driverless cars and their impact on productivity and
TRANSCRIPT
CopenhagenBusinessSchool-2016
Driverlesscarsandtheirimpactonproductivityandefficiency
Anexperimentcarriedoutwithfoodinspectorsatthe
DanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration
By
MortenEmsholmKjær
Master’sthesissubmittedforthedegreeofMScinBusinessAdministrationandInformationManagement
Cand.merc.(it.)Handedin:April1st2016
(Pages:71,Characters:152.829)
Thesissupervisor:KimNormannAndersen,Professor,PhDDepartmentofITManagement,CopenhagenBusinessSchool
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Abstract Introduction:Driverlesscarswillenterthemarketplacewithinthenext10-20years.Numerousstudiesand
articleshavepredictedtheeffectsofautonomouscarstobeprofound.Inadditiontofeweraccidentsand
better utilization of the carpool, many researchers and authors project that driverless cars will lead to
productivity increase and an increase in quality of life. Instead of steering a car, people can use the
transportationtimeproductively,e.g.executingworktasksthatcanbeperformedinacar.Whilethemacro-
economiceffectssoundverypromising,verylittleresearchhasbeenmadeonthemicro-levelandanumber
ofquestionsareunanswered:Willpeoplebeworkingorrelaxing?Willpeoplebeabletoworkorwillthey
experiencemotionsickness?Howproductivewilltheybewhiletransported?
TheDanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration(DVFA)(Fødevarestyrelsen)hasapprox.300foodinspectors
acrossthecountryvisitingcompaniesproducingorsellingfood.Normallythefoodinspectorsdriveincarsto
visitthesecompaniesandtherebyspendmanyhoursbehindthesteeringwheel.Inadditiontothevisits,the
foodinspectorwritereports,readuponnewregulations,communicatewithcolleaguesetc.Therefore,the
foodinspectorsattheDVFAareoptimalcandidatesforexploringthepotentialofincreasingtheproductivity
whenintroducingdriverlesscars.
Method:Toexplorethepotentialofahigherproductivity,5foodinspectorsfromtheDVFAareparticipating
inanexperiment.Theexperimentincludesbeingtransportedinasimulatedautonomouscarduringafull
workdaywithanexperimenteractingasaninvisibledriver.
Thefoodinspectorsaregivenfullprovisionoverthecar,andcanbetakenanywhere,includingtheirhomes,
during a working day. The inspectors will be observed during all transportation rides and will fill out a
questionnaire after each trip. At the end of each experiment day, the participating food inspector is
interviewed.Theobservations,questionnairesandinterviewsareusedtodeterminewhatactivitiesisbeing
conductedinthecar.
Results: Five experiments were conducted and the results showed that the food inspectors spent the
majority (approx. 87 %) of the transportation time for work-related activities, including preparing for
upcomingvisits,processingacompletedvisitandotherwork-relatedactivities.As2outof5foodinspectors
alreadymakeandanswerphonecallswhendrivingthemselves,amoreconservative50%conversionisalso
proposed.
Conclusion:Mostof theactivitiesperformed in theautonomouscarwouldhave tobedoneby the food
inspectorsatadifferenttime.Assuch,theefficiencyincreasedupto5,3%allowingforapotentialreduction
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of up to 16 food inspectors. The driverless car also provided the opportunity for the food inspectors to
prepareandprocessaninspectionimmediatelybeforeandafteravisitpotentiallyincreasingthequalityof
the visit and the following inspection report. Furthermore, the autonomous car allowed for immediate
responseandfullconcentrationduringphoneconversationswithcolleagues.Thisledtoapotentialincrease
in productivity as a result of inspections of higher quality. Converting 50% - 87% of the hours used for
transportation in 2015 into work-related activities is equivalent to having an additional 10-17 FTE food
inspectors(3,2%–5,6%).
Fromtheresearch,thefollowinghypothesisisproposed:
A largeamountof transportation time ina driverless car canbeused forwork-relatedactivities,
potentiallyleadingtoanincreaseinproductivity,efficiencyoramixofboth.
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Vocabulary Driverless car: A car operating without human driver intervention
Autonomous car: See Driverless car
Self-driving car: See Driverless car
Passenger: A person being transported
Transportee: See Passenger
Food inspector: Employee at Fødevarestyrelsen conducting regular visits at food companies in
Denmark, making sure they follow rules and guidelines relating to producing and selling food.
FTE: Full-time equivalent
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Preface Thisthesisistheculminationof2yearsofstudiesattheBusinessAdministrationandInformationSystems
programme (cand.merc.(it.))atCopenhagenBusinessSchool.Thecand.merc.(it.)programmebuildsupon
threepillars;business,organizationandinformationtechnology.Thethesisrepresentsaworkloadof30ECTS
points.Theresearchdoneinthisthesiscanbeseenasacontinuationofthefollowingcourses:
StrategyMakinginGlobalEnvironments(1stsemester).ThiscourseexaminedhowInformationTechnology
(IT)cancontributetoefficiency,effectivenessandinnovationinanorganization.Oneofthekeyissuesinthe
course was how to use IT and information management for creating new and more effective business
processes.Whileself-drivingcarsdoesnotfallwithintheclassicaldefinitionofIT, it isaresultofyearsof
researchanddevelopmentwithintheITandautomotiveindustriesandthisthesisshowshowdriverlesscars
cansimilarlycontributetotheefficiency.
Information,EconomicsandBusiness(2ndsemester).Oneofthelearninggoalsofthiscoursewastomake
studentsabletodevelopandpresentconcretesolutionstomarketproblemsandadvisefirmsabouthowto
dealwithinformationtechnologychallengesandopportunities.Thislearninggoaliscentraltothisthesisin
identifyingtheopportunitiesprovidedbyautonomouscartechnology.Inaddition,thecourseintroducedthe
bookTheSecondMachineAgeandthechessboardanalogy.Thisanalogyillustratesthepowerofexponential
growth in relation to the development within the technology industry, made famous by Moore’s Law
(Brynjolfson&McAfee, 2014). The rapid development of artificial intelligence and patternmatching has
evolvedtoastatewherefieldsearlierbelievedtobeimpossibleformachinestodo,suddenlyhavecome
closetoreality.Oneexampleofthisaredriverlesscars.
TheRobotArmadaiscoming(3rdsemester)
Thiscoursegaveanintroductiontorobotictechnologies,artificialintelligence(AI)andprovideddiscussion
pointsforthebusinessstrengthsandweaknessesforthetechnologies.Experimentsfromthiscourseisused
asinspirationtotheexperimentconductedinthisthesis.Inaddition,TheSecondMachineAgeprovideda
basisfordiscussion,includingautonomouscars.
Inthisthesiscomma(,)isusedasdecimalseparatorandbaselinedot(.)isusedasthousandsmarkers.
Assuch1,234shouldbeinterpretedas“1point234”.
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1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................9
1.1 Theaimoftheresearch.............................................................................................................9
1.2 Delimitationsoftheresearch....................................................................................................9
1.3 Experiment..............................................................................................................................10
1.4 Structure.................................................................................................................................11
2 Background........................................................................................................................13
2.1 AutonomousCarsStateoftheUnion.......................................................................................13
2.2 Concludingremarksonbackground.........................................................................................19
3 Delimitationoftheresearch...............................................................................................21
3.1 Previousresearch....................................................................................................................21
3.2 Theaimoftheresearch...........................................................................................................23
3.3 TheDanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration.....................................................................24
3.4 Definitionofproductivity........................................................................................................25
3.5 Resistancetochange...............................................................................................................26
3.6 Researchquestion...................................................................................................................26
3.7 Concludingremarksonproblemscoping.................................................................................26
4 ResearchDesign.................................................................................................................27
4.1 ExploratoryResearch..............................................................................................................27
4.2 Experiment..............................................................................................................................28
4.3 Simulatedexperiment.............................................................................................................30
4.4 Measuringtheexperiment......................................................................................................33
4.5 Datatriangulation...................................................................................................................35
4.6 Baseline..................................................................................................................................35
4.7 Durationandparticipants........................................................................................................36
4.8 Concludingremarksonresearchdesign...................................................................................38
5 Results...............................................................................................................................39
5.1 Maria......................................................................................................................................39
5.2 NannaandKnud......................................................................................................................43
5.3 Bente......................................................................................................................................46
5.4 Stine........................................................................................................................................47
5.5 Puk..........................................................................................................................................50
5.6 Concludingremarksonresults.................................................................................................53
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6 Discussion..........................................................................................................................54
6.1 Validityoftheresults..............................................................................................................54
6.2 PotentialBenefits....................................................................................................................59
6.3 Concludingremarksonthediscussion.....................................................................................65
7 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................67
7.1 Suggestionsforfurtherresearch..............................................................................................68
8 Reflections.........................................................................................................................69
8.1 Potentialbenefitsofdriverlesscarsinothercompanies..........................................................69
8.2 Generalcommuteandworkinghoursindriverlesscars...........................................................69
8.3 Inversecommuting..................................................................................................................69
8.4 Competingtechnologies..........................................................................................................70
8.5 TheSecondMachineAge.........................................................................................................70
8.6 Autonomouscarsdonotexistyet...........................................................................................71
9 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................72
10 Appendices.....................................................................................................................78
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1 Introduction Driverlesscarsarepartofthefuture.ExistingcarcompaniessuchasVolvo,Mercedes,BMW,Ford,Honda,
GeneralMotorsandTeslaareallexploringwaystoincludeautonomousdrivingtechnologyintotheircars
(Volvo,2016)(Taylor,2015)(Adams,2015)(Stoll,2016)(Ford,2016)(Isaac,2016)(Voelcker,2016).Google
hasalreadyloggedmorethan1,4millionmilesintheirfleetofprototypeself-drivingvehicles(GoogleSelf-
drivingReport,2016).Uberhassetuparesearchcentrededicatedtoautonomousdriving(Isaac,2015)and
LyfthasformedapartnershipwithGeneralMotorstohelpdevelopdriverlesscars(Isaac,2016).Byoffering
driverlesstransportation,UberandLyftwillbeabletolowerthepriceoftheirtransportationservices.The
work by start-ups such as Cruise Automation and George Hotz illustrate that autonomous technology
developmentisnotconfinedtobigcompanieswithlargeresearchbudgets,butitachievablebymuchsmaller
teams (Gannes, 2014) (Vance, 2015). Based on these industry observations, fully self-driving cars are
estimatedtobeonthemarketwithinthenext10-20yearsatpricepointsmakingthemavailabletomostcar
drivers.
1.1 The aim of the research
Althoughdriverlesscarsarebelievedtoeliminatetheneedformanytypesofjobs,researchers,governments
andjournalistsareallpraisingthepositiveimplicationsofself-drivingcars;feweraccidents,lesscongestion
ontheroadsandincreasedproductivity(Bartl,2015)(Litman,2015)(Parker,2015)(Bamonte,2013)(Walker,
2014).Whiletheauthorofthisthesissharetheexcitementofsuchafuture,especiallythepremiseofamore
productivesociety isbasedontheassumption thatpeoplewillactuallytranslatetransportationtimeinto
workrelatedactivitiesandtherebyproductiveactivities.However,accordingtotheknowledgeoftheauthor,
noexperimentsprovingthisphenomenonhavebeenconducted.
Theaimoftheresearchistochallengetheassumptionandexplorewhatwillhappenwhenpeoplearebeing
transportedinadriverlesscaraspartoftheirjob.Willtheyactuallydoproductiveactivities,thusverifying
theassumption?Aretheyspendingthetripscheckingtheirsocialnetworks?Willtheyexperiencemotion
sickness?Throughacarefullydesignedexperiment,thisthesiswillattempttoanswerthesequestions.
1.2 Delimitations of the research TheDanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration(DVFA)isemployingapproximately300FTEfoodinspectors
(Appendix1)Oneoftheirmainresponsibilitiesistoconductinspectionsofcompaniessellingorproducing
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foodinDenmark(TheDVFA,2015).The300FTEfoodinspectorsconducted62.792foodinspectionvisitsin
2015. Related to these visits, approx. 33.300 hours were spent on transportation during work hours
(Appendix1).Inmostcases,thefoodinspectorstransportedthemselvestothefoodcompanies’locations
usingacar,providedbytheDVFAortheirown.Ontopofthis,inspectorsspendtimecommuting,oftenin
theirowncar.
Beyond the actual inspections, the visits must be prepared beforehand and processed afterwards. In
addition,thefoodinspectorsmustregularlybeupdatedonnewregulations,communicatewithcolleagues,
attendcourses,etc.Manyoftheseactivitiescouldpotentiallybeconductedwhilebeingtransportedinacar.
Asaresult,thefoodinspectorsattheDVFAareidealcandidatesforexploringhowdriverlesscarswillaffect
productivityandefficiencyofworkerswithcar-drivingaspartoftheirjob.
Thisleadstothefollowingresearchquestion:
“HowwilldriverlesscarsaffectproductivityandefficiencyoffoodinspectorsattheDanishVeterinary
andFoodAdministration?”
This thesis is not investigating the technology behind autonomous cars. Instead it explores how future
technologymightimpactproductivityandefficiencyinanorganization.Thetechnologyisnotyetavailable,
legislationandregulationsareincomplete,andthepricepointsofthecarsandtheirusearestillunknown.
Assuch,thestudywillnotprovidemanagerialrecommendationsorpreciseeconomiccalculations.Instead,
the thesis can be perceived as a feasibility study (Hughes & Cotterell, 2006), investigating whether
autonomouscarsareworthfurtherconsiderationsinrelationtoproductivityincreaseforcertaintypesofjob
beforeandwhendriverlesscarsenterthemarket.
1.3 Experiment Inaninductiveexploratoryapproach,anexperimentisdesignedtoinvestigatetheresearchquestion.The
experimentisinspiredbylaboratoryresearchatUniversityofBritishColumbia(Young&Cormier,2014)and
MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) (Conner-Simons, 2014) as well as field
experiments by Henrik Schärfe (Schärfe& Abildgaard, 2012). A real driverless car is unavailable for this
research. However, recognizing that the area of interest is not how the car drives, but what the food
inspectorsaredoingwhentheyarerelievedfromdriving,theexperiment isconductedusingasimulated
autonomouscar.
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Over the courseof5experimentationdays, anexperimenterwill act asan invisibledriver controllingan
autonomouscarduringanentireworkdayfor5differentfoodinspectors.Thefoodinspectorsaretoldto
ignorethepersonbehindthesteeringwheelandimaginebeinginarealdriverlesscar.Thefoodinspectors
arenotallowedtotalktothedriver,expectforissuinginstructions,suchas“TakemetoaddressX”or“Turn
upthevolumeontheradio”.ASkodaOctaviaisusedforalltheexperimentationdays.Theexperimentsetup
canbeseeninPicture1.
Picture1–Experimenteractingasdriverinthesimulateddriverlesscar(left)andfoodInspectorworkinginthecar(right)
Theexperimentstartsandendsonthehomeaddressofthefoodinspectors’.Inthisway,thecommuteis
includedintheresearch.Tocreateanillusionofthedrivernotbeingpresentinthecar,theexperimenteris
wearing headphones. In addition, to mimic the potential experience of a real self-driving car, the
experimenterwilltrytodrivethecarsmoothlyandavoidunnecessaryaccelerationsandde-accelerations.
Thefoodinspectorsarepredictedtovisit3-5companies(Appendix11).Aftereachtrip,thefoodinspector
willansweraquestionnairepre-filledwithpotentialactivities.Duringrides,theexperimenterwillobserve
thefoodinspectorandattheendoftheday,thefoodinspectorswillbeinterviewed.Datafromthethree
datacollectionmethodsarecombinedandformstheresults.
1.4 Structure The thesis is structured in the following way: In the next chapter, the current state of publicly known
developmentswithinautonomouscartechnologyisreported.Fromthis,abaselineunderstandingofhow
far away self-driving cars are fromentering themarketplace is formed. Following is a chapter lookingat
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previous research within the area autonomous vehicles. This previous research is used to identify
opportunitiesforresearchcontributions,whichleadstotheresearchquestion.Inchapter4,anexperiment
intendedtoanswertheresearchquestionisdesigned.Scopeanddurationoftheexperimentisdetermined
aswellasmethodsof collectingdata.Chapter5presents the results fromtheexperiment followedbya
chapter where the results are discussed. This includes considering the validity of the experiments and
potentialbenefits for the food inspectorsand theDVFA.Aconclusion is reached inchapter7alongwith
suggestionsforfutureresearch.Finally,thelastchapterincludesreflectionsonthefindingsandhowthey
canbeseeninabroadercontext.
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2 Background Thepurposeofthischapteristoestablishadefinitionofaself-drivingcarandprovideanoverviewofthe
developmentswithin autonomous car technology.Anumberof companies and start-ups in the field are
introduced. At the end of the chapter, the reader should have gained an understanding of the eminent
emergenceofdriverlesscarsonpublicroadsandwhyitisimportanttodoresearchontheimplicationsof
autonomouscars.
2.1 Autonomous Cars State of the Union The following section is a snapshot of the development of autonomous technology inMarch 2016. The
resourcesinvestedinthisfieldarenumerousandmanymajorandupcomingplayershaveaninterestinthe
field.Asaresult,thissectionislikelytobeout-datedbynewpublicationsandannouncementswithinweeks
fromthepublicationdate.Inaddition,thelistisnotexhaustive,butprovidesanoverview.Furthermore,this
sectionincludesanestimationofhowfarself-drivingcarsarefromenteringthemarketbasedonthecurrent
developments.
2.1.1 Definition of a driverless car
Theworddriverlesssetsthetoneforwhatadriverlesscaris;namelyacarwithoutadriver.Self-drivingis
similarlyself-explanatory;avehiclethatcandriveitself.Bothtermswillbeusedinthisthesis.Usuallyhumans
drivecarsandahumanuseseyesandearstoobservethetrafficandhandsandlegstocontrolthevehicle.
Thedrivingskillsarebasedonknowledgeofthetrafficrulesandpriordrivingexperience.
Butwhataboutadriverlesscar?Asanexample,aprototypedriverlesscardevelopedbythecompanyGoogle
hasanarrayofdifferenttypesofsensorsinsteadofeyes.(Hood,2014).ItincludesaLidar,whichisaspecial
sensorthatuses32or64laserstobuilda3Dmapofthesurroundingsatupto200meters,astandardcamera,
ultrasonicsensors,GPS,altimeters,gyroscopeanda tachometer, thatmeasures therotationof thedrive
shaft(Hood,2014).Combined,thesesensorsgivethecarahighlypreciseunderstandingofthesurroundings
includingothervehicles,pedestrians,trafficlightandmore.Thedatafromthesesensorsareinterpretedby
softwarerunningonacomputerinsidethevehicle.Thesoftwareusesacombinationofpatternmatching
andpre-implemented rules (what-if) toautonomously control thecar,hence thenameautonomouscar.
(wiseGEEK, 2016) (whatIS.com, 2016). The passenger or transportee only controls the final destination
(wiseGEEK,2016).
TheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation'sNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)hasdefined
5levelsofvehicleautomation(U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,2013).Level0carshavenoautomation
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andLevel1-2onlyrelatestocarswithsimpledriver-assistantsystems.Theydonotqualifyasself-driving
vehiclesandarenotofinteresttothisresearch.CarswithLevel3and4aredefinedashavinglimitedorfull
self-drivingautomationwiththefollowingexplanations(U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,2013):
• LimitedSelf-DrivingAutomation(Level3):Vehiclesatthislevelofautomationenablethedriverto
cedefullcontrolofallsafety-criticalfunctionsundercertaintrafficorenvironmentalconditionsand
inthoseconditionstorelyheavilyonthevehicletomonitorforchangesinthoseconditionsrequiring
transitionbacktodrivercontrol.Thedriver isexpectedtobeavailableforoccasionalcontrol,but
with sufficiently comfortable transition time.TheGooglecar isanexampleof limitedself-driving
automation.
• FullSelf-DrivingAutomation(Level4):Thevehicleisdesignedtoperformallsafety-criticaldriving
functionsandmonitorroadwayconditionsforanentiretrip.Suchadesignanticipatesthatthedriver
willprovidedestinationornavigationinput,but isnotexpectedtobeavailableforcontrolatany
timeduringthetrip.Thisincludesbothoccupiedandunoccupiedvehicles.
AsthedescriptionsofLevel3and4imply,carswiththeseautomationlevelsareself-drivingatleastunder
certainconditions,meaningthedriverisabletocedefullcontrolofsafety-criticalfunctions.Inorderwords,
thedriverisabletofocusonsomethingelsethantheroadandsteeringofthecar.Itcanbedebatedwhether
cars with Level 3 qualifies as true self-driving vehicles, when the driver is expected to be available for
occasional control (note the word driver). It depends on the definition of occasional. There is a great
differencebetweenafewtimesoneverytripversusonceevery10thtrip.
Inthisthesis,onlycarswithfullself-drivingautomation(level4)areconsidereddriverlesscars.
2.1.2 Tesla
TeslaisanAmericancarcompanyproducingpureelectricvehicles(TeslaMotors,2016).Adistinctivefeature
ofTesla’scarsistheregularsoftwareupdatesdownloadedtocarsthathavealreadybeensoldanddelivered.
With Software Update 7.0 Tesla has enabled what the company calls Auto Pilot for vehicles with the
necessaryhardwaresensorsbuilt-in(Voelcker,2016).AsstatedbytheCEOElonMusk,theupdatedoesnot
makethecarsself-driving,andrequiresthedrivertokeephandsonthesteeringwheel.However,Muskis
quoted:
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“Fromatechnologystandpoint[...]Teslawillhaveacarthatcandofullautonomyinaboutthree
years,maybeabitsooner.[...]fromthatpoint,togetregulatoryapprovalforfullautonomywillvary
byjurisdiction,anywherefromanotheryeartomaybeseveralyears.”(Voelcker,2016).
Tesla’sgo-to-marketstrategyforautonomoustechnologyisincremental.Thecompany’scarsareequipped
with sensors from the factory, andareupgradable through softwareupdates. In SoftwareUpdate7.1, a
featurecalledSummonwasreleased,allowingaTeslaModelSandModelXtobesummoned(withouta
driver)onprivateproperty(TheTeslaMotorsTeam,2016).Whilethesummonfeatureisonlyallowedon
privatepropertyforthetimebeing,thecarisineffectaLevel4carwithinthosephysicalbounds,requiring
nohumaninteractionwhilebeingsummoned.
2.1.3 Volvo
VolvoCarCorporationisaSwedishcarcompanybasedinGothenburg.Thecompanyhasinvestedheavilyin
self-drivingtechnologyandplanstoprovide100self-drivingcarstoreal-worldcustomersby2017(Volvo,
2016).Accordingtothecompany,itwillbetheworldsfirstlarge-scaletestprojectofautonomouscarsand
isapartnershipbetweenVolvoCarGroup, theSwedishTransportAdministration, theSwedishTransport
Agency, Lindholmen Science Park and the City of Gothenburg. The project is endorsed by the Swedish
Government(Volvo,2016).WhileVolvohasnotpubliclyannouncedadateformarketreadinessofdriverless
cars,thecompanyhasstated,thatthetechnologyiscrucialinhelpingreachitsgoal;thatnobodyshouldbe
killedorinjuredinanewVolvoby2020(Volvo,2016).
2.1.4 Other car companies
Manyothercarcompaniesarealsoengagedinthedevelopmentsofdriverlesstechnology.
• InAugust2013,Mercedes-BenzdevelopedanS-class limousinewhichdrovebetweenMannheim
and Pforzheim without driver input and the company is considering to set up large fleets of
autonomouscars,offeringapremiumtransportationservice(Taylor,2015).
• BMW is trying to achieve the “ultimate drivingmachines” and the next logical step is driverless
technology(Adams,2015).
• TheJapanesecarcompany,HondaMotorCo.inMarch2016announceditisimplementingit’smost
advancedself-drivingfeaturesintotheirentry-levelHondaCivic.WhilenotaLevel4car,itcandrive
itselfautonomouslyonhighways(Stoll,2016).
• InJanuary2016Fordannouncedatriplingofitstest-fleetoffullyautonomousvehiclesto30tobe
testedontheroadsofCalifornia,ArizonaandMichigan.(Ford,2016)AccordingtoRajNair,Ford’s
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Executive Vice President, Global Product Development, the company is committed to make
autonomouscarsavailabletomillionsofpeople.
2.1.5 General Motors and Lyft
LyftisanAmericancompanyofferingtransportationthroughthetapofabuttonintheirmobileapp(Lyft,
2016).Today,realpeopleareprovidingthetransportationserviceusingtheirprivatecars,butinDecember
2015Lyft receivedanstrategic investment fromGeneralMotors (GM)withtheaimofdevelopinganon-
demandnetworkofself-drivingcars(Isaac,2016).JohnZimmer,presidentofLyftsaidthefollowingwhen
theinvestmentwasannounced:
“We strongly believe that autonomous vehicle go-to-market strategy is through a network, not
throughindividualcarownership,”(Isaac,2016).
Thefactthatthesetwocompanieshaveformedapartnershipisinteresting,astheirbusinessmodelsdonot
seemtobecompatible.Intheory,driverlesscarsofferedthroughanon-demandnetwork(transportation-
as-a-service)willincreasetheutilizationofindividualcars,thusreducingtheneedforregularpeopletoown
a car (Isaac, 2016). As Detroit-based GM sells cars to regular people, this seems contradicting (General
MotorsInc.,2016).However,DanielAmmann,presidentofGeneralMotorshassaid:
“FromaG.M.perspective,weviewthisasmuchmoreofanopportunitythanathreat”(Isaac,2016).
This comment isbackedupby theactionsofGM toacquire the start-up,CruiseAutomation (Primack&
Korosec,2016).CruiseAutomationisdescribedlaterinthechapter.
Whileitmightseemodd,thatGMissupportingthetransport-as-a-servicebusinessmodel,Ammannexplains
thatGMintendstobepartofthechangingbusinessmodelsinthetransportationmarket,andthatthecore
profitdriverforGMaresportutilityvehiclessoldoutsidetheareascurrentlyservedbyLyft(Isaac,2016).In
addition, whether offered through private ownership or transport-as-a-service, driverless cars have the
potential to increasethetotaldemandfortransportation,asmanyofthehurdlesassociatedwithdriving
disappear(Litman,2015).Thus it ispossiblethatthedemandforcarswillbehigh,evenwithadominant
transportation-as-a-servicemodel.
2.1.1 Uber
Uberis, likeLyft,offeringtransportation-as-a-servicethroughtheirapp.Atthelatestinvestmentroundin
2015,Uberbecamethemostvaluableprivatelyheldcompany(O'Brien,2015),thusbecomingaformidable
forceinthetransportationindustry.Asoneoftheworld'sleadingon-demandtransportationservices,Uber
isactivelyinvestinginrobotictechnology,andthecompanyhasannouncedplanstoopenaresearchcentre
inajointventurewithCarnegieMellonUniversity.Thecentre,namedUberAdvancedTechnologiesCenter,
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willdeveloptechnologyforuseinself-drivingvehicles(Isaac,2015).TheCEOofUberTravisKalanickisquoted
saying:
"ThereasonUbercouldbeexpensiveisbecauseyou'renotjustpayingforthecar—you'repayingfor
theotherdudeinthecar"(Newton,2014).
Kalanickisimplying,thatofferingself-drivingcarsandremovingthedriverfromthecarwillmaketheservice
lessexpensive.Insomecases,Uberisalreadyoncost-paritywithowningacarforpeopleintheUSwhodrive
lessthan9.481milesperyear(theaveragemilesperyearforanAmericandriveris13.476)(Hill,2014)
Byintroducingself-drivingcars intothefleet,Uberis likelytoachievecost-parityonevenmoremilesper
year,approachingorexceedingtheaveragetransportationneedsformostAmericans.Suchascenariowould
reallycreatedemandfordriverlesstransportation,thusbenefittingUber.Becauseofthis,LyftandUberboth
havestrongincentivesfordevelopingautonomouscars.
