Transcript
Page 1: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Zhang Xiu-mei

Department of Pharmacology,

School of Medicine, SDU

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: 88383146

23/4/20

Drug Dependence and Abuse

Page 2: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

I have no financial relationships or support from

commercial interests to disclose.

23/4/20

Conflict of Interest

Page 3: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Sarah J, a vivacious 17-year-old, went out with her friend James on a Friday night, to meet other friends, drink and dance, and “have a good time” before the end-of-year examinations. Everything went well until around midnight, when Sarah took two “ecstasy” pills. As short time after that, she started feeling ill and dizzy. The temperature in the club had been high, and Sarah kept drinking alcoholic drink and a lot of water, to compensate for the dehydration caused by hours of dancing. About 3 am, she felt sick and vomited several times, complaining of a terrible headache. James took her to a friend’s house nearby, for a rest, but Sarah’s state deteriorated rapidly. She kept vomiting, and drifted in and out of consciousness. James and his friends took her to hospital around 6 am. and phoned her parents. The doctors immediately suspected intoxication with ecstasy, and her blood Na+ level (123mmol/L) confirmed their suspicion. After a day in hospital, her situation remained critical and the consultant expressed reserved optimism as to her survival. Sarah’s state gradually started improving the next day. James is puzzled, and explained that she only took some ecstasy pills, as usual, and cannot see the harm in it. He argues that it was only ‘a little bit of fun’, and that neither he nor Sarah have done any stuff like cocaine, as some of his old friends do.

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Case - ecstasy

Page 4: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

1. What has led to Sarah’s critical state after her use of ecstasy 摇头丸 ?

2. Is ecstasy a safe drug and what differentiates it from cocaine?

3. What is the incentive that leads to the use of life-threatening drugs?

4. Is it correct to assume that there are ‘hard’ and unsafe drugs of abuse, in contrast to ‘light’ and generally safe drugs?

5. What treatment saved Sarah’s life after admission to hospital?

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Questions

Page 5: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Objectives

1. Terms related to the drug dependence and abuse.

2. Classifications of the dependence-potential drugs.

3. The harm and major symptoms of dependence and withdrawal of drug.

4. The main mechanisms of drug dependence.

5. The principles of treatment for drug addiction.

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Drug Dependence and Abuse

Page 6: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Refers to drug induced adaption in cells and tissues after prolonged use, which lead to the need to continue drug intake. A characteristic of drugs on central nervous system (including inhibitors and stimulants of CNS).

(1)Drug dependence

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1. Terms Related to Drug Dependence and Abuse.

Page 7: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

The compulsion of humans to use certain substances in order to

get a general feeling of wellbeing and pleasure, to relieve sadness

or induce euphoria, or to avoid uncomfortable feeling of

withdrawal.

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WHO Expert Committee(1964)

Page 8: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

药物依赖性是药物与机体相互作用所造成的一种精神状态,有时也包括身体状态,它表现出一种强迫要连续或定期用该药的行为和其他反应,为的是要去感受它的精神效应,或是为了避免由于断药所引起的不舒适。可以发生或不发生耐受性。同一个人可以对一种以上药物产生依赖性 (WHO)。

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Drug dependence 药物依赖性

Page 9: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

An adaptive physiological state

produced by repeated use of a drug,

which is characterized by occurring

abstinence syndromes (withdrawal

syndromes) if drug administration is

stopped.

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(2)Physical/physiological dependence

大多数具有依赖性特征的药物经过反复使用所造成的一种适应状态,用药者一旦停药,将发生一系列生理功能紊乱。

Page 10: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

具有生理依赖性特征的药物停药,发生的生理功能紊乱,称戒断症状 (abstinence syndrome) 。

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Chills

Fever

Lacrimation

Rhinorrhea

Tremor

Abdominal cramps

Pain

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Page 11: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

The feeling of satisfaction and psychic drive that require periodic

or continuous administration of the drug to produce a desired

effect or to avoid discomfort.

用药后使人产生一种对药物欣快感的渴求 (craving) ,这种精神上不能自制的强烈欲望驱使滥用者周期性或连续地用药。

Euphoria: rush and high.

Some times people have habituation to nicotine and alcohol.

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(3)Psychic (psychological) dependence

Page 12: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Refers to a compulsion to take a drug, with loss of control over drug-taking.

Dependence to some drugs.

Including physical and psychical dependence.

