drivers, regs, and economics - rmwea · 2015. 3. 19. · a resource on dpr including information...
TRANSCRIPT
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Direct Potable Reuse
Drivers, Regs, and Economics
John Rehring, P.E.
RMWEA/RMSAWWA JTAC Luncheon
Denver, CO | March 19, 2015
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Potable Reuse
DPR
Indirect Potable Reuse
Environmental Buffer
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Drivers for DPR
Regulatory Approaches
DPR Economics
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DPR is Getting “Closer to Home”
Cloudcroft
Big Spring Brownwood
Wichita Falls
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The U.S. Drought Monitor is jointly produced by the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Map courtesy of NDMC-UNL.
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Texas Reservoir Levels as of March 2015
WaterDataForTexas.org
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Water Sustainability Risk Index due to climate change in 2050 (Roy et al., 2012)
Climate models: By 2050…• Southwest will become more hot, more dry
• Snowpack dynamics and “storage” will change
• Extended droughts with intense precipitation events and variability
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• “Goals and Measurable Outcomes”– “…reaching enhanced levels of
municipal conservation and reuse.”– “…continue to make the most efficient
use of their supplies.”– “…water reuse and conservation is a
critical component of meeting future water needs.”
“…conservation and reuse will help address Colorado’s growing
demands while upholding our Water Values.”
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Perspectives are Quickly Evolving on Augmenting Potable Supplies with Purified Water
“…could significantly increase the nation’s total available
water resources.”National Research Council – 2012
“…a solution of last resort…”National Research Council – 1998
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CA Medical Association
supports potable reuse
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Why is POTABLE Reuse Attractive Here?
Landscape Irrigation
Other nonpotable uses
IPR – Surface water augmentation
IPR – Groundwater augmentation
Direct potable reuse
Seasonal
Year-round
Year-round• Drought-resistant• Local• Lower energy• Uses existing infrastructure• Cost-effective
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DPR Initiative: Focused research
• CA legislative mandate to investigate DPR criteria by 2016
• > $6M pledged in support of DPR research
• $4.5M on 26 projects to date
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Drivers for DPR
Regulatory Approaches
DPR Economics
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What are our primary risks with DPR?
Acute • Pathogens
Chronic • Trace Organic Compounds
…plus all the MCLs (of course!)
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Potable Reuse: A Whole New Set of Challenges
Trace Organic Compounds
Pathogens
Monitoring & Treatment
Technologies
Reliability & Redundancy NWRI-NSF Direct Potable Reuse
Treatment Workshop (July 2014):
The CWA and SDWA were not intended to be used for DPR.
CWA + SDWA = IPR
CWA + SDWA = DPR
Non-Potable Reuse: Mitigate Risk by Avoiding Ingestion
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How do we address the “gap”?
Clean Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
DPR Regs
How do we transform raw wastewater into a suitable “raw water” for potable supply?
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Case Study: Trace Organic Concentrations vs. Human Health BenchmarksCompound WRF Effluent After O3/BAF At 30% blend
1,7‐Dimethylxanthine
4‐tert‐Octylphenol
Acesulfame‐K Food additive. Human health benchmark not defined.
Amoxicillin
Atenolol
Atrazine
Butalbital Human health benchmark unknown.
Caffeine
Carbamazepine
Carisoprodol Human health benchmark unknown.
Cotinine… and so on …
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Existing Regulations Define Safe Drinking Water for “Regulated” Compounds and Pathogens…Severely impaired High quality
sewageWWTPeffluent
Defined:10-4 risk
drinking water
site-specificquality
site-specificquality
?-raw water-?
…but not how to “get there.”
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Regulatory Approaches to DPR
Severely impaired High quality
sewageWWTPeffluent
Defined:10-4 risk
drinking water
TCEQ Approach (8V/6G/5.5C)
California / WRRF Approach (12V/10G/10C)
site-specificquality
site-specificquality
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Monitoring technology limits options
“Magic Meter”
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Failure response time becomes critical with potable reuse
Sampling Interval
Sample TAT
SystemReaction
time
Identify Failure
Failure Response Time
Respond
Repeat for each combination of:(1) process, (2) pathogen, and (3) monitoring method
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IPR vs. DPR: Natural vs. engineered buffers
Long RRTspossible(months)
Shorter RRTsrequired
(hours – days)
Response Retention Time (RRT)Treatment / Attenuation
Perception
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How do we Compensate for Reduced RRT?
Long RRTspossible(months)
Shorter RRTsrequired
(hours – days)
Accurate monitoring to detect failureAdditional (redundant) treatment
Sufficient storage to test WQ ahead of potable use
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The Range of Potential RRTs is HUGE
Response Retention Time (= Storage Volume)
Monitoring Complexity “Monitoring Focused”
– RRT < 1 hour– Online sensors
for monitoring “Storage Focused” – RRT in months– Conventional
monitoring
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For an Engineered Storage Buffer… Bigger is Not Always Better!
More response time
Reduced monitoring
Stored water quality
Water lost in process upset
MORE is better!
LESS is better!