2.1.2 Google
Theinternetcompany,Googlehasbeenactivelyinvolvedinthedevelopmentofautonomouscartechnology
since2010,withthegoaltocreateandhelpbringtomarketaLevel4vehicle(GoogleFAQ,2016).Google
initiallyretrofittedsensorsandotherhardwareontotraditionalcars,but in2014thecompanyunveileda
vehicle,builtupfromthegroundtobeautonomous.TheGooglefleetofself-drivingcarshasloggedmore
than 1,4 million miles across California and Texas. (Google Self-driving Report, 2016). Chris Urmson, a
companyexecutivehassaid,thatGoogleistakingmeasurestospeeduptheeffortofbringingtheself-driving
carstomarketby2020,withtheaimofworkingwithexistingcarcompanies(White&Lienert,2015)The
companyin2016planstospinoutoftheself-drivingcarorganization(Lippert&Clark,2015),emphasizing
thefocusanddeterminationofbringingthedriverlesstechnologytomarket.AsofMay2015,sixyearsinto
theproject,theGooglecarshavebeeninvolvedin12minoraccidents,withnonecausedbytheself-driving
cars(GoogleSelf-DrivingCarProjectMonthlyReport,2015).However,onFebruary142016,thefirstaccident
causedbyanautonomousGooglewasreported(GoogleReportFebruary,2016).Whilethetechnologydoes
notpreventaccidentscompletely,accordingtoastudybyVirginiaTech,theaccidentsrateofself-drivingcars
(3.2permillionmiles)isalreadylowerthanthenationalrateintheUS(4.2permillionmiles)(Blanco,etal.,
2016).Andasthetechnologyprogressesthenumberofrelativeaccidentsforautonomouscarsarelikelyto
keepdecreasing.
Basedonthestateofself-drivingtechnologiesandtheresourcesatGoogle,itseemslikelythatthecompany
willsucceedinbringingautonomouscarstomarketwithinaconservative10-yeartimespan.WhetherGoogle
willsellthecarsthemselves,providetransportation-as-a-serviceoroffertheself-drivingtechnologyforother
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car companies, as it has donewith Android is too early to tell. But one thing is fairly sure; Googlewill
somehowbringdriverlesscarstothemarketsoon.
2.1.3 George Hotz
George Hotz is a 26-year-old computer programmer from San Francisco. He is building a self-driving kit
consistingofoff-the-shelvestechnologiessuchas$13cameramodulestobeplacedaroundthecar,Artificial
Intelligence(AI)softwarerunningonaregularpcandalaser-basedradar(lidar)tobepositionedontheroof
(Vance,2015).VideosofGeorge´sHondaAcuraretrofittedwithautonomouscapabilitiescanalreadybeseen
onlineandthegoalistoofferthekitfor$1000(Vance,2015).GeorgeHotzhasattractedtheattentionfrom
amajorautosupplierandfromNvidia,acompanymakinggraphicprocessingunits.Further,Hotzhaslanded
an undisclosed investment from Andreessen Horowitz (Tilley, 2016). While the project is still far from
production-ready,itillustratesatleasttwothings:Firstly,manyofthebuildingblocksforautonomouscars
suchascamerasandcomputingequipmentareof-the-shelvescomponentsavailableat smallprices.And
althougha lidar currently costs$8000 (Velodyne,2016), theprice is likely todecreaseas the technology
improves.Secondly,withthesepricepoints,itbecomespossibleforasingle-personorsmallcompaniesto
competeinthefieldofdriverlesstechnology,potentiallydrivingdowncostsandincreasingspeedtomarket.
2.1.4 Cruise Automation
CruiseAutomation isa small company that currentlyproducesanaftermarketkit forAudi cars,enabling
autonomousdriveonhighways intheSanFranciscoBayArea(Gannes,2014).Thecompanysees itasan
incremental step towardsa fully self-driving car. The8-personcompany received seed investments from
YCombinatorandwasinMarchacquiredbyGeneralMotorsformorethan$1billion(Primack&Korosec,
2016).SimilartoGeorgeHotz,CruiseAutomationisabletocompeteinthespaceofself-drivingtechnology
assensorsandcomputersarecheaplyavailable.
2.1.5 Policy
On January 14th, 2016 US Transportation Secretary, Anthony Foxx, announced a $4 billion plan to help
manufacturersandtechcompaniesdevelopsafe,automatedvehiclesinthenexttenyearswithreal-world
pilotprojects.Aspartoftheannouncementthefollowingstatementwasreleased(Lufkin,2016):
“Weareonthecuspofanewerainautomotivetechnologywithenormouspotentialtosavelives(…)
and transformmobility for theAmericanpeople. Today’sactionsand thosewewill pursue in the
comingmonthswillprovidethefoundationandthepathforwardformanufacturers,stateofficials,
andconsumerstousenewtechnologiesandachievetheirfullsafetypotential.”
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Theannouncementhighlightshowtheambitiontodevelopthetechnologybehindself-drivingtechnologies
issharedbytheUSGovernment,andthatitwillhelppushthetechnologyforward.InthepresidentialState
of TheUnion, 2016,Obamaevenhinted autonomous carswhenhe talked about building a 21st century
transportationsystem(Walker,2016).
AsanindicationofprogressatthefederallevelintheUS,theNHTSAinFebruary2016greenlightedGoogle’s
self-drivingcartobeconsideredadriver,withouttheneedforahumanpresenceinthecar(Shepardson&
Lienert,2016).Whilemanylegalquestionsstillremainunanswered,bothatthefederalandstatelevel,the
announcement by the NHTSA is believed to streamline the legal process required to bring autonomous
vehiclestoAmericanroads(Shepardson&Lienert,2016).
AlsoinEurope,politiciansarehelpingpushforwardthedriverlesstechnologies.IntheUKnationalbudget
for 2015, £100millionwas dedicated for autonomous vehicle development (Parker, 2015). The Swedish
governmentisworkingwithVolvoasmentioned,andinGermany,thetransportministerin2015createda
committeetoeventuallyestablishalegalframeworktohelpbringdriverlesscartoGermanroads.
Asafinalnote,inatalkin2015bythepresidentialadvisortopresidentObamaonrobotictechnology,Henrik
Christensen,indicatedthatallmajorcarcompanieswillhavedriverlesscarswithin6years.Furthermore,he
indicatesthatafteranadditional5moreyears,manualdrivingwillbemadeillegal(Christensen,2015).
2.2 Concluding remarks on background Thebackgroundonlyoffersanoverviewoftheon-goingdevelopments.However,itisclearthatdriverless
vehicle development is beingdriven forwardonmultiple fronts. Existing car corporations are competing
againsteachothertobethe firstandbest tooffercompellingself-drivingcars.Technology firmssuchas
Googleareenteringthefieldwithinnovatesolutions.TransportationcompaniessuchasUberandLyftare
pushingveryhard tobringautonomouscars tomarket,as ithas thepotential to lower thecostof their
services.Andnewplayers,suchasGeorgeHotzandCruiseAutomationshowthatthetechnologiesneeded
arealreadyaccessibleforsmallerplayers.Inaddition,law-makersintheUSandEuropearenotstandingstill,
astheyaredefininglegalframeworksandinvestingmoneyintothearea.
Whilenopreciseestimatecanbemadeonwhenautonomouscarswillenterthemarket,itseemsreasonable
tobelieve thatwithina conservative10-20years, level4 carswill available for customers.Asa resultof
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innovationandcompetitiveforces,thepriceofdriverlesscarsisexpectedtobethesameoronlymarginally
moreexpensivethanregularcarsaretoday.Furthermore,transportationservicessuchasUberandLyftoffer
the potential of better utilization and thus lower prices per kilometre compared to traditional cars. The
potentialimplicationswillbeevenlowerpricesforaccesstoautonomoustransportationservices,pushing
thetechnologyforwardtobecomemainstream.
Whetheratimespanof10-20yearsseemstobenearorfarawaydependsontheperspective.Ononehand,
childrenthatareborntodaywillbegrownupafter20years.Thatmakesitseemlikeadistantfuture.Onthe
otherhand,theiPhonewasonlyintroduced9yearsagoin2007(Apple,2007).Manythingshavehappened
sincethen.Morerelevantisittolookatlargeinfrastructureprojects.Considerthedurationofmajorauto-
relatedinfrastructureprojectsinDenmark:
• TheexpansionofHelsingørmotorvejen(highway):February2010–H22016(Schmidt,2010)(The
DanishRoadDirectorate,2016).
• TheexpansionofKøgeBugtMotorvejen(highway):October2010to2018(Schmidt,2010)(The
DanishRoadDirectorate,2016).
• København-Ringsted Jernbanen (railway): February 2010 - ultimo 2018 (Schmidt, 2010)
(Banedanmark,2016).
• MetroCityringeninCopenhagen(metro):2005–2019(Metroselskabet,2016).
Asthetimelinesoftheseprojectsindicate,theimplicationsofautonomouscarsshouldbeconsiderednow.
Thenextchapterwilllookintoexistingresearchandformulatearesearchquestion.
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3 Delimitation of the research Inthischapter,previousresearchonautonomouscarsisintroduced.Theaimoftheresearchisdefinedand
acasecompanyisintroduced,leadingtotheformulationofaresearchquestionthatwillbethemainfocus
ofthisthesis.
3.1 Previous research Withanoverviewoftheon-goingdevelopmentsinthemarketplace,atthispointitisinterestingtotakea
lookatpreviousresearch.Thesearchcriteriaforpreviousresearcharebasedonthekeywordsthatrelateto
self-drivingcars:autonomous,self-driving,driverless.Whilethefieldofautonomouscarsarerelativelynew,
afewstudieshavealreadybeencarriedout.
Bartl(2015)offersanoverviewoftheUSannualsavingsfromhavingautonomouscars.Bartlclaimsthatfrom
areducednumberofaccidentsalone,theUSeconomywillsave$563billion.Inaddition,lessuseoffuel,
lesscongestionontheroadsduetomoreefficientdriving,aswellasbetteruseoftransportationtimebrings
thetotalto$1.3trillioninannualsavingsfortheUSeconomy(Bartl,2015).
Litman(2015)exploreschangestothecoststructuresforcarownerswiththeadventofautonomouscars.
Litmanexpectsthatself-drivingcarswillincreasethetotalnumberofmilesbeingdriven,asitenablespeople
tomakemore and longer trips. Furthermore, utilization of the roads and each car will increase due to
potential car sharing and transport-as-a-service. Litman (2015) however argues that the technology is
expensive,anddespitepotentialcostreductionsasaresultofmass-production,ahighlevelofmaintenance
isrequiredtomakesurecriticalcomponentsworkaccordingtoregulations,whichwilladdtothetotalcosts.
Parker(2015)hasadifferentopinionandenvisionsanear-utopiansocietywithdriverlesscars,wherepeople
are lessstressedandmoreproductiveastheycanwork intheircars.Parker(2015)believes inascenario
wheretransportation-as-a-servicewillleadtobetterutilizationofcars,andtherebyfewercarsonthestreets,
leadingtolesscongestion.Parkerexplainsthatdespiteaccelerateddemandfortransportation,theoverall
costwilldecrease.InParker’sopinion,driverlesscarswillalsoreducethecostoftransportationofgoods,
therebyincreasingonlineshopping.Anegativeeffectofautonomouscarsisthereducedneedforcommercial
drivers,aswellasinsuranceunderwriters,traumadoctorsandnurses,autorepairshopsetc.Nonetheless,
theoverallsocietywillbecomemoreeffectiveandproductive.
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Bamonte(2013)arguesthathighwayauthoritiesneedtorespondtothedevelopmentofautonomouscars
and base decisions related to future transportation infrastructure projects on the fact, that people will
embrace self-driving technology. Bamonte (2013) also argues that self-driving cars will lead to greater
productivity,as currentdriversare relieved fromdrivingandcan insteadspend their timeonproductive
measures.Inaddition,Bamonteargues,thatgeneralqualityoflifewill increaseforpeoplecommuting,as
theyno longerhavetodothemonotonetaskofdriving.Astheautonomoustechnologybecomeswidely
adopted,morepeoplewillbeabletoparticipateinthework-forceastheoverallmobility increasesasan
effectofthegreaterjoyofbeingtransportedinanautonomouscar.
Ozimek(2014)hasmadeestimationsontimesaving,whendriverlesscarswillletpeopleperformothertasks
thandriving.Dependingontheamountoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities,heforecastbetween$99
billion and $500 billion will be added to the U.S. economy. In the calculations, Ozimek uses the US
DepartmentofTransportationaveragevalueoftransportationtimeat$12.98perhour.
Walker (2014)hasmadea similar forecaston theU.Seconomy.According tohim,autonomous carswill
contribute$507billiononayearlybasis,aspeopleareabletoworkwhilecommuting.Includingsavingsfrom
reduced fuel consumption and lowed accident rates, it amounts to $1,3 trillion annually. Walker calls
driverlesscarstransformational,astheyallowpeopletodootheractivitiesinthecar.Thiswillencourage
peopletodolongercommutes,thuscreatingsprawlingsuburbs(Walker,2014).
Fagnant&Kockelman(2015),predictsthatautonomouscarsbecontributingtoincreasedsafety,traveltime
reduction,fuelefficiencyandbringparkingbenefits.Evenso,thecostofautonomouscarsisestimatedtobe
within the range of average consumers.Whenmass-produced designs are introduced, the price for the
technologytoenabledriverlesscars,couldbeaslowas$3.000andeventuallyonly$1.000-$1.500.Atthese
pricelevelsandfactoringintheaddedbenefits,thetechnologywillbeinhighdemandfrommanycostumers
(Fagnant&Kockelman,2015).
3.1.1 Assumptions in the research
Many of the conclusions in thementioned research are uplifting; falling accident rates and related cost
savings, increasedutilizationof cars, highermobility andamoreproductive society, as people canwork
instead of driving. However, common for all of these studies, is that they are build on some shared
assumptionsorwithverylittleempiricaldata;namelythatautonomouscarswillhavefeweraccidents,that
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peoplearemorewillingtobetransportedinsharedvehiclesandthatpeoplewilltranslatesomeorallof
theirtransportationtimeintoproductiveactivities.
Theassumptionabout loweraccident rates isnotwithoutmerits,and isbackedby theearlydataof the
reportsbytheGoogleself-drivingdivision(GoogleSelf-drivingReport,2016)andVirginiaTech(Blanco,etal.,
2016).Asthetechnologyadvances,theaccidentratesarelikelytodecreaseevenmore.
TheassumptionaboutsharedvehiclesistosomeextendbackedbythegrowinguseofservicessuchasUber
and car-sharing companies (Suslo, 2014). In addition, Schoettle& Sivak (2015) has done a study on the
potential forreducedownershipand increasedcarsharingforautonomouscars intheU.S.Theirstudy is
basedonsurveydatagatheredfrompeople,reportingtheirtransportationlevelswithcurrenttransportation
options. The data are then projected into a scenariowith autonomous vehicles.Whilemore research is
definitelyneededinthisarea,thestudydoesproofthatahypotheticalcar-sharingscenarioispossiblewith
driverlesscars,providingstrengthtothatassumption.
Thefinalassumptionisthatpeoplewilltranslatetransportationtimeintoproductiveactivitieswhenbeing
transportedindriverlesscars.Thisassumptionwillbethefocusofthisresearch.
Theassumptionraisesmanyquestions:Whatkindofproductiveactivities?Istheassumptionbasedonlong
trips,shorttripsorboth?Istheproductivityapartofthecommute?Willittranslateintoshorterdaysorwill
itbe inadditiontoexistingworkinghours?Whataboutmotionsickness?Theseareallquestionsthatare
importanttoanswer,beforereasoningthatdriverlesscarswillmakesocietymoreproductive.Inastudyfrom
2014,peoplefromChina,India,Japan,U.S,U.KandAustraliawereaskedwhattheythinktheywoulddoina
self-driving car instead of driving. (Schoettle & Sivak, 2014). Only between 0,7% and 16,3 % of the
respondentsindicatedtheywouldbeworking.Inadifferentstudybythesameresearchers,itisconcluded
thatmotionsicknesswillbeanissueindriverlesscars.Themainreasonsare“conflictbetweenvestibularand
visualinputs,inabilitytoanticipatethedirectionofmotion,andlackofcontroloverthedirectionofmotion”
(Sivak&Schoettle,2015).
However,noneofthesestudiesarebasedonrealexperiments.Rathertheyrelyonhypotheticalquestions
anddatasetsfromnon-autonomouscar.Asaresult,thequestionsabovearestillconsideredunanswered.
3.2 The aim of the research Theaimoftheresearchinthisthesisistoattempttoanswersomeofthesequestions.Insteadoflookingat
existing datasets and current transportation options, a real experiment will be conducted involving a
simulateddriverlesscar.Throughtheexperiment,itwillbeexploredwhatpeoplewillactuallybedoingwhen
24
theyarenolongerdrivingthemselves.Iftheexperimentrevealsapositiveassociationbetweendriverless
technologyandincreasedproductivity,thebasisfortheassumptionofamoreproductivesocietywillbetrue.
Dependingontheresults,ahypothesisexplainingthecorrelationbetweendriverlesscarsandproductivity
willbeproposed.
3.3 The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration Driverlesscarswilltheoreticallybeabletotransportanyperson,includingblindedanddisabledpeopleand
thosewithoutadriverlicense.Ineffect,thismakesanypersonapotentialresearchsubjectinfiguringoutif
autonomoustransportationwillallowforproductiveactivities.Whileitwouldbeveryinterestingtolookat
allpeople,thisthesiswillfocusonaspecificsetofpeople,whouseacaraspartoftheirworkday.
Accordingtoorderno.1004concerningcontroloffoodcompaniesandpublicationofinspectionresults,the
DanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration(DVFA)mustregularlyinspectallcompaniesproducingorselling
foodinDenmark(Fødevareministeriet,2014).Tofulfiltheseresponsibilities,theDVFAhasanumberoffood
inspectorsemployed.In2015,thenumberoffull-timeequivalent(FTE)foodinspectorswas300(Appendix
1),whointotalconducted62.792foodinspectionvisitsin2015.Theseemployeesaredistributedalloverthe
country.AsofFebruary2016,theDVFAhadatitsdisposal174cars(withnodriverlesstechnologies)available
forusebythefoodinspectors(Miljø-ogFødevareministeriet,2016).Whennotdrivinginacarprovidedby
theDVFA,mostfoodinspectorsdriveintheirowncardoinginspections.
Totaltimespentfortransportationrelatedtofoodinspectionisapprox.33.300hours(Appendix1).Inafew
instances the food inspectors use public transportation or bikes to reach the premises of the visited
companies,butinthemajorityofcases,thefoodinspectorsarespendingthetransportationtimedrivingthe
carsmanually.(Appendix7).Andthisnumberdoesnotincludetraveltimefromthefoodinspector'shome
tothefirstvisitandfromlastvisitbackhome,alsodefinedascommute(Appendix5).Theinspectorsoften
concentrate their inspections at specific days reserving other days for administrative work. In a typical
inspectionday, a food instructor visitsbetween3-5 companies (Appendix11). Inspectionofbig complex
establishmentstakelongertimereducingthenumberofinspectionsinaday.
Beforeeachinspectionvisit,thefoodinspectorsmustprepare.Thisincludese.g.gatheringinformationabout
thecompany,lookingupearlierinjunctions,etc.aswellassynchronizetheirlaptop.Aftereachinspection,
aninspectionreportmustbeuploaded,potentialinjunctionsandfinesmustbewrittenandtheremaybe
othertypesofprocessingrelatedtothevisit.
As the food inspectorsof theDVFA spenda significant amountof timeduring theirworkdayandduring
commutingdrivinginacar,theyrepresentanobviousgrouptobasethisresearchupon.
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3.4 Definition of productivity To narrow the scope of this research, the composition of workdays is assumed to be unchangedwhen
introducingdriverlesscarsintotheDVFA.Inotherwords,theself-drivingcarsareassumedtosimplyreplace
thecurrentcarsallelsebeingequal,meaningthenumberofvisitsanddistancesarethesame.Beforedoing
moreoftheresearch,productivitymustbedefined.
Ashe-Edmundsformulatesthisdefinitionofproductivity:(Ashe-Edmunds,2016)
“Businessesoftenmeasureproductivitybyoutputduringcomparabletimeperiods.Forexample,if
youproduce1.000unitsoneweekand1.100unitsthenext,youaremoreproductivethesecondweek.”
Inotherwords,thisdefinitionlooksatthenumberofoutputsperagiventime.RelatedtoproductivityAshe-
Edmundsdefinesefficiencyas:
“Efficiency (…) include creating output with less waste, using fewer resources or spending less
money.”
AnotherdefinitionofproductivityisgivenbyKoch(2015):
“Productivityisdeterminedbylookingattheproductionobtained(effectiveness)versustheinvested
effortinordertoachievetheresult(efficiency);inotherwords,ifwecanachievemorewithlesseffort,
productivityincreases.”
Heretwomorewordsareintroduced;effectivenessandefficiency.OnthesetermsKoch(2015)elaborates:
“Effectivenessisdeterminedbycomparingwhataprocessorinstallationcanproducewithwhatthey
actuallyproduce”
and
“Efficiency is determined by the amount of time, money, and energy – i.e. resources – that are
necessarytoobtaincertainresults”
Bythisdefinition,effectivenessistherealizationofatheoreticaloutput,whereasefficiencyrelatestothe
amountofresourcesneededtoproduceacertainoutput.Forthisresearch,effectivenessisnottheareaof
focusasitrelatestoacomparisonbetweenactualandoutputandthetheoreticaloutput.
Thetermsproductivityandefficiencyhowever,areverycentraltothisresearch.Anincreaseinproductivity
forfoodinspectorswouldmeananincreaseintheiroutput.Onewaytolookattheiroutputistomeasure
their number inspections visits. However, the visits themselves are not the real purpose of the food
26
inspectionunits.Rather,theyareameantoensurethegoal,thatcompaniesfollowfoodtherules,thereby
increasingfoodsafetyandminimizethenumberofpeoplegettingsickfromfood(Fødevarestyrelsen,2016).
Itcanbeassumedthatanincreaseinthequalityoftheinspectionswillhelpbetterreachthisgoal.Thus,an
increaseinqualityoftheinspectionsisalsoconsideredaproductivityincreaseinthiscontext.
Anincreaseinefficiencywouldmeantheoutputrelatedtoinspectionvisitsisconstantincludingnumbers
andquality,butachievedinlessoveralltime.Atthispoint,itisnotcleariftheintroductionofdriverlesscars
willimpactproductivity,efficiencyorboth.Assuch,theimpactonbothmustbeexamined.
3.5 Resistance to change Beforeformulatingaresearchquestion,theeaseofwhichpeopleadoptnewtechnologymustbeconsidered.
Aretheadvantagesofself-drivingcartechnologysoobvious,thatcurrentdriversarewillingtoadoptit?If
not,shouldthewillingnessandcapabilitiesofadoptingthetechnologybethemainfocusinstead?Inatest
donebyGoogle,evenscepticalcar-lovingpeopleendupwantingthistechnology(Urmson,2015). Inaddition,
assumingself-drivingcarsaremeetingtherequiredsafetyregulationsandareprovidingacomfortableriding
experience,thelowestlevelofadoptionbythefoodinspectorswillbeequivalenttotakingataxibetween
eachvisit. That said, the taxi shouldalwaysbeavailablewithina shortperiodof time.No imagination is
requiredtoconclude,thatthefoodinspectorswilladoptthis.ThemoreinterestingquestionisHOWself-
drivingcarswillaffectafoodinspector’swork.Thisleadtothefollowingresearchquestion:
3.6 Research question “HowwilldriverlesscarsaffectproductivityandefficiencyoffoodinspectorsattheDanishVeterinary
andFoodAdministration?”
3.7 Concluding remarks on problem scoping In this chapter,previous researchhasbeen reviewed.Acommonassumptionwas identifiedacrossmost
research;namelythatautonomouscarswillleadtomoreproductivesocieties.Thisassumptionischallenged.
TheDVFAischosenasacasecompany,astheyhaveapprox.300FTEfoodinspectorsregularlyvisitingfood
companiesbycar.Productivityisexpandedtoalsoincludeefficiencyandaresearchquestionisformulated.
Thenextsectionwilldescribehowtheresearchquestioncanbeanswered.
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4 Research Design Themotivationforthischapteristodefinearesearchdesignindentedtoanswertheresearchquestion.The
chapterwillcoverthemethodofreasoningandintroduceExploratoryResearchtothereader.Thisleadsto
thedecisiontoconducta fieldexperiment inspiredbyother researcherswithin the fieldof robotics.The
experimentisdesignedandfinallydatacollectiontoolsarecovered.
4.1 Exploratory Research As mentioned, much of the exisiting research on driverless cars assumes a conversion of previous
unproductivetimebehindthesteeringwheelintoproductiveactivities.Apossiblemethodofreasoning,isto
perceivetheassumptionasatheoryandthentestthistheoryinaconfirmatorydeductivestudy.However,
the assumption is not based on empirical evidence, it is not fully explained, and raisesmany questions.
Therefore,itcannotbeconsideredatheory.Withnoformulatedtheory,adeductiveresearchapproachis
notpossible.Insteadtheresearchcanbeofanexploratoryinductivenature,movingfromempiricaldatato
concepts(Reiter,2013).Inotherwords,thisresearchwilltrytotheorizeifandtowhatextendthetimespent
behindthesteeringwheelcanbeconvertedintoproductivetimeinadriverlesscar.
Stebbins(Stebbins,2001)formulatesexploratoryresearch:
“Researchers explore when they have little or no scientific knowledge about the group, process,
activity, or situation they want to examine but nevertheless have reason to believe it contains
elementsworthdiscovering.”
As many researchers and journalists have written, autonomous cars potentially offer improvements in
productivity,buttheyhavenottestedtheassumption.Thisistheelementworthofdiscovery.
AccordingtoReiter(Reiter,2013):
“It[Exploratoryresearch]canbeconductedalone,oftentimeswithnothingmorethanaccesstoa
libraryandavoicerecorder.(…)Itoffersinterestingopportunities,especiallyforyoungresearchers
and graduate students, who otherwise have to rely on the disciplinary power of their senior
colleagues. Inshort:exploratory researchhasemancipatorypotentialandpromises tounveilnew
relationsand causalmechanisms thatescape thedisciplinary scrutinyof theestablished research
apparatus.”
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Inotherwords,anexploratoryapproachisperfectlysuitedforresearchlikethisone,withasolograduate
studentresearcherbedrivenbycuriosity.
Thechallengeatthispointistodeterminewhattomeasureandhowtomeasureit.However,basedonthe
researchquestion,thefocusisnotonwhetheranautonomouscarisabletodriveonrealstreets,orifitcan
meettherequirementsinthelawetc.Whatisbeingtested,iswhetherautonomouscarswillhaveaneffect
onproductivity for food the inspectorsor not. The focusof the researchquestion is not the technology
behindaself-drivingcar,butwhathappenswhenafoodinspectorisrelievedfromdriving.Theimportant
thingisnotwhodrivesthecar,onlythatthefoodinspectordoesnotdrive.
Asafinalcomment,onecouldargue,thatdependingontheresultsfromanexploratoryinductivestudy,the
assumptioniseitherconfirmedorfalsified(Reiter,2013).Assuch,theexploratoryresearchisenclosedina
confirmatorystudy.AccordingtoReiter(2013)thisperceptiondoeshavesomemerit,asanexploratorystudy
cannot be conducted from scratch, but must be based on some kind of hypothesis, as no theory-free
conceptionoftheworldexists.
4.2 Experiment Thefollowingsectionswillpresentrelevantroboticexperimentsanddiscusshowasimulatedexperiment
withdriverlesscarscanbedesignedbasedontheseearlierexperiments.
4.2.1 Robotic experiments
Beforedesigningasimulatedexperiment,itisusefultoinvestigateothertypesofexperimentstestingfuture
technology.Inthecourse,“TheRobotArmadaisTakingOver,What’sNextManager?”(KAN-CINTV1010U)
offeredinthefallof2015onCBSbyKimNormannAndersen,anumberofexperimentshavebeenintroduced.
The first example is an experiment conducted by James Young, assistant professor at the University of
ManitobaandDerekCormier,GraduateStudentatUniversityofBritishColumbiainwhichtheysetoutto
testifrobotscanbemanagers(Young&Cormier,2014).Theresearchersinvitedparticipantsintoaroomto
performamonotonoustaskofrenamingcomputerfilesfor80minutes.Theparticipantswereoverlooked
byanexperimenter.Halfoftheparticipantswereobservedbyapersonastheexperimenter.Theotherhalf
were observed by a small harmless-looking robotwith a child-like voice, introduced as having advanced
artificialintelligence.Whenaparticipanttriedtoquitthejob,therespectiveexperimenterwouldpersuade
themtocontinue.Theresearchersexpectedtheparticipantstoignoretherobotandfollowthehuman.The
resultstoldadifferentstory,as46%obeyedtherobot(86%obeyedthehuman).Despitetherobotbeinga
simplecomputerinsideaplasticcasing,someoftheparticipantstriedtoarguewithitandusedlogictosway
29
itsopinion.Averyinterestingaspectofthisexperimentistheintelligenceoftherobot.Theparticipantswere
told,thattherobotpossessedadvancedartificial intelligence,wheninfactitdidnot.Itwasjustsoftware
runningonacomputerembeddedinsidearobot-lookingcasing.Thekeytakeaway,isthattheresearchers
wereabletotestahypothesisassociatedwithfuturetechnology,byusingcurrentlyavailablecomponents.
