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TRANSCRIPT
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) – Myanmar is pleasedto present a compilation of "Good Practices on Disaster Risk Reductionin Myanmar". This publication has been developed under“Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction Practice in Myanmar throughResearch and Enhanced Inter-agency Coordination Project'' supportedby the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil ProtectionDepartment through its Disaster Preparedness Programme (DIPECHO)of the Seventh DIPECHO Action Plan for South East Asia. The casestudies presented in this publication encapsulates the innovative workconducted by a number of agencies, UN, international and national forintegrating disaster risk reduction perspectives into developmentprogrammes.
UNDP Myanmar would like to express its gratitude to the variousagencies who contributed their time in the guidance, development andsubmission of the case studies; a special thanks to the Disaster RiskReduction Working Group members for their support in reviewing casestudies and most importantly to the communities and field staff, whogave their time and shared their stories; without them these casestudies could not have been completed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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INTRODUCTION
1The European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department’s Disaster PreparednessProgramme (DIPECHO)
This compilation of Good Practices is an initiative aiming to explore and
document programs which mainstream disaster risk reduction in various
development sectors. The production of this document is supported by
the VIIth DIPECHO1 Action Plan for South-East Asia, and is a part of a seriesof publications being produced by other DIPECHO implementing partners,which include – Malteser International, ActionAid Myanmar and UNDPMyanmar.
Livelihoods in rural areas are intrinsically linked to the surrounding naturalenvironment. Natural disasters often have the worst impact on thelivelihoods of poor communities, causing further poverty andmarginalisation. Communities lose their assets and means of productionwhich further exacerbates other problems such as malnutrition, and foodinsecurity, keeping them bound in a cycle of poverty. Thus, ensuring thatDRR strategies are incorporated in livelihood interventions is essential toprevent losses and damages to communities.
The case studies documented in this publication capture disaster riskreduction initiatives which have been integrated into various livelihoodpractices such as agriculture, fisheries, livestock, etc. This sectionshowcases initiatives where local and international NGOs have workedwith communities, local government officials and other stakeholders indeveloping strategies to reduce the risks and vulnerability of communities.The case studies also reflect the importance of engaging policy makers inaddressing disaster related risks. The case studies additionally identifychallenges encountered the implementation of DRR initiatives and whatneeds to be considered when replicating these initiatives.
This document aims at providing insights and examples to agenciesconcerned with livelihoods on good disaster risk reduction practices andto help identify opportunities where the both can be integrated enablingcommunities to be better prepared and resilient to natural hazards.
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DRR Good Practices in Myanmar10
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;10
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 11
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INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the mainstay of theMyanmar economy contributing tonearly 45% of the Gross DomesticProduct in 2007 with paddy beingthe primary crop. The devastationcaused by Cyclone Nargis in 2008impacted heavily on theavailability of food stocks, as wellas seeds and tools for the June-
July (main) planting season.Overall, it was reported that only25% of villages in the affectedareas had enough seeds. TheTownships of Labutta, Bogale,Pyapon, Dedaye, Kyaiklat wereamong the worst affected and didnot have enough seeds for theupcoming season.
Mercy Corps Approach to Food Security: the confluence of these four
pillars will result in more food security for households and community.
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar12
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;12
Since 2008, Mercy Corps hasworked in Myanmar to support therecovery of disaster-affectedcommunities with the objective ofbuilding resilient communitieswith increased economicopportunities and protection fromhazards, improved public healthand strengthened civil societynetworks. Through theirengagement with communities,Mercy Corps learnt that farmers
lost their agricultural seeds dueto their traditional practice ofstoring seeds in their house in anunsecured manner. When thecyclone struck, along with thehouse, the seeds were also lostor damaged.
Working directly or through localpartners, Mercy Corps has tried toensure that communities return totheir livelihood in a more resilient,prepared and productive manner.
THE INITIATIVE
Mercy Corps focused on ensuringthat farmers gained the know-howand skills for protecting seedsfrom future disasters. In order toachieve this, they facilitated theformation of a "Farmer ProducerEnterprise (FPE)" – a communityorganization to protect livelihoodsas well as link up with markets andother stakeholders such as privatecompanies and governmentdepartments. The FPE consistedprimarily of small land holdingfarmers who were the mostvulnerable to natural hazards. Toobtain membership to the group,a farmer needed to providerecommendations from three tofive peers. Each FPE consisted of20 to a maximum of 130 members
which sometimes coveredadjacent villages. To manage thisgroup effectively, a corecommittee was formed where 40%members were women.
To protect seeds from futurenatural hazards and ensure foodsecurity, the FPE established "RiceSeed Banks" as a common storagespace for members. A locationthat was safe from floods or strongwinds was identified by membersfor constructing this storagespace. Mercy Corps provided thecommunity with technical andfinancial support whichincorporated disaster riskreduction measures whilemembers provided labor for itsconstruction. To manage the rice
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 13
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seed bankeffectively, the corecommittee wastrained onmanagement skills,savings and loansystem, and bookkeeping. Memberswere taught how tosecure seedstightly in plasticbags to protectthem from intrusionof water andmoisture. Thesaving and loansystem comprisedseeds loans takenby members. Theloan was repaidwith an extra bag ofseeds as interest.
levels of these households whiletaking into consideration disasterrisks. Mercy Corps providedtrainings to farmers in line withtheir farming cycle with supportfrom the Myanmar AgricultureService (MAS), under the Ministryof Agriculture and Irrigation.Topics such as land preparation,seedling transplanting methods,pest management and low-costwater management techniques,weeding, and use of organic
Rice seeds gained from theinterest were either used a bufferstock in times of emergencies orloaned out once more. In fewvillages, the rice seed bank wasalso used to generate revenue forthe group by allowing non-members to store their seeds at anominal fee.
Improving crop productivity wasalso essential for ensuring foodsecurity and raising the income
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar14
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;14
fertilizers were taught at thesetrainings.
Recognizing that weatherpatterns were becomingunpredictable and interfering withnormal farming practices, MercyCorps introduced a new variety ofrice seeds on a pilot basis. Theseseeds were introduced afterdiscussions with the communityas well as technical inputs fromthe MAS and in-house technicalexperts. These seeds werecertified by the MAS, as beingmore resistant and could be usedfor five sowing seasons. Theproduce was also expected tofetch a higher price than the
chain to ensure that the producewas sold at a good price. Millingwas a crucial step in the post-production of rice. The basicobjective of a rice milling systemwas to remove the husk andproduce an edible, white ricekernel that is sufficiently milledand free of impurities. It wasobserved that existing mills didnot have the machinery to ensuregood milling. Hence, Mercy Corpsplans to work with mills ownersto identify the improvements tomachines which would enablegood milling. Mercy Corps wouldprovide cash grants to the ownersfor upgrading or improving the
t r a d i t i o n a lvarieties thusincreasing theirincome. House-holds wereselected fromamong the FPEmembers bythemselves togrow theseseeds.
It was alsonecessary forMercy Corps towork with theentire market
machine wherethe grantamount wasthen trans-ferred to thefarmers interms of alower costcharged formilling. Over ashort term, thiswas seen as aw i n - w i nsituation forfarmers andmill owners.
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 15
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GOOD PRACTICES
Before forming the "FarmerProducer Enterprise", theproject team explained itsbenefits, challenges, rolesand responsibilities to thelarger community. Thishelped the communitymembers to take aninformed decision toparticipate in the FarmerProducer Enterprise.
Staff capacities were builton agriculture, farmingprocess and climate changeprior to implementation ofthe project. This helped inbetter grounding of theproject.
The project linked variousactors in the processensuring an integratedapproach to the intervention.The farmers, rice millowners, Myanmar Agri-culture Services and PrivateSector were involved atvarious stages of theproject.
The importance of soundtechnical input cannot beundermined. Specializedstaff such as agronomist wasinvolved to provideinformation contributing tosound decisions bycommunities.
It can be seen that protectingagriculture from future naturalhazards requires a holisticapproach as various processes
and actors constitute thelivelihoods chain and no one actorcan be addressed in isolation fromthe other.
CHALLENGES
The private sector is hesitantto enter into such initiativesas it is very new for them andthey are yet to understandthe humanitarian sector andits approaches. Mercy Corpshad to gain the confidenceof the private sector through
demonstration that thecommunity-based initiativeswere sound.
It was sometimes difficult toencourage farmers in tryingout new variety of seeds asthey were unsure of its yield.
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar16
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;16
SUSTAINING THE GAINS MADE AND REPLICATION
The formation and capacitybuilding of the ‘FarmerProducer Enterprise’ is animportant strategy to ensurethat the initiatives are takenforward by this communitybased organization.
