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Women entrepreneurship turning challenges into opportunities 1

Proceedings of 2nd

International Conference on Business Management (ISBN: 978-969-9368-06-6)

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP: TURNING CHALLENGES INTO OPPORTUNITIES

Women Entrepreneurship The Emerging Workforce in 21st Century: Turning Challenges into

Opportunities

Ayesha Kalim

Innovative Educational Solutions (IES), Lahore


Proceedings of 2nd


Abstract

This conceptual paper indicates and emphasizes the women entrepreneurs as the potentially

emerging human resource in the 21st century to overcome the economic challenges in global

perspective. Women of 21st century is no more a traditional resource confined to homes only

rather an educated, knowledgeable and innovative part of the overall population possessing the

capacity to transform economies into thriving enterprises. Developing and developed nations

have realized that developing women entrepreneurship is indispensible to flourish as

economically dominant nation in the modern high-tech world. Therefore, creation of platforms

and networks for entrepreneurial culture are prominent issues globally.

Key words:

Entrepreneur: individual holding vision for creating opportunities for economic growth,

Challenges: impediments on the way towards achievement of final goal.

Opportunities: chances for developing professionally or personally.


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Methodology

This is a concept paper and the researcher has adopted the method of reviewing different

research articles, research journals, and case studies, to collect data about entrepreneurship and

woman entrepreneurship which is consequently incorporated as a concept paper drafted by the

researcher.

Introduction

Entrepreneurship has been globally felt as a developmental & progressive idea for business

world. Scott, (1986). Therefore entrepreneurship is considered as vital ingredient for not only

globalization but at the same time for creating diverse opportunities for future potential

performers. Mitra, (2002).

To exploit the human resource to their optimum potential is one of the greatest challenges faced

by innumerable business organizations in the contemporary economic world, where progress is

quantified and consumed as an entity. Brush, (1992).

Entrepreneurship is not just confined to any one gender now rather due to multi-faceted

economic pressures women have turned up & realized that the survival of their families & their

own potential lies only in working side by side with men. Marlow, (2002).

Education of woman have no doubt given them immense confidence & encouragement to serve

& discover new business avenues. However the ground realities do differ to a great extent as far

as geographical boundaries are concerned.


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Globally women are considered as weaker gender physically and emotionally, therefore

prospects open for them to develop into business professionals is an area still quite unexplored

and needs attention. Wennekers, (1999).

Overcoming the challenges of business world are no doubt more treacherous for women than

their male counterparts, therefore they undergo various impediments to achieve their business

success. Allen and truman, (1993). Fortunately due to technological advancement & means of

communication the world has turned into a global community which has created new channels &

opened up avenues for women to explore not only their potential aptitudes rather search for

better business opportunities. Carter, (2001).

Entrepreneurship For Women

A question arises here that what entrepreneurship means for a woman? How a woman conceives

the idea of entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurship is an idea or vision which a woman holds to explore and optimize which could

help her create new jobs & economic empowerment among her fellow beings.

Across the globe, generations of women from very different backgrounds show very encouraging

sign of entrepreneur spirit. It is to be hoped that governments at all levels will work to provide an

environment in which this spirit may flourish. Delmar, (2000).

Over 200 million women are employed across all industry sectors, with half of this number is in

developing countries. Gem report, (2007).

Entrepreneurship by definition implies being in control of one‟s own life and activities. Gundry,

yoseph and posig, (2002). This women empowerment is exactly the real barrier which society


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does not acknowledge and therefore majority of woman potential remains untapped, which can

be a powerful resource in economic growth of every economy. Helms, (1997).

For a woman entrepreneurship is not a new concept but certainly keeps woman hesitant to be

among start ups due to societal and community trends and pressures. Many other factors do

influence to keep woman away to be potential entrepreneurs especially in developing countries.

Hisrich, (1999).

Developed nations have provided gender equality platforms to keep the woman workforce

motivated to be entrepreneurs. However, women still face financial insecurity, business

insurance & human resource challenges plus resistance from their male counterparts to be

successful woman entrepreneurs.

Motivational factors for woman entrepreneurs

Contemporary trends in business world have increased the fertility rate for entrepreneurship

development globally.

Large organizations lead to challenging situations in all spheres therefore small & medium scale

enterprises are encouraged to open up new business avenues with new and diversified products

and services to satisfy the consumer needs by cutting costs at the same time. Delmar, carter and

jones, (2000).

Motivational factors influencing woman to join the leading group of entrepreneurs are of two

types. One is entrepreneurship by choice, and the other is entrepreneurship by necessity.

Schumpeter, (2000).


