I A N
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maritime security ARADI M
On 19th November, a week before the attack, Indian Intelligence Agenciesintercepted telephone conversations indicating that a vessel carryingterrorists had sailed from Karachi and was in a position about 50 miles southwest of that port. Two earlier reports from different agencies, in May andSeptember, had indicated that something big was being planned by Pakistanbased Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT) terrorists and specifically the Taj and otherhotels located on the sea front could be targeted
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There is need to bring all aspects of maritime security in thecountry under one common superior authority; presently,they are diffused and without accountability. Unity ofcommand, an essential prerequisite to effective counter-terrorism, has not been instituted. Proposals to set up aMaritime Security Agency at an appropriately high level havegot lost once again in the turf wars which are endemic to ourcorridors of power.
maritime security PARADIGM SHIFT
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maritime security PARADIGM S
China is not yet on the scene but given the pace ofits naval modernization, energy interests and quiteclearly articulated goals, it is inevitable that it willseek to be an IO player before long; its involvementin development of ports in Pakistan, Myanmar andSri Lanka, which might later be available for use byits ships as base facilities, is a harbinger of whatcould lie ahead
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maritime security ARADI M
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Maj. Gen. (Retd.)
Ramesh C. Chopra, AVSM
neighbour watch TRUST DEFICIT
INDO-PAK
NS C S
ven the most cynical will haveto admit that in spite of theterrorist attack on Mumbai on2 India has not escalatedtensions along the internationalborder with Pakistan or along theLine of Control unlike OperationParakaram deployment after theattack on the Indian Parliament.This was deliberate policy. Infact there have been troopreductions in ammu and ashmir.If Pakistan also takes manifestpro-peace steps, the possibilitiesof good neighbourly relations andcollaboration are endless.
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neighbour watch TRU DEFI I
Another suggestion in the military field is that India
and Pakistan could, to start with, undertake coordinated
patrolling on the LOC, gradually upgrade to joint
patrolling and eventually, operations a la Bhutan along
the Assam-Bhutan border against the UL A, where the
Bhutanese Army launched strikes and the I ndian Army
sealed the border; this, of course, assumes a high level
of trust against the mutual enemy, terrorists
Indias PM displayed political will and recently once again e tended the hand of
friendship to Pakistan and made an offer of engagement proclaiming that his
Government is ready to talk to anyone for peace and stability in and no
conditions are being laid but wants Pakistan to demonstrate some positive action
to encourage India to restart the stalled peace process
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neighbour watch TRU DEFI I
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gallantry awards MAHA VI R CHAKRA - ARMY
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HEROESThe Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) established on 26th January, 1950 is the second highest Indian military
decoration and is awarded for acts of extra ordinary gallantry and bravery in war on land, at sea or in theair. The medal is circular and is made of standard silver. Embossed on the obverse is a five pointed heraldicstar with circular center-piece bearing the gilded State emblem in the center. The words Maha Vira Chakraare embossed in Devanagari and English on the reverse with two lotus flowers in the middle.