Linkages with thegovernment’s agriculturedepartment and privatesector are the key in enabling
the community to accesstechnical and marketresources in future.
This grain storage bank canbe used not only for rice butfor other grain and pulses aswell. The design is simpleenough to be adapted to anygeographical and climaticcontext in the country.
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 17
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DRR Good Practices in Myanmar18
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;18
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 19
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twGufrsdK;pyg;vkHavmufpGm r&dScJYay/
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar20
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;20
(2008)ckESpfrSpí rmpDaumhyf
onfab;oifhcHcJh&onhf&yf&Gmjynfolk
rsm;twGufpD;yGm;a&;tcGihftvrf;rsm;
wdk;wufaumif;rGefapjcif;jzifh ab;
tEÅ&m,frsm;rS MuHhBuHhcHEkdifapa&;?
ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rStumtuG,fay;
a&;? &yf&Gmjynfolrsm;\usef;rma&;
apmifYa&SmufrIwdk;wufaumif;rGefap
a&;?t&yfzuftzGJYtpnf;rsm;csdwfquf
rIydkrdktm;aumif;apa&;ponfh&nf&G,f
csufrsm;jzifh ab;oifhcHcJh&onhf &yf&Gm
rsm;\ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;
rsm;udkyHhydk;aqmif&GufcJYygonf/þodkY
&yf&GmvlxkESihfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;
rSwpfqifhrmpDaumhyfod&SdcJY&onfrSm
v,form;rsm;\ aetdrfrsm;wGif
oD;ESHrsKd;apYrsm;odrf;qnf;okdavSmif
ueOD;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
v,form;rsm;taejzif h
oD;ESHrsKd;aphrsm;ukd aemifBuHKawGY&rnfh
ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS tumtuG,f
ay;í vkHNcHKpGmodkavSmifEdkifa&;twGuf
enf;ynmESihf uRrf;usifrIrsm;&&dSap&ef
rmpDaumhyfrS tav;xm; aqmif&Guf
vsuf&dSygonf/ tqdkygvkyfief;
atmifjrifa&;twGuf ]]v,f,m
pd kufys d K;xkwfvkyfolrsm;toif;
(Farmer Producer Enterprise-
FPE) }} udk zGJYpnf;Edkif&efaqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdktzGJYonftoufarG;0rf;
ausmif;tvkyftukdifrsm;tumtuG,f
ay;a&;tjyifaps;uGufrsm;? yk*¾vdu
rIrSmvkHNcKHaumif;rGefrIr&dSonhftwGuf
oD;ESHrsKd;aphrsm;qkH;½IH;cJh&aMumif;
avhvmod&dScJh&onf/ em*pfrkefwdkif;
wdkufcwfvmonhftcg tqdkygrsdK;aph
rsm;onf a'ocHwdkY\ aetdrfrsm;ESihf
twl ysufpD;qkH;½IH;oGm;cJY&onf/
&yf&GmjynfolwkdYtaejzifh ¤if;
wdkY\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;
rsm;,cifuxufab;tEÅ&m,f'Pf
BuHhBuHhcHEkdifapa&;? ab;tEÅ&m,f
twGuf ydkrdkjyifqifxm;Ekdifa&;? ukef
xkwfvkyfrI wkd;wufapa&;wkdYtwGuf
rmpDaumhyfrSwkduf½kdufaomfvnf;aumif;?
odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;rdwfzuftzGJU
tpnf;rsm;rSwpfqihfaomfvnf;aumif;
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcJh
onf/
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 21
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 21
ukrÜPDrsm;ESihf tpdk;&Xmersm;uJhodkY
qufET,fywfoufolrsm;ESihfcsdwfquf
aqmif&GufoGm;rnhf &yf&GmtzGJYtpnf;
wpfckjzpfonf/ FPE zGJYpnf;&mwGif
obm0 ab;tEÅ&m,frS xdcdkufcH&
tvG,fqHk;aomv,fuGuftenf;
tusOf;vkyfudkifonhf v,form;rsm;
udktajccHízGJYpnf;xm;onf/tqdkyg
tzGJYwGif tzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifEdkif&ef
v,form;wpfOD;onf rdrdESihfb0wl
v,form;ig;OD;rSaxmufcH&efvdktyf
ygonf/ FPEtzGJYwdkif;udkv,form;
tzGJY0ifOD;a& (20)rS trsm;qkH; (130)
txd yg0ifzGJYpnf;xm;onf/ wpfcg
wpf&HwGif teD;ywf0ef;usifaus;&Gm
rsm;rSv,form;rsm;vnf;yg0if
avY&Sdonf/ tqdkygtzGJYtm;xda&muf
pGmpDrHcefYcGJEkdifa&;twGufA[kdaumf
rwDwpf&yfudk zGJYpnf;xm;NyD;? ,if;
aumfrwDwGif tzGJY0ifrsm;\ (40)
&mcdkifEIef;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpfonf/
v,f,moD;ESHrsKd;aphrsm;ukd
aemifwGifBuKHawGY&rnhf obm0ab;
tEÅ&m,frsm;rSvkHNcHKpGmodkavSmifxm;Ekdif
a&;ESihfpm;eyf&du©mzlvkHrI&dSapa&;
twGuf tzGJY0ifrsm;\ bkHodkavSmifa&;
ae&mwpfcktjzpf FPE onf
]qefpyg;rsdK;aphbPf(Rice Seed
Banks)} rsm;udk xlaxmifcJhonf/tqdkyg rsKd;aphodkavSmif½kH aqmufvkyf
a&;twGuf a&vTrf;rdk;rIESihf avjyif;
rkefwdkif;'PfrS vkHNcHKab;uif;onhf
ae&mwpfckudk tzGJY0ifrsm;uowfrSwf
ygonf/rmpDaumhyfrS ab;tEÅ&m,f
aMumihfqkH;½IH;EdkifajcavQmhcsa&;tpD
trHrsm;yg0ifonfhenf;ynmESih f
aiGaMu;ukdaxmufyHhay;NyD;oufqdkif
&m &yf&Gmjynfolrsm;rS taqmufttkH
aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf vkyftm;
pdkufxkwfygonf/ tqdkyg qefpyg;
rsKd;aphbPfudk xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJa&;
twGuf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufrnhf
A[dkaumfrwD0ifrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrI
qdkif&m uRrf;usifrIrsm;? pkaqmif;
rIESifh acs;,lrIpepfESihfpm&if;a&;oGif;
enf;wdkYudk avhusihfoifwef;ay;yg
onf/ tzGJY0ifrsm;udk rsKd;aphrsm; a&ESihf
a&aiGYaMumihfrysufpD;apa&;twGuf
yvwfpwpftdwfrsm;ESihf vkHvkHNcKHNcKH
xkyfydk;odrf;qnf;enf;rsm;oifMum;
ay;onf/ pkaqmif;rIESifh acs;,lrI
pepfwGiftzGJY0ifrsm;tm;rsKd;aphxkwfacs;
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar22
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;22
jcif;yg0ifonf/ xkwfacs;vdkufonhf
rsKd;aphtwGuf Nyefqyf&mwGif rsKd;aph
xkyfwpfxkyfudk twdk;tjzpf tydkay;
&onf/ twdk;&&dSonhf pyg;rsKd;aph
rsm;udk ta&;ay:tcsdefrsm;twGuf
t&efrsKd;aphrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
xyfqifh xkwfacs;&eftwGuf vnf;
aumif;tokH;jyKygonf/aus;&GmtcsKdU
wGiftzGJY0ifr[kwfolrsm;tm;,if;wdkY
\rsKd;aphrsm;udkrsKd;aphbPfüowfrSwf
tcaMu;aiGjzihf tyfESHcGihfay;jcif;jzihf
tzGJUtwGuf 0ifaiG&&dSap&ef tokH;cs
Muygonf/
ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh qkH;½IH;
EdkifajcukdxnhfoGif;pOf;pm;ouJhokdYyif
pm;eyf&du©mzlvkHrI&dSa&;ESihf tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;\ 0ifaiGjrihfrm;a&;twGuf oD;ESH
txGufEIef;wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;
rSmvnf; txl;ta&;ygygonf/ rmpD
aumhyfonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh
qnfaNrmif;0efBuD;Xme? jrefrmhpdkufysKd;
a&;vkyfief;\ yhHyd k;ulnDrIjzih f
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 23
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 23
v,form;rsm;tm; ¤if;wd k Y\
v,f,mpdkufysKd;rIvkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf
ukdufnDaomv,form;oifwef;rsm;
pDpOfay;cJhygonf/ ajrjyKjyifenf;?