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DPR Failure Mitigation Alternatives
Diversion of off-spec water
• Monitoring & failure response is critical
“Stand-by” process redundancy
• Monitoring & failure response is critical
“Duty” process redundancy
• Monitoring & failure response is still important but less central
eliabilityR
edundancyR
obustnessR
esilienceR
The Four Rs of Potable Reuse Pecson, Trussell, Pisarenko, and Trussell – JAWWA March 2015
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Monitoring study at Big Spring is assessing new monitoring tools with potential regulatory benefits
Microfiltration UVSecondary
Effluent
H2O2
<20% blend
To drinking water plants
Moss Creek Lake
E.V. Spence Pipeline
RO concentrate
Reverse Osmosis
Raw Water Production Facility
Particle Counts for MF Integrity
Trasar® for RO Integrity Chloramines
for UV dose
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Evolving approach provides more credit for advanced monitoring
MF RO UV/H2O2 Cl2
Process Monitoring Method
Credits Awarded FailureResponse
TimeV P B
MF Pressure decay -- 4 3 24+ hours
RO EC 2 2 2 minutes
UV/H2O2 sensors 6 6 6 minutes
Cl2 Online residual 6 0 6 minutes
Totals 14 12 17 24+ hours
Goals 12 10 9
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MF RO UV/H2O2 Cl2
Process Monitoring Method
Credits Awarded FailureResponse
TimeV P B
MF Pressure decay -- 4 3 24+ hours
RO EC 2 2 2 minutes
UV/H2O2 UV sensors 6 6 6 minutes
Cl2 Online residual 6 0 6 minutes
Totals 14 8 14 minutes
Goals 12 10 9
Evolving approach provides more credit for advanced monitoring
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MF RO UV/H2O2 Cl2
Process Monitoring Method
Credits Awarded FailureResponse
TimeV P B
MF Pressure decay -- 4 3 24+ hours
RO Trasar® 4 4 4 minutes
UV/H2O2 UV sensors 6 6 6 minutes
Cl2 Online residual 6 0 6 minutes
Totals 16 10 17 minutes
Goals 12 10 9
Evolving approach provides more credit for advanced monitoring
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DPR Projects are Informing the Regulatory Process
CRMWD new “Raw Water” has:• Minimal trace pollutants• No detected virus or
protozoa• Very low DBPFP
after RO
Cloudcroft process-intensive approach• Above and beyond the
log removal targets• Strong reliability and
redundancy• Operationally complex
and challenging
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Regulation of DPR in Texas
• “Public Drinking Water”Innovative/alternate treatment clause:“Any treatment process that does not have specific design requirements in 290.42(a) – (f) of this title.”
• Case-by-case approval– Treatment requirements based on
pathogen log reduction credits– Pilot or “full scale verification” required
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California’s IPR Regs: Groundwater Replenishment
• Filtered, disinfected tertiary water
• 12/10/10 log reduction for enteric virus, Giardia, and Crypto
• Total N <10 mg/L• Others < MCL or AL
≥ 5:1 Groundwater:
Recycled Water
Surface water augmentation ≈ GW injection
• RO for injection systems• Virus credit for every 1
month in aquifer storage
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Path Toward National Guidelines
• No National Guidelines or Regulations Exist• Many States and Considering Their Own Approaches
(TX, CA, OK, NM)• Substantial database of information available for
common benefit.
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Path Toward National Guidelines
• Document issues important for developing DPR guidelines
• Overview of topics important in DPR implementation
Purpose
• Public health protection• Multiple barriers• Treatment technologies• WQ & performance
monitoring• Operation management
Focus
• Utility and agency staff• Regulators• Water professionals
interested in DPR
Audience
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Anticipated Outcomes
A resource on DPR including information and expert judgment• Source of information on the protection of public health for DPR• Review the factors and topics related to implementing DPR
Address the need the for potable reuse guidelines• Provide direction and criteria to ensure DPR quality and safety
1
2
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Drivers for DPR
Regulatory Approaches
DPR Economics
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NPR vs IPR/DPR:Which set of pipes carries more water?
36”
3 @ 16”3 @ 12”3 @ 6” 1 @ 36”
~$1.5Mto move 25 mgd one mile
~$4.3Mto move 25 mgd one mile
plus existing potable infrastructure
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IPR vs. DPR:
Sometimes IPR = WTW*
* Well-traveled water
WRF
WTP
WTPIPR
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0 * Well-traveled water
WRF
WTP
2 miles
• Drought-resistant• Local• Lower energy• Uses existing infrastructure• Cost-effective
IPR vs. DPR:
Sometimes IPR = WTW*
DPR
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What are our options for cost-effective treatment to meet these goals?
a.k.a… can we achieve the desired removals
without reverse osmosis?
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Define “Performance Parameters”
Parameter Removal Goal
MicrobialVirus (MS-2 bacteriophage) > 12-logProtozoa (Cryptosporidium) > 10-logBacteria (Total Coliform) > 9-log
ChemicalTrace Organic Compounds < 1 ug/L
Estradiol Equivalency (EEQ) < 5 ng/L
N-nitrosodimethylamine NDMA) < 10 ng/L
Step 1
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Define Preferred Combinations
Envi
ronm
enta
l Buf
fers
(opt
iona
l)
Step 2
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Work Through the Excel Interface for Results
DRAFTCA-style FAT for IPR
Step 3
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Key Takeaways: What the Future Holds
Progress will be a function of…Provider Interest
Scarcity / Options
Technology & Costs
Public Acceptance
• Potable reuse is a game-changer for our industry
• Regs are being driven by projects and “demand”
• DPR drives a need for new monitoring technologies and a focus on response times
• Applied research is paving the way for understanding treatment options, treatment goals, and operational guidance