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Women become entrepreneurs by choice due to the following factors:

To materialize their idea into a capital

For their empowerment and freedom

To prove their worth among their male family members

To establish their own rules for their work

To overcome the deficiencies they faced during their job experience

A long term standing desire to own their own company

Working for someone else did not appeal to them

By necessity they are motivated to be entrepreneurs are:

To improve the quality of life of their children

To share the family economic burden

To adjust and manage household and business life successfully on their own terms

Due to the death or sickness of their husband

Other than these motivational factors some secondary motivations also exist among women

entrepreneurs.

Women want fair treatment and improved compensation

Prior industry & work experience as a very important factor in determining their startups

success.

Women believe more than man that prior experience is crucial

Many women believe that a track record is particularly valuable under these conditions

because it demonstrates their confidence.


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Certain social factors also prevail as far as the women opting for entrepreneurship.

Socio-economic factors

Money is not the sole objective

Building their own self-confidence

Want to contribute something positive to the community

Bring out their creativity and turn it into an innovation

Materialize their ideas

Economic independence

Establishing their own creative idea

Establishing their own identity

Achievement of excellence

Building self confidence

Developing risk taking ability

Motivation

Equal status in society

Greater freedom & mobility

Women enterprises in developing countries

More female entrepreneurship exists in developing countries where traditionally higher birth

rates prevail. The law and customs of marriage have higher rate of influence whether a woman

chooses to be an entrepreneur. Monolova, (2008).

The attitudes and employment practices in low income countries generally speaking are less

likely to provide child care, health care and training opportunities to women as employees. At

the same time, employers are less likely to provide a comfortable workplace and a set of


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adequate work practices that allow a woman to both perform satisfactorily on the job and care

appropriately for her children. Muhammad, (2008).

As a result, women in low income countries have strong incentives to create their own work

environments that are compatible with their child rearing and household responsibilities at the

same time. Gem report, (2004).

This tendency is more strengthened in typically lower degree of involvement in child care by

fathers in poorer countries. Consequently women look for home based business opportunities

preferably. Brush, carter and gatewood, (2006).

Issues related to woman‟s ability & willingness to create new businesses, concern exists about

the survival & growth rates of female-owned businesses.

Woman enterprises in developed countries

The growth issue is particularly important in high income countries where women are

increasingly entering into technology based business ventures. As compared to males females-

owned firms show that businesses headed by women tend to be smaller & grow more slowly

than those headed by men. Generally, smaller in size & slower growth rates are perceived as

problems. Shane and venkataraman, (2000).

Indeed women face multi dimensional challenges like external financing & credibility as

business owners & managers.

Additional barriers include socialization networks & practices, family roles and possible lack of

business contacts. Disadvantages experienced by women in all these areas are widely believed to

result in higher failure rates & lower growth rates for women owned businesses. Bowen, and

hisrich, (1986).


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An increasing number of scholars believe that the growth of a business is at least, in part

determined by the entrepreneur‟s motivations. The differences of business growth lie with

respect to its expansion methods. Gem report, (2007).

Preference employment & business sectors by women entrepreneurs and their contribution in

economic growth

Women by nature preferably choose to work in service sector like education, social services and

household services such as domestic work. But at the same time the start up motivations vary

from industry to industry. Birley, (1989).

For a woman entrepreneurship is way out of economic disparity and toward empowerment. Her

entrepreneurship contributes positively in various dimensions and aspects in economic

development and job creation. Gundry and welsch, (2001).

Positive projection of entrepreneurial activity in a country should be an integral element of any

government agency in order to boost economic prosperity which is subsequently a way out of

poverty & economic crisis.

Adult women representing a large group of the overall population in each country is a readily

available pool of potential entrepreneurs that can generate economic growth activity to improve

their overall economies. However, the countries do differ in stages of development, demographic

patterns & different labor conditions. Stevenson, (1986).

Women entrepreneurship is expanding around the world. Studies have shown that women owned

businesses comprise between one-quarter and one-third of businesses in the formal economy &

are likely to play and even greater role in informal sectors. Gem report, (2007).


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Factors influencing new business ventures preferences among women entrepreneurs.

The likelihood of starting new ventures in business depends significantly on the aptitudes, skills

and knowledge level of women entrepreneurs. Smith, (2005). Women who perceive themselves

as having necessary skills and knowledge their preferences to be business owners is higher as

compared to women who are lacking in these skills. As a result greater emphasis lies on

individual awareness and perception processes which consequently points out the importance of

local social norms. Littunen, (2000).