ysKd;yifaygufrsm; ajymif;a&TUpdkufenf;
rsm;? ydk;rTm;a&m*g umuG,fa&;?
ukefusp&dwf oufompGmjzifh a&pDrH
cefYcGJrIenf;pepfrsm;? aygif;owfjcif;ESihf
obm0ajrMoZmtokH;jyKjcif; ponhf
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tqdkyg
oifwef;rsm;wGifoifMum;ay;cJhonf/
rdk;av0ojzpfpOfrsm;onf
BudKwifcefYrSef;&ef rvG,fuljcif;
aBumifh ykHrSefpdkufysKd;a&;enf;vrf;rsm;
twGuft[efYtwm;rsm;jzpfay:vsuf
&dSonfudkowdjyKrdvmonhftavsmuf
rmpDaumhyftaejzihf rsKd;pyg;topf
rsm; prf;oyfpdkufysdK;&efrdwfquf
ay;cJhonf/ rmpDaumhyfonfoufqdkif
&m aus;&GmvlxkESihf aqG;aEG;onfh
tjyifv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifh qnf
aNrmif;0efBuD;Xme? jrefrmhpdkufysKd;
a&;vkyfief;rS uRrf;usifolrsm;\
enf;ynmqkdif&m yHhykd;rIrsm; &,lNyD;rS
tqdkyg rsKd;pyg;rsm;udk v,form;ESifh
rdwfqufay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg
rsKd;pyg;rsm;onf &moDOwkESihf ydk;
rTm;'Pfudk ydkrdkcHEdkif&nf&dSNyD; ysKd;BuJ
&moD(5)&moDtxd tokH;jyKEdkifaom
rsKd;tjzpf jrefrmhpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rS
twnfjyKcsufay;xm;onf/ xGuf&dS
vmonhf pyg;rsm;onf ykHrSefxGuf&dS
cJhonhfpyg;trsKd;tpm;rsm;xuf aps;
ydkrdk&&dSEdkifrnfjzpfonhftwGuf v,f
orm;wdkY\0ifaiGwdk;yGm;apygonf/
tqdkygpyg;rsKd;udktokH;jyK pdkufysKd;rnfh
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk FPE tzGJU0ifrsm;teufrS ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif a&G;cs,fay;cJh
Muygonf/
rmpDaumhyftaejzifh pdkufysKd;
xGuf&dSvmonhfpyg;rsm;aps;aumif;
&&SdEdkifa&;twGufaps;uGufESifhcsdwf
qufay;&efvnf;vkdtyfvmygonf/
xGuf&dSvmonhfpyg;rsm;udkBudwfcGJ
jcif;onfvnf;tvGefta&;BuD;aom
tqihfjzpfonf/ qefBudwfcGJNcif;pepf
\tajccH&nf&G,fcsufrSmtay:,H
pyg;cHGMurf;udkz,f&Sm;NyD;toihfpm;okH;
Edkifaom trIdufo½kdufuif;pifonfh
qefjzLqefaumif; &&Sda&;jzpfygonf/
avhvmrIrsm;t&vuf&dSBudwfcGJpuf
rsm;wGifqefaumif;BudwfcGJxkwfvkyf
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar24
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;24
Edkifonhfpufaumif;rsm;r&dSonfudk
awGY&onf/ odkYjzpfírmpDaumhyfonf
qefaumif;xGuf&dSap&efBudwfcGJay;
Ekdif&eftwGufpufud&d,mrsm;wkd;wuf
aumif;rGefvmapa&;twGufqefpuf
ydkif&Sifrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef
pDpOfcJhygonf/ rmpDaumhyfonf
qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\
BudwfcGJpufrsm;wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;
odkYr[kwf tqihfjr§ihfwifa&;twGuf
aiGaMu;rsm;axmufyHhay;ygonf/
xdkYaemufv,form;rsm;tm;BudwfcGJc
oufompGmjzihfpyg;rsm;BudwfcGJcGifh&
apjcif;jzifhtqkdygaxmufyHhaiGukd
v,form;rsm;rS wpfqifhcHpm;cGifh
&&Sd&ef pDpOfay;cJhygonf/ umvwkd
twGif;,ckuJYodkYaqmif&Gufonhf
enf;vrf;onfv,form;rsm;ESihf
BudwfcGJpufydkif&Sifrsm;twGuf ESpfOD;
ESpfzuftqifajyEdkifonhfenf;vrf;
jzpfaMumif; awGY&dS&onf/
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;
rsm;udk obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS
tumtuG,fay;a&;onf trsm;ESifh
qufpyfyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&efvkdtyf
ygonf/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
tvkyf tukdifrsm;ESifh ¤if;ESifhqufpyf
yg0if vkyfukdifaeolrsm;onf tqkdyg
jzpfpOf\tpdwftykdif;rsm;jzpfojzifh
wpfOD; wpfa,mufwnf; aqmif&Guf
ajz&Sif;ír&Ekdifyg/
tavhtusihfaumif;rsm;
• ]v,f,mpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfol
rsm;toif;} rzGJYpnf;rDpDrHudef;
vkyfief;tzGJYonfxdktoif;
zGJYpnf;jcif;jzihf&&dSrnhftusKd;
aus;Zl;rsm;? tcuftcJrsm;?
aqmif&Guf&rnhf tcef;u@
rsm;ESihf wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk
aus;&Gmvlxktm;us,fus,f
jyefYjyefY&Sif;jycJhonf/xdkodkY&Sif;jy
onhftwGuftqdkygtoif;
tzGJY wGifyg0ifa&;? ryg0ifa&;
qkH;jzwf&mwGiftaxmuftul
jzpfapcJhonf/
• pDrHudef;taumiftxnfazmf
a&;twGufpdkufysKd;a&;?v,f,m
vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf&moDOwk
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 25
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 25
ajymif;vJrIwkdYESifhywfoufí
0efxrf;rsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nf
jr§ihfwifa&;udk pDrHudef;rpwifrD
BudKwifaqmif&GufcJ honf/
xdkodkYaqmif&GufonhftwGuf
pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm;taumif
txnfazmfa&;twGuftaxmuf
tuljzpfaponf/
• pDrHudef;vkyfief; aqmif&Guf&m
wGif aygif;pyfaqmif&GufrI&dSap
a&;twGufywfoufqufET,f
oltm;vkH;ESihfcsdwfqufxm;
onf/ v,form;rsm;? qef
pufydkif&Sifrsm;? jrefrmhpdkufysKd;a&;
vkyfief;ESihfyk*¾vdu@wkdYonf
pDrHudef;vkyfief;tqihfqihfwGif
yg0ifcJhMuonf/ jynhfpkHaumif;
rGefonhf enf;ynmqdkif&m
oGif;tm;pkrsm;onfvnf;
ta&;ygvSonf/ &yf&Gmjynfol
taejzihf rSefuefaom qkH;jzwf
csufrsm; csrSwfEkdifa&;twGuf
owif; tcsuftvufrsm; yHhykd;
ay;Ekdifonfh pdkufysdK;a&;ynm
&Sifrsm;uJhodkY ynm&yfqdkif&m
uRrf;usifolrsm;yg0ifcJhygonf/
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar26
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;26
tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; a&&SnfwnfwHha&;ESihf qifhyGm;ul;,ltokH;jyKEdkifa&;
• ]v,f,mpkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfol
rsm;toif;}zGJYpnf;a&;ESihfpGrf;
aqmif&nfjr§ihfwifa&;onf
tqdkyg&yf&GmtajcjyKtzG J Y
tpnf;rsm;uaqmif&Gufvsuf
&d SonhfueOD;vkyfief;rsm;
qufvufwd k;wufapa&;
twGuf ta&;BuD;onhfr[m
AsL[mwpf&yfjzpfonf/
• tpdk;& pdkufysKd;a&;Xmersm;ESihf
yk*¾vduu@wdkYESifh csdwfquf
aqmif&GufrIrsm;onfaemifwGif
enf;ynmESihfaps;uGuf&if;jrpf
tcuftcJrsm;
• yk*¾vduu@onfxdkodkYaom
vkyfief;rsK d;wGif0ifa&muf
vkyfudkif&efwkHYqkdif;wwfyg
onf/vlom;csif;pmemaxmuf
xm;rIqkdif&mtultnDay;a&;
u@ESihf¤if;\aqmif&GufyHk
enf;vrf;rsm;onfyk*¾vdu
u@twGuftopftqef;
Nzpfojzifh em;vnfEkdifjcif;r&Sd
ao;yg/ rmpDaumhyfonf
&yf&GmtajcjyKvkyfief;rsm;\
tm;omcsufrsm;udkazmfxkwfjy
Ekdifjcif;jzifhyk*¾vduu@\
,kHMunfrIudk&,lEdkifcJhygonf/
• v,form;r sm ;taejzi f h
¤if;wkdYukd,fwkdiftxGufEIef;
rod&ao;aom rsKd;pyg;topf
rsm;pdkufysKd;vmapa&;wkdufwGef;
&onfrSm &Hzef&HcgwGifcufcJ
wwfygonf/
rsm;ud k&yf&Gmjynfolrsm;rS
tokH;jyKEdkifa&;twGuf t"du
ta&;ygygonf/
• þ rsKd;apYbPfonf qefpyg;
twGufomrutjcm;oD;ES H
ESihfyJrsKd;pkHtwGufvnf;tokH;jyK
Edkifonf/ rsKd;aphodkavSmif½kH\
'DZkdif;ykHpHonfEdkifiHtwGif;tjcm;
a'orsm;\yx0Dqdkif&mtae
txm;ESihf&moDOwkqdkif&mtajc
taersm;ESihf vdkufavsmnDaxG
jyKjyifaqmufvkyfEdkif onhf
½kd;&Sif;onfhykHpHjzpfygonf/
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 27
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 27
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar28
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;28
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 29
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 29
INTRODUCTION
Livelihood is one of the keysectors which are severelyimpacted by natural disasters. Notonly does it destroy the presentand existing resources but alsocompromises future productivitythrough the loss of livelihoodassets (boats, nets, ploughingequipments) and intrusion ofsaline water to the fertile soil.
