dreaming - cultural / historical a different reality / co-reality (the greeks didn't have...

34
Dreaming - Cultural / Historical • A different reality / co- reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) – Omens – Reflections of waking life – Artifacts of brain activity

Upload: milana-campo

Post on 01-May-2015

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Dreaming - Cultural / Historical

• A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them)

– Omens

– Reflections of waking life

– Artifacts of brain activity

Page 2: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking
Page 3: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking
Page 4: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking
Page 5: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

PRECEDENTI STUDI• Waterman (1991) analizza i resoconti di sogni di anziani ottenuti

tramite la tecnica diaristica (home-dreams). Osserva una diminuzione dell’aggressività, dell’amichevolezza, dell’emozione prima dei 45 anni

• Blick e Howe (1983) studiando le emozioni provate durante il sonno, trascritte tramite diario, osservano che le donne anziane riportano significativamente meno emozioni di giovani studentesse

• Fein et al. (1985) analizzano e confrontano resoconti di anziani in laboratorio con i giovani, questi ultimi mostrano una componente d’immagini visive maggiore (ricerca di Foulkes e Schmidt (1983))

• Zepelin (1981) e Brenneis (1975) indagano sulle differenze dovute all’età del sogno in laboratorio e a casa. Osservano un aumento dell’aggressività negli anziani di sesso maschile, contro una diminuzione delle donne anziane

Page 6: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

ASPETTI METODOLOGICI• Casa vs. Laboratorio : nelle ricerche in cui i sogni sono raccolti tramite

diari compilati a casa, ad esempio, nelle quali l’intervallo di tempo tra risveglio e richiamo del sogno è variabile, il ricordo del sogno è suscettibile di interferenza da parte di materiale prodotto dopo il risveglio (Cipolli e Salzarulo, 1998).

• Provocato vs. Spontaneo : le ricerche condotte in laboratorio hanno

privilegiato l’utilizzo di risvegli provocati, riducendosi in tal modo l’architettura naturale del sonno.

Page 7: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

METODO Procedure:

• Diario per la qualità del sonno ( 3 giorni prima e dopo la notte sperimentale)

• Registrazione polisonnografica (EEG,C3-O2 e C4-O1; EOG; EMG)

• Monitoraggio attraverso telecamera

• Raccolta dell’MSEs tramite audioregistrazione

Page 8: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

RISULTATIPer 8 soggetti si sono ottenuti 44 risvegli :

• 13 dopo sonno REM • 31 dopo sonno NREM

Sono stati riportati 11 resoconti analizzabili (25%):

• 7 dopo sonno REM • 4 dopo sonno NREM

Page 9: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

 Resoconto primario Res. guidato

 REM NREM REM NREM

Unità temporale 7,4 3,2 20,4 11,5

Continuità 85,7% 50% 42,9% 25%

Plausibilità 71,4% 75% 71,4% 75%

Se 71,4% 25% 85,7% 50%

Doppio Se 0% 0% 0% 0%

Ambiente 71,4% 25% 85,7% 66,7%

Riferimenti al laboratorio 28,6% 0% 28,6% 0%

Numero personaggi non Se 2 1 2,7 1,7

Personaggi indefiniti 28,5% 0% 28,6% 25%

Distorsioni dimensionali 14,3% 0% 28,6% 0%

Distorsioni spaziotemporali 14,3% 25% 14,3% 0%

Sensazioni corporee 14,3% 0% 0% 0%

Emozioni 0% 0% 28,6% 75%

TABELLA RIASSUNTIVA

Significatività: 0.05-0.1= * ; 0.001-0.01= **

P

stato

P

resoc.

* **

*

*

*

*

*

* **

Page 10: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

UNITA’ TEMPORALI

0

2,5

5

7,5

10

12,5

15

17,5

20

22,5

25

27,5

30

32,5

35

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,13

p= 0,13

p= 0,02

0

2,5

5

7,5

10

12,5

15

17,5

20

22,5

25

27,5

30

32,5

35

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,13

p= 0,13

p= 0,02

Page 11: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

CONTINUITA’

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

1,11,21,31,41,5

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 1,5p= 1,5

p= 2,4

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

1,11,21,31,41,5

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 1,5p= 1,5

p= 2,4

Page 12: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

PLAUSIBILITA’

0,670,680,690,70,710,720,730,740,750,760,770,780,790,8

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,8 p=0,8

0,670,680,690,70,710,720,730,740,750,760,770,780,790,8

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,8 p=0,8

Page 13: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

EMOZIONI

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,14p= 0,003

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,14p= 0,003 

 

Page 14: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Il recupero del sogno, se “innescato”, prosegue poi in modo abbastanza efficace

La lunghezza dei resoconti guidati, misurata in base alle unità temporali, aumenta significativamente (rispetto ai primari) dopo la presentazione di “cues” adeguati. Tale aumento, dovuto a suggerimenti che orientano l’RVM su specifici contenuti, si presenta anche con alcune dimensioni come la“presenza del sognatore”, descrizioni dell’”ambiente”, numero dei “personaggi non sé”. Questi dati suggeriscono che nel soggetto anziano il processo di produzione onirica durante il sonno sia complessivamente integro, mentre il problema è da ricercarsi nei processi di immagazzinamento in memoria e nella difficoltà di attivazione dei processi di recupero dopo il risveglio.