It depends on the market demand and supply side which determines the entrepreneurial

environment within which women receive incentives to take appropriate decisions about

entrepreneurship. Orhan and scott, (2001). These findings implies that well defined policies need

to be framed which could generate favorable conditions to promote entrepreneurial activity on a

consistent basis.

Transparency, the rule of law & well defined property rights promote productive

entrepreneurship in all times and places. Equal opportunities policies need to be framed because

women entrepreneurs do not act or perform in seclusion from their society & community. Gem

report, (2004).

Embedding is particularly vital for female entrepreneurship since a women‟s entrepreneur

behavior is deeply molded by family structure & social ties in both high and low income

countries. Different cultural context may produce a different policy outcome. Star and yudkin,

(1996).

Across the globe, generations of women from very different backgrounds show very encouraging

sign of entrepreneur spirit. It is to be hoped that governments at all levels will work to provide an

environment in which this spirit may flourish.


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Global entrepreneurial latitude among women entrepreneurs

The factors influencing the entrepreneurial activity are quite diversified among nations all over

the world. The scope of women‟s entrepreneurial activity can be better understood by analyzing

the industry sector, use of technology, firm employment and growth and potential. Gem annual

report, (2007). Entrepreneurial structures vary in low/middle and high income countries,

according to gem annual report 2007 by low income countries means per capita income not

exceeding 10,000 us $, middle income countries where per capita income is between 10,000 to

25,000 us $ and high income countries where per capita income is exceeding 25,000 us $.

According to gem annual report 2007 women businesses exhibit many similar patterns to those

of men and may be characterized in scope as follows:

Women entrepreneurs create and run businesses across all of the broad industrial sectors

of extraction, transformation, business services, and consumer-oriented products, as do

men. However, women business ventures are primarily focused towards consumer-

oriented products & services for both early stage entrepreneurs (60.3% vs. 37.0%) and

established entrepreneurs (50.7% vs. 30.4%).

Latin american and caribbean low/middle income countries are the locale for the highest

level of women‟s participation in consumer-oriented industry (74.3%), while the high-

income countries show somewhat higher rates of women‟s participation in extractive,

transformative and business services sectors (52.1%).

Judging the expected growth rate potential of businesses based upon their use of

technology, level of competition, and novelty of products or service offerings, similar


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patterns are evident for female and male entrepreneurs for all countries. This evidence

holds truth for both early stage and established businesses.

Particular traits of women entrepreneurs

Research has shown that age, work, status, education, income, social ties and perceptions are still

significant socioeconomic factors in a person‟s decision to start a business. Birley, (1989).

According to gem 2007 annual report in the low/middle income country groups, women are most

likely to be early stage entrepreneurs between the ages of 25 to 34 and to become established

entrepreneurs between the ages of 35 to 44 years old.

In high income countries, the age window for women‟s entrepreneurial activity broadens, with

early stage entrepreneurial activity most likely among women ages 25 to 44 years old and

established business ownership most likely among women 35 to 54 years old regardless of

gender or country group. Women entrepreneurs are potentially more confident and perceive the

existing unexploited opportunities than women who are non-entrepreneurs. Women perceive

their paid jobs as a platform which enables them to move on towards their entrepreneurial

activity as their future career objective. Gem report, (2007).

Generally speaking on an average, women entrepreneurs in high income countries are better

educated than those in low/middle countries. In high income countries, more than half of women

entrepreneurs have secondary degrees, and more than one-quarter have graduate degrees. In

low/middle income countries, the percentage of women early stage entrepreneurs and established

business owners with less than a secondary degree is 34.1 percent and 40.4 percent, respectively.

Cumulatively, the rates of less than secondary education range from 47 percent to 85 percent less

than is the case for women entrepreneurs in higher-income countries, depending upon stage of

entrepreneurship and country group. Gem report, (2007).


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According to gem annual report 2007 individuals involved in entrepreneurial activity,

irrespective of their age of business clearly differ in their own skills, are more likely to know

other entrepreneurs as well. Women who opt to be entrepreneurs tend to be optimistic about their

own knowledge and capabilities. Entrepreneurs exhibit higher level of self confidence and belief

in their own abilities. This self-confidence consequently may help increase their awareness to

recognize their opportunities and thus the creation of more new firms. Charboneau, (1981).

The gem 2007 data implies fear of failure is in fact highly correlated to entrepreneurial activity

which is the risk taking attribute primarily prevails among all entrepreneurs. Fear of failure

withholds one third of women population to become entrepreneurs. Preferably in low/middle

income countries including asian, caribbean and african countries.