Cyclone Nargis in 2008 caused asimilar impact on the livelihoodsector of the Ayeyarwaddy Deltaregion. It impacted heavily on theavailability of food stocks, as wellas seeds and tools for the June-July (main) paddy plantingseason. Overall, only 25 percentof villages along the affectedareas reported having enoughseeds. It was noted that villagesin the townships of Labutta,Bogale, Pyapon, Dedaye, Kyaiklatwere among the worst affectedand did not have enough seeds forthe upcoming season. The totaldamage and losses estimated forthe agriculture sector range from570,000 million to almost 700,000million MMK.
When Cyclone Nargis hit, UNDPwas the only UN agency with field
offices in the Nargis-affecteddelta and was therefore able tomobilize resources within 24hours. UNDP teams were sent into assess the disaster, deliverrelief items and provide supportto the affected populations.
Building on its on-going IntegratedCommunity Development Project(ICDP), UNDP immediatelyengaged in the direct delivery ofrelief assistance, restoring basiccommunity infrastructure throughcash-for-work and revivinglivelihoods in cooperation withother UN agencies and NGOs.UNDP Myanmar’s long experiencewith community-baseddevelopment enabled it to swiftlyoperationalize their community-driven approach. This approachstrived to ensure that localcommunities were from the outsetempowered to identify their ownpriorities, design and implementtheir own initiatives andeffectively monitor and evaluatetheir own recovery. Importantly itestablished mechanisms andprocesses to maximizetransparency and accountabilityat the community level. Such
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar30
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;30
“bottom up” measures not onlyensured that the response effortsare appropriate and equitablytargeted, but also ensured localownership and sustainability ofrecovery results.
One of the main mandates forUNDP Myanmar was to restorepeople’s livelihood which wouldensure food availability andincome generation. It was also tobe seen that the possibleinterventions would build in adisaster reduction aspect whichcould have a lesser impact insubsequent disasters. It was also
necessary to look at the entirelivelihood chain which includedlinkages to market, storage andwarehousing, availability of creditetc which were all criticalcomponents for food security andincome generation. Along withthis, UNDP developed themechanism for community baseddisaster risk reduction through theimplementation of risk and hazardmapping, formation and trainingof Community DisasterManagement Committees andother task forces; and prioritizedmitigation works.
THE INITIATIVE
Through the support forsustainable livelihoods recoveryefforts of the poorest and mostvulnerable in Cyclone Nargisaffected Ayeyarwaddy Deltafunded by LIFT1, UNDP with thesupport of local partners, hasbeen implementing a livelihoodrecovery program in 95 villages,covering four townships of theDelta.
Information and access to marketsis critical for communities whoare vulnerable to disasters as they
need to know the places wherethey can procure raw materialsand equipments to help return totheir livelihoods at the earliest.Access to affordable credit is alsovital since informal money lenderscharge exorbitant rates of interestleaving borrowers in a permanentstate of debt which furtherexacerbates their vulnerability.UNDP was able to construct andfacilitate the setting up of tworural markets; one each in Bogaleand Labutta Townships, which are
1 Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT) is a multi-donor fund for thepoorest and the most vulnerable people in Myanmar.
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 31
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 31
strategically located forsurrounding villages wherecommunity members could tradetheir produce at competitive ratesand even to the extent of reducingtheir dependency on middlemen.UNDP was also able to work withthe relevant governmentdepartments at the township levelfor the institution of the market.The infrastructure to the marketwas constructed with about 30%contribution of community. Atpresent, over 200 micro and smallscale enterprises as well as alarge number of individualhawkers are using these marketsas a regular trading place.
Villagers do not need to travel totownship centres for purchasingof food items and households’necessities thus saving a lot oftime and travel cost. The marketplace has also created secondarybusiness opportunities for thepeople in nearby villages such asoperators of boat transportationservices, traders and fishermenfrom the township markets sellingto hawkers and other marketvendors, handicraft selling, etc.
UNDP is also working with localcommunities in buildingawareness on appropriate DRRmeasures for protection oflivelihoods. Awareness raising
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar32
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;32
events on protecting livelihoodassets from disasters wereconducted where communitieswere shared information on howthey could protect their livelihoodequipments and inputs fromfloods and storms. Participatoryexercises were done wherecommunities were able to identifyand understand the appropriategovernment departments whichcould help in livelihoods supportand recovery thus empoweringthese communities with access tolocal government. VillageDisaster ManagementCommittees (VDMC), bringingrepresentatives from varioussegments of the community, wereformed in each of these targetvillages, where each committeeconsisted of 5-7 members. Thesecommittees, along with other
community members, jointlydeveloped community-baseddisaster preparedness andresponse plans throughcommunity risk assessment,resource mapping and hazardanalysis of the village wherevulnerabilities to livelihoods wasaddressed. Search and Rescue,First Aid and Early Warning taskforces have been formed undereach VDMC. These task forcemembers were trained on First Aidand Search and Rescue by trainedresource persons, out of whom 40-50% of the trained personnel arewomen. IEC materials on flood,cyclone, tsunami, earthquake andfire were distributed to thevulnerable population providingbasic understanding of Do's andDon’ts during any disaster on howthey should protect theirlivelihoods. For ensuring
nutritional supportand minimumsubsistence duringtimes of disastersalongside additionalincome revenues,homestead gardenshave been promotedwithin the morevulnerable group of
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 33
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 33
communities, especiallyhouseholds with smaller land.They have been educated on thechoice of varieties to use as persoil, temperature and nutritionalbenefits so that they couldmaximize the potential of theirland. It has been seen that thisinitiative has also been able topay off the debts.
GOOD PRACTICES
UNDP project teamsencouraged greaterparticipation of women in thevillages since the beginningof the project intervention.This is clearly illustrated inproject policies andguidelines and the followingsteps were undertaken toensure active womenparticipation; for exampleevery committee and groupformed at the communitylevel consisted of at least40% of women members, andall members of committees
and groups were encouragedto attend various trainingsand workshops.
The most significant resultachieved is that, women fromthe villages were becomingmore involved in the decisionmaking processes of thevillage and growing inconfidence, as observationshave noted that they are now,on average, more pro-actively involved incommunity meetings andactivities.
CHALLENGES
Sometimes it was difficult toget the full support ofgovernment departments atthe local level to contribute
and collaborate in projectactivities. This was due to avariety of reasons includingother priorities where
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar34
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;34
SUSTAINING THE GAINS MADE AND REPLICATION
In order to maintain thesustainability of projectinterventions, community'stechnical and managerialcapacities, such asAgricultural ExtensionWorkers (AEW) andLivelihoods ExtensionWorkers (LEW), have beenbuilt and strengthened totake the initiatives forward ontheir own.
The institution and capacityof local community-basedorganizations such as farmergroups, fishers groups,livestock groups etc. havebeen able to absorb andretain the awareness andinformation gained within thevillages thus having thepossibility of sharing it withother members of thecommunity.
government officials werebusy with.