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lutes
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141 MAJ DHARAM VIR SINGH 8 GDRS REP. DAY 1972
142 COL UDAISINGH 8 GR REP. DAY 1972
143 LT COL SUKHJ IT SINGH SCINDE HORSE REP. DAY 1972
144 A/COMDT RAM KRISHNA WADHWA (P*) 31 BN BSF REP. DAY 1972
145 BRIG SANT SINGH SIKH LI REP. DAY 1972
146 BRIG HARDEV SINGH KLER, AVSM SIGS REP. DAY 1972
147 BRIG GDRS REP. DAY 1972
148 LT COL VED PRAKASH GHAI (P*) 16 MADRAS REP. DAY 1972
149 CAPT SHANKAR SHANKHAPAN WALKAR (P) 18 MADRAS REP. DAY 1972
150 HAV BIR BAHADUR PUN 5/1 GR REP. DAY 1972
151 HAV THOMAS PHILIPOSE 16 MADRAS REP. DAY 1972
152 L/NK SHANGARA SINGH (P*) 2 SIKH REP. DAY 1972
153 LT COL VED PARAKASH AIRY 3 GDRS REP. DAY 1972
154 LT COL RAJ MOHAN VOHRA 4 HORSE REP. DAY 1972
155 LT COL HANUT SINGH 17 HORSE REP. DAY 1972
156 MAJ AMARJ IT SINGH BAL 17 HORSE REP. DAY 1972
157 BRIG J OGINDER SINGH BAKSHI J AT REP. DAY 1972
158 SEP ANSUYA PRASAD (P*) 10 MAHAR REP. DAY 1972
159 BRIG ARUN SHRIDHAR VAIDYA, AVSM 9 HORSE REP. DAY 1972
160 CAPT DEVINDER SINGH AHLAWAT (P*) 10 DOGRA REP. DAY 1972
161 LT COL SHAMSHER SINGH 8 GUARDS IND. DAY 1972
162 MAJ VIJ AY KUMAR BERRY 4 PARA IND. DAY 1972
163 BRIG ANAND SARUP 8 GR IND. DAY 1972
164 NK SUGAN SINGH (P*) 7 RAJ RIF IND. DAY 1972
165 BRIG KAILAS PRASAD PANDE ARTY IND. DAY 1972
166 LT COL NARINDER SINGH SANDHU 10 DOGRA IND. DAY 1972
167 LT COL ARUN BHIMRAO HAROLIBAR 4/5 GR IND. DAY 1972
168 BRIG MANJ IT SINGH INF REP. DAY 1988
169 LT COL INDER BAL SINGH SINGH BAWA 4/5 GR REP. DAY 1988
170 MAJ PS GANAPATHY 8 MAHAR REP. DAY 1988
171 MAJ KRISHNAGOPAL CHATTERJ EE 3/4 GR REP. DAY 1988
172 SUB SANSAR CHAND J AK LI REP. DAY 1988
173 L/HAV NAR BAHADUR ALE 4 GR REP. DAY 1988
174 NK PREM BAHADUR GURUNG 4 GR REP. DAY 1988
175 CAPT PRATAP SINGH (P*) 75 MED REGT REP. DAY 1989
176 COL VIJ AY KUMAR BAKSHI (P*) 6/8 GR REP. DAY 1989
177 2/LT RAJ EEV SANDHU (P*) 7ASSAM REP. DAY 1989
178 MAJ SONAM WANGCHUK ASSAM IND. DAY 1999
179 MAJ VIVEK GUPTA (P*) 2 RAJ RIF IND. DAY 1999
180 MAJ RAJ ESH SINGH ADHIKARI (P*) MECH INF, 18 GDRS IND. DAY 1999
181 MAJ PADMAPANI ACHARYA (P*) 2 RAJ RIF IND. DAY 1999
182 CAPT ANUJ NAYYAR (P*) 17 J AT IND. DAY 1999
183 CAPT NEIKEZHAKUO KENGURUSE (P*) ASC, 2 RAJ RIF IND. DAY 1999
184 LT KEISHING CLIFFORD NONGRUM (P*) 12 J AK LI IND. DAY 1999
185 LT BALWAN SINGH 18 GDRS IND. DAY 1999
186 NK DIGENDRA KUMAR 2 RAJ RIF IND. DAY 1999
187 SEP IMLIAKUM AO 2 NAGA RD- 2000
188 CAPT GURJ INDER SINGH SURI (P*) AOC IND. DAY 2000
ANTHONY HEROLD EDWARD MICHIGAN
gallantry awards MAHA VI R CHAKRA - ARMY
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centre n states ENTENTE?
There appears tobe a realizationon all sides of theNaga conundrumthat things cannotbe allowed tocontinue as
they have beenover the past0 years. The
Centre sees in thesituation a greaterpossibility offoreign instigationand involvementand the variousfactions of theNaga insurgencyrealize that the
current stateof brigandage,e tortion andinternecinewarfare is doingtheir cause nogood.