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(4)Addiction(成瘾性)

Page 13: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

No medical use of dependence-potential drugs.与医疗目的无关反复大量使用有依赖性的药物 , 用药者采用自身给药形式,导致发生精神依赖性和身体依赖性,造成精神混乱和产生一些异常行为。

Stop use abstinence syndrome compulsive

drug-seeking behavior abuse.

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(5)Drug abuse (药物滥用 )

Page 14: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Refers to the necessity to escalate the dose of drug in order to obtain the same effects as those obtained initially.

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(6)Tolerance

Page 15: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

(1)Death by acute poising.

依赖形成之后,一旦中断用药便会产生一系列戒断症状,使人难以忍受。最终想方设法寻求药物,使瘾癖不得矫正。吸毒人群的死亡率通常高于一般居民人群的 15倍。

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2.The Harm of Drug Abuse

Page 16: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

吸毒指凡采取各种方式,反复大量地使用一些具有依赖性潜力的物质,这种使用与医疗目的无关,其结果是滥用者对该物质产生依赖状态,迫使他们无止境地追求使用,由此造成健康损害并带来严重的社会、经济甚至政治问题。吸毒是中国的习惯讲法,多用在社会、法学等领域,在医学上多称药物依赖和药物滥用,国际上通用术语则为麻醉品的滥用或药物滥用。

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Drug taking吸毒

Page 17: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

吸毒者自行注射毒品,往往由于注射器、针头、溶液以及药品的污染造成一系列病原体的感染。最常见的是细菌感染,如金黄色葡萄球菌造成的皮肤感染和深层感染、细菌性心内膜炎或骨髓炎等,最终形成败血症或神经系统与肾脏并发症。有时病人则由于注射时的细菌污染,直接发生破伤风。

Bacteria

tetanus.

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(2)Infections by pathogens

Page 18: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

艾滋病疫情蔓延,被视为当今人类的重大灾难。据流行学研究显示,艾滋病的传播途径主要为同性恋或性乱、静脉滥用药物以及输血或血液制品这三大方面。据我国卫生部对 30万重点人群进行 HIV监测的资料,发现HIV阳性者 1526例。其中 978例为大陆公民,而 978例中877例为吸毒者。吸毒人群之所以容易播散艾滋病,在于他们交叉使用已污染的注射器,使 HIV迅速传播。

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(3) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS

Page 19: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

吸毒使人的社会生活衰退,道德沦丧,众多的女性吸毒者最终走向卖淫的歧途。生理上,女性吸毒者常有闭经、不排卵或不能生育。吸毒的孕妇胎儿发育迟缓,娩出的新生儿体重甚低。

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( 4 ) On production of woman and newborn

Page 20: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

受母体毒害的新生儿,一出生就表现出类似成年冷火鸡(cold turkey)般的戒断症状 : 震颤、不安、多动、肌张力增高、号哭、呼吸增快、吮奶不佳、抽搐。

新生儿发烧、打哈欠、吐、泻,流鼻涕。新陈代谢也发生障碍,出现呼吸性碱中毒,过度钠丢失,血浆5-HT含量改变等。必须立即救治,以挽救生命。

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Newborn

Page 21: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

长期滥用麻醉药品成瘾,影响家庭生活和家庭关系。吸毒成瘾导致钱财耗尽,一贫如洗,家庭成员特别是夫妻情感失和,妻子因而产生焦虑、抑郁绝望,离婚率高,最终造成妻离子散家破人亡。

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(5)On family and children

Page 22: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

生活在这类家庭中的未成年子女心理的发展与成长受到严重影响,出现行为问题或精神症状,在学校的学习成绩低,升学率和就业率低,犯罪率高。

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On family and children

Page 23: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

吸毒与犯罪是直接联系与相互影响。即吸毒酗酒导致犯罪,犯罪者更易沾染吸毒、酗酒。长期吸毒或酗酒者惯用诈骗的方式获得药物。药物滥用者中有许多人走上卖淫的歧途,有的在群体吸毒中鬼混,进行性交易犯罪。

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(6)On the society

Page 24: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

有些滥用药物者为了追逐毒品的满足不惜铤而走险,非盗即抢,吸毒、贩毒、制毒密不可分,严重触犯国家法律刑律,最终以身陷囹圄而了结余生。而人群间的药物滥用乃致全局性流行终使一个国家 在禁毒和戒毒的防、治管理工作中, 消耗大量人、 财、物和社会财富,久而 久之,会引发社会与民 族 的灾难。

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Page 25: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

(1) Narcotic drugs

a. Opioids

(a)Natural opium and its phenanthrenes components:

morphine codeine

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3.Classifications of Dependence-potential Drugs

Page 26: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Papaver somniferumPapaver somniferum

Powdered dried exudate of the fruit capsule (opium)Powdered dried exudate of the fruit capsule (opium)

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Page 27: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Is it a beautiful flower or a poison ?

