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SNOW AND GLACIERS MONITORING

ANIL V. KULKARNI

PROJECT COORDINATORSNOW AND GLACIER PROJECT

SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE

INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATIONAHMEDABAD-380015, INDIA

GEOMORPHOLOGY OF HIMALAYAN GLACIERS:

SAMUDRA TAPU GLACIER, H.P., INDIA

Tributaryglacier

Ablation area

Accumulationarea

Moraine

Moraine-dammedlake


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IRS LISS IV26 Aug. 2008

Zanskar basin

(J & K)

lake

Ablationarea

Accumulationarea

Lateralmoraine

Snow line

Glacier boundary

Tributaryglacier

Snout

GLACIER FEATURES

SAMUDRA TAPU GLACIER, HIMACHALPRADESH IRS LISS IV IMAGERY

SEPTEMBER 16, 2006

Year Area of Glacier(sq. km.)

Cumulative Loss inArea (ha)

Annual loss inarea (ha/y)

1976 72.41 --- ----1989 72.17 24 1.82000 71.93 48 2.12006 71.83 58 1.6


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RETREAT OF GLACIERS IN INDIAN HIMALAYA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Retreat (m/y)

Parbati

Sara Umaga

Gangotri

Dokriani Bamak

Hamta

Samudra Tapu

Pindari

RETREAT OF PARBATI GLACIER

Dead ice zone

LISS-III and PAN1998

4000

4200

4400

4600

4800

5000

5200

5400

5600

5800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Cumulative percent area

Altitude(m)Dead ice zone

LISS-IV: 2004

4000

4200

4400

4600

4800

5000

5200

5400

5600

5800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Cumulative percent area

Altitude(m)

AREA ALTITUDE DISTRIBUTION

Year Area

(sq. km)

Loss in area

(sq. km)

Cumulative

loss inlength (m)

Rate

m/yr.

1990 40.14 ----- ----

1998 38.21 1.93 459 57

2000 37.73 0.48 22 11

2001 36.87 0.84 97 97

2004 130 43

2006 76 38

Loss 1990-2006 784 49

Snow line altitude at the end of ablation seasonSnow line altitude at the end of ablation season


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0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Chan

dra

Bhaga

Warwa

nBh

utMiyar

Parbati

Baspa

Alakna

nda

Bhagarath

i

Gauriga

nga

Tista

ANNUAL LOSS OF GLACIER AREA IN INDIAN HIMALAYA1962 - 2001/4

116

111

253

189

166

9019

126187

6057

Mean rate of area loss 0.39 % per year

MOUNTAIN GLACIER RETREAT IN DIFFERENTREGIONS OF THE WORLD

From: Racoviteanu et al. 2008


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FRAGMENTATION OF GLACIER: CHENAB BASIN

FRAGMENTATION OF GLACIERS

CHENAB BASIN(Kulkarni et al 2007)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.2 0.32 0.86 1.4 3.5 5.6 14.3 23 57 91 360area (km^2)

No.ofGlaciers

1962

2001


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CAUSES OF FRAGMENTATION

Ice melt near Gomukh, Gangotri glacier.Less melt near Gomukh. (Source: Maruthi

et.al., 2003)

3900

4000

4100

4200

4300

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

Melt in cm

Height

Glacier mass balance for 228 glaciersdistributed through out the globe,Cumulative mean ice loss is 20 mw.e. out of 100 m. Disintegratingmany glaciers (Zemp et al., 2009)

Fragmentation will have profound impact on glacial retreat. It effectively reduces depth,

response time and accelerates retreat.

1962

2004

52H12003

52H12004Glacial ice

GLACIERS IN PARBATI BASIN

EFFECT OF FRAGMENTATION ON RETREAT: CHENAB

Fragmentation will have

profound impact on glacialretreat. It effectively reduces

depth, response time andaccelerates retreat.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

10

Glacier area (sq km)

Arealossfrom

1962-2001(%

)

Influence of glacier size on retrea t

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Glacier Area (sq km)

Lossinareain%Perye

ar


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Chandra

Sept. 6, 5

Sept. 6, 5

MEAN SP. MASS BALANCE: 19 GLACIRS BASPA BASIN

2001: - 40 cm 2002: -78 cm 2004: -57 cm

Loss of glacial ice: 0.11735 cu km/year

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Accumulation area ratio

Massbalance(cm)

R = 0.89

GLACIERS ZERO AAR: BHAGA: 18 CHANDRA: 4

BASPA 4

DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL TO ESTIMATE

MASS BALANCE: BASPA BASIN(KULKARNI 1992, 2004)

CHANGES IN MASS BALANCE IN HIMALAYA

BASPA: Snowline shift 4900- 5200 m between 1976 TO 2006 AAR FROM 0.7 TO 0.3.