The gender gap in fear of failure was largest between men and women in europe and asia

low/middle-income countries (approximately 8 percent), followed by the latin america and

caribbean low/middle-income countries (approximately 5 percent), with no significant gender

gap in the high-income countries (less than 3 percent).

Women in the europe and asia low/middle-income countries had the highest fear of failure rates

(40.3 percent), as compared to women in latin america and caribbean low/middle income

countries (34.2 percent) and women in high-income countries (27.1 percent).

Fear of failure for women entrepreneurs in low/middle income countries is perceived to be

higher due to the prevailing conditions for necessity entrepreneurship among women in these

regions.

Policy Inferences Predictors For Women Entrepreneurship

The gem data for 2007 suggests several important conclusions with respect to women‟s

entrepreneurship globally. Women‟s entrepreneurship really matters for every country‟s


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economic progress. All over the world women are performing in business across wide range of

countries and circumstances.

Being employed and possessing a social network that includes other entrepreneurs are stronger

predictors of women‟s entrepreneurship than educational attainment or household income.

Perceptual factors that reflect optimism, self-confidence, and reduced fear of failure are

important predictors of women‟s entrepreneurship.

Women hold different perceptions than men towards life situations all over the world. This

diversity of circumstances and perceptions point to the fact of developing a customized policy

reframing, primarily focusing on women‟s entrepreneurial necessity. Ducheneaut and orhan,

(1997).

As we have learned from such programs as the undp‟s gender mainstreaming initiative,

successful and sustainable economic growth is best achieved when all citizens and resources are

mobilized and empowered. Research and policy implementation perhaps can best be focused on

how to effectively change the business environment and social institutions to facilitate women

through employment, access to social and financial capital, and raising their self-confidence.

Starr and yudkin, (1996).

According to gem annual report 2004:

Policy Implications For Low-Income Countries

Low-income countries favor necessity entrepreneurship as a motivational factor for women

entrepreneurs in the creation of new business ventures. Such business ventures represents as

useful and tangible way for women irrespective of belonging to any particular group to empower

themselves & provide for their families. Priority areas for policy formulation are literacy rate of

woman, financial support systems, management assistance and training.


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Policy implications for middle-income countries

Research has depicted that woman in middle income countries hesitate to enter into

entrepreneurship due to number of reasons. Therefore, policies need to be framed in favor of

developing entrepreneurship education programs for young woman to encourage them to take up

entrepreneurial activity as their future career. Such programs primarily focus on providing

attractive incentives to woman in order to take entrepreneurship as an attractive income

producing activity for them and their families.

Policy implications for high-income countries

Major challenge for high-income countries is sustaining of creativity and innovation rate among

woman entrepreneurs, especially while facing aging labor force. Priority areas for policy

formulation have to be promoting entrepreneurial education at college/post-graduate level and

encouraging more women to pursue technical degrees in order to commercialize their business

ideas. Coordinating policies to encourage equal opportunities and benefits among the workforce,

whether in traditional or entrepreneur business roles is imperative.

Women entrepreneur in 21st century an emerging workforce

Business world of 21st century is certainly very different from the past decades due to the impact

of the forces of technology, information, competition and market trends. Minniti and arenius and

langowitz, (2004). Business community has to go through a very critical time in their business

for the pursuit of profit. Human resource is becoming more and more significant role players in

this pursuit in order to achieve business goals. Birley, (1989).

Entrepreneurship is definitely a solution to manage the economic disparity and rising impact of

technological and informational forces. To overcome this impediment women entrepreneurs

have the power of diverting the forces towards development and progression by putting in their


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own potentials and skills to improve economic conditions of any country. Powell and eddleston,

(2008).

Keeping in view the 21st century women entrepreneurship, it is an emerging workforce which

has all the capabilities for improvement and enhancement provided they are supported and

facilitated through customized policy frameworks by government institutions. Bowen and

hisrich, (1986).

Women entrepreneur of 21st century is potentially motivated for change in order to improve the

living conditions of her family, provide a sharing hand to her husband in income generation,

provide quality education to her children, contribute positively by creating job opportunities,

empowering other women and bringing out the society out of economic disparity and

unemployment. Starcher, (1996).

Some of the key highlighted factors that can turn the existing challenges into potential

opportunities for the women entrepreneurial structure in the present age are:

Discussion

Change through education & training

Generally speaking women entrepreneurs globally require pre-entrepreneurial training to plan an

organized business venture successfully. On the other hand to avoid future impediments in

women entrepreneurship girl students at under graduate and post graduate level must be provided

with meaningful and positive entrepreneurship education. University faculty members have to

devise creative and innovative entrepreneurial modules comprising of focused content to

promote entrepreneurship culture and mind set among students.

