dr. mike nofziger 2010 lasers light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS”Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. small
Tunable Diode Laser- about 2mm x 2mm chip- used to measure water vapor concentration in the near-IR- used to detect low-levels of gas concentration (ppm, ppb)
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Large!!!
NOVA Laser at LLNL
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. History1917--Albert Einstein describes the photon and points out that stimulated emission of light could occur.
1958--Arthur Schawlow and Charles Townes publish their theoretical paper "Infrared and Optical Masers" in Physical Review, 1958.
1960 --Theodore Maiman invents the first laser, the optical version of the maser, using a man-made ruby crystal. First operated on May 16, 1960.
1961--HeNe gas laser is invented by Ali Javan, et al., Bell Labs. -first laser to emit a continuous (CW) beam of light -first output was at 3.39 microns, in the infrared -visible output at 0.633 microns (633 nm) in 1962 -"workhorse of the laser industry“
1963--CO2 gas laser is invented by Patel, Bell Labs.1964--Argon ion laser is invented by Bridges, Hughes Research Labs.1966--Organic Dye (liquid) laser is invented.1970's--Semiconductor lasers are run at room temperature, paving the way for their practical use today.
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. 2010, the 50th Anniversary!
“A solution looking for a problem.”
http://spie.org/media/laserplayer/laserplayer.html
http://www.laserfest.org/
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Basic Principle
Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Atoms absorb energy…
A population inversion is created…
The atoms return to their non-energetic states by emitting radiation(“light”--UV, visible, or IR) through stimulated emission…
Feedback in an optical cavity amplifies this light…
Some of this light is emitted in the form of laser light!
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Stimulated Emission
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Characteristics of Laser Light
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS”“LASERS” ….. Laser Speckle
(random interference pattern)
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
"How to Make a Laser"
"Gain medium (to provide for population inversion)"+
"Input source of energy (electricity, light, etc.)"+
"Resonant cavity (provides optical feedback and sustains stimulated emission)"
“LASERS” ….. Fundamental Parts
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Example: He-Ne Laser
The Helium-Neon (He-Ne) Laser
- Output powers relatively low (.1-100 mW)
- Wavelength of 633 nm (reddish-orange color)
- Output beam is a very clean, TEM00 Gaussian profile (can be focused to a very small spot)
- Small diameter, long glass tube construction
- Needs approx. 5-10kV to run (to make the plasma)
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Example: He-Ne Laser
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Example: He-Ne Laser
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Example: He-Ne Laser
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS”“LASERS” ….. Example: Red laser pointer
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS”
Red Laser Pointer- direct output of red light from the Laser Diode (“LD”)
λ = 633nm, 650nm, 670nm, etc.- output is monitored by the built-in photodiode detector (“PD”)- beam expands and is collimated by the aspheric lens
“LASERS” ….. Example: Red laser pointer
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
5mW beam
λ = 532 nm
“LASERS” ….. Example: Green laser pointer
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS”
Diode-Pumped Solid State “DPSS laser”- 808nm (near-infrared) pump diode laser 808nm energy converted to 1064nm by the Nd:YVO4 crystal- 1064nm energy converted to 532nm green light by the KTP crystal
- this is a non-linear process called “frequency-doubling”- the input frequency is doubled, and the output wavelength is cut in half
- beam is expanded - beam is collimated- beam is filtered to block the (powerful) original IR energy at 808nm
“LASERS” ….. Example: Green laser pointer
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” – Red vs. Green
Reference: “Sam’s Laser FAQ”
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
λ = 405 nm “blue”P = 150 mW
λ = 532 nm “green”P=50mW
“LASERS” – Red, Green and now Blue!
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Example: High-Power Diodes
- Stacks of linear arrays of diode lasers- 100’s to kilowatts of power- near infrared wavelengths- used for materials processing
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS” ….. Example: CD Diode Lasers
output in the near-infrared≈ 5 – 50mW output actual laser chip from a CD player
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS”
Laser Guide Stars
- VLT 8.2m telescopes- creates an artificial star at an altitude of 90
km- yellow sodium line- part of the VLT’s Adaptive Optics system
Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010
“LASERS”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lasercutting-video.ogg
top: CAD modelbottom: laser-cut part
- 0.5mm thick stainless steel
Laser Cutting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remote_Fibre_Laser_Welding_WMG_Warwick.ogg
Laser WeldingCO2, Nd:YAGE ≈ 1MW/cm2
f beam < .5mmcarbon steel, stainless steel,aluminum,titanium