dr. marty d. matlock - science-based metrics for sustainable outcomes in agriculture
DESCRIPTION
Science-Based Metrics for Sustainable Outcomes in Agriculture - Marty D. Matlock, PhD, PE, BCEE, Executive Director, Office for Sustainability, Area Director, Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA. More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thriveTRANSCRIPT
Marty Matlock, PhD, PE, BCEEExecutive Director, Office for SustainabilityProfessor , Biological and Agricultural Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Arkansas
Science Based Metrics for Sustainable
Outcomes In Agriculture2014 NIAA Annual Conference & NIAA/USAHA Joint Forum on Trichomoniasis Standards
Everything is Connected
2
Everything is changing
3
A.D.
2000
A.D.
1000
A.D.
1
1000
B.C.
2000
B.C.
3000
B.C.
4000
B.C.
5000
B.C.
6000
B.C.
7000
B.C.
1+ million
years
8
7
6
5
2
1
4
3
Old
Stone
Age
9
10
11
12
A.D.
3000
A.D.
4000
A.D.
5000
1900
1950
1975
2000
2100
Future
Bil
lio
ns
Source: Population Reference Bureau; and United Nations, World Population Projections to 2100 (1998).
World Population Growth In Context
Time of our Parents and Grandparents
2010
Era of Monarchs
Era of Democracy
?
Time of our Children and Grandchildren
4
Sustainability 2050: The Challenge
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Sustainability 2050: The Challenge
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Sustainability 2050: The Challenge
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Sustainability 2050: The Challenge
What we do in the next 10 years will shape Earth and Humanity for the next 100 years
When technology and culture collidetechnology prevails, culture changes
8
Billions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
Less Developed Regions
More Developed Regions
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
We are all in this together
9
Elements of Sustainable Agriculture
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PEOPLE PROFIT
PLANET
SUSTAINABLE
BEARABLE
EQUITABLE
VIABLE
Human Activities Dominate Earth
Croplands and pastures are the largest terrestrial biome, occupying over 40% of Earth’s land surface
11
Persistent vs Important Issues
Persistent Issues Important Issues
Locally grown Water use efficiency
GMO crops Soil erosion
Organic crops Soil organic carbon
Natural Land use change – biodiversity loss
From Jason Clay, WWF
Meeting Food Needs by 2050
Jason Clay
The role of research
13
Key Sustainability Challenges for Agriculture
1. In order to meet projected demands for food, feed, fiber and fuel from the land we must increase production (output per year) by 50 to 100 percent in the next four decades.
2. If global production is not increased, US and European production must compensate by increasing even more.
3. If we want to preserve biodiversity and other land-based ecosystem services we must freeze the footprint of agriculture.
4. Thus yield (output per area) must more than double in the next 40 years in the US and Europe.
5. Energy scarcity will drive innovation while limiting expansion of productivity.
6. Water scarcity will limit productivity globally.
The Food Supply Chain
Production Processing
Distribution
RetailDirect Mktg Wholesale
Consumption
Safety
Security
Stability
15
Sustainability Initiatives
16
The Issue is TRUST
1. Consumer attitudes
2. Social License – freedom to operate
3. Criteria for legitimacy
4. Market competitiveness
5.Reputational Risks!
(Re)Building Trust in the Food System
Sustainability is Continuous Improvement
21
1. DefineA. Define Sustainability for the EnterpriseB. Define Key Performance IndicatorsC. Select Metrics for KPIs
2. MeasureA. Benchmark KPI MetricsB. Set Goals for Each KPIC. Develop Strategy to Meet Goals
3. ImplementA. Implement the StrategyB. Measure, Assess and Report ResultsC. Adapt Strategy to Improve Outcomes
How We Define Sustainable Agriculture
Breadth of Goal
Vision
Management
Aspirational
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Pla
nnin
g H
oriz
on
Long
Short
Framework of Goals
Criteria for Key Performance Indicators of Sustainable Agriculture
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are things we measure to inform decisions.
KPIs should be:
1.Outcomes Based.
2.Science Driven.
3.Technology Neutral.
4.Transparent.
