Where are the elements

How did they form?

Earth

Water

AirAir

Living Living ThingsThings

Earth

Water

AirAir

Radioactive decay of Radium.

Radioactive decay of Radioactive decay of Uranium and RadonUranium and Radon

N2 & O2

Living Living ThingsThings

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

H2O

Living Living ThingsThings

All alkali (Group 1A) compounds are soluble.

Sodium & Potassium

All halogen compounds are soluble except those containing Ag+, Hg2+, or Pb+2)

All nitrates (NO3-), chlorates (ClO3-) and

perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble.

Most sulfates (SO42-)

are soluble.

Calcium sulfate is slightly soluble.

All carbonates (CO3-2), phosphates

(PO4+3), sulfides(S-2) are

insoluble.

LIMESTONE (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Nearly all metal oxides are insoluble.

Abundance in ppb by wt % Log ppb by atoms %

Universe 10,000,000 1 7 800,000 .08

Earth’s crust 460,000,000 46 8.7 600,000,000 60

Sea water 857,000,000 86 8.9 331,000,000 33

Human 610,000,000 61 8.8 240,000,000 24

10,000,000 1,000,000,000

1071100 107

X

$10$100

$1000

$1

103

102

101100

$.10

10-1 10-2

$.01

3-

2-

1-

0-

-1-

-2-

-3-

$10

$100

$1

$.10

$.01

$1000

Abundance in ppb by wt % Log ppb by atoms %

Universe 750,000,000 75 8.88 930,000,000 93

Earth’s crust 1,500,000 0.15 6.18 310,000,000 31

Sea water 107,800,000 11 8.03 662,000,000 66

Human 100,000,000 10 8.00 620,000,000 62

Do the abundance of the elements change? In other words, do elements change into other elements?

Geiger Counter

Are elements formed in the caldron of a volcano?

Are elements changed to other elements in the intense heat of a volcano (about 1,000oC for lava and 2,000oC for inside volcano)?

Elements may separate from other elements or combine with certain elements. There is not enough heat in a volcano to change an element into another element.

Here is silicon and oxygen with trace amount of metals (darkening) to form a mineral called…

about 7,000oC 57million psi

SUN EARTH

Mass (Earths) 332,000 1

Volume (Earths) 1,300,000 1

Diameter 870,000 miles 8,000 miles

Mass conversion rate (106 kg/s)

Central temperature: 16 million deg K 7,000 est.

Central density: 162 g/cm3 12g/cm3

56Fe 13 4He +4n

26n

13 4He 26e- + 26p+ + 26n +4n

The core with a mass of ½ million Earths shrinks from 1000 km (600 mi.) to about 50 km (31 mi.) in 1 second. Implosion velocity reaches 170 million mph...about 1/4 c or 50,000 miles per second.

The outward moving matter is moving so fast that it compresses and heats whatever it collides with to temperatures of 1010 to 1011 K... much hotter than anything we have encountered in our studies of stars so far.

Such enormously high temperatures generates nuclear reactions. Below the neon shell source, the oxygen and silicon is converted to iron plus less massive nuclei such as argon, calcium, potassium, titanium, copper, and zinc. By the time the blast reaches the outer shell sources, the collisions are less violent and the temperatures reached are too low for nuclear reactions.

• Thus, nuclear reactions account only for elements less massive than iron. What about the rest of the periodical table? Where do the other elements with more than 25 or so protons in their nuclei come from?

• The source of neutrons for neutron capture is the outer half of the collapsing neutron core that was ejected.

• The environment for neutron capture only last a short time. Consequently, not many of the heavy elements arecreated.

Supernovas often become black holes. The remaining core of neutrons with about the weight of 3 to 15 of our suns has gravity so strong that light cannot exit.

There is one black hole in our galaxy that has the mass of 2.6 million Suns.

Where did hydrogen come from?

• It all depends on how good your math is.

• Test: How far do you travel in 2 ½ hours, if you are going 120 mph?

• If you left home at noon and traveled 60 mph, how long would it take you to drive 300 miles?

2:30 pm

1:30pm

12:30pm

120 mph

120 mph

120 mph

1:00pm

1:30pm

170 mph

170 mph

120 mi

120 mi

170 mi

85 mi

60 mi Noon

Train PlaneDoppler effect

3,000 deg radiation

More light elements fused as neutrons compresses layers that reach temperatures up to 100 billion degrees. Heavy elements form as nuclei absorb neutrons.

Fused for Nuclear Fuel Main Products TemperatureHydrogen (H) 4He 4 million KHelium (4He) 12C 150 million KCarbon (12C) 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg 1 billion KNeon (20Ne) 24Mg 2 billion K

Oxygen (16O) 28Si, 32S 3 billion KSilicon(28Si) 56Fe, 56Ni 4 billion K