ds/ reducing vs non-reducing α ( d) glucopyranosyl 1 2 fructofuranoside β ( d) galactopyranosyl 1...
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DS/ Reducing vs non-reducing
α (D) glucopyranosyl 1 2 fructofuranoside
β (D) galactopyranosyl 1 4 glucopyranose
Sucrose Lactose
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Amylose amylopectin glycogen
cellulose
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DS that are formed by the linkage of sugars derivatives
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Definition and properties:Definition and properties:
*They are composed of *They are composed of many sugar residues. many sugar residues.
*All are nonreducing.*All are nonreducing.
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
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PS/Different classification.
1- Branched vs linear 1- Branched vs linear polysaccharides.polysaccharides.
ExampleExample: amylose, inulin, and : amylose, inulin, and amylopectin, glycogenamylopectin, glycogen
2- Sturctural vs storage 2- Sturctural vs storage polysaccharides.polysaccharides.
ExampleExample: Cellulose, pectin and : Cellulose, pectin and glycogen, inulin. glycogen, inulin.
3- Homo vs hetero polysaccharides.3- Homo vs hetero polysaccharides.
Example:Example: Amylon, cellulose and Amylon, cellulose and glycosaminoglycanes glycosaminoglycanes. .
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PS/ linear vs BranchedPS/ linear vs Branched Amylose Amylopectin / Glycogen
BranchedBranchedlinearlinear
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Structural vs storage
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Other Structural Other Structural PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Alginates - Ca-binding polymers in Alginates - Ca-binding polymers in algae algae
Agarose and agaropectin - and agaropectin - galactose polymers
Glycosaminoglycans - repeating Glycosaminoglycans - repeating disaccharides with amino sugars and disaccharides with amino sugars and negative chargesnegative charges
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Dextrans
If you change the main linkages between If you change the main linkages between glucose from glucose from alpha(1,4)alpha(1,4) to to alpha(1,6)alpha(1,6),, you you get a new family of polysaccharides - get a new family of polysaccharides - dextrans dextrans
Branches can be (1,2), (1,3), or (1,4) Branches can be (1,2), (1,3), or (1,4) Dextrans formed by bacteria are
components of dental plaque Cross-linked Cross-linked dextrans are used as are used as
""Sephadex" gels in column " gels in column chromatography chromatography
These gels are up to 98% water! These gels are up to 98% water!
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PS/Homo vs PS/Homo vs HeteropolysaccharideHeteropolysaccharide
Amylose, inulin, and Amylose, inulin, and amylopectin, glycogen, Cellulose amylopectin, glycogen, Cellulose
Chitin - exoskeletons of Chitin - exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects and crustaceans, insects and spiders, and cell walls of fungi spiders, and cell walls of fungi
Similar to cellulose, but Similar to cellulose, but C-2s are N-acetyl
Cellulose strands are parallel, Cellulose strands are parallel, chitins can be parallel or chitins can be parallel or antiparallel antiparallel
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Hetero PS Hetero PS (Glycosaminoglucans)(Glycosaminoglucans)
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(GAG+ peptide)
Glycoproteins vs Glycoproteins vs ProteoglycansProteoglycans
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Two main classes of ECM molecules:
a) Glycosaminoglycansmostly proteoglycans
polysaccharide chains - glycosaminoglycans, GAGs, covalently bound to proteins
highly hydrated, porous, gels
b) fibrous proteins (embedded in the above gel)
structural (collagen, elastin)
strengthen the ECM
adhesive (fibronectin, laminin)
attach cells to the appropriate part of ECM
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Polysaccharides/ PeptidoglycanesPolysaccharides/ Peptidoglycanes
Gram positive bacteria
Gram Negative bacteria
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GlycoproteinsGlycoproteins
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Glycolipids (Crebroside, Ganglioside)
Glycolipids Vs Glycolipids Vs LipopolysaccharidesLipopolysaccharides
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Relative swetness & Relative swetness & Artificial sweetnersArtificial sweetners
Relative sweetness of sugar
Sucrose: 100Sucrose: 100 Glc: 70Glc: 70 Fru:170Fru:170 Mal: 30Mal: 30 Lac: 16Lac: 16
Relative sweetness of Artificial sweetners• Cyclamate: 3, Cyclamate: 3, 000000• Aspartam: 20, Aspartam: 20, 000 000 • Saccarin: 40, Saccarin: 40, 000000• Monilin: 400, Monilin: 400, 000000
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Different ways for qualitative and Different ways for qualitative and quantitative identification of quantitative identification of
sugarssugarsCrystal formation(Osazones)Crystal formation(Osazones) Furfral and hydroxy furfural reaction Furfral and hydroxy furfural reaction
with cyclic alcohol.with cyclic alcohol. Iodine Iodine EnzymaticEnzymatic GlucokinaseGlucokinase
HexokinaseHexokinase Oxidative and reductive reactions: Oxidative and reductive reactions:
BenedictBenedict
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Benedict: An assay for Benedict: An assay for sugarssugars
Cu+Cu2+