Papaver somniferum(罂 粟 )

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Page 28: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

美丽的罂粟花

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Page 29: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

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美丽的罂粟花

Page 30: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

美丽的罂粟花

Page 31: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

在某个国家的田野、山川、小溪里生长着许多植高花大,色彩艳丽的花朵,有白色、红色,还有紫色等。一眼望去似牡丹又像芍药,一望无际,灿若云霞,它就是罂粟。23/4/20

美丽的罂粟花

Page 32: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

美丽之花

在古埃及,罂粟被人称之为“神花”。古希腊人为了表示对罂粟的赞美,让执掌农业的司谷女神手拿一枝罂粟花。古希腊神话中也流传着罂粟的故事,有一个统管死亡的魔鬼之神叫做许普诺斯,其儿子玛菲斯手里拿着罂粟果,守护着酣睡的父亲,以免他被惊醒。

灾难之花

罂粟

在它美丽的花朵下却蕴藏了给人类带来巨大灾难的鸦片。割开罂粟果,从中流出的白色浆液在空气中氧化风干,变成棕褐色的粘稠状物,就是鸦片。中国人民曾深受鸦片之苦。鸦片中含有 20 多种生物碱,其中吗啡的含量约 10% 。吗啡是应用广泛的镇痛药。但应用不当极易成瘾。目前,以吗啡及其衍生物为毒品的危害极大。

Greek mythology

Sleepiness

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Page 33: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Dried juice of the unripe seed capsule of the poppy:

opium

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Page 34: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Opium

Page 35: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

1803年德国化学家 F.W. F.W. SerturnerSerturner首次从鸦片中分离出吗啡,他用吗啡在狗和自己身上进行实验,狗用后很快昏睡,用强刺激法也无法使其苏醒;他本人用后也长眠不醒。因此他用希腊神话中的睡眠之神玛菲斯( Morphus)的名字将这种物质命名为“吗啡”。

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Morphus

Page 36: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Opium Poppy

latex exuding

Opioid alkaloids

Poppy

Opium

Brown poultices

Natural Compounds

Morphine, Codeine

Synthetic Compounds

Pethidine, fentanyl23/4/20

Opioid analgesics

Page 37: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Morphine 吗啡

OH

NO

OH

CH3

A

B

C

13

4

5

67

8

16

17

15

1210

914

CH3CH3CO

CH3CO

CH2CH=CH2

Opioids structure

Codeine 可待因 (1832, (1832, methyl-morphine))

Heroin 海洛因 (1874, acetomorphine)

Nalorphine 纳洛芬

Antitussive, euphoria

More hydrophobic

Drug abuse, addiction

More hydroxyl groups, more hydrophilic

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Opioid receptor antagonist

Page 38: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

morphine

HO

O

HO

N-CH3

A

B

15C

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

1011

12

1314

16

17D N-CH3

pethidine

Phenanthrene alkaloidPhenanthrene alkaloid23/4/20

Page 39: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

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Page 40: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Opioids

(b)Artificial synthetic and semi-synthetics

Heroine (海洛因 )

Pethidine (哌替啶,度冷丁 )

Methadone(美沙酮 )

Fentanyl (芬太尼 ) Dihydroetophine(二氢埃托啡 , DHE)

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Page 41: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

二乙酰吗啡—海洛因。海洛因呈白色粉状,俗称白粉。人一旦吸上,就想再吸,连续数日即成瘾。即使强行戒毒也很难脱瘾,因为心理上毒瘾如魔鬼一般,使其经常复发。

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Heroin

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Page 43: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

b. Cocaines : Cocaine base( 可卡因碱 ), cocaine hydrochloride(盐酸可卡因 ), coca leaf(古柯叶 ) , coca paste(古柯糊 ).

leaf

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Narcotic drugs

Page 44: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

cc. Cannabis( 大麻类 ) : Preparation of cannabis from India are called marihuana , the effective component is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol(△ 9-四氢大麻酚, Δ9-THC).