AnotherexperimentwasconductedatMIT’sComputerScienceandArtificial IntelligenceLab(CSAIL).The
researchers tested team efficiency and team happiness when a robot takes up themanagerial work of
scheduling tasks (Conner-Simons, 2014). The hypothesiswas, that overall efficiency and teamhappiness
woulddecreaseas the robotgainedmoreautonomy.Nonetheless,what they foundwas thatboth team
efficiencyandhumansatisfactionincreasedwhentherobotreceivedmoreautonomouscontrol.Similarto
theexperimentatBritishColumbia, the robotused in thisexperiment,didnotpossesadvancedartificial
intelligence,butdelegatedtasksbasedonsimplealgorithms.However,theexperimentwasstillsuccessful
intestingelementsfromafuturisticscenariousingcurrenttechnology.
Whiletheseexperimentusedcurrenttechnologytotesthumanreactionstofuturetechnology,inbothcases,
the participantswere invited to a room controlled by the researchers. This is also known as laboratory
experiments(McLeod,2012).Oneoftheadvantagesofalaboratoryexperiment,isthattheenvironmentcan
becompletelycontrolled.Thisisinstarkcontrasttoafieldexperiment,wheretheoutcomesareobservedin
a natural setting (McLeod, 2012). Considering an experiment involving driverless cars, complete control
seemsattractive.Inafieldexperimentinvolvingcars,anumberofrisksexists,includingtheriskofcrashing
the car. This both relates tomaterial damage, aswell as injuries on participants or other people.What
insurancecompanywillpay?HowwillitaffectthebrandofCBS,ifacrashwithinjuriesshouldoccur?Onthe
other hand, a laboratory experiment does not offer the kind of insight needed to answer the research
question,astheexperimentmustoccurwithinanormalworkingdayandsupportsomeofthedutiesofa
foodinspectors,namelyvisitingcompanies.Soeventhoughafieldexperimentincludespotentialrisks,itis
importanttoconducttheexperimentintherealworld.
AresearcherthathasperformedfieldexperimentsinvolvingfuturetechnologyisHenrikSchärfe(Schärfe&
Abildgaard, 2012). Schärfe has created a robot identical in appearance to himself, called an android.He
travelsaroundtheworldwithhisrobot,andinoneofhisexperiments,theandroidwasusedtoconducta
lecture.Whiletherobotisfarfromhavingthecapabilitiesofahuman,someofthestudentsfailedtonotice
theywerebeinglecturedbyanandroidinsteadofarealhuman.TheandroidwasnotafullcopyofHenrik
Schärfe,butitprovidedenoughfunctionalitytocreatethatillusion.Atleastforsomeofthestudents.
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4.3 Simulated experiment InspiredbythelaboratoryexperimentsatBritishColumbiaandMITaswellasthefieldexperimentconducted
bySchärfe,afieldexperimentinvolvingasimulateddriverlesscarwillbeconstructedforthisresearch.The
followingsectionswilldescribethedesignoftheexperiment.
4.3.1 Illusion of privacy
Inasimulateddriverlessexperiment,someonehastodrivethecar.Havingsomeoneelsebeingpresentin
the car beyond the transportee (the food inspector) will change the atmosphere and most likely the
behaviourofthetransportee.Thisisdifferentfromanormalcar,wherethisspaceistotallyprivate(Lyons&
Urry, 2005).Apossibleway to counter this effect, is toprevent any communicationbetweendriver and
transportee.Inaddition,thedrivercanwearheadphonescreatingtheillusionofnotbeingpresentinthecar.
Apositiveside-effectofhavingheadphonesforthedriver,isthatanyorallytransmittedrouteactionsfrom
the GPS will not be heard by the transportee. A benefit of having an actual driver in the car, is that
observations canbemadealong the ride (through the rear-viewmirror)when trafficallows.Thiswillbe
discussedlaterinthesectiondescribingempiricaldatatools.
4.3.2 Communication
Inanormaldrivingsituationusingaregularcar,thefoodinspectorknowsthenextdestination.Togetthere,
thefoodinspectorcaneitherdriveamemorizedroute,orenterthedestinationintoaGPSandfollowthe
instruction fromthat. Inadriverlesscar, the food inspectormustsomehowbeable tocommunicate the
desireddestination.Onewaytoviewanautonomouscar,issimplyasaGPSwithactuators,executingthe
plotted route.GPSapps suchasGoogleMaps (Google, Inc.,2016)andAppleMapsviaSiri (Apple,2016)
alreadysupportvoiceasinput.Voiceinputseemslikeanaturalinputforminautonomouscars,andwillbe
adoptedinthesimulatedexperiment.Thusthetransporteecansimplytellthecar(orexperimenterinthis
case)wheretogonext,e.g.“takemetoHøjbroPlads”.Atruedriverlesscar,wouldimmediatelyinitiatethe
transport.Inthesimulatedexperiment,theexperimenterwillinputtherouteintotheGPSandthenfollow
the suggested route. Changes, such as a preferred alternative route, can be orally dictated by the food
instructoraswell.
Aswithrouterequestsandchanges,commandssuchasmusic,volume,temperatureetc.(Apple,2016)can
beassumedtohaveanoral inputmechanism. In thiscase theexperimenterwillobeywithnoquestions
exceptforfollow-upquestionssuchas“whatradiochannel?”.Thiswillbereferredtoasthecommunication
protocol.
31
4.3.3 Commute
Commutingiscurrentlynotpartoftheworkdayforthefoodinspectors(Appendix5).Assuch,itcouldbe
debatedwhethertostarttheexperimentfromthehomeaddress,orfromthefirstinspectionvisit.Froma
technical perspective, the driving related to commute trips is no different from driving related to the
workday.However,thecommutetripswillmostlikelyinsomecasesbethelongestofthetrips,depending
on where the food inspectors live. As a result, the commute trips potentially offer the best working
opportunities, if the results indicate, that it is possible to work in a driverless car. As it has potential
implicationsforbothproductivityandefficiency,commutewillbeconsideredpartoftheexperiment.This
means,thattheexperimentwillstartandstopatthehomeaddressofthefoodinspectors’.Whetherthe
DVFA ina futurewithdriverless carswill classify commuteaswork-time isup to to themanagementor
politicians.Thiswillbediscussedinalaterchapter.
4.3.4 Car and driver
With thedecision to have a driver in the car, itmust bedeterminedwhat car anddriver to use for the
experiment.Asimplesolutionistohaveeachfoodinspectoreithertakeataxibetweeneachvisitorhavea
dedicated taxi throughout theday. Taking a taxi for every single ridewill avoidhaving an idle chauffeur
waiting for hours during the visits, but it will be difficult tomake sure each new chauffeur follows the
communicationprotocol,as itmustbeexplainedforeachnewdriver.Theoptiontouseadedicatedtaxi
duringafullworkingday,waitingbetweenvisits,hassomebenefits.Thededicateddriveronlyhastobecome
familiarwiththecommunicationprotocolonce,andcanpotentiallyalsoactastheobserver.Adisadvantage
ofthissolutionisthatthecostofhavingataxiduringafullworkingdaywillbehighandthequalityofthe
observationsisquestionable.ThecostcouldbeloweredbyusingUber,butthecurrentappofferedbythe
companydoesnotsupportasolutionneededandwouldrequirecustomagreements.Thereliabilityofthe
observationswouldstillbeaconcern.Inbothcases(taxiandUber)paymentswillalsohavetobehandled.
Adifferentoptionandtheonethatisselectedforthisresearch,istohavetheauthoractastheexperimenter.
Theauthorisfamiliarwiththecommunicationprotocol,andhasgreatoverviewoftheresearch.Additionally,
theexploratorynatureoftheresearchapproachmeansthatpotentiallycorrectiveactionsmustbetaken
during the experiments. A disadvantage is that having one person conducting the experiments brings a
naturallimittothenumberofparticipatingfoodinspectors.Thenumberofparticipatingfoodinspectorswill
bediscussedlater.
32
Followingthedecisiontolettheauthorbetheexperimenteranddriver,acarfortheexperimentmustbe
chosen.Thefoodinspectorsalreadymakethejourneyseitherintheirowncarsorinacarprovidedbythe
DVFA. Using the food inspectors’ carswill be an easyway to get the experiment started. However, the
experimenterwillhavetofindalternativetransportationtothehomeaddressofthefoodinspectorinthe
morningandbackaftertheexperiment.Furthermore,usingcarsownedbyeitherthefoodinspectorsorthe
DVFAinvolvesapprovaloftheexperimentertobecoveredbytherespectiveinsurancecompanies.
Analternativeistouseacarprovidedbythedriver.Inadditiontoeliminatingtheneedforspecialinsurance
arrangements, transporting the food inspectors in a different car than normal potentially helps the
participantsimaginebeinginarealdriverlesscar.Whilenotcentralfortheinvestigation,italsoresemblesa
potentialtransportation-as-a-servicescenario,envisionedbysomeofthepreviouslymentionedresearchers.
Forthisthesis,theauthorhasaccesstoaSkodaOctavia.
Finally,adecisionmustbemadeonwheretoplacethefoodinspector,ifnotonthedriverseat.Ifnothingis
specified, he or shemight sit on any seat. Tomaximize the feeling of being alone in the car, the food
inspectorsareplacedonthebackseat.Inaddition,movingthepassengerseatforwardgivesalotofroomfor
thebackseatpassenger,providingaverycomfortablecabinexperienceforthefoodinspectors.
Afinalremarkmustbemadeonthewaitingtimebetweentrips.Thefocusoftheexperimentwillbethe
actualtransportsofthefoodinspectorsandthetimebetweenvisitsisnotpartoftheexperiment.However,
thebreaksbetweentripsallowtheexperimentertoprepareforupcomingridesandwritedownobservations
andexperimentationnotes.
Tosumup,theexperimentforeachinspectorwilllooklikethis:
• Theexperimentwillstartandstopatthehomeaddressofthefoodinspector.
• TheexperimentwillbeconductedinaSkodaOctaviaprovidedbytheexperimenter.
• During the experiment, no communication is allowed between the experimenter and the food
inspector,except:
o Destinationrequestbythefoodinspector.
o Music,temperature,routechangerequestbythefoodinspector.
o Questionbythefoodinspectorsuchastimeofarrivalortimeofday.
• Thefoodinspectorwillbeseatedonthebackseat.
• Thefoodinspectorcandowhateverheorshewantstododuringtherides.
33
Theseruleswillbesenttoeachfoodinspectorpriortotheexperiment(Appendix3).
4.4 Measuring the experiment Thedesignedexperimentexposesthefoodinspectortobepresentinasimulateddriverlesscar.Thissection
isconcernedwithhowtoextractdatafromtheexperiment.Multiplemethodsofdatacollectingtoolsare
used in a data triangulation (Clarke & Dawson, 1999) to increase the accuracy and validity of the
measurements.
4.4.1 Observations
Observation is a method to collect data in a systematic way where the researcher becomes the main
instrumentofdatacollection(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Theresearchercanassumeoneoffourbasicroles;
complete participant, participant-as-observer, observer-as-participant and complete observer (Clarke &
Dawson, 1999). In the simulated driverless car experience, the experimenter acts as the driver and is
subsequentlyparticipatingintheexperiment.Clarke&Dawson(1999)explainparticipant-as-observerand
observer-as-participantasthefollowing:
“Whenthechosenroleisthatofparticipant-as-observer,thereasonsfortheresearcher'spresence
aremade explicit, consequently, there is no threat of exposure. Overt observersmight have the
advantageofbeingabletofreelyquestioninformants,butthefactthattheyareseenasresearchers
mayinfluencehowinformantsbehaveandrespondtotheirquestioning”
“observer-as-participant(…)[isa]non-participatoryrole(…)andalthoughtheroleisanovertone
thereisnoattemptonthepartoftheresearchertodeveloprelationshipswithinformants”
Intheexperiment,theexperimenterhasamixofbothroles.Hispresenceisexplicitandnothreatofexposure
exists.However,duetothesimulatedaspectoftheexperiment,thedevelopmentofarelationshipbetween
himandtheparticipantsareprohibitedtotheextentpossible.
Oneoftheadvantagesofobservationisthatpeoplesometimesexplaintheirbehaviourdifferentlythanhow
they actually do it. Observations will uncover their real behaviours. (Fremforsk | Center for
Fremtidsforskning, 2016). In addition, observations in a field experiment open a window into how
participantsactinthephysicalworld(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Anumberofdisadvantagesexistsaswell.The
first,isthataparticipantsometimesbehavesdifferentlythannormally,asaresultofbeing“lookedupon”
(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Thiseffectwillbelimitedbyhavingtheexperimenterwearheadphonesandplace
34
theparticipantonthebackseat.Furthermore,theresearchercansometimesgetsocaughtup inhisown
participation,thatisaffectshisabilitytoobserve(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Thisisespeciallyachallengein
thisexperiment,astheexperimenterisalsodrivingthecarandmustfocusonthetrafficatalltimes.
4.4.2 Questionnaires
Oneofthemostexcitingaspectsoftheexperimentishowthefoodinspectorswillspendthetimeduringa
transport.Whatwill theydo?Onewaytoobtainknowledgeaboutthispart issimplytohavethemwrite
downaftereachtrip,whattheyhavebeendoingandforhowlong.Aconcernisthatwritingdownmustnot
interfere toomuchwith theactivitiesor take too long time towrite.Abalancemustbe foundbetween
extractingasmuchinformationaspossiblewhileatthesametimeinterfereaslittleaspossible.Apossible
solutionistohaveapre-filledformorquestionnairewithpossibleactivities.Theformcouldincludeactivities
suchas“preparedfortheupcomingvisit”,“talkedtoacolleagueonthephone”,“doingprivatestuff”etc.As
itisimpossibletomakeanexhaustivelistofpotentialactivitiesinthecar,thelistmustincludeanopenoption
(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Andaseachexperimentiscompleted,thelistmustberevisitedandupdated.
Thedurationofeachactivitywouldbeveryvaluableinformationtoincludeintheanalysis,buthavingthe
foodinspectorlogeachactivitywithatimestampwillaffecttheflowofthework.However,thedurationcan
beinferredbyhavingthefoodinspectorfilloutthequestionnaireaftereachtrip(evenveryshortones)and
havetheexperimenterdoaprecisetimingofthetrip.Basedonthecheckedactivitiesandthelengthofthe
completedtripcombinedwiththeobservationsofeachtrip,aroughestimateofthedurationofeachactivity
canbemade.Asanexample, imagingatripwithadurationof15minutes.Onthistrip,a food inspector
checksoff3typesofactivities.Thisgivesanaverageof5minutesperactivity.Unlesstheactivitiesareof
completelydifferenttime length,e.g. aphonecall,only lasted10seconds, theseestimatesgivearough
workabledataset.
4.4.3 Video recording
Videorecordingwasconsideredbutultimatelyrejectedintheexperiment.Whilevideorecordingpotentially
providesaverydetailedobservation,ithasanumberofdisadvantages.Asmostofthepotentialworkinthe
cabinisassumedtobeonalaptop,videorecordingdoesnotprovideanyinformationonthetypeorquality
orwork,onlythatthefoodinspectorisactiveonthecomputer.Secondly,beingrecordedisverylikelyto
heavily influence thebehaviourof the food inspectors, similar to theaffectofbeingobserved,only toa
greaterdegreeastherecordingsarepermanent.Whilevideorecodingcouldbeaveryillustrativeinstrument,
thedisadvantagesdisqualifiesitfortheexperiment.
35
4.4.4 Interview
Aqualitativedepthinterviewisanempiricalinstrumentnotunlikeaconversationbetweentheresearcher
andaperson.Theinterviewisopeninnatureandcanbeusedtogetaccessandextractknowledgefromthe
personbeinginterviewed(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Beforeaninterviewcanbeconducted,aninterviewguide
mustbemade,toensurethatthesamekindofinformationisgatheredacrossmultipleinterviews.However,
theresearcheralsohastheabilitytoaskfollow-upquestionsthroughouttheinterviewleadingtoabetter
understanding of the world experienced by the person being interviewed. (Fremforsk | Center for
Fremtidsforskning,2016)Asthenameimplies,aqualitativedepthinterviewisrichondataquality,butusually
requiresagreatdealofworktoprepare,refine,conductandanalyse.Duetotherelativelowaccuracyofthe
observations and the questionnaire, an interview is an ideal data collection tool to follow up on the
observations.Itwillallowthefoodinspectorstoexplainindetailwhattheydidduringtransports,whythey
diditandmore.Becauseoftheexploratorynatureoftheresearch,theexpectationsoftheexperimentare
limited.Thischallengesthepreparationoftheinterviewguide.However,whenthefoodinspectorconducts
avisit,theexperimenterhasnoactiveroleintheexperiment.Thesebreaksthroughoutthedaycanbeused
topreparefortheinterviewattheendoftheday,basedonfindingsandobservationsduringtheexperiment.
4.5 Data triangulation Eachofthedatacollectionmethodshavestrengthsandweaknesses;Thequestionnaireswilluncoverwhich
activitiesthefoodinspectorsaredoing.Theobservationswithloggingoftimewillhelpexplainthecontext
oftheactivitiesandprovidemoreaccuracyonthedurationoftheactivities.Finally,theinterviewattheend
ofthedayshouldrevealsomeofthereasoningbehindboththeactivitiesconductedaswellaswhysome
wereleftout.Usingmultipletypesofdatacollectingmethodsiscalleddatatriangulation(Clarke&Dawson,
1999). Combined, the questionnaires, observations and interviewwill help increase the accuracy of the
measurements,andthusthevalidityoftheresults.
4.6 Baseline Goingbacktotheresearchquestion,theaimofthisthesisistoinvestigatehowautonomouscarswillaffect
the productivity and efficiency for food inspectors. In order to measure the effect, a baseline must be
identified.Inthisresearch,thebaselineisthestatusquo;foodinspectorsdrivingthemselves.However,itis
difficulttomeasurestatusquo.Howproductivearethefoodinspectorsnormallyandwhatisthecurrent
compositionoftheirworkdays?Multipleoptionscanbeidentifiedtodeterminethoseproperties.Apossible
wayistoextendtheexperimenttotwodays.Thefirstdaywouldbearegularworkday,wheretheparticular
36
foodinspector isdrivingthecar,withtheauthor inthecarasanobserver.Theseconddaywouldbethe
simulateddriverlessexperiment.However,thedaysmustbeassumedtodiffergreatlyasaresultofavarying
numberandtypeofcompaniestovisit,thenatureofthevisits,trafficetc.Itisthereforedifficulttomeasure
a normal working day even over the course of multiple days. So even while the different days have
quantitativemeasures,theydonotseemvalidforcomparisoninproductivityorefficiency.
Whatisknown,isthatinaregularday,thefoodinspectorsareresponsiblefordrivingthecar.Inastudydone
byLyonandUrry(2005),theresearchersexplainhowacaractuallyalreadypresentsopportunitiesforbeing
productive.LyonandUrryevenusethetermmobileoffice.Themainmeansofbeingproductiveistheadvent
ofmobilephones,asitallowsthedrivertocommunicatewithcustomersandothercolleagues.However,a
majordisadvantagetoconductphonecallswhiledriving,isthatisdrawsawayattentionfromdriving,and
thusdecreasetrafficsafety(Brookhuis,etal.,1990).Nonetheless,havingaphoneconversationislegalwhen
usingaheadsetorotherhand-freearrangements(Justitsministeriet,2013).Assuch,itmustbeinvestigated
towhatextendthefoodinspectorsnormallyconductphonecallswhendriving,asitisimportantinorderto
determinethebaseline.
4.7 Duration and participants Inthissection,thedesignoftheexperimentwillbediscussed.Itwillbedecidedhowmanyfoodinspectors
willparticipateintheexperimentandforhowlong.
Thedurationoftheexperimentforeachfoodinspectorisbelievedtohaveapositivecorrelationwithhow
strongtheconclusionwillbe.Ifafoodinspectorisonlytransportedononeridee.g.betweenvisitnumber3
and4, the food inspectorwillhavevery little timetogetusedtotheexperimentandwillnotbeableto
benefitverymuchfrombeingatransportee.Gettingusedtothesituationisassumedtotakemultiplerides
spanningatleastaday.Dependingontheproductivityandefficiencybenefitsfromhavingaself-drivingcar,
additionaldaysforthesamepersonarelikelytoyieldmorebenefits.Thereasonisthattheinspectorwill
abletoplanthefollowingdaysbasedonthepossibilitiesofbeingtransportedbytheself-drivingcar.Inthis
case,multipledayswiththesamefoodinspectorwillbecreatingarecursivepositiveloop,constantlyfine-
tuningtheextractionofvaluefromthenewsituation.Tostatetheobvious,thegreaterdurationperperson,
thebetter.
Thishowever,leadstoachallengeasthefollowingformulacanbeapplied:
𝑁𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠×𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
37
Eachexperimentdayconsistofthefullworkdayforthefoodinspectoraswellasthecommute.Inaddition,
theexperimenterhastodrivetoandfromtheparticipants.Incaseswherethefoodinspectorsarelivingfar
fromCopenhagen,thiswillamounttosignificanttimefortheexperimenter,livinginValby,Copenhagen.The
conductionofasingleexperimentcanpotentiallybeupto12hours,assumingan8-hourworkdayand4times
commuteof1hour.Furthermore,theexperimentmustbepreparedandtheparticipantsinterviewed.
Considering the exploratory nature of this research and the fact that the project can be considered a
feasibilitystudy,5experimentationdayswillbeconductedforapotentialtotaltimespendofupto60hours
fortheexperimenter.Withathesisworkloadspecifiedas825hours(CopenhagenBusinessSchool,2016)
includingtranscription,reportwriting,preparationsfororaldefenceetc.,thenumberofexperimentsseems
reasonable.
4.7.1 One or five food inspectors?
With5fulldaysfortheexperimentitmustbedecidedtoconducttheexperimentoneither1personfor5
days,5peoplefor1dayorsomewhereinbetween.Eachendoftheextremeofferbenefitsandweaknesses.
Withonlyoneperson,thepotentialbenefitsandpositiveloopismaximizedasthefoodinspectorwillbecome
moreusedthedriverlessscenarioastheweekprogresses.However,theexperimentisexposedtotheriskof
thatsinglepersonbeingbiasedtowardstechnologicaltrends,becomingeasilycarsick,lazyatworketc.
Having5peopleparticipateevensouttheriskandgivesamoreaveragepicture.However,eachpersonwill
havelesstimetobecomeacquaintedofthesituationandwillnotbeabletoimprovehowtheyutilizethe
autonomous transport to the same degree. However, as the number of visits per day is between 3-5
(Appendix 11), the experiment day offersmultiple opportunities to become familiar with the driverless
experience.Asaresult,theexperimentwillbeconductedwith5differentfoodinspectors,onedayeach.
4.7.2 Participants
5foodinspectorsoutofatotalof300FTEsrepresents1,66%whichisinthelowend,evenwhentakinginto
account,theresearchbeingafeasibilitystudy.However,participationoftheDVFAwasarrangedbytheHead
ofFoodControlOfficeCopenhagen,afteran introduction froma food inspector.With theHeadof Food
ControlOfficeCopenhagen,acollaborationinvolvingtheparticipationof5foodinspectorswasestablished.
TheselectionprocessoftheparticipantswasfullydelegatedtotheHeadofFoodControlOfficeCopenhagen.
As a result, all the participating food inspectors are belonging to the Copenhagen food control office.
Therefore,thepotentialpopulationsizewasdecreasedtothe84foodinspectorsintheCopenhagenArea
38
(Appendix15).Thismeansthatthe5participantswillconstitute6%,whichisabetterrepresentation,without
takinguptoomuchresourcestoanalyse.
4.7.3 Time of the year
TheexperimentswillbecarriedoutduringthemonthsofNovember2015–February2016.Thesemonths
werechosentocoincidewiththeallocatedperiodofdesignatedthesisworkandtoprovideenoughtimeto
writethefinalreportafterwards.Inaddition,experimentationdayswillbedependentontheschedulesof
thefoodinspectors’aswellasChristmasandNewYear.Assuch,theexperimentwillbeconductedinmonths
thatarecoldanddarkinDenmark.Potentialimplicationsoftheselectedtimeofyear,willbediscussedlater.
4.8 Concluding remarks on research design Aswritten,5foodinspectorswilleachbetransportedduringafullworkingdaytoandfromanynumberof
companiesincludingcommuteinthemorningandafternoon.Anexperimenterwillbedrivingthecarand
thefoodinspectorwillsitintheback.DestinationsaretypedintotheGPScontrolledbytheexperimenter.
Duringridesnocommunicationbetweenfoodinspectorandthedriverisallowed,exceptforrequestssuch
asturningontheradio,changeoftemperatureorqueriessuchastheestimatedtimeofarrival.Duringatrip,
thedriverwillobservethefoodinspectorthoughtherear-viewmirror(withrespecttotrafficsafety).After
eachtrip,ashortquestionnaire(Appendix2)withpotentialactivitieswillbefilledoutbythefoodinspector.
Afterbeingtransportedbackhomeattheendoftheworkday,thefoodinstructorwillbeinterviewedbythe
experimenter.Theinterviewwillprovide2typesofinformation:1)howanormaldaylookslikeand2)how
thefoodinstructorexperiencedthedriverlessday.Togetherwiththeobservationsbytheexperimenteras
wellasthequestionnairesfromeachtrip,thiswillformthedataoftheexperiment.
Afewdaysbeforeconductingtheactualexperiment,thefoodinspectorwillreceiveanemailwiththerules
and communication protocol. The email (in Danish) sent out can to the participating food inspectors is
includedintheappendixes(Appendix3).
39
5 Results Inthischaptertheresultsfromtheexperimentsareintroduced.
Theresultsconsistofthreetypesofempiricaldata;observationsmadebytheexperimenter,questionnaires
aftereachtripandtheinterviewsfollowingeachexperimentday.Thepurposeofthechapteristoforma
baseforfurtherdiscussion.
Thenamesoftheparticipatingfoodinspectorshavebeenanonymized.However,tomaintainafriendlytone
inthethesis,theirnameshavebeenrandomlychangedtoothernames.
Picture2-Foodinspectorworkinginthecar
5.1 Maria The first simulatedself-drivingexperimentwasconducted in the lastpartofNovember2015.Mariawas
pickedupat8:00AMatherhomeaddressandtransportedacrossthewesternpartofCopenhagentothe
firststop.Thesunwasrisingduringthismorningtripandtrafficwasveryheavyresultinginadoublingofthe
transportationtimecomparedtothesametripwithnotraffic.Mariawasfullyoccupiedbyaseriesofphone
callstocolleges, includingaconversationwithhersuperior. Inbetweenthecalls,Mariaseemedtoenjoy
beingtransportedandwascomfortablewiththesituation.
Mariaonlyusedhersmartphoneandnotacomputerduringthetrips.Sheexplainedintheinterview,that
thereasonshedidnotusehercomputer,wasthatshecoulddomuchoftheworkrelatedtothevisitfrom
herphone,andthatthecomputerwasnotalwaysabletoconnecttotheinternet:
40
“(...)thecomputerdoesnotalwaysworkorcan’tconnecttotheinternet(...)butIcanalwaysaccess
theactualinspectionvisit(dataontheinspectionvisit)viathesmartphone”
Maria further explained, that she normally prepares for the visits a day in advance. The same internet
connectivity issuesasabove,madehernotevenconsiderpreparing for theupcomingvisitsduring trips.
Askedifshewouldbeabletodoso-withsufficientinternetconnectivity-sherepliedthefollowing:
“Well,Icould.I’malittleafraidofbecomingmotionsick.Butyes,Icoulddothat”
Askedifshebecamemotionsickwhileworkingonthesmartphone,Mariaansweredthatingeneralno,with
anexceptionafterlunchatvisitno.4:
“No,oryestherewasatimerightafterlunchatvisitno.4.Icouldfeelitalittlebit.Butotherwise,it
hasnotbeenaproblem”
AskedwhetherMarianormallysuffersfrommotionsicknesswhenbeingapassenger,shereplied:
“Yes,Idosometimessufferfrommotionsickness(...)especiallywhenIlookatmyphoneorreada
bookorsomething”
Mariaactuallyexplainedthatshewasabletodomuchmoreworkthanshehadexpectedandfurtheradds
thatitmighthavebeenrelatedtothewaythecarwasbeingdriven:
“Andbecauseyoudroveasyoudid,itwasverynice.Verysmooth.Yes,Iwasabletodomuchmore
thanIhadexpected”
Aftereachcompletedtrip,Mariamarkedallactivitiesconductedonthatparticulartrip.Theactivitiesduring
alltripsandthelengthofeachtripisshownintable1.
