dr. ashraf ramzy - humsc
TRANSCRIPT
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General AnatomyPractical Revision (1): Skeletal System
Dr. Ashraf RamzyProfessor of Anatomy & Embryology
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I. Skull
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5 Unpaired bones
1. Frontal
2. Occipital
3. Ethmoid
4. Sphenoid
5. Vomer
1
2
3
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Dr Ashraf Ramzy
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8 Paired bones1. Parietal
2. Temporal
3. Maxillary
4. Zygomatic
5. Nasal
6. Lacrimal
7. Palatine
8. Inferior concha
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4
5
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Frontal Bone
Parietal Bone
Occipital Bone
Lambdoid Suture
Sagittal Suture
Coronal Suture
Bregma
Lambda
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* It presents 3 sutures:
1. coronal suture:
2. The sagittal suture:
3. The lambdoid suture:
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* It presents 2 meeting points:
1. The bregma: is the meeting of coronal and sagittal sutures.
2. The lambda: is the meeting of the lambdoidand sagittal sutures.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
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Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone(Squamous part)
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bone(Tympanic part)
Temporal Bone(Styloid process)
Zygomatic Arch
Coronal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
Temporal Bone(Mastoid process)
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Sphenoid Bone(Greater Wing)
Zygomatic Arch
Coronal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
Pterion
Asterion
Superior Temporal Line
Inferior Temporal Line
External Auditory Meatus
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*It is formed of: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, greater wing of sphenoid bone, maxilla and zygomatic bones.
*The superior temporal line: extends from zygomatic bone and passes backwards.
*The inferior temporal line: with the temporal fossa lies below it.
F P
OS T
M
Z
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* The zygomatic arch (Z): * The external auditory meatus (E):* The mastoid process (M): * The Styloid process (↑):* Pterion (P).* Asterion (↓).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
Z
P
ME
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Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Maxillary Bone
Nasal Bone
Inferior Nasal Choncha
Mandible
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Frontal Bone
Supraorbital Foramen (Notch)
Infraorbital Foramen
Mental ForamenMandible
Maxillary Bone
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2. The 2 nasal bones:
3. Zygomatic bone:
4. The maxillary bone:
Is has a body which contains
the maxillary air sinus.
It is pierced by the infra-
orbital foramen (which gives
passage to infra-orbital nerve
& vessels).
2
3
4
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External Occipital Protuberance
External Occipital Crest
Superior Nuchal Line
Inferior Nuchal Line
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Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* The occipital bone presents:
1. External occipital protuberance:
2. External occipital crest:
3. The superior nuchal lines:
extends laterally from the
protuberance.
4. The inferior nuchal lines:
extends laterally from the crest & run
parallel to and below the superior
nuchal lines.
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External Occipital Protuberance
External Occipital Crest
Inferior Nuchal Line
Superior Nuchal Line
Posterior Nasal Openings (Choanae)
Vomer
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Hard Palate:
- Palatine Bone
- Maxillary BoneAlveolar Arch
Greater Palatine Foramen
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Jugular Foramen
Stylomastoid Foramen
Posterior Condylar Foramen
Carotid Canal
Foramen Magnum
Incisive Fossa
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Hard Palate:
- Palatine Bone
- Maxillary Bone
Greater Palatine Foramen
Maxillary Tuberosity
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Jugular Foramen
Foramen Magnum
Incisive Fossa
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Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Jugular Foramen
Internal Auditory Meatus
Foramen Magnum
Ethmoid Bone(Crista Galli) Rotundum Foramen
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Hard Palate:
- Palatine Bone
- Maxillary Bone
Vomer
Occipital Bone(Basilar part)
- Lateral Pterygoid Plate
- Medial Pterygoid Plate
- Pterygoid Fossa
Pterygoid Process:
Sphenoid (Body)
Sphenoid (Greater wing )
Temporal Bone(Petrous part)
Temporal Bone(Mastoid process)
Temporal Bone(Tympanic Part)
Occipital Condyle
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* The greater palatine foramen (↓) lies in the posterior part of the hard palate. It gives passage to greater palatine nerve & vessels.
