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Drilling Engineering (I)

Prepared by: M.Mostofi

Drilling Engineering (I)

Marking System and References

References:

1.Applied Drilling Engineering

2.Drilling Engineering, A complete well planning approach, by Adams N. J.

3. Oil Well Drilling Engineering, Principles and Practice, by Rabia H.

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Course Summery

Drilling Engineering

General Drilling

Drilling Mechanisms Power Hoisting Circulating Rotating Controlling Monitoring

Special Drilling Topics

Drilling Fluid CementingCasing

Fundamentals Casing Design

Additional Topics maybe Directional Drilling and Hydraulic of Drilling

Fluids and ROP Models

IntroductionSource Rock

Migration (primary, secondary)g (p y, y)

First Oil wells in the worlds and in Iran

Reservoir Rock

Cap Rock

How to find Hydrocarbon ReservoirsOil Seepage

Geology and Geophysics

And Finally Drilling (Wildcat wells, Exploration wells, Development wells, Injection Wells)

• SPE and IADC

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Importance of DrillingMaturity of an oil industry is in Drilling Engineering

Some aspects of drilling engineeringp g g gMultilateral Wells

Directional Wells

Horizontal Wells

Stimulation of Wells

Relief Wells

Casing Drillings

LWD and MWD

Geomechanical Analysis and Wellbore stability

Geomechanical Analysis and Sand Productions

Geomechanical Analysis and best drilling paths

Drilling MechanismsDifferent Drilling Mechanisms:

I. Precaution Drilling

II. Rotary Drilling System

I. Precaution Drilling Mechanism

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- Precaution Drilling حفاری ضربه ایPrecautions Drilling Components:

Driving mechanism

Drill String(رشته حفاری)

Bailer

Application of Precaution Drilling

1. Sampling of Formations

2. Drilling Shallow Reservoirs

3. Water wells

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Questions:

Drill String Components

Bailer Applications in Precaution Drilling

Application of Precaution Drilling

This session quiz

Please compare the porosity and permeability of source rock,

reservoir rock, migration path rocks and cap rock .

Please write two application of precaution drilling method

Please explain about SPE in two sentencesPlease explain about SPE in two sentences

50% is the passing mark.

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Rotary Mechanism

Drilling Rigs انواع دكل هاي حفاريRigs

Marine

Floating

Drill Ship

Bottom Support

Barge Jack Up Platform

Land

Conventional Mobile

Jacknife

Semi submersible

Self Contained

Tendered

Portable mast

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Different Rig Types

Rig Systems

Power

Hoisting

Rotating

Circulating

The Function of each of

them

Well Control System

Monitoring

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Power SystemsTwo main power consuming systems:

HoistingThey are not

Circulating

Power by combustion diesel engines:Diesel-Electric rigs

Direct Derive Rigs

They are not simultaneously

Advantages and Disadvantages??Disadvantages??

Hoisting SystemFunction: Raising and Lowering casing, drill pipes ,… in and out of the well

Main Components of this system:Drawwork

Block and tackle

Derrick and substructure

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Hoisting SystemTwo routine drilling operation:

Making a connectiongMaking a trip

Rate hole and Mouse hole!

Making a connectionMouse Hole

Air Hoist

Slips

Kelly

Pipe rack

V door

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Making a trip

The question…Braking systems

Crown block• Probe

Crown block

Travelling block

Fast line

Dead Line

Dead line anchor

ll l

• Slip and cutting program• Pick Point and Lap Point• Drum• Pulley or Sheaves• The diameter of the Drilling line • The diameter of the

drilling line?• Hook

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The question…Elevator

Motion Compensator, Where? How?p ,

Lets have the movie:

E:\Technical Information\Drilling Movies\Hoisting\start.exe

Ton-Mile Calculation for Drilling lineThree main factors affecting on drilling line wear:

1. Trip2 C i S tti2. Casing Setting3. Drilling

Tone during a Round Trip:Tr Tone miles during the trip D Depth, ftLs Length of drill pipe standW Drill pipe weight per foot lb/ft

2640000)2/1(

10560000)( CMDWDLDT Ms

R+

++

=

WM Drill pipe weight per foot, lb/ftM Travelling Block-Elevator Weight, lbC Weight of drill collar minus weight of drill pipe with same length

lb/ft

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Block and Tackle

Block and Tackle SystemMechanical advantage

When no friction, then M=2*number of pulleys=number of lines

fFWM =

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Derrick Load, Derrick Efficiency

Block and Tackle Efficiency (E)y ( )