41
Table1–ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyMariaduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.
OfalltherecordedtasksperformedbyMaria,19ofthemcanbecountedaswork-relatedamountingto113
minutes,and2private-relatedforatotalof7minutes.Asseenintable1,thisequalsto94%work-related
activitiesand6%private-related.Investigatingthedata,itisseenthatapproximately13%(8%+5%)ofthe
timewereusedtoprepareorprocessaninspectionmeeting,while50%(24%+26%)ofthetimewereused
forwrittenactivitiessuchascommunicatingwithacolleagueoransweringmoregeneralworkemails.These
typesoftasksrequirefullattention,andcannotbedonewhiledriving.
DuringthemorningcommuteMariawasonthephonewithcolleaguesforthemajorityofthetrip.Oneof
thephone callswith a colleaguewasof sensitivenaturebut having the experimenter in the car didnot
preventMariafromhavingthisconversation.
Askedifphonecallscouldbedonewhilesheherselfwasbehindthesteeringwheel,shedeclined:
“Iwouldnot(answerorcallonthephone)(…)IwouldthenwaituntilIhadreachedthedestination
andcallbacktheperson”
Whenreceivingprivatecalls,Mariasometimesputsthecartoastandstilltoanswerthephone:
“Whenacolleaguecalls,IusuallywaituntilIreachthedestination,butifitisprivate,thenIthinkit
mightbesomethingimportant”
Thedifferenceintheactionstaken,dependingonthephonecallbeingprivateorprofessionalrelated,are
interestingandunderstandable,especiallysinceMariaisaparentwithchildrenininstitutions.Beingableto
answer the phone and respond to situations immediately is important with children that can be sick.
42
However,thedecisiontopostponeansweringcolleaguesislikelytohaveanegativeeffectonefficiencyof
thepeoplewaitingforananswer.
Mariadidnoteatlunchduringtherides,insteadshedidthatduringthevisits.However,sheadmitsithappens
whiledrivingherself:
“Thethingwitheatinglunchwhiledriving,Idothattosavetime(…)Togethomeearlierandhave
moretimetoshopbeforeitbecomestoocrowded”
Asthiswasthefirstride,Mariaalsogavefeedbackonhowtoimprovethequestionnaire.Thisledtomore
activitiestocheckoff,aswellasanabilitytowritefree-handonthequestionnaire.
Attheeveningthatsameday,Mariarepliedinanemailthatshefeltmorerelaxedandlessstressedthanat
othercorrespondingdays(Appendix14).
5.1.1 Concluding comments on Maria
ThedaywithMariagaveanumberofinterestingfindings.
• Mariawasabletoconvertsomeofhercommuteintoactualworkingtime,especiallyinthemorning
trip. This allowedMaria to shorten the day, retuning home quicker withmore time for private
activitiessuchasshoppingandspendingtimewithherchildren.
• Maria was able to communicate with colleagues both in oral and written form while being
transported.TheeffectisthatMariaisabletoconvertunproductivetime(driving)intoproductive
time(helpingacolleagueorbeinghelpedherself).
• Maria was feeling less stressed and more relaxed in the evening. While this does not affect
productivitydirectlyitmightdosoindirectly,asemployeesexperiencinglessstresscanbeassumed
tobemoreproductiveatwork(Kristensen,2010).Combinedwiththeincreasedtimeforkidsit is
likely Maria that will experience an overall improvement in quality of life, potentially indirectly
leadingtoimprovedproductivity(Kristensen,2010).
• Maria did not experience motion sickness, except right after lunch. That was unexpected, as it
normallyhappenswhenMariaisapassengerinacardrivenbyanotherperson.Whilearealperson
alsodrovethecarintheexperiment,itissafetoassumethattheattempttodrive‘smoothly’meant
Mariadidnotexperiencemotionsickness.Itcanonlybespeculatedhowarealautonomouscarwill
eventuallydrive,butoptimizingthewayofdrivingforavoidingmotionsicknesscouldbeconsidered
amongotherthings.
43
5.2 Nanna and Knud Attheseconddayofself-drivingexperiments,2foodinspectorswerebeingtransported.Nannaonallfour
trips,withKnudjoiningonthesecondandthirdride.
NannawaspickedupatherhomeinthevicinityofCopenhagenat8.35AMandtakentoanindustrialarea
westofthecity.TrafficwasveryintensewithheavycongestionpassingHerlevStation.Duringtheentiretrip,
Nannawasfullyconcentratedonhercomputerpreparingfortheupcomingvisit.ArrivinginSøborg,Nanna
metKnudontheparkinglot.Themanagerofthefirstcompanywasnotpresentandthe2inspectorsdecided
tocomebacklater,andinthemeantimedoanotherjointvisitnorthofCopenhagen.Knudwasinvitedinto
theself-drivingcarandmentionedhefeltlikeastatesmanbeingchauffeuredwhenenteringthecar.
Thesecondtripwasamixofheavytrafficinurbanandhighwaysettings.NannaandKnudbothhadtheir
laptopsopen, andwas collaboratingonpreparing thenext inspection. The twoalsohad time todiscuss
privatematters.
ThethirdtripbroughtNannaandKnudbacktoSøborg.Onthistrip,thefoodinspectorsdebatedthejust
completedinspectionvisitandwereveryactiveontheirlaptops.Onlywork-relatedactivitieswerediscussed
duringthistransport.
Knudtookhisowncar,andNannawasdrivenhomeonthefourthtripfullyengagedonherlaptop.Traffic
waslightonthislasttour.
Table2–ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyNannaduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.
As seen in theactivities forNanna in table2,95% of the transportation timewasused forwork-related
activities.Thefourtripswerealllongenoughforthetransporteestoopentheirlaptopsasopposedtojust
44
usingtheirphones.IntotalNannawasabletospend89minutesworkingwhilebeingtransported.ForNanna,
beingabletoworkthismuchwasasurprise,duedoatendencyforhertoexperiencemotionsickness:
“IhadexpectedtosufferfrommotionsicknessoratleastIhadfearedit.IthoughtIwouldsufferfrom
it.Normally,Icannotreadinacar.(…)Butitwentsurprisinglywell!”
On the first two rides, Nanna prepared for the upcoming visit by investigating the company’s website.
ReferringtothoseactivitiesNannaelaborates:
“Otherwise,Iwoulddoitduringthevisit,butitismuchbetterifIpreparebeforehand.(···)sometimes
Ijustdon’tdoit.
Later,Nannaexplains thatbeingable toprepare for thevisit,makesherperformbetterwhendoing the
inspection.Furthermore,shespecificallyadds,thatpreparinginthecarhasanotheraddedbenefit:
“WhenIworkhere[inthecar]Idonotgetdisturbedasmuch,asIdoontheoffice”
While Nanna sometimes prepares an inspection visit days in advance, the fact that the car in this case
providesabetterwork-environmentthantheofficeandthattheinformationisfreshinmemoryarevery
interestingfindings.
As seen in table 2, Nanna processed the just completed inspection visit on the third trip. A benefit of
processingthevisitrightafterleavingthecompanywasthattheinspectionwasstillfreshinmemory:
“Informationcanquicklybeforgotten”
While a driverless car provides the opportunity to process a visit right away and thereby preserve the
freshnessoftheinspectionandsavetimewhilebeingtransported,avalidpointisthatthefoodinspector
coulddotheprocessingattheparkinglotrightaftercompletingthevisit.Thoughthefoodinspectorwillnot
save timebeing transported also, the freshness and thereby the quality of the visit could be preserved.
However,itturnsoutthatNannadoesnotdothatnormally:
“Ihavesortofcloseddownmycomputeraftercompletinganinspection.AtthatpointI’malready
movingon.(…)ThenitwilljusthavetowaituntilIgetbacktotheoffice”
WhilenothingpreventsNannafromactuallyfollowuponthevisitafterleavingthecompanyonaregular
day,itisnotsomethingshedoes.Withadriverlesscarshedidthatinoneofthetrips.
45
Reflectingonthedaywithaself-drivingcarNannasays:
“Havingtriedit[aself-drivingcar]today,itmustsayitisveryefficienttobeabletowork.Andgoing
homenow,somuchhavebeencompleted”.
Inafollowupemail,Nannamentions,thatshedoesnottalkonthephonewhiledriving(Appendix16).
Knudwasonthedriverlesscarontworides.Hewasnotinterviewed,buthisresponsesinthequestionnaires
aresummarizedintable3.
Table3-ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyKnudduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.
JustasNanna,Knudwasactiveonhislaptoponbothtrips.HewasdiscussingwithNannaonissuesrelated
tooneofthevisits.Duringthesecondtrip,Knudindicatedthathavingadriverlesscarwasverynice.
5.2.1 Concluding comments on Nanna and Knud
• Nannawasabletoworkonalltripsdespiteanexpectationofsufferingfrommotionsickness.
• Theself-drivingcarofferedaworkingenvironmentwithfewerdistractionscomparedtotheoffice.
• Insomecases,theextraworkingtimeduringtransportationprovidedNannaanopportunitytobe
betterpreparedforsomeofthevisits.
• Inonetrip, thetransportationallowedNannatoprocessacompleted inspectionvisit rightaway,
withthevisitinfreshermemory.
• KnudwaslikeNannaabletoactivelyworkonhislaptopduringtransportations.
• Withmultipletransportees,thecarprovidedanad-hocmeetingenvironment.
46
5.3 Bente Bente lives in a small town an hour drive west of Copenhagen, but still does inspection visits in the
CopenhagenArea.Asaresult,thefirsttriplasted60minutesbeginningat8AMatherhomeaddress.When
Benteenteredthecar,shehandedtotheexperimenteranewspaperwithanarticlerelatedtodriverlesscars.
Shehadreaduponthesubjectandwasexcitedtotryasimulatedautonomouscar.Bentealsobroughther
computerintothecabin,butspendmostofthefirstcommutereadingpapers:
“Ihadalotoftimeontheroadthismorningtoprepareforthedayandwasabletoreaduponstuff
Ihadnotfoundtimetodoforthelast6months”
Thefollowing4tripswhererelativelyshortandwereusedforavarietyofwork-relatedtasks.Onalltrips,
Bente either prepared for the upcoming visit or didwork related to other visits. This is reflected in the
summaryintable4.
Table4-ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyBenteduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.
Out of a total of 155minutes used for transportation, Bente used 230minutes (84%) for work-related
activitiesand25minutes(16%)forprivate-relatedactivities.Bentehadthefollowingquote:
“Whendoinginspection,youareveryfocused(...)sogettingtimetomentallyclosethepreviousvisit
and prepare for the next, makes youmore prepared and focused. (...) Sometimes [when driving
herself],Iwait5or10minutesinthecartopreparefortheupcomingvisit.”
Furtherexplainingtheluxuryinprocessinganewlycompletedvisitrightaway:
“Itisreallynicetobeabletodoitrightaway,whilethevisitisstillfreshinmemory.Anditisnice
quicklytobeabletomoveontonewassignments.”
47
AskedifthecarcabinofferedagoodworkingenvironmentBentesaid:
“Well,writinginjunctionsandfinesIwouldnotdo.Igavetwoinjunctions,whichIstillhavetomake
[writeaformalletter].Butthesmallstuff,likelookingupinfooraskingacolleagueorcompletinga
visit,thatIcaneasilydo.”
Explainingwhyshewouldnotwriteinjunctionsorfineswhileinthecar:
“Ineedaccesstolegislation,andforthatIneedtorunsomeprogramswhichdonotrunverywellon
awirelessconnection.”
AskedwhetherBentewouldbeabletodothework,ifshehadaccesstoahigh-qualityinternetconnection
inthecar,sheresponds:
Yes,thenIwouldbeabletodoit(writeinjunctionsandfines)”
Bentenotedthatshedoesnotsufferfrommotionsicknessingeneralandinafollow-upemail,shementions,
thatsheoftenconductwork-relatedphonecallswhiledriving(Appendix17).
5.3.1 Concluding comments on Bente
• Bentewasabletoworkonalltrips.
• Bentedidnotexperienceanymotionsicknesswhileworking.Thiswasexpected.
• Bentewasabletoreaduponinformationshehadnotfoundtimetodoin6months.
• ThecommuteinthemorningandafternoonintotalgaveBentetwoextrahoursofworkingtime.
• Bente sometimes spends 5-10minutes in her car before entering a company’s building.With a
driverlesscar,Bentecouldprepareduringthetransportsinstead.
• Sometypesofwork,suchaswritinginjunctionsandfineswerenotpossibletodointhecarbecause
ofpoorwirelessinternetconnectivity.
o Assuming there could be better access to high-speed internet, writing documents with
injunctionsandfineswouldbepossibleinthecar.
5.4 Stine StinelivesinasmallcityanhournorthofCopenhagen,wheredoesmostofherinspectionvisits.Thefirst
tripwasinthemorningrushhourwithadestinationonRefshaleøentaking75minutes.Forlongperiodson
48
thistrip,Stinehadphoneconversationsbothwithcolleaguesandfriendsorfamily.Askedwhetherthose
typesofconversationshappenwhenshedrivesthecarherself,Stinegavethefollowinganswer:
“(...)Isometimesdocallpeopleonthephone(whiledriving),butthis(beingapassengerinaself-
driving car) ismuchmore comfortableand I can concentrate100%on the conversation. It is not
alwaysagoodideatocallwhendriving.”
Andlatersheadds:
“Ihavetokeepaneyeontheroad,whichmakesmelessconcentratedonthephoneconversation.In
addition,inaconversationwithacompany(...)Icouldmakethechangesinoursystemimmediately
andclosethecase.”
Table5-ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyStineduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.
Similartotheothersubjects,Stinespentmostofhertimedoingwork-relatedactivitiesat89%,asseenin
table5.ThesinglemostcommonactivityforStinewasemailing(56minutesoutof170).
Stinespentrelativelylittletimepreparing,processingorotherwork-relatedtasksrelatedtovisits.Infact,
onlythelasttwotripsincludedthoseactivities.Explainingwhyshedidnotpreparefororprocessedavisitin
between,shesaid:
“Ittakestoomuchtimetogoonlineandoffline”
Whenaskedhypotheticallyifaccesstoasuperhigh-speednetworkwouldchangethatStineanswers:
“ThenIwoulddoit!”
49
Thisisfollowedupby:
“ButIdon’tthinkitwouldbeadvantageoustodoit.Ineedtoreflectuponwhathappenedduringa
visit.Iwoulddoitonthelasttripgoinghome.Notinbetweenvisits.(…)OnthelasttripIwouldhave
moretime,thenIwoulddoitallandclosetheday”
Explainingwhatshedidonthetripsin-between,Stinesaysthefollowing:
“Igeta lotofcallsduringtheday.AsanexamplesomecolleagueshadleftmessagesandIcalled
themback,whichIwouldratherdo,asitissomethingIdon’thavetoconcentrateatlottodo.Andit
helpsthem.”
ThefactthatStinedoesnotprocessacompletedvisitandwouldcontinuenottodosoevenifshehadaccess
tohigh-speedinternetisinteresting.Insteadshepreferstohelphercolleagues.
OnwhyshedidnotprepareforanupcomingvisitStineexplained:
“Iwoulddoitinthemorningorthedaybefore,butIhavebeenmanyoftheplaceswevisitedtoday
before,soIdon’tneedtopreparethatmuch.(…)Lessthan15minutes”
ThelastvisitwasinproximityofHøjbroPlads,atthecentreofCopenhagen.Trafficwasheavy,butStinewas
droppedoffatthesquare.Whenleavingthevehicle,Stinesaid(inDanish)“Luksus!”translatableinto“This
issonice!”,referringtothefactthatshedidnothavetofindaparkingspot.Sheadded:
“FindingaparkingspotinthecentreofCopenhagenisVERYdifficult”
Indeed,afterspending15minutesfindingaparkingspotnottoofaraway,theself-drivingcarwaseventually
placedinHazardWarningmodeuntilsummonedagainbyStine.
WhenreturninghomeStinewasaskedhowoftenshehastoworkafterreturninghome:
“Everytime”
Askedintoifthatwasalsothecasetodayafterhavingbeentransportedforafulldaysheadded:
50
“Ididnothavetimetoregistermyhours,becausethetriphomewassofast[referringtothe40minutes
backhome.Trafficwasunusuallylight].ButIcandothattomorrow.Ihavecompletedeverythingrelated
tothevisitsIhadtodayandalsothevisitsIdidyesterday.Yes,myworkdayisover!”
5.4.1 Concluding comments on Stine
SumminguponStineitisclearthatshewillbenefitfromanautonomouscarinseveralways:
• Stinecanfocus100%onphonecallswithcolleagueswhilebeingtransported.Thephonecallshelp
hercolleagues,thusmakingthemmoreproductiveandStinecandothecallsontheroadinsteadof
eitherdrivingandreducethefocusofboththeconversationandthedrivingorstopthecarand/or
waituntilshehasanaturalstop.Asaresult,Stinebecomesmoretime-effective.
• Inbetweenvisits,Stinedidverylittleworkrelatedtovisits.Insteadshemostlyhelpedcolleaguesby
phoneormailandreflecteduponthevisits.
• Stinesavedtimenottryingtofindaplacetoparkhercar.
• Onthelasttriphome,whichispartofhercommute,Stinewasabletowrapupbothvisitsrelatedto
thecurrentdayandthedaybefore.
• Exceptforregistrationoftime,thismeantStinehadcompletedherworkday,anddidnothaveto
workathome,asopposedtoaregularday.
• Loggingonandoffofthenetworkwastoomuchofahassle.Asaresult,Stinedidverylittlework
relatedtopreparingforvisits
o However,withahigh-speedinternetconnectionavailable,Stineassumesshewouldbeable
todothatkindofwork.
5.5 Puk The lastparticipating food inspectorwasPuk.Shewaspickedupat thehomeaddressa45-minutedrive
southofCopenhagenat8AM.TheplannedvisitsforthatdaywasmostlyinHvidovreandVanløse,westof
Copenhagen.ThecommutetothefirstplaceinAvedøre,HvidovrewasviatheKøgeBugtHighway,usuallya
highlycongestedroute.Onthismorningthehighwaywasfullofcars,buttrafficwasmovingataconstant
pace.Thisgave theopportunity todrivevery smoothlyprovidingaverycomfortableexperience forPuk.
Duringthe30-minutecommute,Puktookgreatadvantageofthedriverlesscarandwasveryactiveonthe
laptopontheentiretrip.ItseemedverynaturalandPukwasplacedcomfortableonthebackseatofthecar.
51
Withanexceptionofaveryshortthirdtrip,theremainingridewere10-15minutes.Pukwasgoingtothe
theatrelaterthatday,andaskedtoendexperimentattheheadquartersoftheDVFAinGlostrup.Asaresult,
shedidnothavetheopportunitytoexperiencethecommutebackhome.
ThecommuteinthemorningprovidedagoodopportunitytoworkaccordingtoPuk:
“Itwassonicetotakeadvantageof”
Theshorttripsinbetweenvisithadbenefitsaswell:
“Itismoredifficulttotakeadvantageofthesmalltrips,butyouhavetimetotakeabreak(…)and
youstillhaveenoughtimetocheckemailonthesmartphone.Doingsowasverynice,soIcouldstay
uptodate,whichIwouldotherwisenothavebeen”
Pukmentionsthatshesometimescommutesonthebus,andthatitisnotpossibleforhertodoanywork
duetomotionsickness.However,thatwasnotthecaseinthedriverlesscar:
“Ididnotexperiencemotionsickness.(…)Icouldeasilyworkonthecomputerontheentirecommute
thismorningwithoutsufferingfrommotionsickness(…)sonoproblemsthere!”
Whenaskedifshenoticed,thattheexperimenterwaswearingheadphones,Pukreplied:
“Yes,soyoucouldlistentomusic”
Thisisimportant,asitindicatesthattheattempttocreateanillusionofbeingaloneinthecabinworkedto
someextent.
Table6-ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyPukduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.
52
AsseeninTable6,Pukspent63minutes(71%)onwork-relatedactivitiesand26minutes(29%)onprivate
tasks.While theproportionofprivate taskswasa littlehigher compared to theotherparticipating food
inspectors,themajorityofthetransportationwasusedonwork-relatedactivities.Sincethedurationofthe
tripswerequiteshort,italsomakessensethatPukwerenotabletoinvestigateasmuchtimeinthework-
relatedtasks.Themostcommonwork-relatedactivitywascheckingemail,happeningonalltripsexceptthe
veryshortsecondtrip.Pukperformedactivitiesrelatedtoaninspectiononthreeofthetrips.
ContrastingthisbehaviourtoanormalinspectiondayPukgivesthefollowingexplanation:
“Sometimes,Ipreparefromhome,andsometimesIstayinthecaranddoitbeforeavisitandbetween
visits. (…)but this [havingadriverlesscar] ismuchmorecompact,enablingme toutilize theday
100%”
Thepointis,thatPukcanoptimizeherdaybetterwithaself-drivingcarandasaresultsavetime.Shefurther
explainsthatherdayisalmostcomplete.
“IfIhad5minutesmore,Icouldhaveuploadedthedataandthedaywouldbeover!Eventhoughit
wasashortday,Iwouldhavecompletedthework.”
Pukelaboratesthatonanormaldayshewouldprocessanduploaddatafromthevisitslater.
“IwoulddoitwhenIgothome(…)butwhenyouhavechildrenyouhavetopickthemup,soIwould
doitintheevening”
TheimplicationsforPukwithaself-drivingcarisclear;herdayawayfromhomewasshorterandshecould
almostavoiddoingworkwhenshehasreturnedhome.
Inanemail,Puklaterexplains,thatsheveryrarelyconductswork-relatedphoneconversationsinhercar.
Lessthan1-2timepermonth.Shedoesnothaveproperlyequipmentinhercar(Appendix18).
5.5.1 Concluding comments on Puk
BasedonthedaywithPukthefollowingwasfound:
• While Puk do experiencemotion sickness when going on a bus, this was not the casewith the
driverlesscar.
• Pukworkedduringthetransportationin71%ofthetime.
53
• Herdaybecamebetterutilized,andasaresultthetimeawayfromhomewasshortened.
• Pukwasabletoalmostcompleteherworkrelatedtothevisitsduringtheday.
• Pukassumedthedriverwaslisteningtomusicontheheadphones.
5.6 Concluding remarks on results Atthispoint,5experimentdayswith6participatingfoodinspectorshavebeenconducted.
Thetotalminutesoftransportationtimeandtheminutesspentonwork-relatedactivitiesforallthefood
inspectorsareaggregatedintable7.
Table7–Transportationdataforallthefoodinspectors
Themainfindingsfromtheexperimentsarelistedbelow:
• Out of a total of 676 transportation minutes, 591 minutes (87%) were used for work-related
activities.
• Exceptforabriefinstance,noneofthefoodinspectorsexperiencedanymotionsickness.Thismust
becomparedtothefactthat3ofthefoodinspectorsnormallyhaveatendencytoexperiencemotion
sicknessinacarorbus.
• Nosingleactivitydominatedthetransportationtrips.Insteaddifferentactivitieswereconducted:
o Allfoodinspectors,exceptStine,atsomepointpreparedfortheupcomingvisit.
o Allfoodinspectorsonatleastonetripdidworkrelatedtoanewlycompletedvisit.
o Allfoodinspectorscheckedtheiremail.
o AllfoodinspectorsexceptStinecommunicatedwithcolleaguesinawrittenform.
o 3foodinspectorshadphoneconversationswithcolleagues.
o AllfoodinspectorsexceptStinereflectedontheirwork.
o Bentewasabletoreaduponinformationshehadnotfoundtimetodoin6months.
• Allfoodinspectorsusedthecommuteaspartoftheworkingday.
• 3outof5foodinspectorsneverorveryrarelyconductwork-relatedphonecallswhiledriving.
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6 Discussion Inthischaptertheresultsareanalysedanddiscussed.Animportantpurposeofthechapteristoconsiderthe
validityoftheexperimentsandtomovethereadertowardstheconclusiontoanswertheresearchquestion.
Aspartofthechapter,potentialbenefitsofusingautonomouscarsarefordiscussedinrelationtotheDVFA.
6.1 Validity of the results Theresultsshowedthatanaverageof87%ofthetransportationtimewasusedforproductivework-related
activities.However,thevalidityoftheresultsshouldbediscussedtakingintoaccounthowtheexperiment
was conducted, including the participating food inspectors, time of the year andmore. In the following
sections,differentaspectsofthevalidityoftheexperimentarediscussed.
6.1.1 The questionnaire
The questionnaire filled out by the food inspectors after every single trip is included in the appendix
(Appendix2).Thequestionnairewascreatedaftermultipledraftsandoptimizedthroughaniterativeprocess
tomeettherequirements:
• Easyandfasttoanswer.
• Noneedforsignificantadditionaltasksforthefoodinspector.
However,thedurationofeachactivitywasnotprecise,duetotheomissionofprecisetimeloggingofevery
activity.IfafoodinspectorcheckedherFacebookonthelaptopmostofthetime,andonlycheckedemail
verybrieflyona20-minutetour,thequantitativedatawouldpointtoanequalspendof10minutesonprivate
andwork-relatedactivates.However,theobservationsandinterviewhelpedtovalidatethebalancebetween
thedifferentactivities.Inafewinstances,theexperimentermarkedafewactivitiesonthequestionnaire,
suchasaphonecallofprivatenature.Combined,thethreeempiricaltoolsprovidearelativelyhighlevelof
precisionof thequantitativedata,especially thesplitbetweenprivate-relatedactivitiesandwork-related
activities.Asaresult,the87%work-relatedactivitiesisarealisticapproximationoftheactivitiesbythefood
inspectorsintheconductedexperiments.
6.1.2 Participating food inspectors
Whileitmightbearealisticapproximationoftheconductedexperiment,thesampleofparticipatingfood
inspectorsmustbeexamined.5ofthe6participatingfoodinspectors(83%)werewomen.However,the
55
overallgenderdistributionamongallfoodinspectorsintheDVFAis65%womenand35%men(basedon
classifiedinformationdisclosedtotheauthor).Whiletheexperimentswerenotpreciselyalignedwiththis
genderdistribution,itisacloseapproximation.Moreimportantlythough,isthefactthatallthefood
inspectorswerefromtheCopenhagenarea.ThetrafficconditionsintheCopenhagenAreamustbe
assumedtobedifferentfromtrafficinotherpartsofthecountry,especiallylowerpopulatedareas.How,
thedifferenttrafficconditionswouldhaveimpactedtheresultscannotbeknownprecisely.However,the
conductedexperimentsinvolvedamixahighwaydriving,urbandrivingandcountryroaddriving.The
differenttypesofroadswerenotfoundtodifferintheworkingopportunitiesprovidedinthecabin.As
such,conductingtheexperimentsintheCopenhagenshouldnothavecreatedabiasintheresults.
The next obvious point tomake is the fact that only 6 food inspectors participated in this research. As
mentioned,theDVFAhasapprox.300FTEfoodinspectors.Thistranslatesintoaparticipationrateof2%.If
onlythethe84foodinspectorsinFoodControlOfficeCopenhagen(Appendix15)aretakenintoaccount,the
percentagechangestoapprox.7%.Comparedtosimilarfieldworkstudiesrelatedtofutureresearch,thisis
asignificantsamplesize(Fremforsk,2016).However,thefuturisticaspectsofthisresearchmustbetaken
intoaccount. InthebookDiffusionofInnovations,Rogers(2003)presentsamodelofhownewideasand
technology spread through cultures. The model groups consumers of new technology into five groups:
Innovators,EarlyAdopters,EarlyMajority,LateMajorityandLaggards.AccordingtoRogers,newtechnology
is first adoptedby Innovators, thenEarlyAdopters and so forth. The trend is followinganS-curvewhen
plotted over time (Rogers, 2003). Some of the characteristics of Innovators and Early Adopters include
willingnesstotakerisksandfinancialliquidity,butRogersalsouseswordssuchasprogressists,hightriers,
andexperimentals (Rogers, 2003). As driverless cars are verymuch new technology, it is not difficult to
imagineagreatwillingnesstoparticipateintheexperimentbyfoodinspectors,thattypicallybelonginthe
InnovatorsorEarlyAdoptersgroups.Especiallytakenintoconsideration,thattheselectionprocessinthis
researchwasnotcompletelyrandom.Benteevenbroughtanarticleaboutautonomouscartechnologyinto
the simulated car. However, this seemsmore like a coincidence, as the food inspectors did not signup
themselves, but were suggested by management based on unknown factors. As a result, the selection
processcanbeconsideredsomewherebetweenrandomanddeliberate.Evidently,exceptforBente,none
oftheotherfoodinspectorshadanyinsightintothestateofdriverlesstechnology.