Page 15: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

    I resoconti guidati degli anziani sono poco

“continui” ma molto “plausibili” Dopo i suggerimenti forniti, i soggetti paiono trascurare la

modalità con la quale il resoconto viene espresso, costruendo

strutture narrative confuse e vacillanti. Possiamo ipotizzare

che, nella prosecuzione del recupero del materiale onirico, gli

anziani trovano difficoltà a ricostruire un’organizzazione

linguistica corretta. Dal confronto con la ricerca di Cavallero et

al. (1992), la dimensione della plausibilità, ossia la somiglianza

ad eventi che possono realmente accadere in veglia, sembra

maggiore negli anziani rispetto ai giovani. In accordo con

precedenti studi (Waterman, 1981; Funkhouser, 1999),

abbiamo riscontrato un notevole numero di resoconti in cui i

soggetti raccontano scene di vita quotidiana come la

preparazione del pranzo, le pulizie giornaliere della casa o

acquisti vari.

Page 16: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Diminuzione delle espressioni delle sensazioni provate durante il sonno delle donne anziane rispetto a giovani adulte

Non esistono differenze tra RVM di anziani riportati dopo sonno in laboratorio, con procedure di richiamo spontaneo, e RVM ottenuti a casa

Page 17: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

RAPPRESENTAZIONE DI SE’

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

1,11,2

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,06p= 0,06

p= 0,36

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

1,11,2

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,06p= 0,06

p= 0,36

Page 18: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

RIFERIMENTI ALL’AMBIENTE

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

1,11,21,3

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,1

p= 0,2

p= 0,1

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

1,11,21,3

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,1

p= 0,2

p= 0,1

Page 19: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

RIFERIMENTI AL LABORATORIO

00,050,1

0,150,20,250,30,35

0,40,450,5

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,12 p= 0,12

00,050,1

0,150,20,250,30,35

0,40,450,5

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,12 p= 0,12

Page 20: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

PERSONAGGI NON SE

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p=

p= 0,2

p= 0,3

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p=

p= 0,2

p= 0,3

Page 21: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

EMOZIONI

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,14p= 0,003

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

primario secondario

nrem

rem

p= 0,14p= 0,003 

 

Page 22: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking
Page 23: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking
Page 24: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Dreaming

• The time-honored approach to the understanding of dreams is to regard them as communications from external agencies: gods, angels, or spirits.

Page 25: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking
Page 26: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Dreaming - Characteristic Features

• Emotion intensely felt (often enough to result in awakening)

• Illogical content

• Experience of formed sensory impressions

• Uncritical acceptance

• Difficulty remembering the dream once it is over

Page 27: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Dreaming

• Dream-mentation occurs in ALL stages of sleep (and even relaxed wakefulness).

• Dreaming is NOT confined to REM sleep.

Page 28: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Dreaming - Lucid Dreaming

• Two characteristics:

– Awareness of dreaming while dreaming

– Ability to direct the course of the dream

Page 29: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Dreaming - Lucid Dreaming

• 58% of the population has had at least one lucid dream in their life.

• 15% dream lucidly more than once per month.

• "Lucidity training" has been proposed as a means of self-healing and psychological growth. (A program for “inner growth.")

Page 30: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Hypnosis

• The physiologic state of hypnosis, meditation, etc. is that of relaxed wakefulness.

Page 31: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Stages of Sleep

Vivid dreaming involving imagery occurs duringREM sleep; dreaming during SWS tends to involvevague thoughts. Nightmares are associated withREM, whereas night terrors are associated withstages 3 and 4 SWS.

Page 32: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Dreaming

• Occurs during the REM stage.– Waking subjects during REM leads to vivid recall of

dreams.

• Empirical work has shown– External stimuli can be integrated into dreams.– Everyone dreams, even if they can’t remember.– Penile erections are not associated with sexual dreams.– Sleep walking and talking occur infrequently during

dreams.

Page 33: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Dreaming and Freud

• Freud argued that dreams were a means of unconscious expression of undesirable urges.

• Empirical studies have demonstrated that dreams result from the many random activations of brain areas, and the cortex’s attempt to interpret them (activation-synthesis theoryactivation-synthesis theory).

Page 34: Dreaming - Cultural / Historical A different reality / co-reality (the Greeks didn't have dreams, they were visited by them) –Omens –Reflections of waking

Stages of Sleep

Vivid dreaming involving imagery occurs duringREM sleep; dreaming during SWS tends to involvevague thoughts. Nightmares are associated withREM, whereas night terrors are associated withstages 3 and 4 SWS.