Number of Lines, Friction Mechanical Advantage

nE )98.0(=

More Information about E in Direct Drive Rigs

Ch i T d b l i D Chains, Torque convertors and belts in Direct Drive Rigs please refer to:

Drilling Engineering, A complete Well Planning Approach, A. J. Adams

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Load Distribution

Derrick Load:

Derrick Efficiency (Ed )

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Quiz1. The relation between Fast line and hook load (1 mark)The

relation between fast line and hook velocity (1mark)

2. What happens on derrick efficiency and block and tackle efficiency when n increases (2marks)

3. Which leg of the derrick undergo the maximum force? (1 mark)which leg has the minimum force on it? (1mark)

Answer two of them and 3 marks is the passing mark

Today ProgramSolution of last quiz

Example of Hoisting problems

Providing new HWs

Circulation System

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Questions خود، باالبر سيستم در را پوند 000,300 معادل نيرويي بايد حفاري دكل يك

.باشدمي بخار اسب 500ايقرقرهسيستمبهورودينيروي.نمايد حمل نيروي)الف(.است شدهتشكيلسيم8وقرقره4ازايقرقرهسيستمFast كشش Line توان ماكزيمم )ب(.آوريد بدست حركت شروع هنگام را

است؟ چقدر باالبرنده سرعت ماكزيمم )پ(است؟ چقدر قرقره خروجيDerrick شاخص )ث(است؟ چقدرDerrick روي نيروي )ت(

efficiency factor آوريد بدست را. 1 hp = 33000 ft lbf/min1 hp 33000 ft.lbf/min

0.841 با است برابر سيم 8 براي (E)قرقره بازده

Question In English

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SolutionW=300,000lbf

Pin = 500 hp = 165 *107 lbf.ft/minin p

n=8 and therefore E=0.841

(a) Fast line tension=?

(b) Maximum Hook Horse Power?

(c) Maximum Hoisting Speed?

(d)Derrick Load?

in

out

PPE =

ffin FVP *=

(d)Derrick Load?

(e)Derrick Efficiency (Ed )

Solution (continue)

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Solution (continue)

1HW

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HW 2

Hw 3

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HW 4

Additional mark (HW5)

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Circulating SystemMud Tanks

Mud PumpsMud Pumps

Pulsation Dampener

Stand Pipe

Rotary Hose

Swivel

Return Mud Line

Mud Removal Equipments

Another View of Circulation System

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Mud Pumps

Mud Pumps Application of Each Pumpsp

Centrifugal Reciprocate

Duplex Triplex

Pump Factors

Duplex Pumps

Triplex Pumps

Centrifugal PumpsApplication:Supercharging Mud Pumps

Reciprocating Pumps and Centrifugal Pumps

Combination

Fluid Supplement for Mud mixing equipmentFluid Supplement for solid controlling equipmentTank Cleaning…Characteristics

h h flLow pressure pump high flow rateCheapTo some how solid dependent

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Reciprocating Pumps رفت و برگشتی( )

ApplicationPump High Pressure Mud into the hole to reach hole cleaning, p g gcutting removal and other goals.

• Characteristics: Pump High Solid Content FluidEase Operation and MaintenanceAbility to Operate in Large Range of Flow Rate and Pressure

How?

Number of Pumps on the WellTwo Mud Pumps are AVAILABLE on the site

WHY TWO?

Top Hole Application

Top Hole Application

Deep Hole ApplicationDeep Hole

Application

Triplex or Duplex Pump? (Advantages and Disadvantages)

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Duplex and Triplex Pumps

Duplex(Two-way acting) and Triplex (One way acting)

Pumps

Two-way acting PumpTwo-way acting Pump One-way acting PumpOne-way acting Pump

What is Pump Factor????

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Pump FactorPump Factor for Triplex Pumps

Pump Factor for Duplex Pumps

Here is the home work for you to derive above formulas

Pump Efficiency FactorMechanical Efficiency (90%)

Volumetric Efficiency (up to 100%)y ( p )

vmt EEE *=

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Example

Pulsation Dampener

How does it operate?

Where can it be placed?

Characteristics:Removing the surging

Stabilizing the suction Pressure

Increasing the Pump LifeIncreasing the Pump Life

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Hooper ComponentWhat is it for?

What is the mechanism?

What about Caustic Soda?

Animation of Circulating SystemLets have the animation:

E:\Technical Information\Drilling Movies\Circulating System\start.exe

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These are the things to rememberContaminant removal systems

Shale shakerMud disposal methods

Stand PipeHydro cyclones

Degassers

Mud tanks

Chemical Tank

Slug Tank

Stand Pipe

Rotary Hose

Swivel

Suction Line

Suction Tank

lk T kSlug Tank

Reserve Tanks, Reserve Pit

Settling Tank

Bulk Tanks

Mud House

Number of Mud Tanks???