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Narcotic drugs

Page 45: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

a. Sedative-hypnotics and antianxiety drugs

Barbiturates

Benzodiazepines

Refers to acting on CNS, exciting or inhibiting, dependence may induced by repeated use.

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( 2 ) Psychotropic substances

Page 46: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Amphetamine

Methamphetamine

甲基苯丙胺 , 冰毒3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺 , 摇头丸 , ecstasy

c. Hallucinogens

Lysergic acid diethylamide , LSD

麦角酸二乙胺

b. Psychostimulants

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Page 47: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Tobacco烟草Alcohol酒精Volatile organic solvents挥发性有机溶剂Phencyclidine, PCP苯环己哌啶, NMDA agonist.

Ketamine(氯胺酮, K 粉 )

d. Others

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Page 48: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Since 80th last century, designer drugs were occurred from narcotic derivatives by changing structure, more effective and toxic.

Pethidine

Fentanyl

Amphetamine analogues

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(3)New trends for drugs

Page 49: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Drugs Molecular targets

Opiates µ and δ receptors

BZs and barbiturates GABAA receptor

Cocaine and amphetamine monoamine transporter

Marijuana(cannabis) CB1 receptor

Nicotine N receptor

Ethanol GABAA and NMDA receptor

Phencyclidine NMDA receptor

Inhalants not known

MDMA(ecstasy) 5-HT transporter

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Examples of drugs abuse

Page 50: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

(1)Craving and compulsive drug-seeking behavior

药物在人应用后,出现愉悦欣快的精神效应,飘飘欲仙的感觉,即“ rush and high” 的感受。这种感受会留下极其强烈而牢固的记忆。出现渴求不断得到这种精神感受的用药欲望和强迫性用药行为,形成感受欣快效应是生活唯一追求的特殊精神状态。“没有人能够抵御吗啡产生的欣快感带来的诱惑”。

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4. Manifestations of Drug Dependence

Page 51: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Adaptability

反复用药,促使机体不断调整新陈代谢水平,以适应在外源性物质作用下进行生理活动,维持机体基本功能,即所谓适应性。

Abstinence syndrome一旦断药,代谢活动发生改变,生理功能发生紊乱,出现一系列难以忍受的戒断症状。

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(2) Abstinence syndrome

Page 52: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

形成依赖外源性物质的存在才能维持正常生理活动的特殊身体状态。

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Abstinence syndrome

“没有人能够忍受吗啡戒断症状造成的痛苦” !

Page 53: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

(1) Reinforcement and reward

Reinforcement 强化效应:药物或其他刺激能引起动物的强制性行为。Reinforcer:

引起强化效应的药物或刺激因子称为强化因子。

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5. Brain Reward System and Drug Dependence

Page 54: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

能引起欣快或精神愉快舒适的感受,引起人或动物主动的觅药(或寻求刺激)行为的强化效应,正性强化因子又称为奖赏(reward) 。正性强化因子产生的强化效应称为奖赏效应(reward effect) 。脑内产生奖赏效应的神经结构称为脑内奖赏系统 (brain reward system) 。

a. Positive reinforcer 正性强化因子

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Page 55: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

引起精神不快或身体不适(如戒断症状)促使人或动物为避免这种不适而采取被动觅药(或寻求刺激)行为的强化效应。

b. Negative reinforcer 负性强化因子

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Page 56: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

刺激中脑边缘系统的 DA系统与自然和药物引起的奖赏效应有关,是驱使滥用者强迫性主动觅药行为的主要动力,也是形成精神赖性的基础。

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VTA 的 μ阿片受体激动,通过抑制GABA 神经,使伏隔核壳区 DA 神经兴奋释放 DA ,中脑边缘系统 DA 神经与药物的奖赏机制有关。 DA 通过D1 、 D2 受体完成奖赏效应,导致成瘾。

Brain reward system

腹侧被盖 , VTA伏隔核壳 , NAC

前额皮 , PF

杏仁核

Page 57: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

阿片类激动阿片受体,刺激蓝斑核 (locus

ceruleus)NA 系统,抑制 NA神经元放电,停药后 NA神经元放电增加,引起戒断症状,迫使人或动物为了减轻症状而再次觅药,称为负性强化效应,是身体依赖性的基础,促进药物滥用。

凡是产生奖赏效应的物质都有滥用的可能。

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Page 58: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