Environmental Key Performance Indicators for Agriculture
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• Greenhouse Gas Emissions• Energy Use• Water Use• Land Use• Water Quality• Nutrient Use Efficiency• Habitat/Biodiversity
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KPIs: Sentinels for Threats
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KPIs: Sentinels for Threats
Human Water Security Threat Index
28Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. C.J. Vorosmarty, P.B. McIntyre, M.O. Gessner, D. Dudgeon, A. Prusevich, P. Green, S. Glidden, S.E. Bunn, C.A. Sullivan, C. Reidy Liermann, and P.M. Davies. Nature 467, 555-561 (30 September 2010) doi:10.1038/nature09440
http://riverthreat.net/
Persistent vs Important Issues
Persistent Issues Important Issues
Locally grown Water use efficiency
GMO crops Soil erosion
Organic crops Soil organic carbon
Natural Land use change – biodiversity loss
From Jason Clay, WWF
30
Livestock GHG emissions are estimated at 7.1 gigatonnes CO2e per year.
This is 14.5 percent of human-induced GHG emissions.
31
Potential GHG emissions reductions from nutrition, manure, and husbandry practices.
Increasing forage digestibility and digestible forage intake will generally reduce GHG emissionsfrom rumen fermentation and stored manure.
Dietary lipids are effective in reducing enteric CH4 emissions.
Supplementation with small amounts of concentrate feed to increase animal productivity
Global emissions by sector
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Field to MarketThe Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture
Field to Market Membership
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Measuring US Soybean Sustainability Metrics
35
US Ag Sustainability Initiatives
ISO Standard for LCA
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14044First edition 2006-07-01
Environmental management — Life cycle assessment: Requirements and guidelines Reference number:ISO 14044:2006(E)
ISO 14044 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment.This first edition of ISO 14044, together with ISO 14040:2006, cancels and replaces ISO 14040:1997, ISO 14041:1998, ISO 14042:2000 and ISO 14043:2000, which have been technically revised.
Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment
Interpretation
Goal and Scope Definition
Direct Applications:•Process Improvement•Product Assessment•Policy Analysis•Strategic Planning•Risk Management
Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment Framework
ISO Standard for LCA
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The International Organization for Standards (ISO) is a network of the national standards institutes of 162 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.
ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government. On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations.
http://www.iso.org/
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to Understand and Manage Supply Chain Processes
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LCA allows for impact assessment from cradle to grave
Raw Material
A
Raw Material
A
Raw Material
B
Raw Material
B
Product 1
Product 1
41
LCA allows for impact assessment from cradle to grave
Raw Material
A
Raw Material
A
Raw Material
B
Raw Material
B
Product 1
Product 1
Boundaries matter42
Life Cycle Assessment Allocation
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By Mass?
= +
+
+
By Value?
Kg CO2e per kg
Benchmark KPIs for GHG
• National Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Study for the Production of US Swine– Carbon Footprint – 2.48 lb CO2e per serving
– Emission Contributions• Sow Barn: 9.6%, including feed and manure handling• Nursery to Finish: 52.5%, including feed and manure handling• Processing and Packaging: 6.9%• Retail: 7.54%• Consumer: 23.5%
Benchmark KPIs for GHG
• Life Cycle Analysis of Alternative Pork Management Practice– Anesthesia during castration or tail docking
– Immuno-Castration Methods
– Removal of Ractopamine as a feed additive
– Removal of Antimicrobials to prevent disease and promote growth
– Pen Gestation Housing
Benchmark KPIs for GHG
Benchmark KPIs for GHG
Benchmark KPIs for Water
• A Life Cycle Analysis of Water Use in U.S. Pork Production– 19-144 gal water per pound boneless pork
– 75% from feed irrigation
– 20% for drinking water
Benchmark KPIs for Water
Benchmark KPIs for Water
Benchmark KPIs for Water
Benchmark KPIs for Water
Sustainability Framework
53
1. DefineA. Define Sustainability for the EnterpriseB. Define Key Performance IndicatorsC. Select Metrics for KPIs
2. MeasureA. Benchmark KPI MetricsB. Set Goals for Each KPIC. Develop Strategy to Meet Goals
3. ImplementA. Implement the StrategyB. Measure, Assess and Report ResultsC. Adapt Strategy to Improve Outcomes
Breadth of Goal
Vision
Management
Aspirational
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Pla
nnin
g H
oriz
on
Long
Short
Framework of Goals