These are the things to rememberPulsation Dampener

Suction DampenerHooper

p

Supercharging Mud pumps

Piston and Liners

Relief Valve

Discharge Line

AgitatorAgitator

Centrifuge

PVT(Pit volume totalizer)

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Rotary SystemRotary TableSwivelKelly ChokeKellyLower Kelly ChokeKelly Saver SubDrill Pipe

l blBHA(Bottom Hole Assemble)Kelly BushingKelly Master Bushing

How to rotate the drill string

K ll•Kelly

•Kelly Saver Sub

•Kelly Drive Bushing

M t B hi•Master Bushing

•Rotary Table

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Other Components

Animations of Rotary SystemE:\Technical Information\Drilling Movies\Rotating equipment and mast structure\start.exe

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The question….Kelly

Kelly Bushing• Monkey Board

Kelly Bushing

Slips

Air Hoist

Air Wrentch

Mouse Hole

l

• Stabbing Board• Walkaround Board• Fingers• Stand and Single (pipe)• Kell Bushing Master Rat Hole • Kelly Bushing, Master

Bushing• Draw Work

Application of Each ComponentsSwivel

Upper Kelly Chock

Kelly

Lower Kelly Chock

Kelly Saver SubKelly Saver Sub

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Example from applied drilling

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Solution Continue

Solution Continue

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Home Work 6

HW6 continue

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HW6 continue

7Homework

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HW7 Continue

What is Kick and How Harmful is it?

Well Control System

What is Fluid Loss and How Harmful is it?

What is Blow out?

Have you seem a blow out? let’s see one.

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Blow out

Causes of Kick

Failure to keep the well full SURGE PRESSURE VS SWAB PRESSURE

SURGE PRESSURE VS SWAB PRESSURE

Swabbing the formation fluid into the well

Insufficient mud density

Poor well planning (Casing and Mud weight)Poor well planning (Casing and Mud weight)

Lost Circulation and Formation Fracturing

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Kick DetectionDrilling Fluid Volume increase. (Pit Volume indicator or

di i i )digitizer)

Comparison of flow in and flow out of the well

Drilling Brake, sudden increase in the rate of penetration

Comparison of mud weight in and out of the well.

Change in ion concentration (occasionally)

Volume change while tripping in trip tankWhat is

Trip Tank

What do you do when you get a kick?

Static Scenario: Closing the well and taking the time for

making decision

Flowing Scenario without well controlling consideration

Using Well Controlling MethodsUsing Well Controlling Methods

Or alternatively, run and go home and take

a rest?

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Primary Well Control GOAL

Mud in Mud Window

No Kick Entry

No Blow Out

What is Mud Window?What is Mud Window?

Secondary Well Control GOAL

Circulate the kick while BHP is constant and no kick inter the wells constant and no kick inter the wells and finally shift to primary well control.

Shift to Primary Well Control!!?

What does it ?

Shift to Primary Well Control!!?

What does it ?mean?mean?

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Well ControlPrimary Well Control Drilling Fluid

Secondary Well ControlBOP

Overbalanced Drilling PrincipleAdvantage, Disadvantage

Overbalanced Drilling PrincipleAdvantage, Disadvantage

BOP EquipmentsBlow Out Preventers:

Ram Preventers Annular(Bag type) BOPBlind RamShear RamRotating Head

AccumulatorChock Line and ManifoldCasing HeadControl PanelInternal BOPs

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Annular PreventerProvides Striping

Bag type BOP=Annular Preventer= Hydrill(the brand name)

Why Striping?

g yp y ( )

2000, 5000, 10,000 psi

Pipe Ram Type BOPSeals around the pipe at 2000, 5000, 10000 and 15000 psi

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Blind and Shear RamBlind Ram for closing the well when no string in the well

Shear ram to cut the drilling string and closing the well in g g gemergency occasion.

Blind ram can seal when string in well, only collapse the string!

Casing Spool and Casing HeadBOP Stag is fixed on Casing Head or casing spools.