Onemorethingtoconsideriswhethertheparticipantspresentedthemselvesinafavourablelight,dueto
thefactthattheywerebeingobserved(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Whiletypicallyassociatedwithinterviews
due to a discrepancy between what people say and what they do, this behaviour is also present in
56
observations where the observer is present in the experiment. Clark & Dawson (1999) use the term
participant-as-observer. This is verymuch the case in the conductedexperiments for this research. Even
thoughtheexperimentwassetupinsuchaway,thattheexperimentercouldbeignored,itwasveryclear
thatanotherpersonwasinthecabin.However,theparticipantswereledtothinkthattheexperimenterwas
listening tomusicand thereforemighthaveactedmorenaturally thanotherwise.ThatPukbelieved the
driverwaslisteningtomusicisanindication,thatitworkedtosomeextent.
6.1.3 Time of the year
Anotherlimitationoftheexperimentwasthetimeoftheyear.Theexperimentswereconductedfromthe
endofNovembertothebeginningofFebruary,alldarkandcoldmonthsinDenmark.Arelativesmallamount
ofsunlightenteredthecabinandtheoutsidetemperatureswereverycold. If theexperimentshadbeen
conductedduringthesummer,theresultsmighthavebeendifferent.Onereasonisapotentialworsened
climate inthecar,requiringhugeamountsofair-conditionortheopeningofwindows. Inaddition,more
sunlightmighthaveenteredthecarmakingitimpracticaltodoanyworkonalaptop.However,withshields
inthewindows,thiscouldbeavoided.Pukmentioned,thatduringhotdayssheactuallylikestostandoutside
thecaransweringSMSandemails.However,thesunlightissuedoesnotseemtobelimitedtoadriverless
car,andmightaswellbethesameproblemthathappensatastationaryoffice.Atoffices,thingslikeair-
conditioning,windowcoversetc.mitigatethechallengewithsunlight.Thesamethingcouldbeappliedina
driverlesscar.Tosumup,theresultsfromtheexperimentmighthavebeenlessgoodduringsummermonths.
Butanalmostequaldropinproductivityisexpectedinastationaryofficeatthesametimeofyear.
Picture3-FoodInspectorinthecabin
57
6.1.4 Author as the experimenter
Oneimportantelementoftheexperimentthatshouldbementionedisthefactthattheauthorofthisthesis
actedastheexperimenterinalltheconductedexperiments.Thisarrangementhasanumberofpotential
strengthsandpotentialweaknesses.
Potentialstrengths:
• Duetoinductiveandexploratorynatureoftheresearch,theauthorisabletomorequicklyrecognize
interestingfindingsandadjusttheexperimentaccordingly(Clarke&Dawson,1999).
• Duetoinductiveandexploratorynatureoftheresearch,theauthorisabletomorequicklyrecognize
interestingfindingsandfollowupwithquestionsintheinterview.
Potentialweaknesses:
• Theexperimenthasanaturallimitationintime,asonlyonetheauthorisconductingexperiments.
• Multipleexperimentscannotbeconductedsimultaneously.
• Theresearchhasnoinvestigatortriangulation(Clarke&Dawson,1999)
Thepotential strengthsall relates to the inductiveandexploratorynatureof the research.As itwasnot
knownbeforehandwhat the food inspectorswouldactuallydo in theexperiment, it is important for the
experimenterquickly tobeabletorecognizepotential important findingsandmakesuretheexperiment
wouldsupportit.Asanexample,thefactthatKnudjoinedNannainthecarwasnotpartoftheplan,but
providednotabledatapointsintheobservationandgaveanextrainputtothediscussionsincethedriverless
carwasusedasanad-hocmeetingenvironment.Thiscouldbefolloweduponinthesucceedinginterview,
astheauthorhadagreatunderstandingoftheareaofresearch.
On the other hand, having the author act as the experimenter put a natural limit to the scale of the
experiment.Asmentionedearlier,itonlyallowedfor5experimentdays.Withmoredrivers,theexperiment
couldpotentiallybeexpandedandconductedinparalleltoreducethenumberofvariablessuchasweather,
timeofyear,areaetc.Otherweaknessesofonlyhavingtheauthorconducttheexperimentisapotentialbias
towardsapositiveoutcomeoftheresearchaswellastheabsenceofinvestortriangulation(Clarke&Dawson,
1999).Investortriangulationaddsthebenefitofhavingmultipleexperimentersresearchthesamekindsof
situationandaddsmultipleviewpointstothediscussion.However,thiswasnotthecaseinthisresearch.
58
6.1.5 Number of days per food inspector
Arightfulcritiqueoftheconductedexperimentisthefact,thateachfoodinspectoronlywastransportedin
thesimulatedcarduringasingleworkdayandnotinacontinuousbasis.Astheinterviewsrevealed,manyof
theparticipantshadexpectedtoexperiencemotionsickness.Anundocumented,butplausibleassumption
isthatthefoodinspectorsforthisreasondidnotplantodoessentialpreparationactivitiesinthecar.Asall
oftheparticipantsexpressedaverypositiveexperience,itcanthereforebeassumed,thatmoreessential
activitieswouldbeconductedinthecarinasuccessiveexperiment.Itisonlyspeculation,butiftrueitwould
notnecessarily translate intoahigherproportionofworkversusprivateactivities in thecar.However, it
would mean more significant activities could be accomplished, thus increase the value of having an
autonomouscar.
Inaddition,alloftheparticipantsdidactuallydowork-relatedactivitiesonthefirsttripandthatindicates
thataverysmallamountoftimewasneededforthefoodinspectorstobecomefamiliarwiththesituation.
Thisfactmakesthevalidityofthedatahighersinceitcanbeassumedthatmoredayswerenotnecessaryto
becomefamiliarwiththedriverlesscarandperformingwork-relatedtaskswhiledriving.
6.1.6 The presence of a driver
Theexperimentwasasimulationofadriverlesscar.Acentralquestiontoaskisifthisfacthashadasignificant
effect on the results. According to Lyons and Urry (Lyons & Urry, 2005) one of the central features of
commutinginacar,isthefactthatitisaprivatesphereasthusfacilitatesactivitiesofsensitivenature,such
asconfidentialbusinessphonecallsorveryprivateconversations.Inthesimulatedexperimentadriverwas
includedandthisbroketheprivatesphere.Whetherthepresenceofthedriverpreventedpotentialsensitive
conversationsisnotknown,howeverthreefoodinspectorsdidhavephoneconversationsduringrides.On
theveryfirstride,Mariaevenhadaconversationthatcouldbeconsideredasensitiveconversationabouta
colleague. In addition, Stinehad conversationsof a privatenature.While thedetails in the calls arenot
important,thefactthatitwascarriedoutisimportant.Thispointstoanenvironmentwherethetransportee
experiencedsufficientprivacy.
In the experiment, the driver was wearing headphones. As explained in the methodology chapter, the
headphones was serving two purposes: To get voice instructions from the GPS without disturbing the
transporteeandtocreateanillusionofthedriverbeingmentallysomewhereelsealthoughnomusicwas
actuallyplayingintheheadphones.Thishelpsexplainwhysensitiveconversationswereindeedcarriedout
bythetransportees,eventhoughnoagreementwasmadeonhowtohandleclassifiedinformation.
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6.1.7 Smooth driving and motion sickness
Inthesimulatedexperiment,arealpersonwasdrivingthecar,nothardwareandsoftware.Avalidpointto
make,iswhetherthedrivingexperiencewascloseenoughtoarealautonomouscar.Asmentionedearlier,
adriverlesscarhasaccesstoarangeofdata inputs, includingsensors,GPS,mapsandmoreandhasthe
abilitytodoveryquickcalculationsaswellastobetteranticipatethetrafficaheadandaroundcorners,than
ahumanbeing(wiseGEEK,2016).Asaresult,thedrivingandcontrolofthecarwasfarfromhowadriverless
carwoulddrive.Whatisnotablethough,isthatnoneoftheparticipatingfoodinspectorswasunabletowork
whentheyintendedtodoso,andthatmotionsicknesswasnotanissue.ThiscontradictsthefindingsofSivak
andSchoettle(2015).
6.1.8 Internet connectivity
BenteandStinebothmentionedissueswithInternetconnectivityandaslowprocessoflogginginandlogging
offthecompanynetwork.Thisdirectlyaffectedtheirdecisiontousetheircomputerinbetweeninspection
visits.Forshorttrips,thetimetologin/logoffandstartupprogramswastootime-consumingandwasnot
worth the effort. Instead, theymostly used their smartphone on short trips. It is not known if a faster
login/logout-procedurewouldmakethefoodinspectorsprepareorprocesstheinspectionvisitsmore.Stine
said,thatsheactuallypreferredtospendtheshorttripstoreflectandcommunicatewithcolleagues,soitis
unlikelyitwouldhaveaneffectonher.Ontheotherhand,Mariacitedtheconnectivityissueasthemain
reasonthatshedidnotbringherlaptopintothecabin.Itcanthereforebeassumed,thatconnectivityand
login/logoffproceduredidhaveaneffect,butitisdifficulttostatehowmuchandwhatitwouldchangeifa
driverlesscarhadhigh-speedinternetavailable.
6.2 Potential Benefits Thissectionwillgiveanoverviewoftheclearestpotentialbenefitsbasedontheexperimentandfindings.
6.2.1 Commuting
Commonacrossalltheconductedexperimentswasthatallthefoodinspectorsworkedduringpartoftheir
commute.Thisfactisexciting,asitplaysanimportantroleintheefficiencyversusproductivitydebate.
Normally,thetripfromafoodinspector’shometothefirstinspectionvisitisacommuteandnotincludedas
workinghours.Similarly,thelastvisitandbackishomeisalsopartofthecommute.Commutingisnotapart
oftheworkinghours,hencethecommutetripscanbeaddedtoafullworkday.ForStineandBente,the
commutetoandfromCopenhagenamountedto1houreachway.ForMaria,thefirstcommutetripwas47
60
minutesandPukandNannaeachhadaroundhalfanhourforthefirsttrip.Theseareallofsubstantiallength
consideringanormal8-hourworkday.Inthisexperiment,nodistinctionwasmadebetweencommutetrips
andtrips inbetweenvisitsasbothprovidedopportunitiestodowork. Inmanycases, thecommutetrips
offeredthebestworkingconditions,astheywerelongandwithoutbreaks.Therefore,thecommutetrips
weretranslated intodefactoworkabletime.Whetherthecommutewillbeconsideredwork-timebythe
DVFAornotisamanagerialdecisionandpoliticaldecisionsandhasimplicationsforboththeindividualfood
inspectorsandtheorganization.
6.2.1.1 If commute is indeed considered workable hours, it has the following implications:
Fromthefoodinspector’spointofview,thismeansanincreaseinefficiency;thefoodinspectorisableto
produceanincomewithlesstime.Insteadofan8-hourdayplus2hoursofcommute,foratotalof10hours
perworkday,adriverlesscarcanpotentiallyletthesamejobbecompleteddownto8hours.Thishowever,
assumesthateachfullworkingdaycanbefullysaturatedbyworkthatwouldotherwisebedoneinanoffice,
athomeorinthiscaseinacar.
Fromacompanyperspective,itdependsonanumberofthings.Ononehand,asindicatedbysomeofthe
foodinspectors,theworkingconditionsinacarsometimesactuallyprovidesabetterworkingenvironment,
thantheirregularoffice.Theprimaryreasonmentionedbythetransportees,isthattheyarenotinterrupted
inthecar.Thisissomehowrelatedtothestudiesonregularcarsasworkingenvironments(Lyons&Urry,
2005)andaccordingtotheresearchers,oneofthequalitiesofacar,isthatitoffersasolitudeenvironment
andonewhichcanbecompletelycontrolledbythedriverorinthiscasebythetransportee.Ontheother
hand,asindicatedbyespeciallytheinternetconnectivityissues,andlackofface-to-faceopportunitiesetc.,
allkindsofactivitieswillnotbepossibleinadriverlesscar,makingitlessattractivetoconsideritastruework
timebytheemployer.Apotentialcompromisecouldbetoconsiderapartialortotalremunerationofthe
timespendoncommute,providedthetimeisusedtoconductwork.Ahypotheticaloutcomeofthiscould
be an increase in geographicalmobility as indicatedbyBamonte (2013). The reason is that the valueof
commutewillincrease,makingitmoreattractivetoapplyforjobsfurtherawayfromhome.
6.2.1.2 If commute will not be considered part of the workday:
Eachfoodinspectorwillnotbemoreefficient.However,itmightleadtomorehoursactuallybeingworked,
asthecommuteisadjacenttotheworkdayandthefoodinspectorswillcontinuetoworkbeyondthenormal
8hours.Thisexperimentdoesnotprovideevidenceof this,but studieshaveshownthat this is thecase
(Nissen,2006)(Teglkamp,2006).However,thishaspotentiallylong-termconsequences,suchasanegative
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impactonleisureandfamilytime(Teglkamp,2006).Shouldthecommutenotbeusedforworkatall,itstill
providesopportunitiestodoprivateactivitiessuchasreadingnews,Facebook,writingprivatemailsetc.The
value of commute thus potentially increases for the food inspectors, leading to an increase onmobility
(Bamonte,2013).
WhethertheDVFAshouldclassifytimeduringcommuteasworkinghoursornot, istoosoontoconclude
fromthisinvestigation.Whatisclearthough,isthattheadventofdriverlesscarswillsparkadiscussionon
thissubject,asithasimpactsonboththeorganizationandindividuals.
6.2.2 Phone calls when driving
Intheinterview,Stinementionedthatshenormallydrivesandtalkatthesametime.Assumingsomeother
foodinspectorsdothesame,thismeansthatregulartripsinacarcanactuallyalreadybeusedforproductive
activities(Lyons&Urry,2005).However,shealsoadmittedthatsheisnot100%infocuswhendriving,neither
on the call or on the traffic. In addition, talking while driving has serious traffic security implications
(Brookhuis,etal.,1990).Inaddition,onlyactivitiespossibletodoonaphone,suchasinformationsharing,
requesting informationordebatingarepossible.Activities, suchaswriting, readingetc.arenotpossible.
Furthermore, due to the lack of 100% attention, the quality of the calls will be decreased. Other food
inspectors,likeMaria,explicitlydonotdriveandtalkonthephoneatthesametime.Assomeofthetimeis
already used forwork-related activities, the 87%might be higher thanwhat should be expected.When
calculatingeconomicbenefits,amoreconservative50%timespendonworkrelatedactivitieswillalsobe
used.Thisnumberalsoincludesthetimeusedforreflectionsonwork,as5out6foodinspectorsmarked.
6.2.3 Increased productivity
33.000hourswereusedfordrivingbyfoodinspectorsin2015(Appendix1).If87%ofthistimeisconverted
intoproductivehours,ittranslatesinto28.710hours:
33.000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∙ 0,87 = 28.710ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
At the DVFA, an FTE is defined as 1.924 hours per year including holiday and sickness (Appendix 1).
Subtracting6weeksofholidaywegetaround1.700hoursofeffectivehoursperyearperfoodinspector.
Multiplyingtheeffective1.700hourswiththe300FTEs,itequals510.000effectiveworkhoursbyallthefood
inspectors.Assuch,theextra28.710hoursrepresentanincreaseofeffectiveworkhoursof5,6%:
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28.710ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠300𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 1.700ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸
∙ 100% ≈ 5,6%
Theextra28.710hoursusedfortransportationcorrespondstoapprox.17FTEswith1.700effectivework
hoursperyear:
28.710ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1.700 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝐹𝑇𝐸
≈ 17𝐹𝑇𝐸
Assumingamonthlysalaryof35.000DKK(Jobindex,2016)includingpensionandholiday,thevalueofthis
translates into595.000DKKmonthlyor7,14millionDKKannually.Ontopofthisareexpensesrelatedto
computerequipment,courses,temporaryworkingstationetc.
The87%assumesaconversionofpreviousunproductivetimeintoproductivetime.However,2outofthe5
foodinspectorsareconductingphonecallsregularlywhiledrivingthemselves.Itisdifficulttodeterminethe
length,durationandqualityofthesecalls.Tomakeupforthisfact,calculationswitha50%conversionis
added:
33.000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∙ 0,5 = 16.500ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
16.500ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠300𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 1.700ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸
∙ 100% ≈ 3,2%
16.500ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1.700 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝐹𝑇𝐸
≈ 10𝐹𝑇𝐸
Using the samemonthly salary of 35.000 DKK it amounts to 350.000 DKKmonthly and 4,2million DKK
annually.In2015,65.000visitswereconductedby300FTEs.Thatisanaverageof216visitsperFTE.Withan
additional17FTEusingthesameaveragenumberofextravisitsperFTEthevisitsconductedwillbe:
17𝐹𝑇𝐸 ∙ 216𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑠𝐹𝑇𝐸
= 3672𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑠
If the calculation is performedwith 10 extra FTEs itwill be 2160more visits. However, the demand for
inspectionvisitsisdeterminedbyoutsidefactors,suchasnumberoffood-relatedcompanies.Assuch,the
numberofactualconductedvisitsisunlikelytoincrease.Adifferentoutcomeisthateachfoodinspectorwill
beabletoeitherspendmoretimeoneachvisitonaverageande.g.givemoreguidanceorspendtimeon
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otheractivitiesthatwillcreateahigherqualityofeachvisit.Thisincludestasksdirectlylinkedtoavisitor
othertasks,suchasreadinguponnewinformation.Asanexample,thisiswhatBentedidduringthemorning
commute.AsseeninthepoliticalagreementconcerningthefoodcontrolfromApril2015(Ministerietfor
Fødevarer,2015),morefocusedinspectionvisitsareapoliticalpriority.Driverlesscarsprovideapotential
solutiontoachievethesemorefocusedinspectionvisitswithoutaddingextrarecourses,exceptforacquiring
thetechnologyupgradesnecessaryforautonomousdriving.Thiswillbediscussedlater.
6.2.4 Increased Efficiency
Theconversionofpreviousunproductivetransportationtimeintoproductiveactivities,potentiallyallowthe
sameoutputtobeachievedbyfewerFTEs–anincreaseinefficiency.Tocalculatethepotentialreductionin
FTEs,the28.710hoursgainedinthefirstexamplewillbeusedtocalculatetheextraamountofhoursone
employeewillbeabletoworkextraperyearwithdriverlesscars:
28.710ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠300𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠
= 95,7ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸
The95,7hoursextraperemployeewillbeaddedtotheexisting1.700hoursandtherebyassumingthatone
foodinspectorworks1795,7hoursyearly.Thismeansthatthetotalamountofworktimeof510.000hours
canbedistributedbetweenfewerfoodinspectors:
510.000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠1795,7ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸
≈ 284𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠
Thisis16fewerFTEsneededtoperformthesameamountofinspectionvisitsatthesamelevelofquality.
Ifthecalculationisbasedonthe16.500hoursgainedinthesecondexample,theworkingtimeperFTEwill
be:
16.500ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠300𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠
= 55ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸
Thismeansthatonefoodinspectorisassumedtobeworking1755hoursyearlyandtheFTEsneededtokeep
thesametotalamountofworkinghoursare:
510.000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠1755ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸
≈ 290𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠
Thisis10fewerFTEsneededtoperformthesameamountofinspectionvisitsatthesamelevelofquality.
Inotherwords,apotentialreductionof10FTEscanbecarriedout.
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16fewerFTE’srepresentsareductionof5,3%:
1 −284300
∙ 100% = 5,3%
10fewerFTE’srepresentsareductionof3,3%:
1 −290300
∙ 100% = 3,3%
Thesecalculationsarebasedonsimplemathanddoesnottakeintoaccountexpensesrelatedtohiringand
firing,equipmentetc.Doingsowoldrequireamuchmoreelaboratestudyonhowtheinspectionvisitscan
be redistributed across fewer food inspectors, and amore detailed look at theworkflow. However, the
numbersindicatethatdriverlesscarsdefinitelyprovidesignificantopportunitiesforincreasedproductivity,
efficiencyorboth.
6.2.5 Upgrading the cars
Asmentioned,theDVFAhas174carsavailableforusebythe300FTEfoodinspectors.Whilethefutureprice
levelsofautonomouscarsareimpossibletoknowatthispoint,afewpresentpricedataareavailable.The
$1.000-$1.500pricerangebyFagnant&Kockelman(2015)andthetargetpricebyGeorgeHotzof$1.000
(Vance,2015).ConvertedtoDanishkroner,thisisroughly7.000DKKforanupgradeofthecar.Thedriverless
carcanpotentiallyleadtoaproductivityincreaseof17or10FTEsorastaffreductionof16or10FTEs.Using
thesamemonthlysalaryof35.000DKKthistranslatesintothefollowingyearlyproductivityincreasesand
savingswhenonlylookingatsalaryexpenses.
Valueimprovementswithproductivityincrease:
17𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 35000𝐷𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ∙ 12𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸 = 7,14𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝐾𝐾
10𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 35000𝐷𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ∙ 12𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸 = 4,20𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝐾𝐾
Costsavingswhenreducingstaff:
16𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 35000𝐷𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ∙ 12𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸 = 6,72𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝐾𝐾
10𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 35000𝐷𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ∙ 12𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸 = 4,20𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝐾𝐾
Dividing the lowest estimatewith thepotential costof upgrading todriverless technology at 7.000DKK,
roughly600carscanberetrofitted.Morethanenoughtocoverboththecarsownedandoperatedbythe
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DVFA aswell as the cars owned by the food inspectors themselves. Of course, in addition to the initial
investmentsmaintenance and service costsmust be added. Furthermore, the driverless technology will
eventuallydeprecate(Christensen,etal.,2004),andwillneedreplacement.Onpurpose,thesecalculations
onlyscratchthesurface.Thefuturemarketofautonomouscarsisstilltoofarawaytoreallydomeaningful
calculations.CompanieslikeUber,Lyft,andsimilarstart-ups,havethepotentialtoradicallychangethecost
structureandownershipmodelofautonomouscars.However,thecalculationshelptoillustrate,thatfrom
aneconomicalstandpoint,organizationsarelikelytobenefitfromtheintroductionofdriverlesscars.
6.3 Concluding remarks on the discussion Inthischapter,thevalidityoftheexperimentandtheresultshavebeendiscussed.Themainfindingsare:
• Intheexperiment87%oftransportationtimewasusedforproductiveactivities
o Afewfoodinspectorsalreadyconductphonecallswhendrivingthemselves.Therefore,amore
conservativescenarioof50%ofthetransportationtimeusedforproductiveactivitiesisadded.
• Thefoodinspectorswereabletoconductdifferenttypesofwork-relatedactivitiesincluding:
o Preparingforanupcominginspectionvisit
o Processingacompletedinspectionvisit
o Conductingphonecalls
o Readingandwritingemails
o Readlongdocuments,webpagesetc.
o Ad-hocmeetinginthecar
o Reflectonwork
• Someofthefoodinspectorsusedthetransportationtimeforinspectionpreparationsandprocessing.
o Thusthequalityofthosespecificvisitspotentiallyincreased.
• Oneofthefoodinspectorsusedthecommutetoreaduponinformationshehadneverfoundtimeto
do.
• Approximately13%ofthetransportationtimewasusedforprivate-relatedactivities.
• Motionsicknesswasnotanissue.
• Byworkingduringthecommute,thefoodinspectorswereabletoalmostcompletetheirworkdaybefore
arrivinghome.
o Theywereabletocreatethesameoutputusinglesstime,inturnbecomingmoreefficient.
• Thequestionnaireprovidedlittleaccuracy,butcombinedwithobservationsandinterviews,thevalidity
oftheexperimentwasrelativelyhigh.
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• Theparticipatingfoodinspectorswerenotrandomlyselected.Thisresultedinagroupofparticipants
thatwereallwomenandfromtheCopenhagenarea.
o Whilethismadetheexperimentlessrepresentativeitalsoremovedvarianceintheresults.
• Thevalidityoftheresultsisbelievedtoimprovebythefollowingchanges:
o Extendingthenumberofexperimentaldaysperfoodinspector.
o Removethedriverfromtheexperiment
o Providebetterinternetconnectivity
• Importantdiscussionsmustbemadeonwhethertoincludecommuteintheofficialworkinghours.
• Driverlesscarshavethepotentialtoincreaseproductivityforthegroupoffoodinspectorsby3,2%-5,6%,
equallingtoapotentialadditionof10-17FTEs.
• Driverlesscarshavetopotentialtoincreaseefficiencyforthegroupsoffoodinspectorsby3,3%-5,3%,
equallingtoapotentialneedfor10-16fewerFTEs.
• Thevalueofthepotentialimprovedproductivityandefficiencyarehigherthanthelowestestimatesof
costforupgradingcarswithautonomoustechnology.
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7 Conclusion Theexperiments involvingasimulatedself-drivingcarhaveshown,that food inspectors fromTheDanish
VeterinaryandFoodAdministration(DVFA)areabletoconvertupto87%oftheautonomoustransportation
timeintoproductivework-relatedactivities.Theconductedwork-relatedactivitiesinclude:
o Preparingforanupcominginspectionvisit
o Processingacompletedinspectionvisit
o Workrelatedtootherinspectionvisits
o Readingandwritingemails
o Havingphonecallswithcolleagues
o Readinginformationfromwebsites
However,theactualconversionisless,assome(inthisthesis2out5)foodinspectorsarealreadyconducting
somephonecallswhiledriving.Assuch,amorerealisticconversionof50%isproposed.
Asmostofthelistedwork-relatedactivitieswouldhavetobeperformedbythefoodinspectorsatadifferent
timeattheofficeorathome,thisincreasestheefficiencyofthefoodinspectors.Thisefficiencyimprovement
potentiallyallowstheDVFAtoconductthesamenumberofvisitsatthesamequalitywith10–16fewerFTEs
(3,3%–5,3%).
Someoftheparticipatingfoodinspectorsusedthetransportationtimeimmediatelybeforeandafteravisit
toprepareorprocessaninspection,potentiallyleadingtoahigherqualityofthevisit,processingandthe
followinginspectionreport.Inaddition,allthefoodinspectorswereabletocommunicatebetterwiththeir
colleagues both in relation to concentration when they were not driving and in relation to giving an
immediateresponse.Furthermore,oneofthefoodinspectorswereabletoreaduponinformation,thatshe
normallyneverwouldhave found time todo.The increasedquality,better communicationand time for
readinguponinformationalltranslateintoanincreaseinproductivity.Converting50%-87%ofthe33.000
hoursusedfortransportationin2015intowork-relatedactivitiesisequivalenttohavinganadditional10-17
FTEfoodinspectors(3,2%–5,6%)employed.
Apotentialincreaseinefficiencyandproductivitycannotbeachievedatthesametime.However,amixof
eachoneispossible.Ultimatelyitisuptothemanagementorthepoliticianstodecideonwhethertofocus
onefficiency,productivityorboth.
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Thestudywasperformedwithonly5femalefoodinspectorsallfromtheCopenhagenFoodControlOffice
andbasedononedayofexperimentforeachinspector.Nevertheless,thefollowinghypothesisisproposed:
A largeamountof transportation time ina driverless car canbeused forwork-relatedactivities,
potentiallyleadingtoanincreaseinproductivity,efficiencyoramixofboth.
7.1 Suggestions for further research As the research showed, self-driving cars did have an effect on productivity and efficiency for the
participatingfoodinspectorsattheDVFA.However,theexperimentonlylookedahomogeneousgroupof
people,usingcartransportationaspartoftheirworkday.
Afirstapproachistobroadentheexperimenttoincludemoredaysperpersonandmoresubjectsingeneral.
Anobviouswaytoconductfurtherresearchistobroadenouttheparticipatinggroupofpeopletoinclude
peoplewithsimilardrivingpatterns,usingcartransportationaspartoftheirjob,butalsopeoplewhoonly
useacarforcommutingpurposes.Howwillthisaffecttheirproductivityandwillitleadtoshorterdaysaway
fromhome?Inaddition,researchcanbeconductedoncartransportnotonlyrelatedtowork,butrelatedto
all mobility in a society and how self-driving cars will affect aspects such as stress-levels andwork-life-
balance.
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8 Reflections Thisfinalchapterwillpresentsomeofthebroaderperspectivesusingdriverlesscarsandrelatethemtothe
findings in the research. In addition, alternative technologies will bementioned and contrasted against
autonomouscars.
