dr. eric gingerich - salmonella enteritidis (se) surveillance program: applications and lessons...
DESCRIPTION
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) Surveillance Program: Applications and Lessons Learned - Dr. Eric Gingerich, Poultry Technical Services Specialist, Diamond V, from the 2012 Annual Conference of the National Institute for Animal Agriculture, March 26 - 29, Denver, CO, USA. More presentations at: http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-decreasing-resources-increasing-regulation-advance-animal-agricultureTRANSCRIPT
Salmonella Salmonella enteritidisenteritidis (SE) (SE)
Surveillance Surveillance Program: Program:
Applications and Applications and Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedEric Gingerich, DVMEric Gingerich, DVM
Diamond VDiamond VNIAA Annual Mtg.NIAA Annual Mtg.
March 27, 2012 – Denver COMarch 27, 2012 – Denver CO
SE Applications and SE Applications and Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
History of SE in the USHistory of SE in the US Response by USDAResponse by USDA Response by industryResponse by industry Response by FDAResponse by FDA
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayersThe report that started the ball The report that started the ball
rollingrolling
““The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New
implications for the control of salmonellosis.”implications for the control of salmonellosis.”
JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107. JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107.
M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. DeMelfi; J. J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. BlakeDeMelfi; J. J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. Blake
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayers SE found to be SE found to be
transmitted within transmitted within the egg and not the egg and not due to shell borne due to shell borne transmissiontransmission
Northeastern Northeastern states first region states first region to experience a to experience a significant significant increase in SE increase in SE casescases
National Poultry National Poultry Improvement PlanImprovement Plan
Breeder sources Breeder sources first to be first to be examinedexamined
National Poultry National Poultry Improvement Improvement Plan (NPIP) Plan (NPIP) initiated US SE initiated US SE Clean Program Clean Program for egg-type for egg-type breeders in 1989breeders in 1989
NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program
Parents hatch from SE negative stockParents hatch from SE negative stock Parent flock manure tested once a Parent flock manure tested once a
month for life beginning the first month for life beginning the first month of lifemonth of life 4 manure drag swabs per house4 manure drag swabs per house 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay
househouse 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4
months of agemonths of age
NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program
19 parent flocks 19 parent flocks have tested have tested positive for SE positive for SE since 1989since 1989
1 positive in 20051 positive in 2005 1 positive in 20061 positive in 2006 4 positive in 20074 positive in 2007
Source: A.R. Rhorer, USAHA 2007 Proceedings
Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices
BiosecurityBiosecurity Feed Feed
ingredientsingredients VaccinationVaccination Hatch egg Hatch egg
sanitationsanitation
Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices
Breeder flock Breeder flock biosecurity biosecurity practices used to practices used to prevent SEprevent SE Rodent controlRodent control Traffic controlTraffic control Bird movement Bird movement
equipment equipment sanitationsanitation
Clean worker and Clean worker and visitor footwear, visitor footwear, clothing, and clothing, and headgear plus hand headgear plus hand sanitationsanitation
Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices
Breeder vaccinationBreeder vaccination Used by the major Used by the major
breeder in the USbreeder in the US Must keep 300 non-Must keep 300 non-
vaccinates for vaccinates for testing at 4 monthstesting at 4 months
Hatch egg Hatch egg sanitationsanitation Used by some Used by some
operationsoperations Spray at time of Spray at time of
collectioncollection
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayers HatcheriesHatcheries
Hatch only Hatch only eggs from eggs from breeder breeder flocks on flocks on NPIP SE NPIP SE Clean Clean ProgramProgram
Use standard Use standard sanitation sanitation practicespractices
SE Outbreaks by state, 1985-1999
CDC data
CDC Salmonella Annual Summary 2006
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayers1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture 1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture
declared SE and emergencydeclared SE and emergency
1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun
1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality 1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program (PEQAP) Assurance Program (PEQAP)
initiatedinitiated
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Risk Reduction in
Commercial LayersCommercial Layers Three critical control points Three critical control points
correlated with SE positive layers correlated with SE positive layers found by the SE Pilot Projectfound by the SE Pilot Project1.1. Positive pulletsPositive pullets
2.2. Rodent populationRodent population
3.3. C&D of house between flocksC&D of house between flocks
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayers Developed by Developed by
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania scientistsscientists
Published in 1997Published in 1997 Covers all aspects Covers all aspects
of SE controlof SE control Available on PSU Available on PSU
