Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
XIVth ISBCXIVth ISBC ,Gdansk, Poland, 2 ,Gdansk, Poland, 2 –– 7 7 June 2006June 2006
C f f th I t ti l C f f th I t ti l Conference of the International Conference of the International Society of BiocalorimetrySociety of Biocalorimetry
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The Cat in the Bag The Cat in the Bag ––The Cat in the Bag The Cat in the Bag ––the Impact of Captivity on the Impact of Captivity on the Impact of Captivity on the Impact of Captivity on Physiological ParametersPhysiological Parametersy gy gin Mammals and Birdsin Mammals and Birds
Schleucher, E. 1, Hilmer, S. 1,2, Angus, G.J. 2, Algar, D. 2, Warnecke, L.3, and Withers, P.C.41 Biological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe – University,
F kf M i GFrankfurt am Main, Germany2 Department of Conservation and Land Management, Wildlife Research Centre,
Woodvale WA, Australia3 Zoology University of New England Armidale NSW AustraliaZoology, University of New England, Armidale NSW, Australia4 Zoology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia,
Nedlands WA, Australia
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
The Background.
Australia: Australia: World record extinction rate in last 200 years
90 (!) % 90 (!) % of mammals ( < 5 kg) ( g)are declining orendangered
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
The BackgroundThe BackgroundThe Background.The Background.
l ( ) " h l B lb l44
Western Australia (1923): "The last Bilby I saw alive...-caught in a rabbit trap"
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
The reasonsThe reasons.
- Habitat degradation Introduced invasive species:- Introduced invasive species:
grazing livestock, predators and competitorsp mp
55
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
The reasons.
Domestic cats feral:Domestic cats feral:independent of human contact and support
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Q i & M h d
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Questions & Methods.Hypothesis:Physiological capacities
yp
patterns ofpatterns of•invasion•decline•extinction•extinction•coexistence of species in a given habitat.
Fate of reintroduction and conservation programmes
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p g
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Q i & M h d
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Questions & Methods.Hypothesis:Knowledge of physiological capacities will help understand:
yp
•food requirements, temperature dependent activity patterns •temperature-dependent activity patterns,
•territory size, habitat preferences,•abundance, colonisation, decline,
•bait uptake,•dosage of drugs, anaesthetics
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Q i & M h dTarget animalsTarget animals AimsAims ParametersParameters
Questions & Methods.
••Definition of physiological Definition of physiological Definition of physiological Definition of physiological requirements requirements
••Reasons for decline, choice Reasons for decline, choice of suitable habitatsof suitable habitats
••MetabolismMetabolism••Temperature Temperature native speciesnative species
••PatternsPatterns
ppregulationregulation
pp
••Patterns of invasion and Patterns of invasion and establishing in new habitat establishing in new habitat
••LevelsLevelsestabl sh ng n new hab tat establ sh ng n new hab tat
••Competition and predation Competition and predation ••Identify potential future Identify potential future problemsproblems
invasive speciesinvasive species
pp
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Q ti & M th dQuestions & Methods.Portable indirect calorimetry system Portable indirect calorimetry system Portable indirect calorimetry system Portable indirect calorimetry system in field stationin field station
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Q ti & M th dQuestions & Methods.
Implanted body temperature loggers Implanted body temperature loggers ––Implanted body temperature loggers Implanted body temperature loggers core body temperaturecore body temperature
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Q ti & M th dQuestions & Methods.
i h l ki d i i h l ki d i with remote telemetry tracking device with remote telemetry tracking device ––
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Q ti & M th dQuestions & Methods.