Working with specificvulnerable communities alsodecreases the engagement
with the better offhouseholds in the communityto a level of non-inclusiveness thus notmaking it entirely inclusive.Though the project’sobjective is to improve theconditions of poor andmarginalized sections of thecommunities, the othergeneral project activitiessuch as awareness raising ondisaster preparedness needsto be expansive in nature andcover the entire communityirrespective of economiccondition.
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 35
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 35
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar36
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;36
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 37
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 37
ed'gef;
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rsm;udk apvTwfcJhygonf/
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar38
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;38
jrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif
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xdkYtjyif toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyf
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 39
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 39
vkyfief;pOfrsm;
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ponfwkdYonfvnf; pm;eyf&du©m
zlvkHa&;ESifh 0ifaiGwdk;wuf&&Sda&;
wdkYtwGuf ta&;ygonfh tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ ,ltifef'DyD
onf xdkvkyfief;pOfrsm;omru ab;
tEÅ&m,faMumifh qkH;½IH;EdkifajcESifh
ab;jzpfEdkifajcqdkif&m ajrykHa&;qGJjcif;?
&yf&Gmab; tEÅ&m,f pDrHcefYcGJrI
aumfrwDESifh tjcm;vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;?
zGJUpnf;jcif;? avYusifhoifwef;ay;
jcif;? ab;tEÅ&m,favsmhyg;a&;
vkyfief;rsm; OD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmifjcif;
wdkY yg0ifonfh &yf&GmtajcjyK ab;
tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;vkyfief;pepfrsm;
azmfxkwfjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&GufcJYyg
onf/
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar40
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;40
,loltzdkY ta<u;EGHtwGif;rS ½kef;
rxGufEdkif jzpfaeMu&m ab;jzpfvG,f
rI tajctaeukd ydkrdkqkd;&Gm;vmap
aomaMumifh xdkufoifhaom twdk;
EIef;jzifh aiGacs;,lEdkifrIudk odxm;&ef
tvGef ta&;BuD;ayonf/ vyGwÅmNrdKU
e,fESifh zsmykHNrKdUe,frsm;twGif;rS
tcsuftcsmusonfh aus;&GmwGif
aus;vufaps;wpfckpDudk ,ltifef'DyD
u wnfaxmifay;EdkifcJYojzifh teD;
ywf0ef;usif aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol&Gm
om;rsm;tzdkY rdrdwdkY\NcHxGuf oD;ESH
rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fazmuf
um;Edkifojzifh aps;ydk&onfhtjyif
yGJpm;rsm;tay: rSDcdkae&jcif;rSvnf;
oufomvmcJYonf/ tqdkyg aus;
vufaps; azmfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf
,ltifef'DyDonf NrdKUe,ftqifh
oufqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef&Sdol
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifcJYonf/
aus;vufaps;ESifh ywfoufonfh
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udkvnf;
&yf&GmrSyl;aygif;yg0ifrI (30)&mcdkifEIef;
jzifh azmfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ,ck
qdkvQif tao;pm;vkyfief;&Sif (200)
cefYtjyif acgif;&GufAsyfxdk; aps;onf
tajrmuftjrm;onf tqdkyg aus;
vufaps;tm; ykHrSefa&mif;0,fazmuf
um;&m ae&mtjzpf us,fus,fjyefY
jyefY tokH;jyKaeMuNyDjzpfygonf/
&Gmom;rsm;tzdkY pm;aomufukefrsm;?
tdrfwGif;tokH;taqmif rsm;0,f,l
&eftwGuf NrdKUodkYoGm;p&mrvdkawmh
ojzifh tcsdefukefoufomonfh
tjyif c&D;p&dwfukefusrIudkvnf;
avQmhcs EdkifaeNyDjzpfonf/ avS ul;wdkY
orm;rsm;? ukefa&mif; ukef0,folrsm;?
NrKdUaps;uGuf twGuf ig;&Smay;olwHig
vkyfom;rsm;? acgif;&GufAsyfxdk; aps;
onfrsm;? tjcm;aps;rsm;rS aps;onf
rsm;? vufrIypönf;a&mif;csolrsm;
a&mif;0,faeNyDjzpfojzifh teD; ywf
0ef;usif &Gmrsm;twGuf wpfqifhcH
aps;uGufBuD; wpfckjzpfvmaeNyDjzpf
onf/
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyf
ief;rsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;Edkif
a&;twGuf obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f
avQmhcsa&; tpDtrHrsm;ESifh ywfouf
onfh todynmA[kokw&Sdapa&;
twGuf a'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifh yl;
aygif;aqmif&GufcJYygonf/ touf
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 41
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 41
arG;0rf;ausmif; vkyf
ief;qd kif&m t&if;
tESD;rsm;udk obm0
ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS
tumtuG,fay;Edkif
a&;twGuf ynmay;
vkyfief;rsm; aqmif
&Gufjcif;jzifh aus;&Gm
jynfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY
\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;
okH; ud&d,mrsm;? vkyfief;rsm;udk rkef
wdkif;ESifh a&BuD;rI tEÅ&m,fwdkYrS rnf
odk Y umuG,fxm;Ed kifaMumif;udk
tcsif;csif;jyefvnf a0rQay;cJ Y
Muonf/ trsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifonfh
enf;vrf;ukd usifhokH; aqmif&Gufjcif;
jzifh aus;&GmjynfolwkdY taejzifh
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;
udk yHYydk;ay;Edkifrnfh oufqdkif&m tpdk;&
Xmersm;udkvnf; od&S dvmMuNyD;
0ifxGuf oGm;vmEkdifMuNyDjzpfonf/
aus;&GmjynfoltwGif;&S d tvTm
toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; (5)OD;rS
(7) OD;txdyg0ifonfh obm0ab;
tEÅ&m,f pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m aus;&Gm
aumfrwD (VDMC) rsm;udkvnf;
&Gmwdkif;wGif zGJUpnf;ay;EkdifcJYygonf/
tqdkyg aumfrwDrsm;onf aus;&Gm
vlxkESifh yl;aygif;í &yf&GmtwGif;
ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh qkH;½IH;Ekdifajc
tuJjzwfcsuf? &if;jrpfjyajrykHESifh
tEÅ&m,fjzpfEd kifajcqef;ppfcsuf
rsm;aqmif&Gufum toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; twGuf xdckduf
vG,frIudkazmfxkwf&eftygt0if
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f Bud Kwi f
jyifqifxm;&SdrIESifhwkHYjyefrIqdkif&m
tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;qGJ cJhMuonf/
aumfrwDwdkif;wGifvnf; &SmazGh
u,fq,fa&;? a&S;OD;jyKpk jcif;?
Bud Kwifowday;pepf ponf h
vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;udkvnf; zGJUpnf;ay;
ygonf/ vkyfief;tzGJUrS tzGJU0ifrsm;udk
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar42
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;42
vnf; a&S;OD;jyKpkjcif;? &SmazGu,f
q,fjcif; enf;pepfwkdYukd oufqkdif
&m uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;rS oifwef;
rsm; ykdYcsay;cJYygonf/ oifwef;NyD;
ajrmufatmifjrifol(40)rS(50)
&mcdkifEIef;onf trsdK;orD;rsm; jzpf
Muonf/ a&BuD;jcif;? qdkifuvkef;?