website - website - http://pubs.cas.pshttp://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/AGRS72.pdfdfs/AGRS72.pdf
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Egg Quality Egg Quality Assurance Assurance Programs Programs (EQAPs)(EQAPs) Best Best
Management Management PracticesPractices
Education/Education/TrainingTraining
Record keepingRecord keeping VerificationVerification
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania MarylandMaryland CaliforniaCalifornia New YorkNew York
South CarolinaSouth Carolina OhioOhio New EnglandNew England United Egg United Egg
ProducersProducers Company Company
programsprograms
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
All EQAPs have Best Management All EQAPs have Best Management PracticesPractices Chicks from NPIP SE Clean breedersChicks from NPIP SE Clean breeders BiosecurityBiosecurity C&D of houses between flocksC&D of houses between flocks Rodent controlRodent control Egg sanitationEgg sanitation Egg holding conditionsEgg holding conditions
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Rodent control Rodent control found to be highly found to be highly correlated to SE correlated to SE infection in layersinfection in layers
Rodent index Rodent index formulated in PAformulated in PA
Twelve live traps Twelve live traps (Tin-Cats) placed (Tin-Cats) placed in layer housein layer house
Mice counted after Mice counted after 7 days7 days
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Rodent IndexRodent IndexNo. of mice No. of mice
caughtcaughtRodent Rodent IndexIndex
DescriptionDescription
0 to 100 to 10 11 LowLow
11-2511-25 22 ModerateModerate
26 +26 + 33 HighHigh
An index of 1 or less is acceptable
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Training/Training/educationeducation MeetingsMeetings Written materialsWritten materials 33rdrd party audit party audit
visits visits (Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dept of Ag)Dept of Ag)
Record keepingRecord keeping Rodent control logRodent control log VaccinationsVaccinations C&DC&D TestingTesting
Sampling Chick Box Papers
Verification Verification TestsTests
Required by Required by ProgramsPrograms
Chick box paper Chick box paper testingtesting
PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Pullet manure Pullet manure testing, 12wtesting, 12w
PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Young layer manure Young layer manure testing (30 weeks)testing (30 weeks)
PA, MDPA, MD
Mid-lay manure Mid-lay manure testing (45 weeks)testing (45 weeks)
PA, MDPA, MD
Post-molt manure Post-molt manure testingtesting
PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Pre-moveout testing Pre-moveout testing (within 8 weeks of (within 8 weeks of moveout)moveout)
NY, OH, SC, UEPNY, OH, SC, UEP
Manure Drag Swab Sampling – High-rise House
Swabbing A Cage-free House
Swabbing Manure Belts
Egg testing of manure Egg testing of manure positive flockspositive flocks
Initial testInitial test 1000 eggs1000 eggs Pools of 20 eggsPools of 20 eggs 2 week interval2 week interval 4 tests4 tests
Continued testingContinued testing 1000 egg sample, 1000 egg sample,
once a quarteronce a quarter
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Diversion of Diversion of eggs to eggs to pasteurization or pasteurization or hard-cookinghard-cooking Required if Required if
any egg pool any egg pool is positiveis positive
PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Chance of an Egg Chance of an Egg Positive FlockPositive Flock
In PEQAPIn PEQAP On average for the last 5 years, On average for the last 5 years,
approximately 33% of manure positive approximately 33% of manure positive flocks have tested egg positiveflocks have tested egg positive
VaccinesVaccines
Not required by any Not required by any EQAPEQAP
Used by producers Used by producers to aid in remaining to aid in remaining SE negative, egg SE negative, egg test negativetest negative
Only one egg Only one egg positive flock in positive flock in PEQAP where SE PEQAP where SE bacterin has been bacterin has been usedused
VaccinesVaccines
VaccinationVaccination SE bacterinSE bacterin
Usually 1x at 13 to 15 Usually 1x at 13 to 15 weeksweeks
Live ST vaccinesLive ST vaccines 3 applications – 2, 6, 3 applications – 2, 6,
and 12 weeksand 12 weeks Bacterin + live Bacterin + live
vaccinevaccine Live vaccine - 2 and 6 Live vaccine - 2 and 6
weeksweeks Bacterin – 13 to 15 Bacterin – 13 to 15
weeksweeks
SE Reduction by EQAPsSE Reduction by EQAPs
PEQAP SuccessPEQAP Success19921992 20032003 20082008
+ Manure + Manure
SamplesSamples (LY-1, LY-2, (LY-1, LY-2, and LY-3and LY-3
23%23% 1.5%1.5% 1.5%1.5%
Manure Manure Positive Positive FlocksFlocks
38%38% 4.4%4.4% 6.5%6.5%
Egg Egg Positive Positive FlocksFlocks
1.9%1.9% 2.4%2.4%
SE Prevalence Ohio
Year Total Houses Tested
No. SE Positive Houses
Percent Positive
2009 386 22 5.6
2010 435 21 4.8
2011 473 10 2.1
From CDC report, 2004
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
SE Illnesses per 100,000 persons
Foodnet data
Egg Safety Center SE Update 2009
Salmonella Human Prevalence – EU vs. US
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Cas
es P
er 100
,000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
USEU
Dr. Jean Guard, USDA-ARS: US – Foodnet data; EU – EFSA data
SE Human Prevalence – US vs. EU
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Cas
es p
er 100
,000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
USEU
Dr. Jean Guard, USDA-ARS: US – Foodnet data; EU – EFSA data
Egg Safety Center SE Update 2007
Broiler Meat and SEBroiler Meat and SE
2004 FoodNet case-control study2004 FoodNet case-control study
““A new risk factor for A new risk factor for Salmonella Salmonella enteritidis enteritidis incidence is eating incidence is eating
chicken prepared outside the home”.chicken prepared outside the home”.