Bachaspatimayum Sunzu
n tu
NA
GAL
AND
An NSCN(IM) cadre standing guard at a designated camp.
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The idea is to arrive at a solution with a united Naga front instead of only a
single militant outfit so that the possibility of a repudiation of any agreement
by other armed groups is minimized as it had happened with the Shillong
Accord ( 5)
Council HQs of NSCN(IM) named Hebron Camp near Dimapur in Nagaland which is a designated camp.
centre n states ENTENTE?
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young india RISE N SHINE
A CLARION CALL
aag In ia Ronen Chatterjee
The
real waris not a ga inst crime
and terrorism, but to
bring ab out change
in our thinking , our values,
our systems so tha t morecriminals and terrorists are not
bred in oursociety.
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security t ips BOMB THREAT
RESPONDING TO A
BOMB THREATsweta sehgal
Treat all threat calls as important.Just because statistics suggest that most of the bomb-threats are hoax, itdoes not give us any room for complacency.
A your p ones must ave ca er ID system.Having a facility for automatic recording of calls is not a bad idea. robabilityof being caught is the biggest deterrent for any prankster. Let youremployees / workers / students know that you have state of the art machinestted at your central phone console. It helps.
Instruct all personnel, especially those at thetelephone switchboard,in what to do if a bomb-threat is received. A calm response to the bombthreat caller could result in obtaining additional in ormation. This isespecially true if the caller is a genuine one and wishes to avoid injuries ordeaths. If told that the building is occupied or cannot be evacuated in time,the caller may be willing to give more specific information on the bomb'slocation, components, or method of detonation.
The bomb threat caller is the best source of information aboutthe bomb.
Keep t e ca er on t e ine as ong as possi e.
As im / er to repeat t e message.
or spo en y e person.
not in icate t e ocation o t e om or t e time o possi e
im / er or t is in ormation.
a e u ng s occupe an e eona on o a om
ea or ser ous n ury o many nnocen peope.
Pay particuar attention to ac groun noises, suc a
moors runnng, musc pay ng, an any o er no se
w c may gve a c ue as o e oca on o e ca er.
Listen c osey to t e voice mae, emae , voice quaity
cam, excite , accents an speec impe iments.
Remain available. Cooperate witas ey see ea s rom you.
A ter a t is process is in your interest an aso in t e interest o your ami y an society
an o course arger interest o country's security.
When a written threat is received, save a maer as, nc u ng anyenveope or conaner.
Once t e message is recognize as a om t reat, urt er unnecessary an ing s ou e
avo e .
Every possible effort must be made to retain evidence such as fingerprints, handwriting
or typewriting, paper an posta mar s.
ese w prove ep u an essen a n racng e rea an en y ng e wr er.
e ca er angs up, report
on esgnae y
managemen o receve suc n orma on.
Report t e in ormation imme iatey to t e poi
ever n a you w e ca e an aarms .
Remember every call is true,unless proven otherwise.
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military might FUNCTIONAL COSTING
Dr. Pankaj Jha
India has longyearned for
jointedness inthe military, forcommonalityin equipmentthat wouldresult in cost-effective solutionsto threatsconfronting thenation.
Programmebudgeting, bywhich the threatis identifiedand the means
to eliminate itare strategisedbefore fundsare released, isbeing posited as asolution. But thereare pros and thenthere are cons.
NC
IN
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PhasesThe complete cycle of PPBS consists of fourphases:
milit ary might FUNCTIONAL COSTING
Programme budgeting or functional costing, is a means of identifying the functions of
defence forces and the costs of these functions so that those who have to decide on new
projects will have much more information than in the past about the relative costs and
defence effectiveness of alternative force arrangements and various weapon systems
The scheme simply encourages decision-Robert McNamara
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milit ary might FUNCTIONAL COSTING
The lack of information
for choosing between
competing policies on the
basis of the effectiveness
of e penditures in
this early form of
performance-oriented
budgeting is identified
by the World Bank as
a significant factor in
the shift to programme
budgeting
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cartoon
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