8.1 Potential benefits of driverless cars in other companies Today, some companies are using private chauffeurs or taxis to transport their employees between
customerstodotheirwork;anexampleisLægevagtenwhereaprivatechauffeurdrivesadoctortotheir
patient(RegionHovedstaden,2014).Thismakesitpossiblefortheseemployeestoworkduringthetrip,e.g.
doingpaperworkforthepatient.However, this isnotapracticethat isadoptedbymanycompaniesand
severalcompanieshaveemployeesthatdrivetheentiredayfromcustomertocustomer.Attheendofthe
daytheywillhavetodotheirpaperwork.Thesecompanieswouldpotentiallybenefitfromdriverlesscars
sincetheirproductivitycouldbeincreasedbasedonthisstudy.Furthermore,thecompaniesthatareusing
taxisandprivatechauffeurscouldobtainaneconomicbenefitusingdriverlesscarssinceachauffeurdoes
notneedtogetpaid.
8.2 General commute and working hours in driverless cars Itshouldbenotedthatifcompaniesingeneraldecidetodefinethecommuteinadriverlesscarasworking
hoursthiscouldpotentiallyhaveamajorimpactonthestructureofoursociety.Nevertheless,itrequiresthe
specificjobtocontaintasksthataresuitableforworkinginadrivingenvironment.
Ifcommutingcanbeusedforworkingthiscouldpotentiallyloadoffseveralhoursofworkandmakeitmore
advantageoustolivefarawayfromyouroffice,sincetheemployeewillbeabletospendsomeoftheworking
hoursinthecaronthewaytotheoffice.Thiswillreleasetimeintheotherendfortheemployeetousewith
familyorotherpersonalactivities,ifassumedthattheworkinghoursinoneweekwillstaythesame.Oneof
thechangesthatthiscancauseinthesociety,isade-urbanisationoflargercities,suchasCopenhagen.This
canleadtoalargechangeinthemarketofrealestateandhowthepricesarespreadthroughoutthecountry.
8.3 Inverse commuting As autonomous cars provide working opportunities during a commute, sometimes even a better
environmentduetofewerdistractions,somepeoplemightprefertoonlyworkinthecarinsteadofgoingto
theoffice.Whenphysicalmeetings arenecessary, the autonomous carwill simply drive to a designated
70
destination, or justmeet upwith otherwandering driverless cars,with humanworks inside. The design
studio,IDEOhascreatedaninteractivewebsiteshowcasingthisscenarioathttp://automobility.ideo.com/.
Suchafuturescenarioseemsfuturistic,howeverastheautonomoustechnologydevelop,itmightverywell
happensoonerthanmostpeoplethink.
8.4 Competing technologies While thepreliminary resultsof this research shows thatautonomouscarsdohaveapositive impacton
productivityandefficiency,itisalsorelevanttolookatotheremergingtechnologies.
AtechnologicalareaundermajordevelopmentisVirtualReality(VR)(Strickland,2007).Majorplayerssuch
asFacebookthroughOculus(Oculus,2016),Samsung(Samsung,2016)andSony(Sony,2016)areveryactive
inthisfield.WithVR,virtualworldscanbecreatedinsomecasesmimickingthephysicalworld(Strickland,
2007).AstheVRtechnologyprogressesitisnotdifficulttoimagineareducedneedforface-to-facemeetings
andasaresult,areducedneedforcartransport.ElementsofVRarepotentiallyrelevantforfoodinspectors,
astheywouldbeableto“visit”thecompaniesvirtually.However,recordingequipmenthastobepresentat
thepremisesofthecompaniesandinmanycasesmultipleroomshavetobechecked.Furthermore,thefood
inspectorsalsodobacteriatestsandinspecttheoutsideofbuildings.Itisdifficulttoimagineafullinspection
visittobeconductedthroughVR.
AnotheremergingfieldexperiencingrapiddevelopmentisInternetofThings(IoT).Moreaphenomenonthan
anactualtechnology,inthiscaseIoTcouldbetheintroductionofinternet-enabledsensorsinstalledatthe
companies (Uckelmann, et al., 2011). The sensors could report back to the DVFA levels of bacteria,
temperatureetc.Thisinturncouldreducetheneedforsomepartsoftheinspectionvisits.However,asmost
of these inspected companiesemploy realpeople, it resembles surveillance, and the sensorshave tobe
installedandmaintained.Thecostoftheseinstallationsisatthispointunknown.
WhileVRandIoTcombinedmightreducetheneedforsomeinspectionvisits,itisdifficulttoseeameaningful
impact. As such, the need for physical transport persists in the DVFA even with the advent of these
technologies.
8.5 The Second Machine Age Theadventofself-drivingcarsisaprimeexampleofthemajorchangesmadepossiblebydevelopmentsin
ITandAI.InthebookTheSecondMachineAge,BrynjolfssonandMcAffee(2014)explainhowtheybelieved
drivingwasadisciplineimpossibleforacomputertomaster.However,withtherapiddevelopmentsenabled
71
byMoore’sLaw(Brynjolfson&McAfee,2014)computationalpatternmatchinghasbecomegoodenoughfor
self-drivingcarstobepossible.Whiledriverlesscarswillbringmanybenefits,asfoundintheliteratureand
illustrated in this research, they are also eliminatingmany typesof jobs.Asmore andmore carswill be
autonomoustheneedfortaxidrivers,truckdrivers,deliverydriverswillnolongerbeneeded(Jiang,etal.,
2015).However,associetyenterstheSecondMachineAge,notonlyjobswithinthetransportationindustry
areindangerofbeingeliminated.Artificialintelligencepotentiallyenablescomputerstodiagnosedeceases,
operate interactive voice-response systems in call-centres and provide legal assistance (Brynjolfson &
McAfee,2014).Societiesasawholewillbericher,atthecostofrisinginequality.Thepoliticalandsocietal
responsestothesedevelopmentsareexcitingandwillmostlikelybeamajorthemegoingforward.Topics
suchastaxreforms,politicaltransformationsandbasicincomearesomeofthepotentialsolutions(Reich,
2015).
8.6 Autonomous cars do not exist yet The research conducted in this thesis is special in the sense, that the investigated technology is not yet
availableandmeasureshavebeentakentosimulateanon-existingtechnology.Inaddition,fortheauthorit
has been great to be able to design and conduct a real-life experiment,which are relatively rare in the
cand.merc.(it.) concentration at CBS. A highly unlikely risk exists that driverless cars never enter the
marketplaceandinthatcase,thefindingsinthisresearchareuseless.However,theriskofcreatinguseless
findings is compensated by the enjoyment of conducting research within a new, exciting and highly
developingfield.
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10 Appendices
Appendix 1: Email from Flemming Petersen, FVST, 17. February 2016
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Appendix 2: Questionnaire
Sæt kryds ved en eller flere udførte aktiviteter under netop overståede køretur:
Aktivitet Sæt kryds
Forberedt det kommende kontrolbesøg
Opfølgning på det netop overståede kontrolbesøg
Aktivitet vedr. andre kontrolbesøg
Læst op på nye regler / bestemmelser vedr. kontrolbesøg
Læst ting fra intranettet eller fvst.dk
Kommunikeret med kollega skriftligt
Kommunikeret med kollega via telefon / Skype
Læst / svaret på arbejdsmail
Forberedt internt møde
Reflekteret over ting på arbejdet
Andet, arbejdsrelateret___________________ _______________________________________
Prøvet at arbejde, men kunne ikke pga. støj, blev køresyg, for lidt plads, osv.
Andet, ikke arbejdsrelateret, fx skrive til læge, sende privat SMS osv.
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Appendix 3: Mail to the participating food inspectors prior to the experiment day
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Appendix 4: Maria observations Trip1:8:00-8:47.Hjem,xxxx->VanløseMegettrafik.Kø-kørsel!TogdobbeltsålangtidsomestimeretafGPSSolenstodopistarten.Koldtognovember-agtigtvejrMariavirkederimeligafslappet.SnakkedeitelefonpåstørstedelenafturenSnakkedeomproblemermedkollegaer.Deresproblemer.Snakkedemedchefomkringarbejdsforhold.Virkedetilatchillenårderikkevarsamtaler.Badikkeommusikellertemperaturændringer.Viljegsigetilhende.Sammemedfrokost.Havdecomputeribagagerum,brugtekunmobil.Trip2:9:15-9:25->xxxx,VanløseKorttur.Intettrafik.Lidtproblemermedbagagerum.Måttehjælpeindenvikørte.Virkedeendnumereafslappet.Somomhunligeskullevænnesigtilkonceptet.Fikindenvikørteforklaretathunkunnebedeomradio,temperaturetc.Sagdedahuntogsintaske,atdettekunnemangodtbliveafhængigaf.Ingensnak,kunskriftpåmobil.Trip310:15-10:25,xxxx,NVKorttur.IntettrafikVirkedetilatslappeaf.Forsøgteatkøremegetkonservativt.Afslappetatmosfære.Naturligt.Trip410:50-11:00.xxxx,NVKortturBlivermereogmerenaturligt.Trip513:3012:48.xxxx.BørnehaveMariaslappedeaf,hostedelidt.Blevklartilnæstebesøg.Varpåmobilmest.Trip6.13:30-13:55.HjemBadomathøreradio.Lavekorrektiontilsidstomomvej,vedegenvej.Slappedeheltaf.MegetnaturligtAppendix 5: Maria interview Morten:Hvordansynesdudetvar?Maria: Jamen, jegsynesdetvarmegetbehageligt,detvarvirkeligdejligtatslippeforforatkøreogbarekunnetjekkemailogjegharfåettjekketrigtigmangemailsogfåetsvaretpårigtigtmange.Ogdetvarnogetsomjegellersskullegørevedsidenaf.Såjegharsparetrigtigtmegettidvedatgøredet.
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Morten:Jafordihvisdukørtenormaltselv,såvilledusåskullegøredetentennårdukomudforetbesøgellerligeinden?Maria:Jaligepræcis.Morten:Ogvardettilatignoreremig?Maria:Ja,detvarfaktiskoverraskendelet,synesjeg.Altsådetvarlidtmærkeligtistartenmenmanvænnersighurtigttildetogdetharvijoaftaltpåforhånd,sådervarikkenogetmærkeligidet.Morten:Jajegsyntesogsåklartatopleveatligedeførste5minutterskullemanligevænnesigtildet,mensåvardetretnaturligt.Maria:Ja,detvardetfaktisk.Detvardet.Morten.Ladostageennormaldag,nårduerudeogkøre.Hvornårforberederdudinebesøg?’Maria:Detplejerjegatgøreaftenenfør,forsåerdetheltfriskierindringenogsåharjeggennemgåetdesenestekontrolrapporterforligesomatvidehvadjegskaludtilogdeternormaltsådanjegforberedermig.Morten:Jaforjegkunneogsåsepådeafkrydsninger,atdermåskeligemedundtagelseafhertilallersidst,lavededustortsetikkenogenaktiviteterrelaterettildebesøgduskulletil.Maria:Nej,sletikke.Morten:Erdetnormalt?Maria:Ja,deterdet.Forjeggørdetheleafteneninden.Morten:Trorduhvisnuduvænnededigtilatdublevkørtrundt,villedusåændrepådenrytme?Maria:Ja,detvillejegnok.Morten:Hvorfor,gjordedudetsåikkenu?Vardetfordidualleredehavdeforberedtdigeller?Maria:Detved jeg ikke,dethar ikke tænktover,altsånormalt så skal jeg jo forberedebesøgvedat jegplanlæggerdemisystemet,sådansådeerindeisystemet.Ogdetsynesjegermegetret,fordeterikkealtidat computerenvirkerellerat jegkankommepånettet.Såderforerdetaltid rartathavedensikkerhedhjemmefra.Menselvekontrolbesøgetdetkanjegaltidkommepåviatelefonensådetvillejeggodtkunnegøreibilen.Morten:Ognuaproposdetmedbilen,dubesluttedesåikkeattagecomputerenmedind,fordidusagdeatde ting du skulle kunne lave det kunnedu alligevel gøre påmobilen,menhvadhvis vi antog at du ikkeforberedtedigaftenenfør,mengjordedetiløbetafdagenibilen?Maria:Altsådetkunnejeggodt.Jegerlidtbangeforatblivekøresyg.Menellers.Detvillejeggodtkunnegøre.Morten:Ogdublevikkekøresygmedmobilen?Maria:Nej,fordervarsåmegetatlavepåmobilen.Nuvardetnokogsåfordijeghavdeværetsygisidsteuge,såderlå40mails.Sådeternokderfor.Morten:Såduføltedigikkekøresyg?Maria.Nej,ellerjodervarligeettidspunktligeefterjeghavdespistfranr.4besøg.Derkunnejeggodtligemærkedetlidt.Menellerssåerdetgåetfint.KørselandredageMorten.Hvormangetimerbrugerdunormaltpåatkøreisnit?Maria:Isnitdererdetnokcaentime.Foroftesåprøvermanatplanlæggetilsynenehvordeliggerrigtigtætpåhinanden. Jegharsådenudfordringat jegprimærtkørermedøkologi, såderforerminestrækningermegetlange,menpåennormaldagimitfastedistriktiHundestedsåkørerjegikkesærligtmeget.Såvilledetværemaks.entimeMorten:SådukørerdertilogsåikkesåmegetkørseliHundestedogsåtilbageigen?[Tællerikkemedide60minkørsel,selængerenede]Maria:Jaligepræcis.Morten:Kunnedunoglegangefindepåatgåmellemdeenkeltesteder?Maria:Jadetkunnejeggodt.Morten:Hvisduhavdeenselvkørendebil,villedusåaltidkøre?
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Maria:Detkommeranpåhvortætdesåligger.Hvisdeterligeovrepådenandensideafgaden,såvillejeggå.Menellersvillemannoktagebilen.Morten:Erdernogledagehvordukørermere?Maria:Altsåvifårbareikkebetalingtildetførstebesøgoghellerikkefradetsidste.Sådettællerikkemediarbejdstiden.Determinegentidjegbrugerder.Morten:Sånårdusigerentimeisnit,erdetaltmellembesøg1og5?Maria:Ja,deterdet.Ellerserderenheldelmere!Morten:Såervimåskeoppepå2-2,5time?Maria:JaMorten:Hvormegetfylderkørselmentalt,nårdutænkerpåimorgenskaldupåarbejde?Maria: Det fylder meget. Men det er faktisk primært fordi vi har problemer med at vi ikke har nokfødevarebilertildetrådighed,sådetkangodtværeenudfordringatkommetilatudføremitarbejde,fordijegmangleretkøretøj.Ogdeterstressende.Ogirriterendeatmanskaltænkeoverdet.Sådetfyldermeget.Morten:DeternogleafFødevarestyrelsenbiler,somdusåskalindoghenteiGlostrup?Maria: Ja, vi har dem stående ude i landet.Nu kører jeg som regel fra Frederikssund af og der har vi 2fødevarebilerståendehvorjegharendagpådeneneogendagpådenanden,mendetdækkerikkeheltmitbehov.Sådeterenudfordring,forellerssåskaljegkøreiminegenbil.Ogjegvilhelstikkestilleminegenbiltilrådighedfordidetødelæggerbilenmeddetherstart-stopspecieltnårmankøreridieselbil,sådeternogetdervirkeligtsliderpåbilen,såderforhar jeg ikke lysttilatstilleegenbiltil rådighed.Såderforerdetenudfordringpådenmåde.Morten:SådetergrundentilatdukøreriFødevarestyrelsensbil?Maria:Ja.Morten:Forandreharjegindtrykafbrugerderesegen?Maria:Ja,deterderrigtigtmangedergørogformangederkandetogsåsvaresig,hvisdeharenbenzinbilogdearbejderlangtfrahvordebor.Såkandetgodtsvaresig.Morten:Sådetvilsige,atnormalttagerdutogettilFrederikssundså?Maria:Nej,jegkørernormaltiegenbiltilFrederikssundfordijegboriValbyligenu,menjegskalflyttetilFrederikssundogminebørngåriinstitutionderoppe,såderforsåliggerjegogkørerophverdagmeddemogsåkørerjegsåviderederfraienandenbil.Morten:Sådetfylderendel.AktiviteterMorten:Jeglagdemærketilatmangeafdeaktiviteterdukrydsedeaf,bl.a.snakkeitelefonogreflektereoverarbejde,detkunnedusådansetgodtjoogsågørenårdukørernormalt.Maria:Ja,Morten:Kunnedumærkeforskel?Maria:Ja,formanharmererotilatgøredet.Normaltnårjegkørersåhørerjegmusik.Ogslårtidenihjelpådenmåde.Såjo,jegharfåetmereudafikkeselvatskullekøre.Morten:Foreksempelpåførstetur,derhavdeduendelsamtaler.Villeduhavetagetdemhvisdukørteselv?Maria:Ej,detvillejegikke.Morten:Villeduhavestoppet?Maria:Nej,såvillejeghaveventettiljegvarnåetfremtildestinationenogsåvillejeghaveringettilbagetilvedkommende.Morten:Såpådenmådevarderenklarfordelatdubarekunneringe?Maria:Ja,detvarder.Virkeligt,detvarder.Morten:Hvordanhvisduskalprøveatsammenlignemednårdunormaltkommerfremtiletsted,nårduharkørtrundt,føltedudigmereklarellervardetdetsamme,nårdetkomtiletbesøg?Maria:Detvardetsamme.Morten:Sådetvarmestbareenluksus,detvarikkesådandukunnebliveenormtmereudhviletogmentaltparat?
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Maria:nej,ikkemereudhvilet.Detvarikkefordijegsadogsov,menjegsaddaogblundedelidtnoglegange.Detvarrartistedetforheletidenatværepåheledagen.Morten:Hvorgoderdutilatholdepauser?Hvisduselvkører?Maria:Ikkesågod.Deterogsådetdermedatspiseenmadpakkemensmankørerforatsparedentid.Morten:Erdetforatkommetidligerehjem?Maria:Jadeterdet.Ogmeretidtilathandlenårjegkommerhjem.Indenderkommerformangeibyen,detersådanjegtænker.Morten:DeterselvfølgeligogsåenformforstressatmankanundgåellerreduceredetMaria:Jadeterdetheltsikkert.ForventetafforsøgetMorten:Hvadhavdeduforventetafforsøget,vardetsomduhavdeforventet?Maria:Jegsynesfaktiskdetvarbedreendjeghavdeforventet,fordidetvarmereafslappendeendjeghavdetroetdetvar.Ogogsåfordidukørtesomdugjorde,detvarvirkeligrart.Megetsmooth.Jo,detharjegfåetmereudafendjegegentlighavdeforventetiførsteomgang.Morten:Fordidutroededetvilleværelidtbumpyogstart-stop?Maria:Jaogsåtænktejegnokogsåatjegvilleblivekøresyghvisdetvarjegsadogkiggedeformegetpåtelefonenellerpåcomputer,mendetsynesjegegentliggikfint.Morten:Hvadmednårdukørerienandenbilmedenandenchauffør,hardusåtendenstilatblivekøresyg?Maria:Ja,detkanjeggodtblive,detersåikketitjegbliverdetmendetersomregelhvisjegsidderogkiggerpåtelefonenellerlæserenbogellersådannoget.Morten:Såbaredetaktivitetsniveaudugjordeidagvilledunormaltblivekøresygafhvisdetvarenperson,derkørtesommannormaltkører?Maria:Ja.Morten:Jegforsøgtevirkeligogsåatkøresmooth.Maria:Jo,janårdeterminmandderkører,såvillejeggodtkunneblivekøresyg,hehe,jadetvillejeggodtkunne.Morten:Mendettrorjegogsåduvillehvisjegkørtenormalt,manpressersiglidtmereligeoptildetnæstelyskrydsMaria:Jomenheltsikkert,detvarmegetsmooth.Rigtigdejligt.Morten:Vardernogetduvarsådan,dusigerselvfølgeligduvaroverrasketoverat.Vardernogetandetduvaroverrasketover?Maria:Jegvaroverrasketoverhvorhurtigtduvarpåplettennårjegegentligvarførfærdig,detvarjosuper,forsåkomvihurtigerevidereogsådervarikkenogetmedatjegskulleståogvente.Detgikbarehurtigt.Morten: Jafordihvisduhavdekørtselv,såskulledusåbrugetidpånogetparkering.Fylderdetnormaltmeget?Maria:Nej,ikkedestederhvorjegkørernormalt.NukørerjegjonormaltikkeindeniKøbenhavn,menderhvor jeg kører der plejer der altid at værepladser, nu kører jegogså rigtigmangebørneinstitutioner ogkantinerogdereraltidpladserpåparkeringspladsernesådeterikkenormaltetproblemMorten:Menflereafdinekollegaerharjegindtrykaf.Maria:Jadeharudfordringer!JegvedogsåDorthe,hunplejerikkeathaveproblemermedatfindepladser,menalligevelsåerderrigtigtmangebilerindenpåChristianshavnhvorhunogsåkørerogjegkunnegodtforestillemigatderkunneværenogleudfordringerder,specieltogsåimyldretidenMorten:Ja,detmådervære.Morten:Trorduathvisduhavdesådanenselvkørendebiltilrådighedvilledusåbegyndeatblandeprivatog arbejdsliv, at de ville svæve endnumere sammen, sådan at dumåske ville begynde at have privatesamtaleribilen?Maria:Mendetkanjeggodthaveogså,menikkemensjegkører.Såstopperjeg,hvisjegkanseatjegerblevetringetopafenprivat,såskaljegligehørehvaddeter.Omdeternogetvigtigtellerhvad:Morten:Sådukørerindtilsiden?Maria:Ja
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Morten:Ogerdetforskelligefrahvisdetvarenkollega?Maria: Ja det er det, altså med en kollega, der plejer jeg som regel godt at kunne vente, til jeg nårdestinationen.Menhvisdeterprivat,såtænkerjegatdetkanværeetellerandetvigtigt.Morten:Jadetkanhaste.Ogdusnakkeraldrigitelefonmensdukører?Maria:Nej,determegetmegetsjældent.Deterdet.Prøverjegatundgå.Jegharikkeheadsætpåellernoget.Såhardetihvertfaldværetpåhøjttaler,hvisjegharsnakketmensjegharkørt.Morten:Hvadmen,dervarnoglesvarmulighedersomatlæseopnoglenyeregler,forberedeetmøde,vardettilfældigtatduikkegjordedetidag?Maria:Jafordidervillejegnokogsåblivekøresyg,hvisdervarnogetspecifikthvorjegskullesiddeogfordybemigmegetsåjegatjegvilleblivepåvirketafdet.Morten:Oghvadhvismanforestilledesigatbilenikkesåudsomdengjordeidagmenatdenhavdeenstologetbordogencomputerforandigatdukunnemåskeståop.Trordudetvilleændrepåsituationen?Maria:Atjegstodop?Morten.Hvisdetnærmestvaretkontorpåhjul.Maria:Ja,såkunnedetgodtværedervaranderledes.Mensomregelsåerdetnogetsomjeggodtkanlideatsiddemedmedbeneneplantetpåjordenogsåsiddeoglæseisærsådannogetlovstof.Morten:Jegtrordetvardet:)Appendix 6: Nanna & Knud observations Trip1Nanna8:35-9:00Hjem,xxxx->SøborgMegetkøomkringHerlevSt.NannagikigangmedatarbejdepåcomputermeddetsammeÆnsedemigikke.Skrevløs,megetintensivt.Havdealtmedindikabinen.Drakvandundervejs.Guidedevej tilhuset,dahun ikkekunnehuskehusetsnummer.Lossinevantervære ibilen.Holderudeforan.Mødtekollegapåp-pladsenTrip2.9:10-9:34->StrandvejenHurtigtudibilenigen.Ejeraffirmaikketilstede.HavdekollegamedibilenKnud.Livligsnakpåbagsædet.“Somatværeminister”fraKnud.Motorvejskørsel.Ænsedemigikke.Beggearbejdepåcomputer.EfterlodprinterogvanteribilenTrip310:50-11:15->GeneratorvejTilbagetilGeneratorvejLivligsnak,computerfrem.Tjekket,læstogskrevetpåcomputerSnakketmedKnudomovenståendebesøgMotorvejskørsel.MegettrafikOkglidendekørsel.EfterlodvanteribilenTrip4.12:05-12:25->hjemLavedemerearbejde.Fuldtkoncentreret.Megetlidttrafik.Godstemning
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Appendix 7: Nanna interview Morten:Allright,Nannatakfordiduvilleværemedher.Nanna:Detvarsålidt.Morten:Detvarnogetafendag.HvordansynesdudetharværetNanna:Fedt,detharværetrigtigtgodtMorten:Hardetføltesnaturligt?Nanna:JaMorten:Skulledutænkemegetoveratduskulleignoreremigellergikdetafsigselv?Nanna:Detgikrimeligtafsigselv.Morten:Detvirkedeogsåtilatdumegetnemt,altsåførstegangdusattedig indsåbegyndtedubareatarbejde,detkørtebare.Nanna:JaMorten.Dunævntenogetmedforbindelsenvardetetproblemundervejs?Nanna:Nejoverhovedetikke,dervarforbindelsehelevejen.DetvarkuniNordsjællandpåtilsyndervarlidt,menibilenvarderforbindelsehelevejen.Morten:Hvisnuduskulleforestilledigatdetherskulleforegåhverdag,hvadkunnedusåmeretænkedigindenikabinen?Sådansådetblevlidtmereenarbejdsstation.Nanna:Såkunnedermåskeværeetlillebord,detvedjegikkeomvillegøredetlettere.Detskulleværetilatmanikkefikondtiarmenemensmansadogskrev.Morten:Sådetjeghørerdigsigevaratdetikkevarikkeetstortproblem,atdetvarindrettetsomenbil?Nanna:NæMorten:Hvadhavdeforventetafimorgesafforsøget.Nanna:Jeghavdeforventetatblivekøresygellerfrygtetdet.Jegtænkteatdetkunnejeggodtblive.Jegkanikkesiddeoglæsenormaltienbil.Morten:Hvadmedattjekketelefonogsånoget?Nanna:Nej,detplejerjeghellerikkeMorten:Oghellerikkeselvomdetikkeerdigdererchauffør?Nanna:Nej.…Mendetgikoverraskendegodt.Morten:Sådethavdedufaktiskforventet,atduvilleblivekøresyg,mendetblevdusletikke?Nanna:NejMorten:HvordanvardetderKnudvarder?Hvordanvardetatinterageremedham?JeggårudfraatdurelativtoftekørermedenandenpersonNanna:Hvisjegselvhavdekørtellerogsåbarenormalthvisjeghavdesiddetvedsidenafogdetvarenandenderkørte,såvillejegikkeligesmidemailenafstedmeddetsamme,detgjordejegmensjegsadher.HvisKnudhavdeetspørgsmål,somviligeskullehaveopklaret,såsendtejegbaremailenafstedmeddetsammeistedetforatdetskullejeghuskenårjegkommertilbagepåkontoretnormalt.Morten:Ahokay,sådukunnehurtigereligefåfulgtoppådetbesøgduligehavdeværetpå?Nanna:JaMorten:Villeduikkehavenårduselvkørernårduhavdeværetpåetbesøgsåsendedennårdusattedigudibilen?Nanna:Nej,overhovedetikke,detvillejegfaktiskventemedMorten:Hvadkandetvære,atduikkevillegøredetmeddetsamme?Nanna:Deterfordiderharjegligesomlukketcomputerenned,nårjegerfærdigmedettilsyn,såerjegpåvejvidere.Morten:Ogmanvilsikkertogsågernevækderfrapåenmåde.Nanna. Jaogsådet,mendetgør jegaltid,deterbarevidere,såmåaltdetderventetil jegertilbagepåkontoret.Morten:Menkandusåikke,hardusåikkenoglegangepåfornemmelsen,athvisduførstkanfølgeopbesøg1kl3omeftermiddagen,kandusåikkehaveglemtnogledetaljer?