qlemrD? ivsif? rD; ponfhab;
tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh
ynmay; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk
ab; tEÅ&m,fusa&mufEdkifolrsm;xH
jzefYjzL;ay;xm;ojzifh aqmif&ef^
a&Smif&ef tcsufrsm;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufEdkifNyD; ab;tEÅ&m,f
wpfck usa&mufvmyguvnf; rdrdwdkY
\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;
rsm;tm; rnfod k Y
umuG,fxm;&rnf
udkvnf; odjrifvmap
onf/
tykd0ifaiG&&Sd
&efomru ab;
tE Å & m, f r s m ;u s
a&mufcsdefwGif tpm
tm[m& &&SdEkdif&efESifh
r&Sdrjzpf tedrfhqkH; vkd
tyfcsufrsm; jznfhqnf;Ek dif&ef
&yf&GmtwGif;&Sd xdckdufvG,fqkH; rdom;
pkrsm; txl;ojzifh ajrydkifqdkifrI
enf;yg;onfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;
twGuf wpfEdkifwpfykdif O,smOfNcH
pdkufysdK;a&;aqmif&Guf&ef yHhykd;ay;EdkifcJY
onf/ ajrqDvTm trsdK;tpm;?tyl
csdefESifh tm[m&wefzkd;rsm;tay:
rlwnfí rnfodkYaom tyifrsKd; a&G;
cs,f pdkufysdK;&rnfukd oifMum;ay;cJY
&m ¤if;wkdY\ ajruGufudk taumif;
qkH; tokH;csEdkifvmonf/ þenf;jzifh
¤if;wdkYtay: wif&Sdaeonfh ta<u;
rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnf ay;qyfEdkifvm
aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 43
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 43
tavYtusifhaumif;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkif&jcif;
• ,ltifef'DyDrS
pDrHudef;tzGJU
rsm;onfaus;
&Gm twGif;rS
trsdK;orD;rsm;
ydkrdkyg0ifvmMu
ap&eftwGuf
pDrHudef; pwif
pOfuyif wdkuf
• aus;&Gmrsm;rS trsdK;orD;rsm;
onf aus;&GmESifhywfouf
onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf
qkH;jzwfcsufcs&mwGif ydkrdk
yg0ifvmMuNyD; rdrdudk,fudk
,H k MunfrI jrif hrm;vmMu
onfrSm txl; jcm;qk H ;
&v'fwpfckyifjzpfonf/
,ckqdkvQif xdktrsKd;orD;
rsm;rSm aus;&Gmtpnf;
ta0;rsm;? vkyfief;pOfrsm;
wGif a&SUqkH;rSwuf<upGmyg
0ifvmMuonfudk avYvm
awGU&Sd&ygonf/
wGef; tm;ay;cJYonf/ trsdK;
orD;rsm; wuf<upGm yl;
aygif;yg0ifvma&;twGuf
pDrHudef;rl0g'ESifh vrf;ñTef
csufrsm;wGif &Sif;&Sif;vif;
vif;xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;
onfh aumfrwDwdkif; tkyfpk
wdkif;wGif trsKd;orD; tzGJU0if
tenf;qkH;(40)&mcdkifEIef;yg0if
&efESifh aumfrwDtzGJU0ifwdkif;
u d kvnf ;oi fwe f ;r sm ; ?
tvky f½kH aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wuf
a&mufMu&ef tm;ay;
vIHYaqmfEdkifcJYonf/
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar44
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;44
&&SdvmonfhtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; a&&SnfwnfwHYa&;ESifh qifhyGm;tokH;csEdkifa&;
• pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; a&&Snf
wnfwHYEdkifapa&;twGuf
&yf&Gm\ enf;ynmESifh pDrHcefY
cGJrI qdkif&m pGrf;&nfrsm; jzpf
onfY pdkufysdK;a&;wdk;csJU vkyf
om;rsm;ESif h toufarG;
vkyfief; wkd;csJUvkyfom;rsm;udk
arG; xkwfay;NyD;vQif udk,fydkif
tpGrf;tpjzifh &yfwnfEdkifMu
onftxd tm;ay;oGm;&ef
vdkygonf/
tcuftcJrsm;
• aus;&Gmtqifh pDrHudef;
vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0if
jznfhqnf;ay;&ef? nd§EIdif;
aqmif&Guf&ef tpdk;&Xme
rsm;rS yHYydk;rIrsm;&&Sda&;onf
wpfcgw&H rvG,fulvSay/
enf;ynm uGm[rIE Si f h
tjcm;ta&; BuD;udpörsm;
aMumifh rtm;vyfjcif;ponfh
tcsufrsm;aMumifh jzpfEdkifyg
onf/
• xdckduftvG,fqkH; tkyfpkrsm;
u d k O D ;pm ;ay;taumi f
txnfazmf&onfhtwGuf
aus;&GmtwGif;rS pD;yGm;a&;
awmifhwif;aomtdrfaxmif
pkrsm;yg0ifrIrSmavsmhenf;
oGm;&wwfojzifh trsm;
yl;aygif; yg0if aqmif&GufrI
enf;vrf;rsK d;[k rqdkEd kif
awmhay/ pDrHudef;\ OD;
wnfcsuftaejzifh qif;&J
olrsm;? vlrItodkif;t0dkif;
twGif;rS z,fMuOfcHxm;
&olrsm;tm; jr§ifhwifay;&ef
qdkaomfjim; ab;tEÅ&m,f
Bud Kwif jyi fqifr I E Si f h
ywfoufí todynmay;
jcif;uJYodkYaomvkyfief;ukdrl
us,fjyefYpGm aqmif&Guf&
rnfhtjyif "etiftm; udk
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; rjyK bJ
&yf&GmwpfckvkH; vTrf;NcHKEdkif
&efvkdtyfygonf/
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 45
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 45
aus;&GmtwGif;rS &&Sdvm
onfhtodtjrifrsm;?owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdef;
odrf; vdkufemEdkifMuonfrSm
v,form;tpktzGJU? a&vkyf
om;rsm; tpktzGJU? arG;jrLa&;
vkyfief;&Sifrsm; tpktzGJU
ponfh &yf&GmtajcjyK tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;\ zGJUpnf;rIESifh
pGrf; &nfrsm;yifjzpf&m &yf&Gm
twGif;&Sd tjcm;aom tzGJU
0ifrsm;odkYvnf; jyefvnf
a0rQEdkifayrnf/
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar48
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;48
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 49
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 49
INTRODUCTION
In 2008, Cyclone Nargis, causedwidespread damage and loss tothe fishery sector both in terms ofinfrastructure as well asequipment. Sea and in-land fisherfolk were severely affected by theloss of boats, fishing gears andother fishing equipment resultingin loss of livelihoods and incomeuntil they will could recover theirassets. Daily laborers involved inthe fishing sector also lost theirjobs due to the destruction/damage of large off-shore and in-shore boats and vessels, andprocessing farms. For small scalefisher-folk, this situation onlyheightened their risk to futurenatural hazards and poverty. Theydid not have enough financialreserves to restart their
livelihoods and were forced totake loans from local moneylenders at exorbitant rates whichpushed them further into debt.They had less bargaining poweras they had to repay the loans byselling their catch at discountedprices to the money lenders thuscompounding their losses andprolonging their repaymentschedule. The small-scale fisher-folk did not have access to formalcredit, extension services, andlacked information about theinstitutional mechanisms whichcould support them in such crises,thus preventing their recoveryfrom the disaster.
Concerned about the situation ofmany small-scale fishers affected
by Cyclone Nargis,Network ActivitiesGroup (NAG), withsupport from Oxfamand MyanmarFisheries Federationinitiated a partner-ship for a project thatsupported the re-covery of vulnerablesmall scale fishingcommunities and
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar50
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;50
building resilience to futurenatural hazards.
The project sought to improve thesituation of small scale fisher-folkby organizing them in groups,building their capacities,increasing access to formal creditinstitutions, creating linkages
with the Myanmar FisheriesFederation (MFF) and otherstakeholders in the market chain.The project also aimed to identifyand develop alternative incomeopportunities based on fishproducts for the fisher-folk,especially women.
THE INITIATIVE
At the village level, the projectestablished strong socialinstitutions (Village DevelopmentCommittees - VDCs) that couldmobilize the small scale fisher-folk. The VDCs comprised villageleaders and influential personssuch as school teachers, villageelders and monks. VDCsidentified the beneficiaries,organized the Fisher Groups (FG)and were the focal points forcommunication between FGs andthe NAG project team. The FisherGroups comprised fisher folkpracticing a similar type of fishing.Simultaneously, a F ishers’Development Committees (FDC)within the Fisher Groups wasestablished comprising ofrepresentatives from each of theFGs to ensure representation of allthe fishery communities towardsVDC. Women represented about
12%-15% of the members of thesegroups.
One of the major concerns of theFisher Groups (FG) was thedifficulty and limited access theyhad over their means of production- the community fishing areas andaccess to fishing licenses. Thesefactors were the biggestchallenges for the fisher-folk interms of prohibitive costs and interms of the power relationsamong the richer fisher-folk thatcontrolled the fishing sites andlicenses.
In the aftermath of cycloneNargis, NAG observed that thefisher-folk had limited knowledgeof the regulations regarding thecommunity fishing areas, thebusiness rent process of tenderand leasable fishing areas, and towhat extent that the fishery laws
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 51
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 51
set the limitations on tender andlease fishing areas. Due to thelack of awareness in small fisher-folk, more than often thesecommunity fishing areas wereencroached upon by licensedfishing areas. As a result, smallfisher-folk had to unfairly pay forfishing in the encroached areas asthey were incorrectly informedthat they were fishing in licensedareas.