人和哺乳类动物脑内的伏隔核壳区( nucleus accumbens)有奖赏区域( reward area),或称愉快中枢( pleasure center )。

电或化学物质刺激特定脑区,人和动物会感受到类似于获得食物或性接触的满足感的自然奖赏效应。

(2)The neurobiological basis of reinforcement 药物强化效应的神经生物学基础

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Page 59: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

药物强化效应就是人或动物用药后刺激愉快中枢出现的比自然奖赏效应强得多的满足感。

滥用性药物都具有强化性质,因此使人感受到欣快效应。

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The neurobiological basis of reinforcement

Page 60: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

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腹侧被盖区

伏隔核壳区前额皮质

杏仁核

中脑边缘多巴胺系统是感受药物奖赏效应最强烈的区域,包括的脑区有:腹侧被盖区 (ventral tegmental area, VTA)、伏隔核的壳区( nuclues accumbens, NAC) 、 前额皮质 (prefrontal cortex, PF) 、杏仁核 (amygdala) 、苍白球腹侧嘴部( globus pallidus and the ventral mouth, VP )、海马背侧( dorsal hippocampus, DH) 、中央灰质( central gray, CG )、下丘脑外侧 (lateral hypothalamus, LH)、扣带回( cingulate gyrus)。

The neurobiological basis of reinforcement

Page 61: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

不同类型药物激发奖赏效应的脑区有所不同:

a. 阿片类作用于多个脑区:中央灰质 (CG) ,腹侧被盖区 (VTA) ,海马背侧 (DH) ,伏隔核的壳区 (NAC) ,下丘脑外侧 (LH) ,前额皮质 (PF)

和杏仁核 (AMG) 。

VTA 和 NAC 多巴胺神经元兴奋是滥用药物产生欣快效应的共同神经机制,但作用环路有区别。

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The neurobiological basis of reinforcement

Page 62: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

吗啡激活 GABA 中间神经元上 μ阿片受体,降低 GABA 中间神经元抑制活性,腹侧被盖区(VTA) 上 DA 神经元脱抑制,间接 DA促进释放。

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Page 63: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

b. 可卡因主要作用于前额皮质 (PF) 、腹侧被盖区 (VTA) ,伏隔核的壳区 (N AC) 。

c. 苯丙胺直接作用于伏隔核的壳区 (NAC) 。d. 乙醇主要作用在腹侧被盖区 (VTA) 后部。e. 尼古丁主要作用于腹侧被盖区 (VTA) 。

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VTA

NAC

Page 64: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

可卡因促进 DA(NE, 5-HT)释放,减少重摄取(抑制 DA转运),突触间隙 DA浓度增高。苯丙胺促进 DA释放,降低转化(抑制 MAO )。

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Coca cola “brain tonic and cure

for all nervous afflictions” till

1904. The major cause of stroke

and heart attacks in people under

the 35 in USA.

Page 65: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

药物强化效应有两种不同成分:(1)欲望心理或激励动机:有渴求( D2)、寻觅获得的欲望和趋向性行为。(2)完美满足( D1)的感受。

然后渴求心理减弱或消失,趋向性行为终止。两种成分分别由 D2受体和 D1受体介导。

(3)The receptor mechanism of reinforcement 药物强化效应的受体机制

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Page 66: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

滥用药物作用于脑:滥用药物作用于脑:激活 D2受体→产生渴求心理。

激活 D1受体,达到完美满足的心理。

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Page 67: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

有依赖性潜能的药物作为细胞的一种信号分子,干扰脑内正常的信号转导过程,最终激活脑内奖赏系统,产生各种精神和神经效应。1. Opiods 激动阿片受体,进而干预脑内奖赏系统和负性强化效应。2. Cocaine 抑制单胺类神经递质转运体,促进 DA释放,减少重摄取3. Aphetamine 促进 DA释放,降低 DA转化(抑制 MAO ) ,抑制 DA转运体。

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6.The Mechanism of Drug Dependence 药物依赖性的形成机制

Page 68: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

4. Ethanol

Activates DA mesolimbic system in VTA, increase nucleus accumbens DA release, stimulate D2 receptor.

5-HT3, GABA and NMDA may involved. Ethanol increases the inhibitory

effects of GABA, and decrease the stimulatory effect of glutamate.

5. Sedative-hypnotics 主要影响 GABA活性。

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The Mechanism of Drug Dependence

Page 69: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

6. Cannabis acts on its receptors

CB1 and CB2 receptors, endogenous ligand is anandamide.