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Nanna:Jo,detkanjegsagtens.Mensådanerdet,såharjegskrevetdetnedistedetienbogellerpåcomputerMorten:Okay,menherderkunnedubaregørdetligemeddetsamme?Nanna:JaMorten:Såmankangodtlidtantageatsåvardetmereeffektivtogfriskierindringen?Nanna:Ja,detvardet.Derkanhurtigtgånogetinformationtabtmenogsåsåkanjeghaveglemtatjegskullespørge.NuvarderetspørgsmålKnudhavdehaftfrasidsteuge,sånurykkedehanmigligesåtænktejegnuskaljegligehuske.OmkringaktiviteterMorten:Jegkunneseatduhavdekrydsetafpåenafturene,atduogsåhavdeforberedtdigtildetkommendekontrolbesøg,detduskulleudtil.Gjordedudetfordiduvidsteatduvillehavemulighedfordetherellervardetbarenogetduforberedtdigekstra?Nanna:Bådeog,altsåbådefordijegikkehavdenåetdetogvidstejegdajegstodopimorgesatdetkunnejeggøreher.Tjekkehjemmeside,ligeseomhanhavdedethanskullehavepåhjemmesiden.Ellersvilledetværenogetjeggjordepåtilsynet,mendetvirkerbedreatjegerforberedtinden,mennoglegangesåbliverdetnogetjegligegørpåtilsynetellerogsåsåfårjegdetikkegjort.Morten:Okay,såmankansigeduvarfaktisklidtbedre,dukunneværetlidtbedreforberedt.Nanna:Ja,ja.Morten:OkayNanna:Mankansige,hvisjegsidderherbliverjegikkeforstyrret,hvisjegsidderpåkontoretligeatskalgøredet,såkanmanretofteligebliveforstyrretafnogetandet.Morten:Hvadmedsådannårdutildagligkører,såkandetmåskeogsånoglegangeværerartatmansådanlidtkoblerhjernenfrapåenellerandenmåde.Nanna:Deterrigtigtogdethavdejegogsåtænktover,atdeterjorentfaktiskderatjegplejeratsiddeogslappeaf.Mendetsynesjegoverhovedetikkevarnogetproblem,altsåjegslappedeligesåmegetafnutrorjeg,ellerpåenandenmåde.Jegfiknogetafdetudafverdenjegskullehaveudafverdenistedetforattænkeoverdet,hvaderdetnujegskalhuskenårjegkommertilbage.Morten:Ja,såforeksempelhvisviantageratduharfåetekspederetdetduskullehaveekspederet,jamensåerduegentligtfærdignu,hvorderellersvilleliggenogetatvente.Nanna:Ja,mankunnenånogleting,fåafsluttettilsyneneundervejs.Morten:Ogfåsatfluebenveddem?Nanna:JaMorten:Sådetjeghørerdigsigeeratnormaltslapperduafnårdukører,mennukunneduslappeafpåenandenmåde.Ogkiggelidtudadvinduet.Nanna:Ja,mendetgjordejegdogikkesåmeget.Morten:Jaforduvarmegetproduktivmensdukørte?Nanna:Ja,derkunnejeggodtlukkealtandetude.NormaldagMorten:Hvisvitagerennormaltdag,sidsteugeforeksempel,hvormegethvormangetimerbrugerdusådanisnitpåatkøreialtinkl.frahjemtilførstebesøg?Nanna:Jadetbaresåfrakontoretnormalt,mendeterogsåligemeget.Hmm,derskaljegnokregnemedhvisvisigerjegkører3dage4dageomugen,såbrugerjeg6timer,jegkansjældentgøredet.Nanna:AltsåimorgenskaljegfxtilKøge.Hvismantogdetidagsåbrugtejeghvadpåkørsel?Morten:Omkring1,5timer.Nanna:OgimorgendaskaljegtilKøgeogdetbliverjoogsåihvertfald1,5timehvergangjegkørerafsted.Morten:Ja,forsøgerdunormaltatklumpebesøgenesammen?Nanna:JaMorten:Vardetenspecielcaseatvikørtetilbageidag?Nanna:Ja,detvardet?Morten:Villeduhavegjortdethvisduselvkørte?Nanna:Ja,detvillejeg.
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Morten:Såvilledubarehavebrugtendnumeretidbagrattet?Nanna:Ogmankansigenuerdetslutningenafåret,såskal jeg jonådetilsyndernuertilbage.Når jegstarter i startenafåret, såerdet lettereat samle,altså såhar jeg4 iKøgeelleretellerandet.Mendetforsøgerjegheleåret,atsamledemderskaltagesinærheden.Morten:Oggrundenerforatminimerekørsel?Nanna:JaMorten:Nårdutænkerpåditjob,hvormegetfylderdetatdukører.Fylderdetmentalt?Nanna:Ikkesærligtmeget,deterbareendelafdet.Inden,såtænktejegatdeterderjegsidderogslapperaf,hørernogetmusikoghørerradio.Mennårjegsåharprøvetidag,deterreteffektivtatkunnesiddeogkunnearbejde,altsåderermegethvorjegtænkeratdeterklappetafnårjegkommerhjem.Morten:Hvor,normaltkandugodt lideatkøre?Erdetnogetdusyneserfedtellererdetbareendelafjobbet?Nanna:Detvarierer.Jegtrorjegslapperaf,såpådenmådekanjeggodtlideatkøre,mendererdaogsånoglegangeblivetræls,hvisjegskaltilFrederikssundfx.Morten:Oghvadhvisdererkø-kørsel?Nanna:Ja,såbliverjegirriteret,isærhvismanharenaftaleidenandenende.Morten:LagdedumærketilatvikørteretmegetikøforbivedHerlevstationidag?Nanna: Jegbemærkede ligeenenkeltganghvor jegbare ligenoteredeuretogomKnud ligeskullehavebeskedomatjegvarpåvejellermenellersdergiketstykkeførjegopdagededettrorjeg.Morten:Ja,fordervarfaktiskretmegetkø,dervarmegetstopandgo,jegforsøgteatgøredetsåglidendesommuligt,mendetkanværelidtsvært.Mendetermegetsjovtatdukuntænktemegetlidtoverdet.Nanna:JaMorten:Hvadsynesduvardetfedestevedidag?Nanna:Detvaratkunnesiddeoglavenogetaltsåbareikkeatskulletænkeoveralledeandrebilerdervarpåvejenoghvadman.Altsåbarekunne,hvisjegligekomitankeomnogetjegskullehuskesåkunnejegbaregøredetmeddetsamme.Morten:Oghvis,nuantagerjegatduergladforditjob,villedetgøreenstorforskelforditjobsomhelhed,hvisdervarsådanenordninghermedenselvkørendebil?Nanna:Altså,jegtroratjegvillenånogetmereellerpåenandenmådeihvertfald.Altsåjegvillegodtkunnevænnemigtildet.Jegtrorbareatsomidaghvorjegikkeslappedeafpånogettidspunkt,såkunnedetgodtværehvismannuhavdetagetettilsynmereatmanbarehavdevalgtatsiddeogkiggeudadvindueti10minellerhørenogetradioMorten:Jaformankansigeatnufikdunæstenikkenogenpauser.Nanna:NejMorten:Oghvadgjordedumedfrokostegentlig?Nanna:Detgjordejegikke,forjeghavdeglemtminmadpakke,mendetkanjeggodtfindepåatspiseibilennårjegkørerselv.Såspiserjegminfrokostder.Morten:Mensdukører?Nanna:Mensjegkører,hehe.Morten:DetvillemanjosåbarekunnegørenumensmanbliverkørtNanna:Ja,menaltsåvigårjoikkesåmegetopifrokostiFødevarestyrelsen;)Altsåihvertfaldikkeidenudkørende,omdetligeerkl12ellerhalv12,deterjobarenårderertid.Morten:KandunoglegangefindepåatspiseindenhosNanna:Nejdetgør jeg ikke,ellerdethar jeggjortengang imellemhvis jegharskullesiddeogskriveogklokkenerblevetmangeogjegspørgeromdeterokayatjegspiser,mendetersjældent:Morten:Ja,sådervilmangerneholdeenrenfacade?Nanna:JaMorten:Parkering,erdetnormaltnogetdestederdukører,erdetetproblem?Nanna:HvisjegkørerindeiKøbenhavn,derernoglegangejegtagertogetMorten:Såtagerdusimpelthentoget,foratundgåparkering?
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Nanna:Ogkøderind,dettagerjomegetlængeretid.Altsåkl9imorgenenindenvedKongensNytorv,deterhelt…Morten:Okay,såtagerdutogogsågårduså?Nanna:JaellertagercyklenmedOpfølgningafbesøgMorten:Nuhardunogleflereting,erdernogletingduskalfølgeoppåidagNanna:JaMorten:Ogdetskaldugørefordiduikkenåededetibilenellerfordiduikkekunne?Nanna:Fordijegbareprioriteredenoget,såjegnåededetikke.Detvarnogetjegsagtensvillekunnegøreibilen.Morten:Allright,jegtrordetvardet:)Nanna:Detharværetrigtigtfedtatværemed.Appendix 8: Bente observations Trip1.8:10-9:10Hjem,xxxx->RødovreLangtur!Ca.1timeMåttetankebenzinistarten.Lodsomingenting.Motorvejdetmeste.UdfordringermedtemperaturogdugibilenBentebadfleregangeomændringerIntetkø.LodsinetingværeibilenspisesnacksogdrakundervejsLæsemangepapirer,ikkecomputerSkrevpåsmartphoneTrip2.10:45-10:50.TilRødovreigenKorttur5minBrugtetelefonRingedetilsidst,ligedavivarstoppet.Erdetmondendelafkørslen?Parkeringsudfordringermedlastbil,derholdtivejenog“skyggede”forSkoda’en.Bentemåtteringeeftermig.Trip3.10:50-12:00RødovreRigtigkortturSagde hun ville spise frokost, men det ikke. Spurgte om turen tids, kun 6 min forventet. Fixede negleundervejs:)Havdetelefonsamtaleogsagdehunvillekiggepådetnårhunkommerhjem.Måskeskerdetteibilenpåvejhjem?Trip4.12:55-13:10RødovreSnakkedemedkollegaomkommendebesøgSpistenogetfrokostDervarlukketTrip513:15-13:20RødovreLukketdetforrigested,såhurtigtafstedigen.
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MåttetjekkeoppåintranetSværtatfinde.MatchedeikkeheltmedGoogleMapsTrip614:20-15:20->Hjem,xxxxLangturhjemHavdecomputerenfremmehelevejen.GlidendekørselSupergodt.Jegvartræt!
Appendix 9: Bente interview Morten:Nåh,menvikanjoligestartemed.Jegspurgtediglige,dutagernormaltturenellerellerhvordanerdet?Bente:JegtagernormaltturenherentenfraAsnæsherellerstationeniHolbæk,sånoglegangekørerjegitog,mendeterenlang,sådergårmegettidmedspildtidogogsåkørselikøfordiderplejeregentligatværemerekøenddervaridag,jegtrorikkeviharkørtikø.Morten:Nejmegetlidt,dervarderjegkørtehertilimorges,ogsåfrygtedejegvirkeligturentilbagefordetvarheltvildt,mendervarikkenogetind.Bente:Nej.Morten:Kørerdunormalttidligere,trordudeterderfor?Bente:Jegharfaktisklidtsværtvedatfindeudafhvornårkøentopper,jegtrorfaktiskikkederernogetheltfuldstændigtsystemidet.Nogledageerretforfærdelige,såtagerdethalvandentimeandregangekandetgodtgørespåentime,sådetafhængerlidt.Morten:HardualtidkontrolbesøgiKøbenhavnellerdetnoglegangeogsåpåandrestederpåSjælland?Bente:DeteraltidiKøbenhavn.JegharprøvetomjegkanfånogetsådanherVestsjælland,mendeterikkesålængesidenjegstartedeidenherafdeling,sådeeroptagede,detilsynderliggerher.Morten:Duvarvedatnævnenogetiforholdtilatbyggeethus?Bente:Viervedatbyggeethus iHolbæk, såderforborviegentligtpermanent lige nu iet sommerhuslængerevæk,mennårminmanderpåarbejdeogtagervæknogledageadgangen,såborjeghernedevedminesvigerforældrefordijegnokikkeharsåmegetlysttilatværeidetdertommehusinogetmegetmegetmørkt.Såflytterviligeherned.Morten:Okay,ognårIflytterihusettilHolbæk,så…Bente:SåkommerjeglidttætterepåmenikkesåmegetMorten:Jasåvildetmåsketage40minutterBente:Ja,ellermerehvisdererkøMorten:Jadeterdet.Hvordansynesdudetharværetidag?Bente:Jegsynesdetharværetrigtigtrigtigtrigtigtgodt.Detkunnejeggodtbliveforfaldentil.Deterbestemtenmegetmerebehageligmådeatkøretilsynpå.Foraltsåmanermegetpånårmanerindeoglavetilsynsådeteregentligtdejligtatkunneslappelidtmereafnårmansåkørerfradetenetildetandet.Ogforberedesigpådetnæste,fordeterligepåoghårdtfradetenetildetandettildettredje,sådetdermedatmanligekannåatpakkedeteneordentligtvækogfindedetandetfremogligekigge.Hvadskaljegegentlighentilnu,såermanlidtmereforberedtpåhvadskaljeghuskeatfokuserepå.Morten:Nårdukørernormalt,ellernårduselvkører,slapperduafnårdukører?Bente:Ja,detgørjegegentligt,menjegkommerfremogermindreuforberedtsåsidderjegnoglegangeogbruger5eller10minibilenpåatfindeudafhvaddeterjegskalindtil,detdetsparerjomegettidMorten:Såkunnedusåmærkeidag,nårduvartilenkontrolbesøg,føltedudigsåklarereihovedet,vardernogenforskel?Bente:Jamendetsynesjeg.JeghavdejoogsåretgodtidpåvejenindimorgestilatgøreklarogjeghavdeenddatidtilatlæseoppånogetjegikkehafthafttidtildetsidstehalveårMorten:Holddaop.
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Bente:Dererretmeget,altsådeterjoetstortlovgivningsområdevioperereri,såderermangeting,derligekanfaldelidtudafdenklarehukommelse,sådeterrartatfålidttidtilatfriskedetop.Morten:Jaognunævnteduselvfølgeligatderernogletingduikkeharlæstoppåiethalvtår,sådetkanjeggodtregneduikkevilhavegjortellers,menhvadmednogleafdetingdulavedeundervejs,hvornårvilleduellershavegjortdet?Bente: Ja,mendet ville jeghavegjort imorgen indenpåkontoret. Ellershvis jeghavdekørtenkorteretilsynsdagsåværetindenpåkontoretogfåringettilenkollegaogfåetspurgtomnogetellersøgtpåhvemvartilsynsførendeførforjegskullebrugenogleinformationeromdet.Sådetjoegentligrartatkunnegøredetmeddetsamme,menstingeneerifriskerindringoghurtigerekankommevideremedatstarteoppånyeopgaver.Morten:Vildusigeatvardetligesågodtheribilensomhvisduvarpåkontoret,ellervarderenforskel?Bente:Nej,detvarligesågodt.Altsåjegskalselvfølgelighavedetpakketsammennu,mendetjoikkesådandetheltstorekomplekse.Altsåatskullesiddeogskriveetpåbudellerenbødedetvillejegnokikkeellerdetharjegikkekastetmigover.Jeghargivet2påbudidag,sådemskaljegstadighavelavet,mendedersmåting,sommanfårsamletsammen,skalhaveundersøgtellerspurgtnogenomellerafsluttetdemkanmanfintlavepådenhermåde.Morten:Oghvadkandetværeatsådannogetsomatskriveenbødeellerlaveetpåbud,atduikkegjordedetherpåturen?Bente:Ja,derskaljeghavefatinogetmerelovgivningogderskaljegindoghavefatinogleprogrammersomikkekørersågodtnødvendigvisnårmansidderpåsådanenonlineforbindelsesådererdetenfordelatvære.Morten:LadosantageatduhavdesuperbredbåndsforbindelseogdetspilledebareogduhavdemåskeogsåetlillebordvedsidensomdukunnelæggenogetpåBente:JamensåvillejeggodtkunnegøredetMorten:Detvilledugodt?Bente:JadetvillejeggodtkunneMorten:Spændende,hvadmedsådaniforholdtilfølerdudignormaltkøresygellerhartendenstildet?Bente:NejMorten:Nej,menlæserdunormaltenbognårdukørerellerandrekører?Bente:Detkanjeggodt,menjegharikke,mendetgørjegjoikkenårjegselvkørerMorten:OK,sådetvaroverhovedetikkenogetproblemBente:NejMorten:Dettyderjo,detjomegetspændendeforfremtiden.Hvadhavdeduforventetafidag?Bente:Jamenjeghavdedaforventetatdetvarennemmeredag,forståetpådenmådeatjegikkeselvskullekøre,ogdervarjomangetingjegikkeselvskullegøreidenforbindelse,selvfølgeligdendelatkøreogfindevejenogbrugetidekstrapåeventueltatholdeikøogatjegkunnegøremangefleretingsamtidigtmedatvikomfradetenestedtildetandetsåjeghavdebestemttænktatdetblevretgodtsådanendagher.Morten:Kunnejegignoreres?Bente:OrkjaMorten:Okay,jegoplevede,sidstegangjegkørteførjulatdetvarvarmereivejret,dervarjegtrorderernogetmedmotoren,jegtrornårdetersåkoldthersåvardetlidtsværereatsætteigangisæridesmågear,såjegvarlidtnervøsforomdusynesdenbumpedelidtformeget.Bente:Nejnej,detsynesjegikke,jegsyntesdukørtemegetbehageligt.ogdervarikkenoget,altsådervarikke noget hvor jeg sad og tænkte kører du for hurtigt eller for langsomt nu, det var ikke sådan at jegbemærkedenårduoverhaledeellernogetMorten:duignoreredefuldstændigtforsædetheroppeBente:Ja,sådetenestejegegentligttænkteatjegundgikveddether,detvardenderfølelseafligeatkigget,omdetsnerherellersådannogletingharjegikkeligebemærketsåmegetMorten:Nej,fordetvilledunormaltdunårdukiggedeud,menduhavdenogleenkeltegangesatkrydsvedatdubarereflektereoverarbejdetogkiggedeudadvinduet,sådetgjordedudogenlillesmule?
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Bente:Ja,jegtænkteogsåatjegskulleligeslappeafogklaretankernelidt.Påettidspunktdersadjegdaligeogfulgtelidtmedhvorvivar,mendetvarikkemeget.Morten. Ja, fordet jospændendeegentlighvaddervilske, formankansige idagnårduselvkører,derselvfølgeligskalmanbrugeenergipåatkøre,menmankanstadigsådantænkelidtogslappeenlillesmuleafmåske,deterdernogledergør,hvoratidennehersituationen,hvadvildersåske,vilmansåfølesigsådanatnej jegskalarbejdeheletiden,sådansåmanglemmeratslappeaf.Ellererdetegentligokayatslappeaf.Deterlidtspændendeatsehvaddersker.Bente:Ja.Morten:Hvormegetfylderkørselnormalt,nårdutænkerpåogforklareromditjob,hvorstorendelfylderdetatdukørermeget?Bente:Tænkerduprocentvis?Morten:Jadeterlidtetmærkeligtspørgsmål,mennårdutænkerpåditjob,tænkerdusåatduerenkørendeperson?Bente:Jamendetsynesjegegentligatjeggør,fordiivoresjobblivervimåltpåhvormangetilsynforvilavetogfårhvertenkelttilsynfølgerderjokørselmedsommanligesomikkebliverhverkenmåltellerbelønnetforsådeterjoegentligspildtid,såhvismanbarekunnelaveattilsynenestodfordøren,atmangikfradetenetildetandettildettredje,såvillemanjohaveennogetmereeffektivdag,såtidenerjosådansetspildtidhverdag.Sådetgælderjosåomatplanlæggedagen,såderersåmindstmuligtkørsel.NuhavdejegvalgtRødovreudenheltathavesethvortættilsynenelå,menjegenformodningomatjegikkehavdesåmegettidimellem.Dervarnoktilatmanligekunnenåfradetenetilsynogforberedesigtildetandet.Såpådenmådevillejegjosåikkeidaghavesåmegetspildtid,ogdetjogodtnok.MenindimellemerdetjoenturtilHillerødfraGlostrupogsåenturtilKarlsundeellersådannogetogsåbrugermanfaktisk3timerellersådanetellerandetiløbetafenhelarbejdsdagogsåenfrokostpauseogsåmanmåskenå2tilsynogsåerdagengået.Mensåblevdetogsåkuntil2.Morten:Ogdetvil såsigeatselvommanhavdefuldstændigtselvkørendebiler,såvillemanformentligtstadigforsøgeatlæggetilsyneneinærhedenafhinanden,såmankunnenåflereting.Bente:JadetmanMorten:Jaforselvetransporttidenvilleværenogenlundedetsamme.Bente:Mendervilledetsåværeenfordelhvismanhavdedeselvkørendebileratsåkunnemandalavenogetandetimens,detkangodtværemanikkenåedesåmangetilsyn,menmankunnesånånogetandet.Morten:Fxlæseoppånogetmanikkehargjortiethalvtår?Bente:Jaellerbaredetatfølgemedogfåskrevetmailsogtjekketmailsellerløstenellerandenopgaveellernogetsagsbehandling.Morten:Ligehurtigt,nårdukører,kørerduiegenbil?Bente:Beggedele.Morten:Nårdutagertogetbrugerduselvfølgeligderes.Bente:Jegbrugerikkeminegenvilsåmeget,mendetharsinfordeldegangeatmangørdetfordiatmankanpåenellerandenmådenemmerehavesinetingder,altsåmanved.Hvismankørertilsyndagligtisinegenbil,såvillederikkeværemegetmanskullehavemedogslæberundtpå,opladerogdrikkedunk,enmassetingmankunnehaveliggendeibilen,somvillehjælpetilmedattingenevarnemmere.KittelogsåvidereMorten:Nåhsådan.Jasådetvarfaktiskmegetrartatdukunneladedinjakkeligge,detvarligesombasedether.Bente:Ja,deterrigtigt.Morten:Jegtrorikkeharflerespørgsmål.Hardunoglespørgsmål:)Bente:Nej:)
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Appendix 10: Stine observations Trip1.8:25-9:40xxxxx->RefshaleøenLangtur.GlidendetrafikindtilbyenMegettrafikibyenStinetaltemegetitelefonmedflereforskelligebådeprivateogmedkollegaerBadomathøreradioBadomvolumenændringVirkedetilatnydeturenGladogenergiskTrip211:00-11:13.Refshaleøen->PapirøenKørtemegetforsigtigtpga.bumpFikfuck-fingeraflastbilbagfra:)SnakkedeitelefonhelevejenAfsatteStineveddørenHolder1minvækAftalteatStineringernårhunvilhentesTrip312:00-12:22.Papirøen->IslandsBryggeStinespistefrokostBadomathøreradioSlappedeafJegkørteforkertStinefortalteatjegvarkørtforkert.Jegkom5minsenereIkkenogetproblemforStineTrip4.13:50-14:10.IslandsBrygge->HøjbroPladsStinesnakkedemednyvirksomhedovertelefonKørseliindrebySatafmidtpåHøjbroPlads“Luksus”sagdeStineBehøvedeikkeatparkereselvGørjeg,hvilketermegetsvært!StineringernårhunvilhentesTrip5.15:50-16:30.HøjbroPlads->Hjem,xxxxRigtigtmegetkøiKøbenhavnGlidendeudgennemÅboulevardogpåmotorvejStinearbejdedehelevejenStinelagdeikkemærketilhvorhurtigtdetgikAppendix 11: Stine interview Morten:Takfordiduvilleværemed.Hvordansynesdudetvar?Stine:Jegsynesdetharværetrigtigrigtiggodt,jegharfåetslappetlidtafindimellemkontrolbesøgeneogsåharjegsimpelthenogsåfåetbåderingettilkollegaerogligesomafsluttetminarbejdsdagpåvejhjemog
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indenjegkørteindfikjegjoligeringettilnogleafdemjegharprøvetatfåfatpåellerharskullethavefatpåikk,sådet…Morten:Sådetvirkertilathaveværetengodblanding?Stine:Ja,lidtprivatogrigtigmegetmedkollegaer,jaMorten:Ogdentype,mangeafdemvaropkald,gårjegudfra,dubådemailedeogringede,vardernogleafdeaktivitetersomduikkegørnormaltnårdukørerselv?Stine:Øh,altsåmankansigedetmedatsiddemedcomputerenherogfåafsluttetdetilsynjegligeharlavetogsvaretpånoglemails,detgørjegjoselvfølgeligikkenårjegkørermenjegkangodtfindepåatringeoptilfolk,mendetermegetmerebehageligtdethermedatmankankoncentreresig100%omdet,fordeterikkealtidengodideatringeopnårmankører,selvomatdetgørvijoaltsårentfaktisknoglegangeogjegspiserogsånoglegangeselvomjegerigangmedatkøre,fraAtilB.Morten:Entileratfindefremtilnummeretogringeop,deterselvfølgeligsværtnårmankørermenhvadmedselvesamtalennårduselvkører,kontranu,kunnedumærkeenforskel?Stine:Deterklartjegermerefordybetisamtalenendhvisjegvarudeogkørebilogsnakkeritelefon,altsåhvisjegkørerogsnakkersamtidigtmedatjegogsåskalholdeøjemedvejensåerjegikkesåkoncentreretidensamtalejeghar.Plusjeghavdeensamtalemedenvirksomhedjegligehavdebesøgt,derskullefindeudaf noget til mig og det meldte han jo så tilbage allerede nu her så kunne jeg gå ind og ændre det påkontrolrapportenjeghavdelavettilhamogsåkunnejeggåindogændredet ivores interneoplysningerogså,såjegkunnefåafsluttetden.Jegskalikketilatindogstarteopimorgenpådetelleridag?Detfikjegsimpelthenklaret.Morten:Såmankunnesigesåkanvarogsåværenogletingdermåskegiktabt,detvarmåskebesøgnr.1Stine:Heltsikkertogdeterenrarfornemmelseatkunnefåafsluttetdet,altsånårviharsådanenløsenhængendeatskulleundersøgenogetomkringnogetbio-affaldogsåkanhanringetilmigogjegkansvarehammeddetsammeogjegkanligefremfåafsluttetaltdetdervaromkringdensnak,såjegikkeskalbrugetidpådenigenimorgen.Morten:Hvortitnårdukørerselv,harduarbejdesomdutagermedindnårduerfærdig?Stine:HvergangMorten:hvergang?Stine:jaMorten:Trorduduharnogetnu?Stine:Jegnåedeikkeattidsregistrerefordidetgiksåhurtigt[ikkesåmegettrafiksomderplejer]altsåhvadjegharlavetidag,detplejervijoogsåattidsregistrere,menellersdetkanjeggøreimorgen,menellerssåharjegfåetafsluttetaltdetjegharhaftomkontrolbesøgidagogdetsomjeghavdeigårogsomjegikkenåedeatafslutte.Morten:Såduharfaktisknæstenfyraften?Stine:Ja,detharjegfaktiskMorten:Øhm,nulagdejegmærketilatvikørteindenfraKøbenhavnomkringlidtifireogvivarderindehalv10vardetså.dettidsrumdetsvarerjoikke…InterviewafbrudtMorten:Man kan sige din arbejdstid derinde var jo så kun 6,5 time, for som jeg har forstået det så ertransportenderindogtransportenhjemernormaltikkeendelafarbejdsdagenStine:Nej,Morten:Erdetentypiskdag,fordiatdusåarbejdernårdukommerhjem?Stine:Øh,jadetvilledetværeogsåkanmansigeindenvikørteudimorgesvarjegogsåligepånettetogfiklavetnogetmailogplanlagt,viskal læggevoreskontrolbesøgofflineosv.Detkunnejeg ligenå indenjegkørte.SåmankansigeiogmedatjegharsiddetoggjortnogleandretingibilensåharjegværetpåarbejdehelevejenigennemMorten:Oghvismanforestillersigensituationhvordethervarhverdag,jamensåkunnemankomprimeredinarbejdsdagstortsetfradugikudaddørentildukomhjemigen
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Stine:Jaheltsikkert,altsånårjegtidsregistrerersåtidsregistrererjegjohvisjegforeksempelharkørtfraAtil B, øh så tidsregistrerer jegdet somkørt og så tidsregistrerer jeg kontrolbesøg somenanden særskiltaktivitetogmankansigeidagsåvillejeghaveenlillebittesmulekørselmenikkesærligtmeget,detvillerenogskærværekontrolbesøgellersagsbehandling.Såkørslendenerjoikkeeksisterendeogrentpersonligtsåslipperjegforatskulleloggemigpånufordijegharfåetminarbejdsdag.Morten:KombineretmedpendlingStine:PræcisMorten:Hvadhavdeduforventetafforsøgether?Stine:Jamenjegsynesegentligdetlevermegetgodtoptildeforventningerjegharhaftogjegkunnemærkejegvarogså lidt trætsådetvarpåenmådesådanen lillesmuleærgerligtatvialleredevarvedatværehjemmeforjegvarligevedatværefærdigogsåkunnejeghavesiddeti5minutteroghaveslappetaf.Dethavdejoogsåværetrartendag,formanermegetpå,vifradettidspunktvitræderindivirksomhedentilvigårudigensåsnakkervijouafbrudtog2udafde4stedervivaridagvarpåengelskogdetblivermanjoogsåbaretrætpåenandenmådeatmanheleskalskal,sådeterrartnoglegangeatentenbareligeklarehovedetellerligelandeovenpådetmanharsnakketomogoplevetidagMorten:Ogføltedusåetprestilatduskullearbejdeellerfølteduatdetvarokayatduligekunne?Stine:Nej,jegsynesdetvarfint.altsånormaltvillejegjogåindogloggemigpåogfåafsluttetdagensåjegstarterfraenfriskimorgenogdeterrigtigfartatjegikkeskalindoggøredet,såjegsynesheltklartdeterenfordeloghavdejegværetrigtigtræt,jamensåhavdejegbareslappetafogladetoppåenandenmåde.Såvardetselvfølgeligminfritidkanmansigeikke,fordijegsåselvkunneladeopellerja.Morten:Kunnejegignoreres?Stine:Ja,detsynesjegdetgikfintMorten:PåtrodsafatjegligekørtegaltenenkeltgangStine:Jadetkunnejegsagtens,dethavdejegegentligtænktat jegkangodtlideatsnakkesåmanskulleselvfølgelig lige over den der hurdle med at jeg ikke skal sige noget til dig eller at jeg kom ud fra etkontrolbesøg,såhavdejegligelysttilatsigeetellerandetomhvadjegligehavdeoplevetMorten:Jamendetharman.Sådanfølerjegdetogså,detersådanlidtnå.Isærnårderharværetenellerandensjovoplevelse.Fx,nårdevarikkederindeeller.JasådanerdetMorten:Idagerdetenrettypiskdag,altsåsådanen4-5besøg?Stine: Det er en typisk tilsynsdag, jeg har jo også rigtigmange dage på kontoret ellermed noget andetadministrativtellerprojektarbejdeellersådannoget,såjegprøveraltidatlæggeheletilsynsdageogdeterogsådagvibliveropfordrettil,forsåkørermanenheldag.Morten:Ogerdetprimærtpga.afreduktionaf transporttidenellererdet forman ligesomer ietandetmode?Stine:Nej,deterprimærtforatværemereeffektivpådedagemansåkøreratmanikkeskalliggeogkørefremogtilbageMorten:Sådeterafhensyntiltransporttiden?Stine:Jadeterdet?Morten:Så-lidthypotetisk-hvismanforestilledesigatduhavdeenselvkørendebilhverdagsåkunnemanmåskeblandedetlidtmere?Stine:Øh...,jadetvillemankunneogdetgørjegselvfølgeligogsånoglegange,hvisderernoglemøder,såjegkunkankommeudogkørehalvdelenafgangene,menderskalbarelidtmereplanlægningtilogmerespildtid.AltsåderermerespildtidhvisjegskalkørefrakontorettilKøbenhavnforatlaveetbesøgMorten:Nårdunormaltskaludtilbesøg,hvornårforberederdudigtil,duhar5besøgpåendag?Hvornårforberederdudigtilalledefem?Stine:Ja,detvillejeggøreigårellertilmorgen,ogsåmangeafstedernehvisjegharværetderførsåskalderikkeligesålangforberedelsetil.Menderaltidefterfølgendeerderaltidnogetderskalordnes,altsådereraltidsagsbehandlingafenellerandenart,nogetderskalafsluttes.Morten:Jaogigendetvillesåblivetilsidstefterheledagenergået,såduskalkunnehuskehvadderersketpåbesøg1?