NAG met with the localDepartment of Fisheries (DoF) inPyapon Township and motivatedthem to conduct outreach
activities of the department in thetargeted villages. Through thisprocess, the DoF also came torecognize the needs of the FGs.Simultaneously, FG members weretrained on rules, regulations andtechnical support from the DoF.Fisher-folk now had a betterunderstanding of the differenttypes of fishing areas and theirown fishing rights. Subsequently,NAG facilitated a platform whichbrought together representativesfrom the Fishers’ DevelopmentCommittee, Department ofFisheries and owners of licensedfishing areas. This provided the
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar52
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;52
opportunity for small fisher-folk toclaim their rights for fishing incommunity fishing areas whichhad been encroached upon by thelicensed fisher-folk.
NAG also distributed cash grantsto beneficiaries in these projectvillages to support theirlivelihoods. The average size of agrant was USD65 per person. Themain utilization of these grantswere for the purchase of fishinggears as well as the necessity ofpaying back other debts taken athigher interest rates. An officialbank account was set up for theFishers’ Development Committeesin the Myanmar Livestock andFisheries Development Bank. Thegrants were managed in the formof ‘revolving funds’ with loansbeing provided to members forimproving their livelihoodsituation. A committee com-prising a member each from theFishers’ Group, FDC and VDC wasresponsible for managing the‘revolving fund’ process and theflow of cash from the bank tobeneficiaries.
A portion of the total grant ineach community was kept asideas an emergency fund for disasterpreparedness such as training,
building bridges, roads andjetties. Another portion of thegrant was used as membershipfee for registering the FGmembers in the MFF.
Through the organization ofFishers’ Group, the projectadvocated for membership of thesmall fisher-folk to the MFF.Through this membership, there isa sense of association andsecurity among the small fisher-folk community. They have beenable to access information onvarious issues related to fishinglaws and rehabilitation packages.MFF issued identity cards to theirmembers and using thismembership, they will be able toaccess fishing equipment such asboats and nets at no cost in theaftermath of a natural disaster.Membership with the MFF givesthe small fisher-folk leverage toraise local concerns at thetownship level and createsustainable livelihood strategies.Until September 2011, NAG wasable to register more than 650small fisher-folk through thisproject and fisher-folk are nowregistering themselves with MFF.
Capacity building and informationdissemination was done through
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 53
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 53
establishing a ‘Local ResourceCentre’ (LRC) at Pyapon Township.The LRC was also platform forcoordinating various activitiessuch as collection anddissemination of weeklyinformation on market prices forfish products, maintenance ofreference books, manuals and IECmaterials relevant to fishingactivities, and a venue fortrainings. The DoF providedtrainings on fishing rules andregulations, sustainable andresponsible fishing, and other skilltrainings such as small-scalefishing, crab, shrimp and eelfarming and fattening. The projectprovided trainings on book-
keeping and cash management.Through this initiative, it can beseen that reducing vulnerabilitiesof small fisher-folk needs a multi-dimensional approach especiallytargeting the underlying causes ofvulnerabilities not only for anensuing natural hazard event butalso in a post-disaster situationwhere risks and vulnerabilitieshave increased.
NAG has planned to organize atownship-level representationalbody of small and medium fishingfolk, which will, in the long-term,play a strategic role in assertingand defending the rights, andpromoting livelihood oppor-tunities of small and medium
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar54
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;54
fishing folks in Delta. Theorganization will also share itsexperiences and best practices to
GOOD PRACTICES
It wasnecessary towork withvarious stake-holders thatincluded smallfisher-folk, fishsellers, privatebusiness com-munity andgovernment inaddressing theissues of small
change in attitude of thesmall fisher-folk towardsdepartment officials whonow were able to see theirvalue and resourcefulness.
The revolving fund had apercentage reserved forinvesting in actions whichreduced disaster risks.Members have used thisfund for building jetties,bridges and road whichwould help them to accesssafe places in a securedmanner.
fisher groups in other regionswhere fishery sector is intensive.
fisher-folk communities.NAG also instituted plat-forms where these stake-holders could discuss andaddress issues in an openand transparent manner.
The DoF was a keystakeholder in negotiationprocess between small scalefisher-folk and license fisher-folk over fishing areas. Theywere also able to educatesmall fisher-folk on theirrights, responsibilities andduties. This created a
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 55
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 55
CHALLENGESWomen participationincreased through projectactivities such VillagesDevelopment Committeesand around the small-scaleaquaculture. However bigchallenges such astraditional roles of womencreated friction for a moremeaningful inclusiveness ofwomen in project’s activities.
Fisher-folk are interested tobe part of MFF, but themembership fees is slightlyhigh on joining and theregistration process is noteasily accessible in townshiplevel due to the lack of theMFF infrastructure andsometimes, Yangon becomesthe closest location forregistration.
Too much emphasis wasgiven to train NAG projectfacilitators on topics specificto fisheries activities, basedon the expectations that thefacilitators would replicatethis information (rules andregulations, aquaculture)among fisher-folk. Moreefficiency would have beenexpected if the projectfacilitated the training offisher-folk directly by DoF orMFF.
The use and benefits of theLocal Resource Center werelimited to users at theTownship level. Access ofsmall-scale fishers to thisfacility was weak due tovarious reasons such as lackof transportation and limitedfinancial resources.
SUSTAINING THE GAINS MADE AND REPLICATIONNAGs advocacy with theDepartment of Fisheriesmotivated them to engagewith and address theconcerns of the fisher- folk.It also established a strongrelationship between the two
stakeholders that continueseven after the conclusion ofthe project.
Membership in the MFF wasan important strategy for thesmall fisher-folk that created
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar56
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;56
a sense of solidarity with alarger network that protectstheir rights.
The community-basedorganizations such as theFishers’ Group and Fishers’Development Committeehave received adequatetraining and information toaccess and continue the
processes initiated throughthe project.
This model can be replicatedto other geographical areasbut need a thorough needssituational and stakeholderanalysis which would form thebasis of the interventionstrategy.
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 57
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 57
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar58
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;58
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 59
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 59
ed'gef;
2008 ckESpfwGif wdkufcwfcJh
onhf em*pfqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;aMumihf
a&vkyfief;u@wGiftajccHtaqmuf
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BuD;BuD;rm;rm; ysufpD;qkH;½IH;rIjzpfcJh
onf/ yifv,fjyifESihf jrpfacsmif;rsm;
wGifa&vkyfief;vkyfudkifaeolrsm;onf
ig;zrf;avSrsm;? ig;zrf;ydkufESihfig;zrf;
ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;ysufpD;qkH;
½IH;rIaMumihf qdk;qdk;0g;0g; xdcdkufcJh&NyD;
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf
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qdk;rsm;jzpfay:vsuf¤if;wdkY\ydkifqdkifrI
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vkyfudkifEdkifjcif;r&dSao;ay/ urf;eD;
urf;a0;ig;zrf;avSrsm;?ig;zrf;oabFm
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BuD;rm;pGmxdcdkufysufpD;cJhjcif;aMumihf
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vkyfud kifaeMuonhfys Hustvkyf
orm;rsm;onfvnf;tvkyftudkif
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rsm;twGufþtajctaeonf¤if;wdkY
tem*wfwGif BuKHawGY&rnfh ab;
tEÅ&m,faMumifh qHk;½IH;EdkifajcESihf
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIrsm; ydkrdkBuD;rm;ap
cJhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfpwif
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r&dSonhftwGuf xdktajctaeu
a'ocH aiGwdk;acs;olrsm;xHrStvGef
jrifhonhf twdk;EIef;jzihfaiGacs;,l
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aiGwdk;acs;olrsm;odkY
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar60
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;60
wef&mwefaMu;atmufavQmhí
a&mif;&onhftwGuf¤if;wdkY\rlv
qkH;½IH;rItay:xyfqifhíqdk;0g;apNyD;
ta<u;oHo&mydkí&Snfaponf/
a&vkyfom;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY BuKHawGY
ae&onhf xdkodkYaomtusyftwnf;
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tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifYvkyfief;pepfqdkif&m
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;vkHavmuf
pGmr&&dSjcif;? oufompGmacs;,lEdkif
onhfacs;aiGrsm;r&&dSjcif;? ulnDapmihf
a&SmufrIrsm; r&&dSEdkifjcif;wdkYaMumihf
¤if;wdkY\ab;tEÅ&m,frS jyefvnf
xlaxmifrIvkyfief;rsm;udkwm;qD;
ydwfyifvsuf&dSaeonf/
em*pfqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;
'PfoifYa&vkyfom;i,frsm;\tajc
taetay:tav;xm;v su f
Network Activities Group (NAG)
onfOxfamESihfjrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;
tzGJ YcsKyf (Myanmar Fisheries
Federation)wdkY\yhHydk;ulnDrIESihftwl
xdckdufcH&vG,faomwpfydkifwpfEdkif
ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifMuonhf a&
vkyfom;xkwpf&yfvHk;\jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;udktaxmuftul ay;
rnhfpDrHudef;vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf
rdwfzufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrItpD
tpOfwpf&yfudkpwifvkyfaqmifNyD;
tem*wfwGifjzpfay:vmEdkifonhf
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;udk BuHUBuHUcH
&ifqdkifEdkifpGrf;rsm;jr§ihfwifay;vsuf
&dSonf/
pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; taejzihf
tzGJYi,frsm;zGJYpnf;ay;jcif;? ¤if;wdkY\
pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;udkjr§ihfwifay;jcif;?