Insert :Short description of keeping conditions: in general, animals were kept under semi- natural conditions in sheltered outdoor cages so that they were exposed to natural light and climate Conditions.This generally applied to all species irrespective of mammal or bird
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
R ltResults.
dMetabolic rates and body temperature measurements on Birds:captive-bred and wild captured populations of:
N ti i f t id • Native species from extreme arid zones• Introduced species - expanding exponentially in numbers and range
Mammals: free- ranging and captive populations of:
•Natives declining in abundance and range •Introduced invasive species
colonizing new habitats and establishing stable populations
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Metabolic rate [J g-1 h-1]
Results. I. Birds –
Levels
100
120CaptiveWild
Levels
60
80Wild
Natives: Diamond DoveGeopelia cuneata
40
60Geopelia cuneata
captive bred,Germany
0
20Germanywild-caught,Australia
00 10 20 30 40 50
Ambient temperature [°C]
1515
p [ ]
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
43Body temperature [°C]
I. Birds –Patterns
Results.
41
42Patterns
Introduced:
39
40Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus
38
39moluccanus
captive bred,l
3712:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00
Australia
Time of day [h]
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
II. Mammals –Levels 14
Summer 2005
Metabolic rate [J g-1 h-1]
L s
10
12 Winter 2005Summer 2006
Introduced: Feral cat Felis catus 6
8
Felis catus
wild –caught,Australia 2
4
Australia
0
2
0 10 20 30 40
Ambient temperature [°C]
1717
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
II. Mammals –Levels Metabolism [J g-1 h-1]L s
14
16 Ta = 8 °C Ta = 28 °C
Feral cat Felis catus 10
12
in Australia6
8
2
4
0Summer 2005 Winter 2005 Summer 2006
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
II. Mammals –Levels
Results.
10000000
Metabolism [J h-1]L s
1000000
10000000
Feral cat Felis catus 10000
100000
in Australia
100
1000Summer 1Summer 2MarsupialsPl t l
1
10
PlacentalsHomoNewly CaughtHouse Cat
11 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Body Mass [g]
1919
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
II. Mammals –Levels
Results.
10000000
Metabolism [J h-1]L s
1000000
10000000
Feral cat Felis catus 10000
100000
in Australia
100
1000Summer 1Summer 2MarsupialsPl t l
1
10
PlacentalsHomoNewly CaughtHouse Cat
11 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Body Mass [g]
2020
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
II. Mammals –Patterns 41
Body temperature [°C] Week 1 Week 2
Results.
Patterns
40
38
39
Feral cat Felis catus
36
37in Australia
3612:00 12:00 12:0012:0012:0012:0012:00
Time of day [h]
Free-ranging
2121
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
II. Mammals –Patterns 41
Body temperature [°C] Week 1 Week 2
Results.
Patterns
40
41
38
39Feral cat Felis catus
37in Australia
3612:00 12:00 12:0012:0012:0012:0012:00
Time of day [h]
6 months captivity
2222
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
II. Mammals –Patterns 41
Body temperature [°C] Week 1 Week 2
Results.
Patterns
40
38
39
Feral cat Felis catus
37in Australia
36
12:00 12:00 12:0012:0012:0012:0012:00Time of day [h]
12 months captivity
2323
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Results.
Southern Brown Bandicoot Isoodon obesulus
2424free-ranging captive
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Conclusions and outlook:Conclusions and outlook:
Insert here:Insert here:Species being subjected to changes in keeping conditions (Wild/ captive/ Wild / captive bred etc.) With artificial food sources the birds maintain an obvoius cycle but With artificial food sources, the birds maintain an obvoius cycle but The mammals respond with strong shifts….
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Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Conclusions and outlook:
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Conclusions and outlook:
Captivity significantly alters physiology with regard to P tt- Patterns
- Levels of various parameters
Isn‘t this intuitively obvious?
FMR studies provided valuable data on gross energy consumption
BUT:New remote sensing techniques &portable metabolic systems allow:portable metabolic systems allow:
• insight into underlying patterns and mechanisms• observation of individual intra and interspecific variation • observation of individual, intra – and interspecific variation • quantification of impact of artificial conditions
ALERT: Caution must be exercised in interpretation of captive data
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ALERT: Caution must be exercised in interpretation of captive data (> 90% of information available to date!)
Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters Impact of captivity on physiological parameters
Future dreams:
Apply physiological data to pp y p y gimprove nature conservation strategiesand management protocols g pfor the protection and reintroduction ofendangered native species
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