Number of SE + Broiler Number of SE + Broiler Carcass Rinses By Carcass Rinses By
EstablishmentEstablishment
Emerging Infectious Diseases, www.cdc.gov/eid, Dec08
FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
First proposed in 2004First proposed in 2004 Shelved in 2008 with new administrationShelved in 2008 with new administration Re-submitted in 2009Re-submitted in 2009 Announced Final Rule on July 7, 2009Announced Final Rule on July 7, 2009 ImplementationImplementation
July 2010 for farms over 50,000 layersJuly 2010 for farms over 50,000 layers July 2012 for farm between 3000 and 50,000 July 2012 for farm between 3000 and 50,000
layerslayers Farms under 3000 layers exemptFarms under 3000 layers exempt
FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
Contains components of the successful EQAPsContains components of the successful EQAPs Monitoring and control program for rodents and Monitoring and control program for rodents and
fliesflies Written SE on-farm programWritten SE on-farm program Training of on-farm person in charge of programTraining of on-farm person in charge of program Cleaning and disinfection of houses between flocksCleaning and disinfection of houses between flocks Chicks from NPIP SE Clean breedersChicks from NPIP SE Clean breeders Manure testing of pullets – 14 to 16 weeks of ageManure testing of pullets – 14 to 16 weeks of age Manure testing of layersManure testing of layers Refrigeration at 45F within 36 hours of collectingRefrigeration at 45F within 36 hours of collecting
FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
Manure testing of layersManure testing of layers 40 to 45 weeks of age40 to 45 weeks of age 4 to 6 weeks post-molt4 to 6 weeks post-molt
Egg testing if manure is SE +Egg testing if manure is SE + 1000 eggs at 2-week intervals, 4 tests1000 eggs at 2-week intervals, 4 tests If all negative, no further testing and If all negative, no further testing and
remains on shell marketremains on shell market If positive, must divert to pasteurization If positive, must divert to pasteurization
or hard-cookingor hard-cooking
FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
Challenges for a national programChallenges for a national program Diversion of eggs very difficult in many Diversion of eggs very difficult in many
parts of the US. Producers may have to parts of the US. Producers may have to destroy flocks without compensation.destroy flocks without compensation.
Laboratory testing capabilities are Laboratory testing capabilities are lacking in many stateslacking in many states
Laboratories will need to purchase Laboratories will need to purchase equipment not now requiredequipment not now required
More laboratory people will be needed More laboratory people will be needed for egg testingfor egg testing
FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule Challenges (continued)Challenges (continued)
FDA and molecular lab methods may be much FDA and molecular lab methods may be much more sensitive than present leading to more more sensitive than present leading to more egg testing and diverted flocksegg testing and diverted flocks
FDA methods more time consuming and may FDA methods more time consuming and may lead to delays in diversionlead to delays in diversion
Many states not willing to subsidize costs of Many states not willing to subsidize costs of programprogram
TestingTesting AuditingAuditing
Private laboratories are much more expensivePrivate laboratories are much more expensive
FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule
Challenges (continued)Challenges (continued) Farm packed eggs now refrigerate at Farm packed eggs now refrigerate at
55F55F Will need to add cooler capacityWill need to add cooler capacity May lead to more thermal checksMay lead to more thermal checks
Questions??