* The lesser palatine foramina, usually two, lie behind the greater palatine foramen. They give passage to lesser palatine nerve & vessels.
* The maxillary tuberosity (→) is present at the posterior end of the alveolar arch.
* The incisive fossa (↑) lies posterior to the central incisor teeth. It contains foramina which serve as a connection between palate & nose.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
↓→
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B. Middle part:
* In the middle, it shows:
1. Vomer.
2. Body of sphenoid.
3. Basilar part of occipital bone.
* Laterally, it shows:
4. Pterygoid process.
5. Greater wing of sphenoid.
6. Petrous part of temporal bone.
7. tympanic parts of temporal bone.
8. Mastoid process.
* It contains: Posterior nasal openings (9) (choanae) which are separated by vomer (part of nasal septum).
1
2
3
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67
8
9
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** The pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone:
* It is formed of lateral pterygoid plate (L) and medial pterygoid plate (M) with the pterygoid fossa (F) in between.
ML F
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** The greater wing of sphenoid bone shows:
1. Foramen ovale (↓):
* Gives passage to:
a. Mandibular nerve.
b. Lesser petrosal nerve.
c. Accessory meningeal artery.
2. Foramen spinosum (↑):
* Gives passage to:
a. Nervus spinosus.
b. Middle meningeal artery.
↓
↓
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
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C. Posterior part:
** The basilar part of occipital bone (B) articulates anteriorly with the body of the sphenoid bone.
** Foramen lacerum (↓) lies between petrous part of temporal bone, basilar part of occipital and the pterygoid process. In life it is closed by cartilage plate.
** The carotid canal (↑): lies posterolateral to foramen lacerum. Gives passage to internal carotid artery.
↓
↓
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
B
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** Notice the following:
1. The jugular foramen: lies lateral to the occipital condyle. Gives passage to internal jugular vein.
2. The stylomastoid foramen: lies between styloid and mastoid processes. Gives passage to facial nerve.
3. The occipital condyles: articulate with the atlas to form atlanto-occipital joint.
4. The anterior condylar (hypoglossal) foramen. Gives passage to hypoglossal nerve.
5. The posterior condylar foramen.
6. The foramen magnum: communicates the cranial cavity with the vertebral canal. Gives passage to brain stem which continues as spinal cord.
1↑2
3
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Frontal Bone(Frontal Crest)
Ethmoid Bone(Crista Galli)
Sphenoid Bone(lesser Wing)
Sphenoid Bone
Foramen Caecum
Ethmoid Bone(Cribriform Plate)
Frontal Bone(Orbital Plate)
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Sphenoid Bone(Body)
Sphenoid Bone (Greater Wing)
Temporal Bone(Petrous Part)
Occipital Bone
Anterior Condylar Foramen(Hypoglossal)
Rotundum Foramen
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Transverse Sulcus
Sigmoid Sulcus
Jugular Foramen
Internal Auditory Meatus
Internal Occipital Crest
Internal Occipital Protuberance
Clivus
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* It is formed by the following bones:
* In the midline:
1- Frontal bone.
2- Ethmoid.
3- Sphenoid.
* On each side:
a. Frontal bone.
b. Sphenoid (lesser wing).
1
2
3
a
b
Ant. Cranial Fossa
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
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* Midline structures of the anterior cranial fossa:
1. Frontal crest.
2. Foramen caecum.
3. Crista galli.
4. Cribriform plate of ethmoid (gives passage to olfactory nerve).
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* Formed by the following bones:
* In the midline:
Sphenoid (body).
* On each side:
1- Sphenoid (greater wing).
2- Temporal bone:
a. Petrous part.
b. Squamous part.
3- Parietal bone.