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Stine:Ja,altsåjeglaverjoenkontrolrapportmennudenenafdem,derskullehanjoundersøgenoget,sådetvilsige,derskullejegsåindogskrivedetomjeghavdelavetogsåskullejegsendehamenny.Jeggadsåikkeatprinteud,detsynesjegvilleværeforbesværligt,sånuharjeglagtdenklartilatjegskalprintedenud,når jegkommer indellernår jegkommer indpåkontoret imorgen.Menaltså såerderaltidmegetplanlægning,menmankansigeogsåpåvejud,nuharjoså,nårjegeronline,sågårjegindogplanlæggertilsyneneogsålæggerjegdemoffline,sådetvilsige,nårjegerudevedenvirksomhed,såer jegfordetmesteoffline.Mendetskaljegjogøreindenjegtagerderudogdeterplanlægningsdelenafdetogsåskalmannoglegangeindogundersøgeenhelmassetingindenmantagerderudikke,såfordijegvidsteatduskullekommeidagsåhavdejegjogjortdetiforgårs,menellersnogleloggerjegpåligeommorgenenogklarerdetsidsteellerjatjekkermails,fordekommerjoogsåiløbetogdetharjegjoogsåfåetpåmintelefonidag,somjeghartjekket.Morten:Baresådanetslagpåtasken,hvormegettidbrugerduca.påatforberededigtiletbesøgogtilatsagsbehandletiletbesøg?Ognuvedjeggodtderermegetstoreforskelle,bareetslagpåtaskenStine:Ja,derermegetmegetstoreforskelle.Hvisdeterganskealmindeligtukomplicerettilsyn,såvillejegsigealtsåenhalvtimeihverende,ejikkeengang.Etkvarterindenogsåenhalvtimeefterfølgende.Sådansomdeterligenu,fordiviskalindogkørenogletingindivoresregisteromkringvoresaktiviteter,detersådanenekstratingligeiøjeblikket,menellershvisdeterukompliceretsåskaljegbaresynkroniseredettilbageonlineogdettagerikkesålangtid,determåskeetkvarter,førogefter.Morten:SådeterligelidtmereendhvadvikørtemellemhvertbesøgStine:JaMorten:Såselvhvisduhavdeenperfektfuldautomatiskbil,såvilleduikkeheltkunnenådetmellemhvertbesøg?Stine:NejfordetersimpelthenforlangsomtatgåonlineoggåofflineMorten:Menladossigeatduhavdeensuperbredbåndsforbindelse,såcomputerenvarlynhurtigt?Stine:SÅvillejegkunnegøredet,mendetjegsynesikkealtiddeterenfordelforjegharogsåbrugfornoglegangeselvligeatgennemtænkehvadvardetegentligvikomfremtilogerderegentligetellerandet,altsådettrorjegikkealtjegvillegøre.Jegvillegøredetnårjegkørtehjem,jegvilleikkegøredetindimellem.Ogsåogsåfordimanbliverringetmegetopiløbetafdagen,nuvardernoglekollegaerderhavdelagtbeskederogsomjegringedetilbagetilogdetvillejeghelleregørefordidetersådannogetjegikkeskalsådantænkesåmegetover,ogdethjælperdem,menaltdether,detvillejegnoksågørenårjeghavdesamlettidnårjegkørtehjem,såharjegfåetdetordnetogsålukkerjegdagen.Morten:Okay,determeget interessant.Hvisduskalkarakteredit jobnårfortælleromdettilvennerogfamilieellertænkerpådetjob,hvormegetfylderdetatdukører?Stine:Ja,menaltsådedagejegkørertilsynerjegjomegetpåvejen,ognoglegangesidderjegrigtigtmegetikø.AltsåbaredenderstrækningindenfraHøjbroPladsogudtilogforbiRådhuspladsenogsådanaltsådetkanjotageenhalvtimeihvertfald.Morten:Jegtrordettogihvertfaldetkvarteridag.Stine: Jaogdetvar ikkesåslemt,fordinoglegangekanmannårmanholderder,såkommerbusserne4busserindforanheletiden,sådetkanmanbrugerigtigrigtiglangtidpå.Ogprøveatsiddeogirriteresigover,menaltsådeterder,detkanjegikkebrugetilnoget,såjegtagerbaredentiddettager,mendetfylder,detkangodtfyldemegetogsåkanmansigeidagharjegjoikkebrugtnogettidpåparkeringoverhovedetogdetvarogsåderforjeghavdevalgtdehervirksomhederderliggeindeicentrum,fordetkanjeggodtbrugeenhalvtimepåatliggeogkørerundtogfindeMorten:Perbesøg?Stine:SÅvillejegsåogså,altsåmankansigehvisjegsåskulletilHøjbroPlads,såvillejegtagehøjbropladsogsåvillejeggåoptilGammeltorv,såderforvillejegsåparkerelidtderfraoggådetderkvarterhentilogsåvillejegsågåimellemenhederne,sådetvilsigedererselvfølgelignogettransportmendetersåbarepågåben.Morten:Okay,mendeterstyretafdenherudfordringmedatfindeparkering?
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Stine:Heltsikkert,altsåhvismankommerindogskalfindeenpladsaltsåindeiindreby,dererdetmegetmegetsværtMorten:Detvarogsådetjeglagdemærketil,atdubrugteordetLUKSUS,dadukomderind,atdukunnebarestigeudStine:Ja,mendetvarfuldstændigtMorten:Dukunnebareringe,også1minutefter,såvarmanderStine:Ja,detheltsikkert,altsåfordidetdermedatskullefindeparkeringsplads,detkanmangodtbrugelanglangtidpå.Morten:Såparkeringogkø-kørseliindreby,detfyldermeget?Stine:JaMorten:ogkandusådanfåheltnegativenergiomkringdeteller?Stine:KunhvisjegharenaftalejegskalnåudtilenellerandenvirksomhedkletellerandetellerssåtagerjegdetsomdetkommerMorten:SåregistrererdudetbaresomtidStine:Såerdetbarekørselogsåhørerjegradio,jegkørerogsåheroppeiHelsingeogiGræsted,somliggertæt på, og der er det jo klart, der er kørslen så mellem stederne længere, men som regel er der ikkeparkeringsproblemer,somderindeibyen.DetvarderforjegtænktedetvarbedstatkommederindhvordetvirkeligkanværeudfordrendeatparkereogkommerundtMorten:Jadetvarsåmigderhavdeden:)Jegfandtetgodtstedmedhavariblinketpå.Jegtrordetvardet.Appendix 12: Puk observations Trip1.8:30-9:00.Hjemixxxxx->AvedøreHolmeArbejdedepåcomputerhelevejen.Megetkoncentreret.Motorvejskørsel,menglidendepåKøgeBugtGodkørselSagdeikkeetordTrip2.9:55-9:58.Avedøre->AvedøreMegetkortturKiggedeudadvinduetReflekteredeomprivatetingTrip3.10:35-10:45.Industriholmen->FrihedenTrafik,menkørteglidende.Pukspistelistsnack/frokostBrugtesinmobil.Koncentreret.RetsværtatfindedenpræcisebutikGoogleMapserikkepræcisnokTrip4.11:45-12:00.Frihedensbutikscenter->LokalBrugsenPukspistefrokostBrugtesintelefonFortalteathunefterarbejdeskaliteaterogderforgernevilsættesafvedFødevarestyrelsenTrip5.12:15-12:30.LokalBrugsen->Avedørest.PukspistemerefrokostArbejdepåsinPC
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VarkoncentreretRoligkørselpålandeogby-vejeTrip6.14:00-14:15.Avedørest.->FødevarestyrelsenDagenssidsteturPukvillehaveenhotdogVistoppedevedtankDerudoverblevderarbejderpåPCogspisthotdogAppendix 13: Puk interview Morten:Allright,detvarsådagenskørsel,Puk,fedtduvilleværemed.Hvordansynesdudetvar?Puk:Jegsynesdetvarenfornøjelseatkunneudnytte,jegvilsigedetersværtatatudnyttetidennårdeterkortedistancer,såerdetmerebaresådanligepuste,hvormanslapperheltaffordiduikkeskaltænkepånoget.Mensådanlidtlængeredistancerkunnemanlidesiddemedsin,mankanikkenåaltså,på5minuttererdetsværtatåbnecomputerenmenåh,menhvisdervarlidtlængeretideller5minutter,dakunnemansagtensstadignåattjekkesinarbejdsmailpåmobiltelefonenogdetvarfintatkunneholdesigorienteretogfådetgjorthvilketmanellersikkevillegøre.Morten:Oghvadsåmeddenførsteturderimorges?Puk:Jamenderkunnemansigedetkunnejegudnyttemeget,ogpåsammemådehvisjeghavdetagetturenhjemvillejegogsåhaveudnyttetheletidenaltsådetsidstestykkeher,derogsåvarlidtlængerederkunnejegogså,dersadjegafsluttedetilsynene,mensåvillejeghavekiggetpånogleandretingom,måskeogsåbareslappetheltafellergåetpåFacebookellernogetandet,altsåudnyttettidenpåenellerandenmådepåsincomputerfordimanharenbærbarcomputer.Morten:Dunævntepåettidspunktatduvarlidtbangeforomduvilleblivesådankøresyg,hvordanvardetsåderpådenlangetur?Puk:Jegblevikkekøresyg,mendeterfordijeghar,noglegangetagerjegtogetindogderudnytterjegogsåarbejdstiden ved at sidde i togetmen så har jeg nogle gange taget bussen herind, kombineret detmedbussen,menbussenkanjegsimpelthenikkearbejdeiMorten:Okayoghvad,hvorfortrordudet?Puk:Jamenjegveddetikke,deterkørslenpåenellerandenmåde,startstop,mendetvarderaltsåikkeibilenjegkunnesagtenssiddepåcomputerenheleturenindudenatblivekøresygellerfølteatjegblevsådanpuha,sådervarikkeproblemer.Sådetermindrebilhvorbussendenpåetellerandenmådedererlidt….Morten:Mankansigejegforsøgteogsåsådansågodtjegnukunneatsådankørelangsomtogikkeaccelererealtformeget,detharformentlignogetmeddetatgøre.Puk:JA,ej,mendetdethardethøjstsandsynligt.Mendeterihvertfald,dervarikkenogetder,hvorbussendet,derharjegaltsåikkekunnet.DetharværetsåtydeligtMorten:Vardetsomduhavdeforestilletdigellervarderetellerandetderoverraskededig?Puk:Øhhm…nejmenjegharsådantænktlidtoveratdetdermedparkering,nuhavdejegjofaktiskikkegivetdiginformationeromhvaddetvarforetstedvikomtilogdettænktejeglidt,jeghavdejokungivetenadresse,dettænktejeglidtdetvarmåskemegetrartathave,mendetvedenselvkørendebilvelhellerikke,hvisMorten:Nejformentligikke,jegtænkteogsåoverdet,fordidetvarnæstenvedallestederneatjegvarsådanlidtusikkerPuk:Jadeterdeterher,ogjegvidstejogodthvaddetvarfornogetsådan,detvarenkantinedeførste2stederjegskulletiloghøjstsandsynligtderbarestårfirmanavnogsåmåjegselvfindeudafhvorjegskalgåindhertilsidstvidstejegogsåatdetvaretpizzeriamendethavdedujoingenideomformankunneikkesehvormanskulleparkereogdetersådanlidthvorsætterbilenmigsåafogskaljegsåkunnetrykkepåenknapogsåkørerdenligetilbagetilmignårjegkommertilbageellerhvordanskaldetsådanligesådanlogiskhængesammen…
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Morten:DererklartnogleudfordringerPuk:Kandenbareparkerederetstedogsåkørerdenautomatiskhenogparkereretstedforjegharskrevetdestinationenogsåveddenatdenmåparkerederogoverholderparkeringsreglerne,detersådanmeredetlogiskeidetMorten:AltsåmankansigepåGoogleMaps,somjegbrugteher,pådeflesteafstedernedervarsådan,altsåmankunnegodtseatderstodettegnoverbygninger,altsåderstorpizzeria,shawarmaogsådannoget.Jegtrorbarejegmenneskeligtmangledeligeatlavedenkobling,mencomputerenvidstedet,denhavdeadgangtildendata,såmankansigederernokikkesålangttilatmangodtkunneregnedetud,elleratdubarekunnesigedetpizzeriaPuk:Jamendetburdejoogsåhøretildenadresse,påGoogleik,kanmansåsigeik.Mendetermeredetderhvordankommerjegligepræcistilbagetilbilen,nårjeg,jasådanogdetparkererefterreglerneogja,jadervarsådanligesådantankeniden,hvisderikkevarenchaufførpå,altsåatdetvarenselvkørendebil.Morten:Hvisnumanforestilledesigatnuerdetjosådanmedatdetherdeterdinbilogderforerdetklart,atnårduerinde,såskaldinbilparkeres.Hvisnumanistedetforforestilledesigatdetvarsådan,detvarheltsådanflydende,atnårmanskulletransporteresetstedsåvardetbareenellerandenbil,derligevartilrådighed,derkomoghentededigopogtransporterededigfraAtilBognårdusåvarfærdigsåkørtedenvidereudipuljenogsamledenogleandreop,sådansåmanheltfjernede…sådanenslagsservice,ligesomtaxieregentligerPuk:Altsåsåville,hvisdenkunneværederligesåsnartatjeg,altsåfordetjosværthvorlangtidtagerettilsynMorten:Ja,dermåmaxgå1,5minutPuk:Ja,detskulleværenogetdersådankommerhvismankantrykkepåetellerandetpåsintelefon,herharjegbrugforatbliverhentetafenbil.JamensåvilledetjoværefintnokatdetikkevarenbestemtbilMorten:Jafordukangodt.Ogdetduharder,dethardujoidintaskePuk:Ja,normaltvillejegbarehavealtingimintaske,mennoglegangevillejeggodtkunnehavenogetandetekstra tingmed, fordi at, ja ellerman får købtet eller andet,menaltså så.Det ville ikke væreet størreproblem,detkanmansagtenstagemed.DetvilledetsagtenskunneMorten:Nogleaffremtidsscenarierneernemligatdetsigerdet,fordienbilidagholderstille90%aftidenogdetøkonomiskjoerretåndssvagtogmanskalbrugealledeparkeringspladser,såhvorforikkeoghvisdealligevelkørersigselvogmanpådenmådeikkelængereharfølelsenafatdeterminbil,jegkørerden,menbaresådantaxi.Puk:Altsådentankeharsletikkestrejfetmig,mendeteregentligmegetfascinerende,detenestevilleværesåathvordanvarmansikkerpåatdeterokayrenligebiler,altsånuvarjegmåskeligekommettilatkrummelidther,mendetkunnedeandrejoogsågøre,detvilleværesådanlidtulækkertatsættesigindisådanenbil…Morten:Altsåmankansige,detjoogsågældendeforentaxiPuk:JaMorten:SådansetPuk:MenherderjoikkederholderøjemedensådansetsåharfolklidttendenstilatMorten:VærelidtlemfældigePuk:Ja,menderkunnejoselvfølgeligværeenellerandenovervågningsåmanligesom,okayderbliverlagtmærketilhvemdersidderder,såetellerandetstedburdedetikkeværeetproblemMorten:Ligeiforholdtil,hvordandindagnormalt,nunævntedujoligeatduligehavdeafsluttetnogetherpåkontrolbesøget.Kanduforklarelidtomhvordanserdindagnormaltud,hvorduselvkører?Puk:Øh,jamenaltsåhvisjegselvtagersådanenheltilsynsdagsomidag,såkørerjegjoogsåtilogfra,noglegangekanjegfindepåogligesiddederhjemmeogarbejdelidt[ogforberede]ognoglegangekanogsåfindepåatligeblivesiddendeibilen,ligeetstykketidogligesiddelidtekstratidnårjegsåkommerfrem,indenbesøgetogmellembesøgeneogså,hvisdetenteneratsvarepåenSMSprivatellertjekkearbejdsmail,mensåsiddermanbareibilenfordinårdeterregnvejr,sågidermanikkeståudenfor,menellershavdejegmåskebareståetudenforogbareligenydtsolskinsvejret,såaltsåhvormankansigedetermegetmerekompakt,
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sådanheratmanfårudnyttetdagen100%optimalthvoratdetandet,dervilledetjosåværelængerepausermellemikkeogvitidsregistrererjoiFødevarestyrelsen,dertidsregistrerervivorestransportogderharjegfaktisktænkt,atdererjoikkerigtigtnogetjegkanregistrereidagfordiatmanegentligudnyttertiden,detkunligeganskekortmensmangår.Sådet jominimalt,såderkunneFødevarestyrelsen,derbrugerdejomegettidpåatbetaletilatvitransportereros,sådervilleihvertfaldværelidtatspareMorten:Menvildunårdunormaltkører,nusigerduefteretbesøg,såligestårudeforanogsåligesådanrunderdetaf,nårdusåatblivefærdigmedetbesøg,fårapporteretdetellergemmerdudettildagenerslut?Puk:Altsåjegvilsigeatviskaljooverføretilsyneneindtilvoresdatabaseogdethavdejegikkegjortendnu,detjegsluttedeafdetfordiviskalindogrisikobaserenoglevirksomhederogdetersådannemtligeatgøre,detgjordejeghermenatoverførtetilsynenetilselvevoressystem,dettagerhellerikkesærligtlangtid,såhvisjegligehavdehaft5minmeresåhavdejegoverførtdetjaogsåvardagensarbejdeligesomslutindenjegkomhjem,såkunnemansigeatnårmanførstkomhjem,selvomdetmåskehavdeværetenkorterearbejdsdagsåvillehavesluttetaltingafsådanforidagik,Morten:Hvorimodnårduselvkører,såvilledusletikkegøredetderPuk:Detvillejegførstgørenårjegkomhjem,hvisjegvarkørthelevejenhjem,såhavdejegkørthjemogsåhavdejegeventueltsiddetognårjegkomhjemieftermiddagognårmanharbørnsåskalmanjohentedem,ellershavdejegsiddetomaftenenogligefåetsluttetdetafMorten:Oghvormegetbrugerdutypisk?Puk:Deterikkefordidetja,efteren,afhængigtafhvormeget,detkanværeenhalvtimenoglegangemere,altsådetvillepassemedenkøreturhjem,såhavdejegafsluttetdethele,mensåerderogså,jegkørersådannogleengros-tilsynogderermereplanlægningi,fordiviskallavenogetkontrolplanogsådannogetogdetvilletagelængeretidatplanlægge,såhvisjegskulleudtilsådanetbesøg,dettypiskharvihøjst2engros-tilsynperdag,hvordetdetail-tilsyn,derharvi4-6tilsynpåendag,menengros-tilsyndetvillevære2tilsynogdetværeentimeogetkvarter-1,5timehvertstedmendervillejegbrugelængere,derkanjeggodtbrugeenhalvtimeentimepåatforberedehverttilsynMorten:Ja,sådetvilledunæppekunnegøreibilenPuk:Detvillejegikkerigtig.Jegvillekunnegørelidtmenikkenådethele,afhængigtafhvorlangtdervarmellemstederneog..Morten:Øhm,hvormegetsynesdunårdutænkerpåditjob,hvormegetfylderdetatdukører,fylderdetmegetfordig?Puk:Nej,egentligikke,fordeterjoogsåsådanetellerandetstedsåermanmegetkoncentreretnårmanerindehosvirksomhederneogudføredetherkontrol,manersimpelthenpåogsåerdetogsåetellerandetstedrartmankommerudtilbilenogsåegentligbaresådankanåndeoghørelidtmusik,nufikjegikkegjortdetidagfordijegligesadlavededether,menbarekøreogikketænkepånogetsåetellerandetstedgørdetikkenogetderligeer,nårdeterdederkortestræk.Derhvorjegsynesdetvirkeligharværetrart,detharværetdetlangestræk,hvorjegharudnyttetMorten:JaisærKøgeBugtmotorvejenPuk:Jaligepræcis,altsåderharjegsimpelthen..Mellemdeder5-10minutterdergørdetikkenogetligeatkoblefra.Morten:Trordu,villedusågarsavnedet?FornuvardujosådanmegeteffektivPuk:Jamenjegtænktenuskullejegvirkeligprøveatsehvormegetjegegentligkunnenåogsådanikke,mendervarogsåtidspunkterhvorjegbaresadogspiste,ligetjekkedeminegneSms’erogdetvarjofantastiskatkunnegøredet.IkkeatjegSms’ermeget,menalligevel,determegetrartatkunnegøredet.OgdetvillejegjostadiggodtkunnegøreMorten:Medmindreselvfølgelig,atduføltedigpressettilatskullearbejdePuk:Det jo sådet,hvis vi ikke rigtigkunne rapportereeller indrapporterenoget transporttidatdetblevgodtgjortivoresarbejde.Jaatdetikkeerarbejdedentransporttid.Sådansåmanstadigføleratmanfårdetderpauser,breaksåmanligekanåndemellem
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Morten:Mankansigedetjosådannoglespændendediskussionerderkommertilatskedenæste5-10-15år,netophvadenvirksomhedsomFødevarestyrelsenvælgeratsepådet…Puk:Jaaltsåfordi,følermansigsåforovervåget,altsåsådaniforholdtilatmanikkebareligekanmentaltkobleheltfra.Atmanbareskalvære100%Morten:Hvorførgavdetsigselvatmankørtesåmanhavdelidtpausepåenellerandenmådeogsåalligevelikkehelt,hvornuerdetsådanatmankanbarearbejde,mensamtidigvedmanjoogsågodtdetervigtigtmanholderpauserPuk:Altsåjegerikkeendergårudogholderenrygepause,menalligevelharmanstadigbrugforenpauseMorten:Hvorgladerduforatkørebil?Kandugodtlideatkørebil?Ellererdetbareennødvendigtonde?Puk:Detgenerermigikkeatkørebil,menaltsåjegsynesogsådeter..altsåderhjemmeerdetaltidmandenderkørerMorten:Dukunnegodtvænnedigtildether?Puk:Jegkunnesagtensvænnemigtildether,detmåskeogsåmeredenmandschauvinist,dererder:)Ej,jegkunnesagtensvænnemig,altsådersidderjegaltidbarepåpassagersædetogjegsynesdeterdejligtbareatsiddeder,detgenerermigikkeatikkeskullekørebil.MenjegharhellerikkenogetimoddetMorten:NormaltsåkørerdudinegenellerbrugerduFødevarestyrelsens?Puk:Deterenkombi.NukanmansigeHvidovresåerdetnemmerenoglegangeatkøredirektehjemmefraogsåhjemigenafhængigtafhvorjegbrugerpåtilsynmensåharjegogsåtilsyniNordsjælland,ejmensåkører jeg ind og henter en bil og kører afsted, det kommer an på hvad der bedst kan betale sig forFødevarestyrelsenogformig,fordetkunneikkebetalesigatjegkørertilNordsjællandaltsådervildejohaveatvibrugerderesbilerogdetjoogsåfintformig.MentilHvidovredererdetnæstensammedistance,sådererdettænkerjegikkedenstoreudgiftogsåerdetnemmereformigMorten:Kunnejegignoreres?Vardetsværtatignoreremig?Puk:Øh,nej,detvarikkesværtatignoreredig.Selvfølgelignårduerder,såerdetsværtikkebareatsigehejnårmankommerindibilen,fordidenderhøflighed,menjegprøvedeatladeværemendetvarlidtsvært.Menellersja,såtænktejegikkeoverdet.Morten:Lagdedumærketilatjeghavde[ørebøffer)Puk:Ja,sådukunnehørelidtmusikMorten:Detvarfaktiskikkeengangderfor,mestbareforGPSenogsåogsåforatviseatjegikkevartilstede,dervarfaktiskikkenogetmusikPuk:JegtænkteatatdeterfintMorten:SåhavdedetdenønskedeeffektPuk:JadethavdedetMorten:Detergodt.Parkering,hvormegetfylderdetatduskalparkere?Puk:Øh,detkommeranpåomjegkanfindeenparkeringspladsellerej.Detsidstestedher,detvarjotydeligteksempelpåhvorskullemanparkerefordetvarprivatparkering,såvillejeghave,jegfandtudafatdervarpådenandenside,afdethercenteratdervarnogetparkeringoptilenNetto,mensåskullejeghavebrugt,altsåjegskullenokhavebrugten5-10minpåatfindeenparkeringsplads,fordiatmanikkekenderområdet.Jegkendteikkenogleafdevirksomhedervivarhosidagogdetgørdetjoogsåsværthvorlangtidermanderlige,mensåderhavdejegbrugtekstraarbejdstid,deterheltsikkertpåatfindeenparkeringsplads,hvoratdederkantiner,dervardettilatfindeenparkering.Morten:Hvadmedindeibyen,kørerdunoglegangeder?Puk:Indeicentrum,dercyklerjeg,dertagerjegtogetmedcyklenMorten:Pågrundafparkeringogtrafikgenerelt?Puk:Detersimpelthenbeggedele,ogsåsynesjegdeterikketilatparkereindeibyenogsåerdetbarenemtmedencykelogfritmedencykel,mankanparkereligeforan.SÅdeterforatspareparkering,hvorherudepålandetderkandetikkebetalesigandetendhvismanharchaufførpå:)Morten:Jegharikkeflerespørgsmål:)
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Appendix 14: Email from Julie after experiment
Appendix 15: Email from Jakob Munkhøj Nielsen, March 29 2016
Appendix 16: Follow-up email from Nanna, March 29 2016
Appendix 17: Follow-up email from Bente, March 29 2016
Appendix 18: Follow-up email from Puk, March 29 2016