CB1 receptor found in neocortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cerebellum,

thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord. Activation of CB1 receptor leads inhibition of N- and P/Q-type voltage-activated Ca2+ channel, open K+ channel, inhibits AC. This may activation of CB1 receptor

on the terminal of GABAergic neurons, then inhibiting GABA release.

7. Hallucinogens LSD激动 5-HT2A受体。

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The Mechanism of Drug Dependence

Page 70: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

(1)The animal models 药物依赖性动物实验模型a. Physical dependence models

(a)Natural withdrawal test 自然戒断试验给动物(猴、大、小鼠)经过一段时间反复用药后,突然中断给药,观察记录所出现的各种戒断症状,进行定量记分,并与对照组(阴性对照或阳性对照)作比较以判断药物的依赖性潜力。

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7. Research and Treatment

Page 71: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

反复给动物有身体依赖性潜能的药物(常用吗啡等阿片类)使之产生身体依赖性后,停用代表药,代之以单次剂量的受试药,观察记录动物是否发生戒断症状,若不出现,表明该药具有类似阿片类的身体依赖性。本试验又称交叉身体依赖性试验 (cross physical dependence test) ,或称单次剂量抑制试验 (single dose suppression test) 。

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(b) Substitution test替代试验

Page 72: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

在短时间内给动物大剂量受试药,然后注射一次阿片受体拮抗剂,常用纳洛酮或二丙诺啡 (diprenorphine) 。如受试药物与吗啡同类,纳洛酮将催促戒断症状迅速出现,观察和记录戒断症状的程度及体重变化。产生身体依赖性的小鼠在注射纳络酮后出现跳跃反应,又称跳跃试验 (jumping test) 。

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(c) Precipitation test催促试验

Page 73: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

药物的精神依赖性使人产生对使用药物的渴求 (craving) ,对觅药行为( drug-seeking behavior )和用药行为具有强化效应(reinforcing effect) ,在动物实验中,这种强化效应可用以下实验测定:

b. Psychic dependence models

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Page 74: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

主要在小鼠和大鼠进行。预设一个试验盒,分割成相同大小的内部颜色或地板形状显著不同的两个小室。注射药物后立即将动物放入其中一个小室,让动物在不同条件下停留一段时间,使动物感受到的药物精神效应与周围环境建立条件性联系,即作条件化处置。

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(a) Conditioned place preference条件性位置偏爱

Page 75: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

注射有精神依赖性潜能的药物并进行条件化处置后,去除两个小室的隔板,将动物放置在两小室的中间,可见到动物进入相应小室寻求再次给药(觅药行为)的频率增加。本实验可以反映药物的精神依赖性特性。

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Page 76: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

常用大鼠或猴,给药途径多用静脉注射。预先将插管插入或固定在静脉内(颈外或股静脉),插管与给药装置连接,如果受试药具有强化效应,动物通过短期训练后即产生自身给药行为,能自动踩压踏板接通装置将药物注入体内,可据此行为的表现程度判断药物精神依赖性潜力的高低。

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(b) Self-administration test 自身给药实验

Page 77: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

①Continues self-administration experiment

连续自身给药试验②Cross self-administration experiment

交叉自身给药实验③Progressive ratio experiment

累进比率实验

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三种给药方法

Page 78: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

依赖性药物使人产生的情绪效应,如欣快、满足感、厌恶等,属于主观性效应。具有主观性效应的药物将对动物的行为反应起到辨别刺激剂的作用。实验装置中有两个踏板,一个是药物踏板,另一个是生理盐水踏板,动物经过训练能够对精神依赖性药物形成辨别能力,注射药物后动物就固定压药物踏板获得食物,注射生理盐水后则固定压生理盐水踏板以获得食物。本实验的缺点是不能区别动物对药物是喜爱还是厌恶。

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(c) Drug discrimination experiment 药物辨别实验

Page 79: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Opoids:The goals of therapy for drug addiction:a. From dependent 依赖 to detoxification脱毒b. Maintenance of no drugs

Real opioid de-addiction includes:

a. De-addiction or control abstinence syndrome;

b. Physical and psychological recovery;c. Prevention of relapse 复吸 .

(2)Treatment of Dependence药物依赖性的治疗

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Page 80: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

The treatment of dependence

a. Methadone美沙酮maintenance therapy.