twdk;EIef;oufompGm aiGxkwfacs;rnhf
tzG J Ytpnf;rsm;rSacs;aiGrsm;yd krd k
&&dSatmifvkyfaqmifay;jcif;? jrefrm
EdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJYcsKyf? ¤if;wdkYESihf
qufpyfvsuf&d Sonhfaps;uGufrS
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olrsm;?txl;ojzihf trsKd;orD;rsm;
twGuf ig;ykpGefxkwfukefrsm;tay:
tajccHonhftjcm;0ifaiG&&dSEdkifap rnhf
tcGihftvrf;rsm;azmfxkwfa&;ESihf
zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;twGufvnf;
&nfrSef;aqmif&Gufvsuf&dSonf/
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 61
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 61
ueOD;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
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(Village Development Committees
- VDCs)rsm;uJYodkYaomvlrIa&;toif;tzGJYrsm;zGJYpnf;xlaxmifay;cJhNyD;
¤if;tzGJYrsm;rSwpfydkifwpfEdkifig;zrf;
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VDCaumfrwDrsm;udkaus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;?
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a&SUrDaemufrDyk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifYbkef;awmf
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VDCaumfrwDrsm;onftusKd;cHpm;cGihf
&dSolrsm;udkazmfxkwfay;cJhonf/ig;zrf;
olrsm;tzGJU(Fisher Groups-FG)rsm;
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NAG pDrHudef;vkyfief;tzGJUtMum;quf
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aqmif&Gufay;cJhonfig;zrf;olrsm;
tzGJUudkig;zrf;enf;wlnDaomig;zrf;
olrsm;jzihfzGJUpnf;cJhonf/wpfcsdefwnf;
rSmyifig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJUtwGif;ig;zrf;
olrsm;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aumfrwD
(Fishers’ Development Com-
mittee)wpf&yfudktqdkygtzGJUtoD;oD;rSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzihf zGJUpnf;ay;cJhNyD;
aumfrwDwGifig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkif
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rsm;jzpfonf/
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ukefxkwfvkyfrIenf;vrf;jzpfonhf
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&&dSrItwGuftcuftcJESihftuefY
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tqdkygtaMumif;&if;cHrsm;onfig;zrf;
olrsm;twGufxdef;csKyfuefYowf
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uGufrsm;ESihf vdkifpifrsm;udk xdef;csKyf
xm;onhfcsrf;omMuG,f0onhfa&vkyf
ief;ydkif&Sifrsm;ESifY MoZmtmPm&SdrIESifh
qufpyfívnf;aumif;tBuD;rm;qkH;
pdefac:rIrsm;jzpfonf/
em*pfqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;
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pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;? wif'gqGJonhf
vkyfief;rsm;ESihfig;zrf;ae&mrsm;avvH
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar62
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;62
wifjcif;? ig;zrf;uGufrsm;wif'gac:
,ljcif;ESihf avvHwifjcif;twGuf ig;
vkyfief;Oya'wGif csrSwfxm;onhf
uefYowfcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufonhf
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avhvmawGY&dS&onf/ wpfydkifwpfEkdif
ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;wGif
tqdkyg A[kokwcsKdUwJhrIaMumifh bkH
ig;zrf;uGufrsm;onfvdkifpif&ig;zrf;
uGufrsm;tjzpfodk Ywjznf;jznf;
a&muf&dSoGm;NyD;wpfydkifwpfEkdifig;zrf;
olrsm;onfbkHig;zrf;uGufwGifig;zrf;
jcif;jzpfaomfvnf;vdkifpifjzihfzrf;
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cH&NyD;w&m;rQwrIr&dSonhfvdkifpif
aMu;rsm;ay;aeMu&onf/
NAG tzGJYonfzsmykHNrdKUe,ftwGif;&dS ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;XmeESihf
awGUqkHNyD; pDrHudef;aus;&Gmrsm;wGif
Xmevkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufEkdif&ef
wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/tqdkygvkyfief;pOf
rSwpfqihfig;vkyfief;OD;pD;Xmetaejzihf
vnf;ig;zrf;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\vdktyf
csufrsm;udkoabmaygufodjrifcJhonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;wGifig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJUrS
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 63
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 63
tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
Oya'rsm;em;vnf ap&ef oifwef;
ay;jcif;? ig;vkyfief;XmerS enf;ynm
yHhydk;ulnDjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/
,ckqdkvQif ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkif
olrsm;onfrwlnDonhf ig;zrf;uGuf
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qD;cGihf tcGihfta&;rsm;udk ydkrdk
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aqG;aEG;EdkifrnhftzGJYwpfzGJUjzpfajrmuf
a&;twGufaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/
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vdkifpif&ig;zrf;olrsm;uusL;ausmf0if
a&mufzrf;qD;vsuf&dSonhfbkHig;zrf;
uGufrsm;wGifvGwfvyfpGmig;zrf;qD;cGihf
tcGihfta&;rsm; awmif;qdkEdkifonhf
tcGihfta&;rsm;&&dSaponf/
NAG onf tqdkygpDrHudef;
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vkyfief;rsm;taxmuftyHhjzpfapa&;
twGufaxmufyHhaiGrsm;ay;tyfcJh
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rsm;bPfrSaiGxkwf,lNcif;udpörsm;udk
pDrHcefYcGJaqmif&Gufay;vsuf&dSonf/
DRR Good Practices in Myanmar64
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;64
&yf&GmtoD;oD;wGif pkpkaygif;
axmufyHhaiGrSa0pkwpfpkudk oifwef;
ay;jcif;? wHwm;rsm;? vrf;rsm;? qdyfcH
wHwm;rsm;wnfaqmufjcif;uJhodkY
aomab;tEÅ&m,fBudKwifjyifqif
rItwGufta&;ay:&Hyk HaiGtjzpf
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wpfpkudkjrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJUcsKyf
wGifig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJYtjzpfrSwfykH
wifjcif;twGuf tzGJY0ifaMu;tjzpf
tokH;jyKonf/
ig;zrf;olrsm;tzJGU zJGYpnf;jcif;
rSwpfqihfjrefrmEkdifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJU
csKyfwGifwpfydkifwpfEdkifig;zrf;vkyfief;
vkyfudkifolrsm;tzGJY0ifjzpfvma&;
twGuf pDrHudef;vkyfief;u axmufcH
tm;ay;cJhonf/ xdkodkYtzGJU0ifjzpfvm
jcif;jzihf toif;tzGJYqdkif&m tod&dS
vmNyD; a&vkyfom;i,frsm;twGif;
vkHNcKHpdwfcsrI&&dSvmaponf/ olwkdY
taejzihf ig;vkyfief;Oya'rsm;ESihf
jyefvnfxlaxmifrItpDtpOfrsm;
qufpyfaeonhfudpötrsKd;rsKd;ESifh
oufqdkifaomowif;rsm;&&dSEdkifpGrf;
&dSvmonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;
tzGJYcsKyfrSm ¤if;\tzGJU0ifrsm;udk
oufaocHu'frsm;xkwfay;cJhNyD;
tqdkygtzGJU0ifjzpfrIudktokH;jyKí
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 65
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 65
Photo@UNESCO
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DRR Good Practices in Myanmar66
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;66
udk &nfrSef;csOf;uyfaqmif&Guf&ef
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Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 67
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 67
ywfoufoltkyfpktrsdKrsdK;wdkY
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DRR Good Practices in Myanmar68
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;68
tay:tqifhowfrSwfxm;rIrsm;
utzktxpfrsm;NzpfapcJYonf/
• jrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJUcsKyf
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aqmif&Gufay;olrsm;onf
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aeonf/
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 69
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 69
• ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;XmeESihftwl
NAG tzGJY\axmufcHrIu
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Nzpfay:aprnfNzpfonf/
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DRR Good Practices in Myanmar70
jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;70
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