Let’s have the casing running stepsg g p

to have the casing spool functions

1. Surface casing and then casing head

2. Intermediate spool on casing head andBOP on the Intermediate spool

3. Production spool on Intermediate spool p pand BOP on the Intermediate spool

4. Tubing spool on Production spool and

X-mas tree on tubing spool.Casing Head

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A schematic of casing sequences

X-mas Tree

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Well head schematic

Casing spool and strippingpp g

Do not forget Conductor pipe

Chock, Chock line, Kill Line, Chock manifold and Back Pressure

Choke valve

Hydraulic controlling valve on choke flow line

Application of Kill line

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AccumulatorN2 gas capsules to hydraulically close and open:

Pipe, Blind, Shear ram

Adjust annular BOP

Adjust Hydraulic chokes

N2 pushes an inert oil to close and open the valves

A pump is used to charge the N2 capsules

Control Panel and Drilling ConsolControl Panel, one on the rig floor, one

out one out of the rig floorg

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Internal BOPsFloat Valve

Upper kelly cockpp y

Lower kelly cock (drill stem valve)

Internal BOPs (ball type, dart type)

Mud Gas separatorT l h i d d• To clean the contaminated mud.

• Distinguish it from DEGASER

Well Control Methodso Well Control Methods

Driller Method

Wait and Weight Method

Volumetric Method

o Drillers method:

Circulate the kick with old contaminated drilling fluid and then replace the old drilling fluid with heavier drilling fluid.

W it d W i ht th do Wait and Weight method:

Circulate the kick with heavier drilling fluid. One circulation then the well is in primary well control system.

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Two Important Rules in all well Circulating methods

PC

Means constant BHP and no new flux entry

PC

Pfrac

Means maximum annulus pressure at the casing shoe should be lower than fracture pressure.

Why Casing shoe is critical

Pf

Pm

PM + PC + PK > PF PC + PM < PFracture

Why Casing shoe is critical point in the annulus?

When should the kick flux be to have maximum

pressure on the casing shoe?

Well Monitoring SystemIt is all about mud logger system which provides MUD LOGS

The data we see on mud logging system:I. WOB and Hook Load

II. Rotary Speed

III. Flow Rate in and out

IV. ROP

V. MW in and MW out

What important information are available

from each mentioned parameters ?

What important information are available

from each mentioned parameters ?

VI. Well Head Pressure

VII. Torque of well string

VIII. Temperature in and out

IX. Gas composition on the shale shaker

pp

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Geologist and Well Monitoring SystemGeologist is the eyes of the Driller, because:

1. Analysis the cutting from drilling fluid circulationy g g

2. According to thin section analysis, he finds where we are exactly.

3. How much drill to reach the casing depth.

4. Is there any fault and help to improve geological model of the well (if exists any!!)

What is lag time and how it can be calculated?

Do you have some

corns?

Drilling Fluid To cool and Lubricate the bit and drill string

Primary well controlling systemy g y

Prevent the fluid loss zone by mud cake formation

Provide the hydraulic power to enhance the drilling

Transport and suspend the cuttings

Check the lithology (Well Monitoring System)

Well bore stabilityWell bore stability

Cementing and Completion

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Drilling Fluid Types

Special BOP stage(Rotating head)

Drilling Fluid

Overbalanced Drilling Fluids

Underbalanced Drilling Fluids

g ( g )

Water Based Drilling Fluid

Oil Based Drilling Fluids Foam Air Mist

Flow RegimesPlug Flow

Low Velocities and high viscosityFl V l i P fil

Do you remember Fluid Mechanics?

Flat Velocity ProfileVelocity at the wall is the same as middle

• Laminar FlowAfter Plug flowParallel of layers and bullet shape velocity profileVelocity is zero at the walls and maximum in the middle

• Transition Flow (after Laminar and before Turbulent)

Definition of laminar flow in fluid mechanicsDefinition of laminar flow in fluid mechanics

( )• Turbulent Flow

Eddies and turbulencesNo parallel of layers

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Mechanic Fluid First Law of Newton in

uuF μμτ ≅∂

==txA

μμτ ≅∂

==

Viscosity, Important Drilling fluid characteristics

1. Pressure Drop2. Hydraulic Impact

Force3. Displacing Different

Fl id

1. Pressure Drop2. Hydraulic Impact

Force3. Displacing Different

Fl idFluids4. Mud Weight and

Viscosity5. Permeability

Calculation6. Fracture Pressure

Estimation

Fluids4. Mud Weight and

Viscosity5. Permeability

Calculation6. Fracture Pressure

Estimation

Fluid ModelsNewtonian Fluid μγμτ =

∂∂

=xu

What is ThixotropicBehavior?

What is Dilatant ?

Bingham Fluid

Power Law

γμτ pYP+=

nKγτ =

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How to measure the Viscosity?Marsh Funnel

Rotary Viscometery