µ agonist, and weak NMDA antagonist.

b. Clonidine therapy.

d. Scopolamine therapy.

e. Prevention of relapse:

Opioid antagonists—naltrexone.

f. Psychological and other methods to society.

g. Withdraw the patient from drug.

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Opoids

Page 81: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

用于各种阿片类成瘾的脱毒治疗。当前国内多采取 2-3周的治疗方法。通常凡静脉滥用在 1g以上的海洛因成瘾者,美沙酮初始用量为 30-40mg/d,而经过吸入滥用者可自 10-20mg/d开始。首次剂量应用后应注意观察戒断症状控制程度,瞳孔变化以及对美沙酮的耐受情况,据此美沙酮可上下调节用量 , 适宜的剂量为 60-100mg/d。在 1-3周内逐渐减少乃至停药。对多数成瘾者,一般需维持 12个月,有的可能需治疗数年。

美沙酮不良反应少,由于阻断 NMDA受体,不易产生耐受,便秘、水潴留、困倦、皮疹等。

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Methadone subtraction replacement美沙酮替代递减疗法

Page 82: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

多数治疗者采用先快后慢的药物递减幅度,戒断症状控制比较稳定时,每日可减少 20%用量,减到每天 10mg左右可改为每 1-3天减少 1mg。因美沙酮与阿片类药物呈部分交叉依赖性。停用美沙酮后,可用苯二氮卓类即可。

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Methadone subtraction replacement

Page 83: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

可乐定兴奋蓝斑核 α受体,减少 NA的释放,而消除戒断症状。住院治疗最高日用量为 14-17μg/kg,分 3 次给药,第 1 日给药不应过大 , 为最高用量的三分之二,第 2 日增至最高用量,从第 5 日开始逐日减量,第11日或者 12日停止给药。

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Clonidine therapy

Page 84: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

µ agonist, κ antagonist,平均每日分别给予丁丙诺啡3.0mg , 4.0mg 和 6.0mg,分 3-4次舌下含服。最大剂量每日不超过 8mg。第 5 日递减剂量,第 7 日停药。

Naloxone or naltrexone therapy纳洛酮或纳曲酮疗法在全身麻醉或大剂量镇静药的应用下,给予大剂量纳洛酮或纳曲酮,然后小剂量维持,住院 2-3d, in ICU.

可阻断阿片受体,短期快速脱毒,但加剧痛苦,一般不用。

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Buprenorphine therapy 丁丙诺啡疗法

Page 85: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

The main area in mesolimbic system in VTA, nucleus accumbens and

cingulate gyrus are responsible for opiods addiction, bilateral cingulate

gyrus lesion operation was used for the detoxication of opiods in the end of

the last century.

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Stereotactic surgery 立体定向手术

Page 86: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

Coca cola “brain tonic and cure for all nervous afflictions” till 1904. The major cause of stroke and heart attack in people under the 35 in USA.

( 1)奥丹西隆( ondansetron )或丁螺环酮( buspirone )抑制觅药渴求。

( 2)氟哌啶醇 (haloperidol, risperidone利培酮, flupenthixol三氟噻吨 )对抗精神异常。

( 3 ) vaccine: 产生抗体阻滞药物进入大脑。

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Cocaine and Amphetamine

Page 87: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

β blockers and BZs to alleviate the

symptoms of acute withdrawal,.

Anticonvulsant to mange seizures.

Aversive drugs: disulfiram(双硫醒) ,block aldehyde dehydrogenase辅助戒酒。5-HT3受体阻断药抑制精神依赖性。

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Alcohol

Page 88: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

1 . Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , 1961.

2 . Convention on Psychotropic Substances , 1971.

3 . The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances , 1988.

International International

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( 3 ) Drug abuse control 药物滥用的管制

Page 89: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

1 .麻醉药品和精神药物具有医疗和科学价值。2 .滥用这些药物会产生公共卫生、社会和经济问题。3 .对麻醉药品和精神药物需采取严格管制措施 , 只限于医疗和科研应用。4 .需开展国际合作,协调有关行动。

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The basic concept of the convention

Page 90: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

1 .立法与执法,控制滥用。2 .积极治疗。3. 加强科学研究。4. 加强教育。

DomesticDomestic

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Page 91: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

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Page 92: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

If you carry heroine, we shall hang you !

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Page 93: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

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Page 94: Zhang Xiu-mei Department of Pharmacology,  School of Medicine, SDU E-mail:  zhangxm@sdu

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