In the Himalaya no systematic record is available. Maximum alt. of snow line is

shifted from 4800 m to 5200 m from mid 1980 to 2008. This is significantly affectingmass balance

Snow line altitude at the end of summer onChhotha Shigri glacier

4700

4800

4900

5000

5100

5200

5300

5400

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year of observation

snowlinealtitudem

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Warwan: 340 glaciers

1975-90

2000-06

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Warwan: 340 glaciers

1975-90

2000-06


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From: Shekhar et. al., 2009

CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND PRECEPITATION IN

WESTERN HIMALAYA

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1988-891991-921994-951997-982000-012003-042006-07

Year

Precipitation(cm)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

MODELING GLACIAL CHANGESPARBATI GLACIER

OBSERVATIONS

Arial extent of glacier in 2001 23.7 km2

Accumulation area in 2001 3.56 km2

Accumulation Area Ratio in 2001 0.138

Estimated glacial mass balance 2001 -86 cm

Estimated depth of glacier in 2001 126 m

Measured rate of melting at snout -6 m/year

Measured glacier length in 2001 10120 m

PREDICTIONS

Estimated response time from 2001 21 years

Estimated loss in glacial length from 2001 to 2022 1461 m (69 m/y)

VALIDATION

Measured loss in glacial length from 2001 to 2006 206 m (41 m/y)

Kulkarni et al., Current Science 88(11), 2005


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SNOW STUDIES

SNOW COVER MONITORING USING NDSI METHOD

DISCRIMINATION of SNOW and CLOUDs, SNOW UNDER MOUNTAIN SHADOW

FCCFCC NDSI


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Snow accumulation and ablation pattern in basinslocated in different parts of Himalaya

Ravi basin (10 Daily)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1-Oct 1-Dec 1-Feb 1-Apr 1-Jun

Date

%

ArealextentofSnow

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Bhaga basin (10 Daily)

0

20

40

60

80

100


Date

%ArealextentofSnow

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

0

20

40

60

80

100


Date

%Arealextentofsnow

year 04-05 year05-06 year 06-07

Alaknanda basin (10 Daily)

TISTA BASIN (COMPOSITE) 2004-2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

O N D J F M A M J

MONTHS

%AREALEXTENTOFSNO

2004-2005 2005- 2006 2006 -2007 2007- 2008

OCT DEC FEB APR JUN

Mean snow fall Western Himalaya: 2004-5: 739 cm; 2005-6: 606 cm; 2006-7: 596 cm

SNOW DEPLETION CURVE:BEAS BASIN

ALTITUDE 3000-3600 m

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 85 88 90 92

Year of observations

Discharge(cume

cs)

5-yr running average December

INCREASE IN STREAM

RUNOFF OF BASPABASIN FOR

DECEMBER BETWEEN1966 TO 1993 IS FROM

8 TO 14 CUMECS

(Kulkarni et. al. 2002 and

2003)


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DEVELOPMENT OF SNOW AND GLACIER MELT RUNOFF

MODEL FOR MICRO AND MINI RIVER BASINS

(Kulkarni et. al. 2002)

SEASONAL SNOW AND GLACIER MELT RUNOFF MODELING

(Pre-feasibility investigation, Autumn, winter, summer, Monsoon )Q=c{a(T*G)}+c{S*W)-(M*Sw)} + (c*P*B)Where,

Q = Average seasonal runoff (cu m/s)

C = Runoff coefficient

a = Melt factor (cm/degree C.d)

T = Average seasonal degree-day (degree.day)

G = Area of snow and glaciers (sq km)

S = Area of seasonal snow (sq km)

W = Water equivalent of winter snow fall (m)

M = Winter snow melt (m)

Sw= Snow cover in winter

P = Average seasonal rainfall (m)

B = Basin area without snow/glacier (sq m)


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Validation of snow and glacier melt runoff model: Wangar Gad basin(Rathore and Kulkarni, 2009)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Autumn Winter Monsoon Summer

Error(%) 3.4 %

4.7 %

4.1 %

4.9 %

Estimated seasonal runoff (cumecs) in Wangar Gad basin

due to rise in temperature by 1oC(Rathore and Kulkarni, 2009)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4

Season

Runoff(Cumec)

Autumn Winter Summer Monsoon

-20 %

-18 %

-8 %-28 %


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SALIENT OBSERVATIONS

Retreat of 1317 glaciers 11 basins suggest 16 % loss in area from 1962.

Mean of glacial extent reduced from 1.4 to 0.32 sq km. Number of glaciersincreased due to fragmentation but extent is reduced.

Snow line at the end of summer changed from 4900 m to 5300 m from1970. Many glaciers are without accumulation area and may experienceterminal retreat due to lack of formation of new ice.

Large scale melting and retreat of seasonal snow was observed in basinslike Ravi throughout the winter. In high altitude basins like Baspa andBhaga, large scale retreat was observed in beginning of winter. Snowdepletion curve in Beas basin suggest early and rapid melting of snowcover.

Average stream runoff of Baspa river in December was increased by 75per cent from 1970.

THANKS

TERMINUS OF PARBATI GLACIER

dr kulkarni

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