Middle Cranial Fossa
3 2-b 1 Body
2-a
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* Middle cranial fossa shows:
Greater wing of sphenoid which contains:
1. Sup. Orbital Fissure → gives passage to nerves & vessels of orbit.
2. F. Rotundum → gives passage to maxillary nerve
3. F. Ovale.
4. F. Spinosum.
1
2
34
←
←←
←←
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* Formed by the following bones:
* In the midline:
Occipital bone.
* Laterally-placed:
1- Petrous part of temporal bone.
2- Parietal bone.
3- Occipital bone.
Post. Cranial Fossa
1
2 3
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* Midline structures in the posterior cranial fossa :
1. Clivus (formed by: body of sphenoid + basilar part of occipital bone).
2. Foramen magnum.
3. Internal occipital crest.
4. Internal occipital protuberance.
1
2
3
4
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* Two sulci & 3 foramina:
1. Transverse sulcus (contains transverse sinus).2.Sigmoid sulcus (contains sigmoid sinus).3. Hypoglossal canal (gives passage to hypoglossal nerve).4. Jugular foramen (gives passage to internal jugular vein).5. internal auditory meatus → gives passage to 7th & 8th
cranial nerves).
* Laterally-placed structures in the post. cranial fossa:
1
2
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4
→
→
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
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You have to know & revise
The structures passing through the different
foramina mentioned in the lectures.
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II. Mandible
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A. The body
* External surface:* The mental foramen lies midway between upper & lower borders, below 2nd
premolar tooth.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
↑
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* Internal surface :•It shows the mylohyoid line (↑).•Below this line is the submandibular fossa (SM), while above this line is the sublingual fossa (SL).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
SL↑ SM
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B. Ramus of mandible
* It has two surfaces.
1. The medial surface: shows the mandibular foramen which leads to mandibular canal.
• Projecting over the foramen is the lingula .
• The mylohyoid groove starts at the lower border of the foramen.
2. The lateral surface: is flat
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
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** Upper border:
• Shows two process coronoid anteriorly and condylar process posteriorly and in between the mandibular notch.
• The condylar process is expanded to form the head of the mandible.
• The constricted area below the head is the neck.
• Angle of the mandible is the area of meeting of body and the ramus .
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
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III. Cervical Vertebrae
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Transverse ProcessForamen Transversarium
Atlas (C1)
Vertebral foramen
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Foramen Transversarium
Odontoid Process (Dens)
Spinous Process
Axis (C2)
Vertebral foramen
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Transverse Process
Foramen Transversarium
Atlas (C1)
Odontoid Process (Dens)
Spinous Process
Axis (C2)
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral foramen
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Transverse Process
Foramen TransversariumVertebral foramen
Typical Cervical Vertebra
Spinous Process(Bifid)
Body
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7th Cervical Vertebra
Spine is long & not bifid
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IV. Thoracic Vertebrae
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Body
Pedicle
Transverse process
Lamina
Spinous Process
Vertebral foramen
Articular facet Body
Articular Process
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Body
Pedicle
Transverse process
Lamina
Spinous ProcessVertebral foramen
Body
Spinous Process
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Dr. Ashraf Ramzy
The Thoracic Vertebrae
* 12 in number
* Each is formed of :
•Body
•Pedicle
• Transverse process
• Lamina
• Spine
•Vertebral foramen
•Articular facets
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V. Lumbar Vertebrae& Sacrum
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Sacrum
Coccyx
1
4
2
3
5
Lumber Vertebra
Body
Transverse process
Spine
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Pedicle
Transverse process
Lamina
Spinous Process
Vertebral foramen
Body
Spinous Process
Transverse process
Pedicle
Spinous Process
Lumber Vertebra
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VI. Typical Ribs
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Dr. Ashraf Ramzy
Parts of a typical rib
•Vertebral end →
head, neck & tubercle•Shaft •Sternal end →groove for attachment of costal cartilage.