Capital and fund raising platforms


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The most common and hesitant aspect among women entrepreneurs is capital generation for their

business ventures. Unfortunately, all over the world policies are not very encouraging for women

entrepreneurs regarding capital generation. Women entrepreneurs have to go through complex

and time consuming procedures for capital generation due to number of reasons, consequently

turning their motivational spirit off as business startups.

Policies need to be reviewed and reframed considering the challenges of women entrepreneurs to

improve and speed up the finance generation processes. More avenues and platforms need to be

introduced by ngo‟s, banks, financial institutions to encourage women entrepreneurs to join as

business startups in the economic activity of a country. Opening of first women bank in pakistan

by the government of pakistan is one such step towards developing & encouraging women

entrepreneurship in pakistan. Goheer, (2002).

Women Entrepreneur Business Networks

Contemporary world requires successful professional relationship networks. All over the world it

is an accepted fact that not just in business but at the same time at jobs people need strong

personal networks for their success. Aldrich, (1989).

As far as business networking is concerned it‟s the most challenging aspect for entrepreneurs and

especially women entrepreneurs. Women have the tendency to develop their enterprises by

relying on their own resources and move on in their business in their own ways. With the period

of time women entrepreneurs have realized the importance of social networking for their

business promotion.

Unfortunately, when a woman entrepreneur tries to depend on such social networks she is unable

to locate any such facilitating avenues for her business promotion. She feels herself lonely and


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helpless sometimes and loses hope in future business prospects. Mcmanus, brush and edelman,

(2008).

Realizing the need for such social networks is vital for business development especially for

women entrepreneurs as compared to men entrepreneurs. Therefore there lies a dire need for

such business development networks.

Research implies networks of diversified nature keeping in view the versatile needs of women

entrepreneurs. Like women involved in apparel business ventures can form their own network

related to commercial apparel styles, which have to be accessible by all related women

entrepreneurs and provide them appropriate support services for their business promotion.

Similarly, women involved in handicrafts, upholstery, hosiery, or any other business ventures

can create their own business networks particularly working for their particular products or

services.

Role Modeling Opportunities

Extensive role modeling opportunities need to be introduced to encourage and guide women

entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneur‟s success stories can be used as a useful and motivational

resource for this purpose. Bowen, (1986). Modern technological age has many such useful tools

to promote such role modeling programs like video conferencing, videos of successful

entrepreneur by having one to one sessions with successful women entrepreneurs and

entrepreneurship as a vibrant method to overcome economic disparity.

Small Medium Size Enterprise Development Platforms

Entrepreneurship is now considered as the back bone of economic development which is major

challenge globally felt by even the developed nations today. Such multi-dimensional platforms

can serve as functional platforms and resource generation avenues for women entrepreneurs in


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their startup business phase. Establishment of such platforms not only just encourage women

entrepreneurs to enter into business ventures but at the same time provide them a healthy

learning and training opportunities for their emotional and social development as well. Bruni,

gherardi and poggio, (2004). One such venture is the creation of wbic (women business

incubation center) as a sub-project of smeda pakistan with a close association with chamber of

commerce and industry.

Social entrepreneurship development

Social entrepreneurship is another very valuable and creative concept in entrepreneurship. The

need for such social entrepreneurs is felt globally more and more with the period of time. Riding,

orser, barbara and manley, (2006). Women need to be encouraged to become social

entrepreneurs to exploit the community needs as their future business ventures.

Such social entrepreneurial opportunities are very much there in every community and especially

in developing countries to overcome their disparity and poverty issues. Like clean water supply

to poverty ridden areas, very competitive education delivery to children and adults, cottage

industries in rural areas for women to manage their home expenses, health incentives in rural

areas etc.

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship is presently the most discussed and encouraged concept all over the world to

overcome economic challenges. Women being the vital gender of the overall population have

great capacity and potential to be the contributor in the overall economic development of any

nation. Therefore, programs and policies need to be customized to not just encourage

entrepreneurship as well as implement strategies which can help support entrepreneurial culture

among youth.


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Media has the potential to play the most vital role in entrepreneurial development by creating

and highlighting all such platforms which can bring out the creativity and innovation among the

women and men to grow entrepreneurship culture in society.

Developing countries are definitely in dire need to encourage women entrepreneurship as women

workforce is promptly available to exploit the unexplored dimensions of business ventures.

Developed nations should primarily focus on entrepreneurial educational programs in order to

develop women entrepreneurs.

Generally speaking, globally business world has realized and is working on war footing to create

entrepreneurship as the final remedy to overcome all types of business and market challenges.


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