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VII. Sternum
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Sternal Angle(Angle of Louis)
Xiphisternal Joint
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
1
2
8
3
4
7
5
6
9
10
Costal Cartilage
Jugular NotchClavicular Notch
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VIII. Bones of Upper Limb
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Medial end (Sternal End)
Lateral End (Acromial End)
Medial 2/3 (Concave posteriorly)
Lateral 1/3(Concave Anteriorly)
Upper Surface (smooth)
Right Clavicle
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Medial end (Sternal End)
Lateral End (Acromial End)
Upper Surface (smooth)
Right Clavicle
Medial end (Sternal End)
Lateral End (Acromial End)
Lower Surface (Rough)
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Suparaspinous Fossa
Infraspinous Fossa
Spine of scapula
Acromion Process
Inferior Angle
Superior Angle
Lateral Angle
Glenoid Cavity
Coracoid Process
Subscapular Fossa
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Suparaspinous Fossa
Infraspinous Fossa
Spine of scapula
Acromion Process
Inferior Angle
Superior Angle
Lateral Angle
Glenoid Cavity
Coracoid Process
Subscapular Fossa
Inferior Angle
Superior Angle
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Infraspinous Fossa
Spine of scapula
Acromion Process
Glenoid Cavity
Coracoid Process
Subscapular Fossa
Inferior Angle
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Head
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Greater Tuberosity
Olecranon Fossa
Lateral Epicondyle
Medial Epicondyle
Body (Shaft)
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Head
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Greater Tuberosity
Coronoid Fossa
Lateral EpicondyleMedial Epicondyle
Lesser Tuberosity
CapitulumTrochlea
Radial Fossa
Body (Shaft)
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Head
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Greater Tuberosity
Olecranon Fossa
Lateral EpicondyleMedial Epicondyle
Body (Shaft)
Greater Tuberosity
Lateral Epicondyle
Coronoid Fossa
CapitulumTrochlea
Radial Fossa
Lesser Tuberosity
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UlnaRadius
HeadStyloid Process
Olecranon Process
Coronoid Process
Radial Notch
Trochlear Notch
Radial Notch
Coronoid Process
Olecranon Process
Head
Neck
Radial Tuberosity
Styloid Process
Ulnar Notch
Radius Ulna
Styloid Process
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Coronoid Process
Radial Notch
Trochlear NotchOlecranon Process
Head
Neck
Radial Tuberosity
Radius Ulna
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Scaphoid
Lunate Triquetrum
PisiformTrapezium
TrapezoidCapitate
Hamate
1
2 3 4 5
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1
234
5
Metacarpal bones:
- Body (Shaft)
- Head (Distal)
- Base (Proximal)
Phalanges:
- Base
- Body
- Head
ScaphoidLunate
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
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IX. Bones of Lower Limb
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Acetabulum
Obturator Foramen
Iliac Crest
Gluteal Surface
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
Pubis:
- Body of pubis
- Superior pubic Ramus
- Inferior pubic Ramus
Greater Sciatic Notch
Ischial Spine
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial Ramus
Lesser Sciatic Notch
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Acetabulum
Obturator Foramen
Iliac Crest
Iliac Fossa
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
Pubis:
- Body of pubis
- Superior pubic Ramus
- Inferior pubic Ramus
Ischial Ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Pubic Symphysis
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Head
Neck
Greater Trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Intertrochanteric LineIntertrochanteric Crest
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Medial Condyles Lateral Condyle
Medial Epicondyles
Lateral Epicondyle
Intercondylar Fossa(Notch)
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Patella(Anterior Surface)
Patella(Posterior Surface)
Base
Apex
Base
Apex
Articular Facets
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Medial Condyle
Lateral CondyleArticulation Facet
for Fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Medial MalleolusFibular Notch
TibiaFibula
Head of Fibula
Lateral Malleolus
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Medial Condyle
Lateral Condyle Articulation Facet for Fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Medial Malleolus
Fibular Notch
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Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
TibiaFibula
Lateral Malleolus
Tarsal Bones
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12
3
Big Toe
4
5- Base (Proximal)
- Shaft
- Head (Distal)
Metatarsal Bones:
Phalanges:- Base
- Shaft
- Head
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